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Готові списки джерел за темами / Eight arms radial maze / Статті в журналах

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Статті в журналах з теми "Eight arms radial maze"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 березня 2023

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1

HAMIDI, BAARID LUQMAN, SAMIGUN SAMIGUN, and ANIK LESTARI. "The effect of ethanol extract of pegagan (Centella asiatica) on the performance of Wistar rats after restraint stress." Biofarmasi Journal of Natural Product Biochemistry 8, no. 1 (February 17, 2010): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biofar/f080102.

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Hamidi BL, Samigun, Lestari A. 2010. The effect of extract ethanol of pegagan (Centella asiatica) on the performance of Wistar rats after restraint stress. Biofarmasi 8: 11-16. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of extract ethanol of pegagan (Centella asiatica) after treated with restraint stress by measuring the eight arms radial maze performance of rats. Pre-test and post-test controlled groups design was applied in this research. Male Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus) with the mean age of 8 weeks and the body weight of 150-200 grams which used for sample were divided randomly into 4 groups, each group consisted of 6 rats, i.e. (i) control group (without any treatment), (ii) stress group (it was given by restraint stress for 2 hours/day for each rat), (iii) pegagan group (it was given by 0.3 mg/g BW/day/rat extract ethanol of pegagan), and (iv) pegagan and stress group (it was given by 0.3 mg/g BW/day/rat extract ethanol of pegagan and restraint stress for 2 hours/day for each rat). The treatments were given for 21 days. Within 12 days for each pre-treatment and post-treatment, a test on the eight arm radial maze was conducted on individual rat to observe its performance. The assessment of rat performance in the eight arms radial maze test was conducted based on error type B. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests with SPSS for Windows 16 version were applied to analyze statistically the difference between four groups. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to show the significant performance level difference between four groups of rats with p=0.001, while Mann-Whitney test was used to determine the significant difference between stress group and pegagan group (p=0.001), also stress group and pegagan and stress group (p=0.001). The result of research showed that there was no significant difference between control group and stress group (p=0.051), control group and pegagan group (p=0.143), control group and pegagan and stress group (p=0.143), also pegagan group and pegagan and stress group (p=0.952). It was concluded that extract ethanol of pegagan improved the performances of rats on the eight arms radial maze after treated with restraint stress.

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2

Kuznetsov, S. V., V. F. Kuznetsov, E. V. Makunina, R. M. Kasimova, V. D. Tyutyunschikova, and T. P. Obernebesova. "Optimized use of eight-arm maze when studying effect of preparation “Cycloferon®” on cognitive potential of experimental animals." Perm Medical Journal 35, no. 5 (December 15, 2018): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/pmj35575-81.

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Aim. To develop the testing algorithm in conditions of radial eight-arm maze and to study the effect of preparation “Cycloferon®” on cognitive processes in experimental animals in conditions of repeated training. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on experimental animals – white outbred male rats (n = 21) aged 8–9 months using the original method. “Radial eight-arm maze” was used as experimental laboratory device. During the experiment, to activate searching behavior, daily nutrition regime was reduced by 15–20 %. To fortify, milk product “Thickened milk” was used. At the first experimental stage, the animals received a typical vivarium ration. During the second part of this study, the rats underwent repeated training after taking “Cycloferon®”, calculated for each rat by the mass – 0.77 mg per 100 g of the animal body mass; after that the rats’ spatial memory was assessed. Results. Taking into account the results of the second part of experiment, statistically significant tendency to increase was revealed among animals with positive result of testing with one-sided Fisher criterion (p = 0.037). No correlation between taking “Cycloferon®” and the number of repeated entering of the arms and the total number of entering of the arms was detected (p > 0.05) that proves the formation of purposive movement. Conclusions. A reliable tendency to increase in the number of animals, trained during the repeated testing against the background of using “Cycloferon®”, which possesses immunomodulating effect as well as antioxidant action, confirms the actuality of applying the offered method while studying cognitive effect of substances, requiring long-term introduction.

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3

Beninger, Richard J., B. A. Wirsching, Khem Jhamandas, Roland J. Boegman, and Sherif R. El-Defrawy. "Effects of altered cholinergic function on working and reference memory in the rat." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 64, no. 3 (March 1, 1986): 376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y86-061.

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Many data suggest that the brain's cholinergic neurons participate in the control of memory and it has been suggested that cholinergic systems are involved differentially in working and reference memory. To test this hypothesis the effects on memory of unilateral injections of the neurotoxins, quinolinic acid or kainic acid into the cortically projecting cholinergic cells of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (nbm) were evaluated. In experiment 1, quinolinate-injected (n = 7) and sham-operated (n = 7) rats were tested in a T-maze alternation task that requires working memory. Lesion rats performed significantly more poorly than shams and subsequent biochemical assays of cortical choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity revealed significant reductions in the lesion rats. In experiment 2, kainate-injected (n = 9) and sham-operated (n = 8) rats were trained in an eight-arm radial maze with only four arms baited. Lesion rats made significantly more working memory errors (entries into baited arms from which the food had already been collected) than reference memory errors (entries into never baited arms). CAT assays showed that the lesion led to a decrease in cortical CAT with no significant change in hippocampal CAT. The results of these studies support the hypothesis that cholinergic neurons of the basocortical system may be differentially involved in working and reference memory.

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4

Sato, Tomoaki, Yoshiko Ohnishi, Tanaka Koh-ichi, and Takashige Nishikawa. "Effect of ovarian steroid on learning and memory of eight arms radial maze in calcium-deficient middle aged female rats." Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 76 (1998): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-5198(19)40720-8.

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5

Komatsu, Hisao, Junko Nogaya, Norifumi Kuratani, Masaaki Ueki, Satoshi Yokono, and Kenji Ogli. "Repetitive Post-training Exposure to Enflurane Modifies Spatial Memory in Mice." Anesthesiology 89, no. 5 (November 1, 1998): 1184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199811000-00019.

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Background Previously the authors found that a single post-training exposure to enflurane or isoflurane, but not halothane, enhanced memory storage in an active avoidance task, which is a behavior with underlying mechanisms that are poorly understood and still debated. In contrast, spatial tasks are known to depend on hippocampal functions. This study investigated the effects of repetitive post-training exposure to enflurane on spatial memory in mice. Methods Using an eight-arm radial maze, 80 mice were trained to eat a pellet placed on the end of each of the eight arms. Training occurred on four consecutive days with one trial per day. The number of errors in the first eight choices was recorded to determine performances for each day of training. Immediately after each training session, mice in the enflurane group received 1 h exposure to 0.5%, 1%, or 2% enflurane in air through a calibrated vaporizer. The performance ratios (the ratio of errors on each day compared with the first day of the 4 days) in the control and the enflurane groups were compared. Results The performance ratios (which equals the mean of the error in the fourth day/the error in the first day) in the control, and 0.5%, 1%, and 2% enflurane groups were 0.66, 0.65, and 0.32 (P < 0.01, vs. control), and 0.46 (P < 0.05, vs. control), respectively. Conclusions Repetitive post-training exposure to 1% and 2% enflurane significantly enhanced spatial memory in the eight-arm radial maze task. Enflurane enhances consolidation of spatial memory, possibly by affecting hippocampal activity.

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6

Sato, Tomoaki, Yoshiko Ohnishi, Koh-ichi Tanaka, and Takashige Nishikawa. "Effects of ovariectomy and of calcium-deficiency on learning and memory of eight arms radial maze in middle-aged female rats." Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 79 (1999): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-5198(19)35047-4.

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7

PIROGOVSKY, EVA, JODY GOLDSTEIN, GUERRY PEAVY, MARK W. JACOBSON, JODY COREY-BLOOM, and PAUL E. GILBERT. "Temporal order memory deficits prior to clinical diagnosis in Huntington’s disease." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 15, no. 5 (September 2009): 662–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617709990427.

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AbstractThe current study examined temporal order memory in preclinical Huntington’s disease (pre-HD). Participants were separated into less than 5 years (pre-HD near) and more than 5 years (pre-HD far) from estimated age of clinical diagnosis. Participants completed a temporal order memory task on a computerized radial eight-arm maze. On the study phase of each trial, participants viewed a random sequence of circles appearing one at a time at the end of each arm. On the choice phase, participants viewed two circles at the end of the study phase arms and chose the circle occurring earliest in the sequence. The task involved manipulations of the temporal lag, defined as the number of arms occurring in the sample phase sequence between the two choice phase arms. Research suggests that there is more interference for temporally proximal stimuli relative to temporally distal stimuli. There were no significant differences between the pre-HD far group and controls on the temporal order memory task. The pre-HD near group demonstrated significant impairments relative to the other groups on closer temporal lags, but were normal on the furthest temporal lag. Therefore, temporal order memory declines with increased temporal interference in pre-HD close to estimated diagnosis of HD. (JINS, 2009, 15, 662–670.)

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8

Howard, Matthew A., Alan Gross, M. Sean Grady, Robert S. Langer, Edith Mathiowitz, H. Richard Winn, and Marc R. Mayberg. "Intracerebral drug delivery in rats with lesion-induced memory deficits." Journal of Neurosurgery 71, no. 1 (July 1989): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1989.71.1.0105.

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✓ Pharmacological treatments directed at increasing cortical acetylcholine activity in patients with Alzheimer's disease have largely been disappointing, perhaps because denervated areas of brain may not be exposed to adequate amounts of drug. A new method has been developed to enable localized intracerebral delivery of neurotransmitter substances using a polymeric drug delivery system. Microspheres of a polyanhydride sebacic acid copolymer were impregnated with bethanechol, an acetylcholinesterase-resistant cholinomimetic. Twenty rats received bilateral fimbria-fornix lesions, producing cholinergic denervation of the hippocampus and marked impairment in spatial memory. The animals were trained for 2 weeks to run an eight-arm radial maze, after which they received bilateral intrahippocampal implants of saline (five rats), blank polymer (five rats), or bethanechol-impregnated polymer (10 rats). Following implantation, spatial memory was assessed by radial-maze performance testing for 40 days. Untreated lesioned rats showed persistently poor spatial memory, entering maze arms with near random frequency. Similarly, animals treated with saline and blank polymer did not improve after implantation. Rats treated with bethanechol-impregnated microspheres, however, displayed significant improvement within 10 days after implantation; this improvement persisted for the duration of the experiment (p < 0.05, Student's t-test). Histological analysis of regional acetylcholinesterase staining showed widespread loss of activity throughout the hippocampus bilaterally in all animals. The microsphere implants were visible within the hippocampus, with minimal reactive changes in surrounding brain. It is concluded that intracerebral polymeric drug delivery successfully reversed lesion-induced memory deficits, and has potential as a neurosurgical treatment method for Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.

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9

Ruvanthika PN, Manikandan S, and Vishnu Priya V. "Memory enhancing effect of Nelumbo nucifera seedpod extract and its active component quercetin in noise stress-exposed rats." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 2 (April 16, 2019): 1410–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.706.

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Stress is an unavoidable phenomenon which disturbs the physiological homeostasis. Noise is the highest encountered stressor that affects the well-being of mankind. Hippocampus, a region of the brain crucial for memory is highly influenced by stress and thereby deteriorates memory. Male albino Wistar rats of 11-12 weeks were used in this study. Nelumbo nucifera (NNE) 400 mg/kg body weight (BW) and its active principle Quercetin (QRCT) (40 mg/kg bw) were administered orally to the animals 10 days before noise stress exposure of (100dB 4h/d). Ability to retain information by Learning and spatial memory was assessed using eight-arm radial maze apparatus. It was observed that after noise stress exposure errors in working, reference memory and time period to move into all baited arms were increased; however, the drug pre-treated animals showed a decrease in all the above parameters. The observations in the present work have proved that NNE and QRCT groups were effective in ameliorating the noise stress-induced changes, but the active component quercetin group had a higher protective impact on the changes.

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10

Orbán-Kis, K., I. Mihály, I. Lukács, Rita-Judit Kiss, Júlia Izsák, Iringó Száva, Júlia Metz, and T. Szilágyi. "Spatial memory deficits in juvenile rats with pilocarpine induced temporal lobe epilepsy." Acta Medica Marisiensis 60, no. 5 (October 1, 2014): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amma-2014-0040.

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Abstract One of the most frequent forms of epilepsy in humans is temporal lobe epilepsy. Characteristic to this form of the disease is the frequent pharmacoresistance and the association with behavioural disorders and cognitive impairment. The objective of our study was to establish the degree of cognitive impairment in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy after an initial epileptogenic exposure but before of the onset of the effect of long-duration epilepsy. Methods. For the experiment we used 11 rats. Status epilepticus was induced by systemic administration of a single dose of pilocarpine. The animals were continuously video-monitored to observe the occurrence of spontaneous recurrent seizures; during weeks 9-10 we performed eight-arm radial maze testing in order to assess the cognitive impairment. Results. Animals developed spontaneous recurrent seizures after a 14-21 day latency with a daily average seizure density of 0.79±0.43 during weeks 9-10. Epileptic rats had significantly more working memory errors per session, more reference memory errors and the number of visited arms was also significantly higher. Accuracy was also lower in the pilocarpine treated group. Interestingly significant differences disappeared after six days of trials. Conclusions. Our study shows behavioural deficits occurring after 9-10 weeks of epilepsy in the pilocarpine model of epilepsy applied to juvenile rats. In contrast to previous studies, we showed that juvenile rats with short duration of epilepsy are able to learn the behavioural task, therefore a morphopathological and/or behavioural “no-return point” regarding the development of severe cognitive impairment is not reached by status epilepticus alone.

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11

Dawson, Ellen A., Mark A. Black, Jennifer Pybis, N. Timothy Cable, and Daniel J. Green. "The impact of exercise on derived measures of central pressure and augmentation index obtained from the SphygmoCor device." Journal of Applied Physiology 106, no. 6 (June 2009): 1896–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.91564.2008.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate whether measures derived from the SphygmoCor device and its associated transfer function are influenced by exercise-induced alterations in vascular tone. Measurements were taken from either the exercised or the contralateral nonexercised limb during repeated and identical incremental hand-grip protocols. Eight male subjects performed three 3-min bouts of hand-grip exercise on two occasions. The exercise intensities were set at 3 kg, 5 kg, with a final 1.5-kg bout performed during cuff ischemia (1.5Isch). Blood pressure waveforms were recorded from the radial artery of either the exercised or nonexercised limb using applanation tonometry (SphygmoCor) during a 90-s rest period immediately after each exercise bout. Central blood pressures and augmentation indexes (AIx), an index of arterial stiffness, were derived using the peripheral waveform and the inbuilt SphygmoCor transfer function (TF). AIx was consistently ∼10% higher in the exercised arm during all trials compared with the nonexercised limb. Similarly, there was a consistent and significant difference (∼3 mmHg; P < 0.05) between exercised and nonexercised arms for the derived central systolic and mean arterial blood pressures. Despite identical bouts of exercise, AIx and central systolic and mean arterial blood pressures derived from applanation tonometry at the peripheral radial artery were statistically different when assessed at the exercising arm vs. the nonexercising arm. Changes in vascular tone with exercise may modify the intrinsic characteristics of the vessel wall and could compromise the assumptions underlying transfer functions used to derive central measures using applanation tonometry.

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12

Pizzo, Matthew J., and Jonathon D. Crystal. "Time-place learning in the eight-arm radial maze." Animal Learning & Behavior 32, no. 2 (May 2004): 240–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03196025.

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13

Elsmore, Timothy F., and Sharon A. McBride. "AN EIGHT-ALTERNATIVE CONCURRENT SCHEDULE: FORAGING IN A RADIAL MAZE." Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 61, no. 3 (May 1994): 331–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1994.61-331.

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14

Braida, Daniela, Francesco Ottonello, and Mariaelvina Sala. "Eptastigmine improves eight-arm radial maze performance in aged rats." Pharmacological Research 42, no. 4 (October 2000): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/phrs.2000.0706.

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15

Wathen, C. Nadine, and William A. Roberts. "Multiple-pattern learning by rats on an eight-arm radial maze." Animal Learning & Behavior 22, no. 2 (June 1994): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03199915.

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16

Dale, Robert H. I. "Spatial and temporal response patterns on the eight-arm radial maze." Physiology & Behavior 36, no. 4 (January 1986): 787–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(86)90370-7.

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17

Leone, Sheila, Lucia Recinella, Annalisa Chiavaroli, Claudio Ferrante, Giustino Orlando, Michele Vacca, Roberto Salvatori, and Luigi Brunetti. "Behavioural phenotyping, learning and memory in young and aged growth hormone-releasing hormone-knockout mice." Endocrine Connections 7, no. 8 (August 2018): 924–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ec-18-0165.

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Background Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) plays an important role in brain functions. The aim of this study was to examine cognitive functions and emotional behaviour in a mouse model of isolated GH deficiency due to bi-allelic ablation of the GHRH gene (GHRH knockout, GHRHKO). Methods Learning, memory and emotional behaviour were evaluated using a series of validated tests (Morris water maze, eight-arm radial maze, open field, elevated plus maze test, forced swim tests) in 2-, 5- and 12-month-old male mice either homozygous (−/−) or heterozygous (+/−) for the GHRHKO allele. Results Compared with age-matched +/− mice, −/− mice showed decreased cognitive performance in Morris water maze and eight-arm radial maze tests. By comparing the effects of aging in each genotype, we observed an age-related impairment in test results in +/− mice, while in −/− mice a significant decline in cognitive function was found only in 12 months compared with 2-month-old mice, but no difference was found between 5 months old vs 2 months old. −/− mice showed increased exploration activity compared to age-matched +/− controls, while both strains of mice had an age-related decrease in exploration activity. When evaluated through open field, elevated plus maze and forced swim tests, −/− mice demonstrated a decrease in anxiety and depression-related behaviour compared to age-matched +/− controls. Conclusions Our results suggest that homozygous ablation of GHRH gene is associated with decreased performance in learning and memory tests, possibly linked to increased spontaneous locomotor activity. In addition, we observed an age-related decline in cognitive functions in both genotypes.

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18

Ababei, Daniela Carmen, Veronica Bild, Alin Ciobică, Radu Marian Lefter, Răzvan Nicolae Rusu, and Walther Bild. "A Comparative Study on the Memory-Enhancing Actions of Oral Renin-Angiotensin System Altering Drugs in Scopolamine-Treated Mice." American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias® 34, no. 5 (May 19, 2019): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533317519847042.

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This study was designed to evaluate the spatial working memory (as studied in Y-maze) or short-term and long-term spatial memory (assessed in radial 8 arms-maze task), in a scopolamine-induced memory deficits model in mice, by the oral administration of 2 angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors—captopril and ramipril and also the effects of the AT1 receptor antagonist, losartan. The present article was initiated as a reaction to the clinical setting of hypertensive disease, which involves lifelong administration of antihypertensive drugs, dietary or lifestyle constraints, and aging, which all take a toll on the higher functions of the nervous system. Most of the patients with cognitive decline suffer of various metabolic imbalances, hypertension, cardiac and kidney disease, many of them which are treated with oral administration of Renin–angiotensin aldosterone system-altering agents like those presented above. Our results showed a protective effect of captopril, ramipril, and losartan prescopolamine administration on spontaneous alternation in Y-maze task, as compared to scopolamine-alone treated mice, as well as decreased number of working memory errors and reference memory errors in radial-arm maze for both losartan + scopolamine and ramipril + scopolamine groups versus scopolamine alone. This could have a therapeutical relevance, especially since oral administration was preferred in our report, as it is used in the therapeutic procedures in humans, further enhancing the similarities with the clinical conditions.

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Spieker, Elena A., Robert S. Astur, Jeffrey T. West, Jacqueline A. Griego, and Laura M. Rowland. "Spatial memory deficits in a virtual reality eight-arm radial maze in schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Research 135, no. 1-3 (March 2012): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2011.11.014.

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Reed, Phil, and Lisa Adams. "Influence of Salient Stimuli on Rats’ Performance in an Eight-Arm Radial Maze." Learning and Motivation 27, no. 3 (August 1996): 294–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lmot.1996.0016.

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Dale, Robert H. I., and Nancy K. Innis. "Interactions between response stereotypy and memory strategies on the eight-arm radial maze." Behavioural Brain Research 19, no. 1 (January 1986): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-4328(86)90043-4.

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Tracy, Harry A., Matthew J. Wayner, and Deborah L. Armstrong. "Losartan improves the performance of ethanol-intoxicated rats in an eight-arm radial maze." Alcohol 14, no. 5 (September 1997): 511–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0741-8329(97)00041-4.

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Rusu-Zota, Gabriela, Andrei Luca, Gabriela Dumitrita Stanciu, Victorita Sorodoc, Maria Magdalena Leon-Constantin, Bogdan Stoica, Cristina Gales, and Teodora Alexa-Stratulat. "The Imidazoline Receptor Antagonists Idazoxan and Efaroxan Improve the Spatial and Reference Memory in Rats." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 12 (January 15, 2019): 3577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.12.6796.

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Experimental studies and clinical trials revealed the complex interconnections between imidazoline system and various other mediators such as epinephrine, norepinephrine; thus, explain their involvement in the pathophysiological mechanisms of different motor, behavioral and cognitive disturbances. In this study, we tested the influence induced by idazoxan and efaroxan on the cognitive performances in rats. Groups of 6 adult male Wistar rats were treated intraperitoneally according to the following protocol: group I (Control): distilled water 0.3 ml/100g; group II (IDZ): 3 mg/kg idazoxan and group III (EFR): 1 mg/kg efaroxan. The effects of the imidazoline receptor antagonists on the rats cognitive functions were assessed using the radial-arm maze, in order to count the time spent into the arms, the number of baited arms visited, but previously explored (working memory errors); the time taken to consume all baits and the number of entering in non-baited arms (reference memory errors). The data were expressed as mean +/- standard deviation, and statistically analyzed using SPSS version 17.0 Software for Windows, followed by ANOVA one-way method. The administration of IDZ, as well as of EFR was accompanied by a substantial diminution in the number of working memory errors, and the period of time to consume all baits, statistically significant (p[0.01) compared to control group. The use of these two imidazoline receptors antagonists resulted in a considerable decrease in the reference memory errors number, statistically significant (p[0.01) compared to the group treated with distilled water. The influence of IDZ on the evaluated parameters was more accentuated than the effects induced by EFR in all sessions of testing, in this behavioral experimental model. Our findings indicate that treatment with both imidazoline receptor antagonists, idazoxan and efaroxan was associated by a facilitation of the short-term memory retention, an enhancement of discriminative spatial learning, and an improvement of long-term memory performance in radial arm maze in rats.

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Karetnikova, AlenaYu Yu, Uliana A. Matvienko, Daria A. Savinova, Elvira A. Denikaeva, and Natalya A. Durnova. "Astragalus membranaceus infusion effect on rats learningin the radial maze." RUDN Journal of Medicine 26, no. 1 (March 3, 2022): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0245-2022-26-1-68-77.

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Relevance. Treatment of cognitive impairment is a serious problem for modern medicine. Alzheimers disease and Parkinsons disease are chronic progressive neurodegenerative diseases and the most common cause of progressive dementia in the elderly. There is no effective therapy for these diseases, so it is necessary to search for integrated therapies, including herbal medicine. The aim was to study a short-term and long-term memory of rats in the test eight-arm radial maze under the influence of repeated administration of an aqueous extract of the herb Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge. Materials and Methods. The experiment was carried out on 18 non-linear rats, divided into 3 groups - control and 2 experimental. For 21 days, the animals received daily intragastric caffeine at a dose of 5 mg/kg, infusion an aqueous extract of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge at a dose of 100 mg/kg. The control was injected with drinking water by weight. To study the cognitive functions of the maze, performing two series of tests - at 2-7 and 16-21. Results and Discussion. In the course of the study, it was found that when the animals were tested for 2-7 days, there were no significant changes between the groups. With an increase in the duration of administration of the test substances by the 16-21 days of the experiment, in the second test series, an increase in memory points was observed both in the second (caffeine, 5 mg/kg) and in the third ( Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, 100 mg/kg) of the experimental groups. Conclusion. The introduction of caffeine at a dosage of 5 mg/kg influenced the activation of short-term and long-term memory with a duration of more than 17 days of administrationat the 2nd stage of testing. Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge (100 mg/kg) caused the activation of working and long-term spatial memory from the 16th day of the experimenton the 2nd series of tests.

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25

Yudhi Purwoko, Marcus Laurentius, Syamsudin Syamsudin, and Partomuan Simanjuntak. "Kombinasi Ekstrak Herba Pegagan dan Daun Kelor terhadap Kerusakan Otak dengan Metode Radial Eight-Arm Test." PHARMACY: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia (Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia) 19, no. 1 (September 27, 2022): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/pharmacy.v19i1.13490.

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Proses perkembangan kognisi pada manusia saat ini adalah suatu aspek yang sangat penting. Aspek ini erat kaitannya dengan tingkat intelegensi atau kecerdasan dari seseorang dalam banyak hal dimana dari kecerdasan ini munculah ide-ide dan pembelajaran. Terganggunya atau menurunnya fungsi kognisi seseorang akan berdampak pada tidak maksimalnya petumbuhan serta perkembangan otak dimana mempunyai peran penting dalam suatu respon seseorang untuk indra penglihatan, pendengaran, logika dan analogi serta kemampuan dalam menghasilkan gerakan. Terganggunya fungsi otak maka akan mempengaruhi kualitas masa depan dari seseorang khususnya pada kecerdasan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari penggunaan kombinasi ekstrak herba pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.) dan daun kelor (Moringa oleifera Lam.) terhadap fungsi memori yang diujikan dengan menggunakan metode radial eight-arm maze test pada tikus wistar. Tahapan awal penelitian dilakukan ekstraksi herba pegagan dan daun kelor. Ekstrak kemudian dipekatkan dengan menggunakan rotary evaporator dan dikeringkan dengan metode freeze drying. Kandungan metabolit sekunder dari masing-masing ekstrak herba pegagan dan daun kelor diuji dengan penapisan fitokimia. Radial eight-arm maze test dilakukan untuk mengetahui kerusakan otak yang berdampak pada defisit intelegensi dan memori. Kombinasi herba pegagan dan daun kelor pada rasio konsentrasi 1:3 mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap perilaku pembelajaran dan memori dari hewan uji. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, disimpulkan bahwa kombinasi ekstrak herba pegagan dan daun kelor berpotensi dalam meningkatkan fungsi memori pada otak, khususnya pada perilaku pembelajaran dan memori dari hewan coba.

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26

M. Story, Michelle. "Effect of Resveratrol Supplementation on the Performance of Dogs in an Eight-Arm Radial Maze." Open Nutrition Journal 6, no. 1 (September 6, 2012): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874288201206010080.

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27

Shors, Tracey J., and Eric Dryver. "Stress impedes exploration and the acquisition of spatial information in the eight-arm radial maze." Psychobiology 20, no. 4 (December 1992): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03332056.

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28

Egashira, Nobuaki, Akito Tanoue, Fuminori Higashihara, Kenichi Mishima, Yoshihiko Fukue, Yukio Takano, Gozoh Tsujimoto, Katsunori Iwasaki, and Michihiro Fujiwara. "V1a receptor knockout mice exhibit impairment of spatial memory in an eight-arm radial maze." Neuroscience Letters 356, no. 3 (February 2004): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2003.11.050.

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29

Zlomuzica, A., LA Ruocco, AG Sadile, JP Huston, and E. Dere. "Histamine H1 receptor knockout mice exhibit impaired spatial memory in the eight-arm radial maze." British Journal of Pharmacology 157, no. 1 (April 8, 2009): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00225.x.

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30

Braida, Daniela, Morena Pozzi, Ramona Cavallini, and Mariaelvina Sala. "3,4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) impairs eight-arm radial maze performance and arm entry pattern in rats." Behavioral Neuroscience 116, no. 2 (2002): 298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.116.2.298.

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31

Sweeney, Whitney A., Jodie Luedtke, Michael P. McDonald та J. Bruce Overmier. "Intrahippocampal Injections of Exogenous β-Amyloid Induce Postdelay Errors in an Eight-Arm Radial Maze". Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 68, № 1 (липень 1997): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/nlme.1997.3770.

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32

Kolpakova, M. E., I. A. Filchenko, A. Trajkovski, D. L. Tcyba, O. V. Kirik, Arieb A. Khan, A. Leipert, D. E. Korzhevskii, and T. D. Vlasov. "Rat’s behaviour in eight-arms maze after modeling of focal transient cerebral ischemia with subsequent activation of striatal microglia." Regional blood circulation and microcirculation 17, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24884/1682-6655-2018-17-2-92-96.

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It is well known that cognitive disorders at cerebral ischemia-reperfusion are followed by neuronal death. The inflammation of nervous tissue occurs, but the role of microgliocytes in neuroprotection is poorly understood. The aim of our work was to study microgliocytes in rats with cognitive disorders in delayed postischemic period after focal transient cerebral ischemia. In an experiment we used male rats (n=15), weighing 200-250. The model of focal brain ischemia was performed in anaesthetized rats (intraperitonealy, chloralhydrate 450 mg/kg). Microsurgical introduction monofilament to the left middle cerebral artery was made by J. Koizumi technique. Time of middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion was 30 minutes with the subsequent reperfusion period. Testing in eight-arm maze was performed within seven days twice with a two-day interval during which each animal carried out a 5-minute session 3 times with a 3-minute interval. For identification of microgliocytes used polyclonal goat antibodies to Iba1 antigen. At behavior assessment in an eight-arm maze there were errors of working memory revealed and prolongation of time of task performance. Cognitive disorders at cerebral ischemia, perhaps, serve as the neuroinflammation indicator. Microglia is likely involved in mechanisms of neuroprotection and compensation for cognitive disorders.

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33

Setorki, Mahbubeh. "Effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Ziziphus spina-christi against scopolamine-induced anxiety in rats." Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjp.v11i2.26505.

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<p class="Abstract">The aim of this study was to observe the effect of <em>Ziziphus spina-christi</em> extract against anxiety related behavior induced by scopolamine. Rats were randomly divided into six groups, each group consists of eight rats. Vehicle group received distilled water, negative control received scopolamine (1 mg/kg) and positive control received diazepam (1 mg/mL). Experimental groups received <em>Z. spina-christi</em> extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg IP) 30 min after scopolamine injection. Anxiety related behaviors were assessed using the elevated plus maze. The rotarod test was used to evaluate motor coordination. Administration of <em>Z. spina-christi</em> extract (200 mg/kg) significantly increased the time spent in the open arm of elevated plus maze. The extract also reduced the percentage of closed arms entries and time spent in the closed arms. Different concentration of <em>Z. spina-christi</em> extract didn’t affect motor coordination and balance. Hydro-alcoholic extract of <em>Z. spina-christi</em> significantly ameliorate scopolamine-induced anxiety.</p><p><strong>Video clip</strong></p><p><a href="https://youtube.com/v/LTHNppf_Euo">Elevated plus maze</a>: 1 min 58 sec </p>

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34

Tremblay, Joseph, and Jerome Cohen. "Spatial configuration and list learning of proximally cued arms by rats in the enclosed four-arm radial maze." Animal Learning & Behavior 33, no. 1 (February 2005): 78–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03196052.

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35

Karetnikova, Alena Yu, Uliana A. Matvienko, Daria A. Savinova, Elvira A. Denikaeva, and Natalya A. Durnova. "Astragalus membranaceus infusion effect on rats learning in the radial maze." RUDN Journal of Medicine 26, no. 1 (March 21, 2022): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0245-2022-26-1-69-78.

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Relevance. Treatment of cognitive impairment is a serious problem for modern medicine. Alzheimers disease and Parkinsons disease are chronic progressive neurodegenerative diseases and the most common cause of progressive dementia in the elderly. There is no effective therapy for these diseases, so it is necessary to search for integrated therapies, including herbal medicine. The aim was to study a short-term and long-term memory of rats in the test eight-arm radial maze under the infl of repeated administration of an aqueous extract of the herb Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge. Materials and Methods. The experiment was carried out on 18 non-linear rats, divided into 3 groups - control and 2 experimental. For 21 days, the animals received daily intragastric caffeine at a dose of 5 mg/kg, infusion an aqueous extract of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge at a dose of 100 mg/kg. The control was injected with drinking water by weight. To study the cognitive functions of the maze, performing two series of tests - at 2-7 and 16-21. Results and Discussion. In the course of the study, it was found that when the animals were tested for 2-7 days, there were no signifi changes between the groups. With an increase in the duration of administration of the test substances by the 16-21 days of the experiment, in the second test series, an increase in memory points was observed both in the second (caffeine, 5 mg/kg) and in the third ( Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, 100 mg/kg) of the experimental groups. Conclusion. The introduction of caffeine at a dosage of 5 mg/kg infl d the activation of short-term and long-term memory with a duration of more than 17 days of administration - at the 2nd stage of testing. Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge (100 mg/kg) caused the activation of working and long-term spatial memory from the 16th day of the experiment - on the 2nd series of tests.

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36

Bailey, Derek W., Larry D. Howery, and Darrin L. Boss. "Effects of social facilitation for locating feeding sites by cattle in an eight-arm radial maze." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 68, no. 2 (May 2000): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1591(00)00091-5.

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37

Ossenkopp, Klaus-Peter, and Eric L. Hargreaves. "Spatial learning in an enclosed eight-arm radial maze in rats with sodium arsanilate-induced labyrinthectomies." Behavioral and Neural Biology 59, no. 3 (May 1993): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-1047(93)91034-k.

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38

Vilkki, S. K. "Severity grading in radial dysplasia." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 39, no. 9 (January 8, 2014): 977–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193413518709.

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A functional scoring method to grade the usefulness and quality of the upper limbs in congenital radial dysplasia is presented. It is based on the author’s examinations of 44 arms with congenital deficiency of the radius. The hand (H), wrist (W) and proximal parts (P) of the extremity are each scored from 0 to 10 points for severity. The scoring is expressed similarly to the TNM (tumour, nodes, metastasis) tumour classification, for example as H5W4P2. The maximum severity index is 30 points. A severity grade of mild is between 1 and 8 points, moderate between 9 and 16 points and severe 17 points and over. In the author’s series, the grades were mild in eight, moderate in 21 and severe in 15 cases. The functional severity grading should allow better comparison of radially deficient limbs and the results of treatment between groups of patients.

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39

Contreras, Carlos M., Juan Francisco Rodríguez-Landa, Rosa Isela García-Ríos, Jonathan Cueto-Escobedo, Gabriel Guillen-Ruiz, and Blandina Bernal-Morales. "Myristic Acid Produces Anxiolytic-Like Effects in Wistar Rats in the Elevated Plus Maze." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/492141.

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A mixture of eight fatty acids (linoleic, palmitic, stearic, myristic, elaidic, lauric, oleic, and palmitoleic acids) at similar concentrations identified in human amniotic fluid produces anxiolytic-like effects comparable to diazepam in Wistar rats. However, individual effects of each fatty acid remain unexplored. In Wistar rats, we evaluated the separate action of each fatty acid at the corresponding concentrations previously found in human amniotic fluid on anxiety-like behaviour. Individual effects were compared with vehicle, an artificial mixture of the same eight fatty acids, and a reference anxiolytic drug (diazepam, 2 mg/kg). Myristic acid, the fatty acid mixture, and diazepam increased the time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze and reduced the anxiety index compared with vehicle, without altering general locomotor activity. The other fatty acids had no effect on anxiety-like behaviour, but oleic acid reduced locomotor activity. Additionally, myristic acid produced anxiolytic-like effects only when the concentration corresponded to the one identified in human amniotic fluid (30 𝜇g/mL) but did not alter locomotor activity. We conclude that of the eight fatty acids contained in the fatty acid mixture, only myristic acid produces anxiolytic-like effects when administered individually at a similar concentration detected in human amniotic fluid.

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40

Olthof, Anneke, Jennifer E. Sutton, Shawna V. Slumskie, JoAnne D'Addetta, and William A. Roberts. "In search of the cognitive map: Can rats learn an abstract pattern of rewarded arms on the radial maze?" Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 25, no. 3 (1999): 352–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.25.3.352.

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41

Grandchamp, Nicolas, and Françoise Schenk. "Adaptive changes in a radial maze task: Efficient selection of baited arms with reduced foraging in senescent hooded rats." Behavioural Brain Research 168, no. 1 (March 2006): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2005.11.001.

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42

Guerra-Narbona, R., J. M. Delgado-García, and J. C. López-Ramos. "Altitude acclimatization improves submaximal cognitive performance in mice and involves an imbalance of the cholinergic system." Journal of Applied Physiology 114, no. 12 (June 15, 2013): 1705–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01298.2012.

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The aim of this work was to reveal a hypothetical improvement of cognitive abilities in animals acclimatized to altitude and performing under ground level conditions, when looking at submaximal performance, once seen that it was not possible when looking at maximal scores. We modified contrasted cognitive tasks (object recognition, operant conditioning, eight-arm radial maze, and classical conditioning of the eyeblink reflex), increasing their complexity in an attempt to find performance differences in acclimatized animals vs. untrained controls. In addition, we studied, through immunohistochemical quantification, the expression of choline acetyltransferase and acetyl cholinesterase, enzymes involved in the synthesis and degradation of acetylcholine, in the septal area, piriform and visual cortexes, and the hippocampal CA1 area of animals submitted to acute hypobaric hypoxia, or acclimatized to this simulated altitude, to find a relationship between the cholinergic system and a cognitive improvement due to altitude acclimatization. Results showed subtle improvements of the cognitive capabilities of acclimatized animals in all of the tasks when performed under ground-level conditions (although not before 24 h), in the three tasks used to test explicit memory (object recognition, operant conditioning in the Skinner box, and eight-arm radial maze) and (from the first conditioning session) in the classical conditioning task used to evaluate implicit memory. An imbalance of choline acetyltransferase/acetyl cholinesterase expression was found in acclimatized animals, mainly 24 h after the acclimatization period. In conclusion, altitude acclimatization improves cognitive capabilities, in a process parallel to an imbalance of the cholinergic system.

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43

Kusrohmaniah, Sri. "Apakah Pengkayaan Lingkungan Berpengaruh terhadap Ingatan Spasial pada Tikus Jantan dan Betina?" Jurnal Psikologi 44, no. 2 (August 11, 2017): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.27405.

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Female and male rats use different landmarks to find foods in the radial arm maze. The aim of this research was to test the effect of environmental enrichment on spatial memory of male and female rats. Twenty two male and 22 female Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus) were allocated into eight groups. Spatial memory were measured after 60 days of environmental enrichment. It was hypothesized that rats in the environmentally enriched groups had better spatial memory. Analysis was done using SPANOVA (Mixed Design Anova). It was found that sex had an effect on spatial memory.

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44

Masuoka, Takayoshi, Yoko Fujii, and Chiaki Kamei. "Effect of scopolamine on the hippocampal theta rhythm during an eight-arm radial maze task in rats." European Journal of Pharmacology 539, no. 1-2 (June 2006): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.03.046.

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45

Robinson, Gilbert B. "Maintained saturation of hippocampal long-term potentiation does not disrupt acquisition of the eight-arm radial maze." Hippocampus 2, no. 4 (October 4, 1992): 389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.450020406.

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46

Zaichenko, M. I., A. V. Sharkova, G. A. Grigor’yan, and G. Kh Merzhanova. "Memory in an Eight-Channel Radial Maze is Better in High-Impulsivity Rats Than Low-Impulsivity Animals." Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology 48, no. 1 (December 5, 2017): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11055-017-0538-4.

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47

Pennock, Andrew T., Craig S. Phillips, Jonas L. Matzon, and Elizabeth Daley. "THE EFFECTS OF FOREARM ROTATION ON THREE WRIST MEASUREMENTS: RADIAL INCLINATION, RADIAL HEIGHT AND PALMAR TILT." Hand Surgery 10, no. 01 (July 2005): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218810405002528.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate and quantify the effects of forearm rotation on radial inclination, radial height and palmar tilt. Seventeen arms, nine cadaveric and eight volunteer, were examined using a radiolucent device that allowed for the controlled rotation of each arm. Lateral and posterior-anterior X-rays were taken at 5° increments which were then measured by two physicians using standardised protocol. The results revealed that all three measurements were significantly affected by forearm rotation with forearm supination increasing the apparent measurements and forearm pronation decreasing the apparent measurements. This relationship was well characterised by linear trend modelling such that forearm pronation of 10° decreased the apparent radial inclination, radial height and palmar tilt by 2.8°, 1.6 mm and 4.4°, respectively. This study demonstrates that forearm rotation is an important factor in the accurate evaluation of wrist measurements, and that slight rotation of the wrist during radiographic imaging may significantly alter management decisions given established surgical criteria.

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48

Cross, Donna J., Bertrand R. Huber, Michael A. Silverman, Marcella M. Cline, Trevor B. Gill, Chloe G. Cross, David G. Cook, and Satoshi Minoshima. "Intranasal Paclitaxel Alters Alzheimer’s Disease Phenotypic Features in 3xTg-AD Mice." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 83, no. 1 (August 31, 2021): 379–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-210109.

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Background: Microtubule stabilizing drugs, commonly used as anti-cancer therapeutics, have been proposed for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, many do not cross the blood-brain barrier. Objective: This research investigated if paclitaxel (PTX) delivered via the intranasal (IN) route could alter the phenotypic progression of AD in 3xTg-AD mice. Methods: We administered intranasal PTX in 3XTg-AD mice (3xTg-AD n = 15, 10 weeks and n = 10, 44 weeks, PTX: 0.6 mg/kg or 0.9%saline (SAL)) at 2-week intervals. After treatment, 3XTg-AD mice underwent manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to measure in vivo axonal transport. In a separate 3XTg-AD cohort, PTX-treated mice were tested in a radial water tread maze at 52 weeks of age after four treatments, and at 72 weeks of age, anxiety was assessed by an elevated-plus maze after 14 total treatments. Results: PTX increased axonal transport rates in treated 3XTg-AD compared to controls (p≤0.003). Further investigation using an in vitro neuron model of Aβ-induced axonal transport disruption confirmed PTX prevented axonal transport deficits. Confocal microscopy after treatment found fewer phospho-tau containing neurons (5.25±3.8 versus 8.33±2.5, p < 0.04) in the CA1, altered microglia, and reduced reactive astrocytes. PTX improved performance of 3xTg-AD on the water tread maze compared to controls and not significantly different from WT (Day 5, 143.8±43 versus 91.5±77s and Day 12, 138.3±52 versus 107.7±75s for SAL versus PTX). Elevated plus maze revealed that PTX-treated 3xTg-AD mice spent more time exploring open arms (Open arm 129.1±80 versus 20.9±31s for PTX versus SAL, p≤0.05). Conclusion: Taken collectively, these findings indicate that intranasal-administered microtubule-stabilizing drugs may offer a potential therapeutic option for treating AD.

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49

Masuoka, Takayoshi, Yoko Fujii, and Chiaki Kamei. "Participation of the hippocampal theta rhythm in memory formation for an eight-arm radial maze task in rats." Brain Research 1103, no. 1 (August 2006): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.04.003.

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50

Iwasaki, Katsunori, Nobuaki Egashira, Izzettin Hatip-Al-Khatib, Yuki Akiyoshi, Takashi Arai, Yuki Takagaki, Takuya Watanabe, Kenichi Mishima та Michihiro Fujiwara. "Cerebral ischemia combined with β-amyloid impairs spatial memory in the eight-arm radial maze task in rats". Brain Research 1097, № 1 (червень 2006): 216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.04.073.

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