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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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1

Hoard, John, Mehdi Abarham, Dan Styles, Julia M. Giuliano, C. Scott Sluder, and John M. E. Storey. "Diesel EGR Cooler Fouling." SAE International Journal of Engines 1, no. 1 (October 6, 2008): 1234–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-2475.

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2

Park, Sangjun, Kyo Lee, and Jungsoo Park. "Parametric Study on EGR Cooler Fouling Mechanism Using Model Gas and Light-Duty Diesel Engine Exhaust Gas." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 15, 2018): 3161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113161.

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Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and high-pressure fuel injection are key technologies for reducing diesel engine emissions in the face of reinforced regulations. With the increasing need for advanced EGR technologies to achieve low-temperature combustion and low emission, the adverse etableffects of EGR must be addressed. One of the main problems is fouling of the EGR cooler, which involves the deposition of particulate matter (PM) due to the thermophoretic force between the cooler wall and flow field. A large amount of deposited PM can reduce the effectiveness of the heat exchanger in the EGR cooler and the de-NOx efficiency. In the present study, the effects of the variables that affect EGR cooler fouling are investigated by a comparison of laboratory-based and engine-based experiments. In the laboratory experiment, a soot generator that could readily provide separate control of the variables was used to generate the model EGR gas. Through control of the soot generator, it was possible to perform a parametric study by varying the particle size, the EGR gas flow rate, and the coolant temperature as the dominant parameters. A decrease in these factors caused an increase in the mass of the deposit and a drop in the effectiveness of the heat exchanger, related to fouling of the EGR cooler. In the engine-based experiment, engine-like conditions were provided to analyze real exhaust gas without a soot generator. Different variables were found to induce fouling of the EGR cooler, and the results of the engine-based experiment differed from those of the laboratory experiment. For example, in the engine-based experiment, a decrease in the EGR gas flow rate did not lead to a more pronounced drop in the effectiveness of the heat exchanger because of the increase in the concentration of PM in the EGR gas. This result shows that the conditions of the engine exhaust gas are different from those of the soot generator.

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3

Gajarlawara, Nilesh, Gaddale Rao, and Madhu Murthy. "Experimental investigations of effects of cooling/non cooling of EGR on two level of compression ratio in a common rail diesel engine." Thermal Science 19, no. 6 (2015): 1995–2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci130804013g.

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EGR cooling is followed for many years and proven as an efficient technique for reducing NOx-PM emissions. EGR cooling helps in emission reduction of NOx and PM. But, it brings associated issues like cooler fouling; misfiring in cold condition, if cooling is not bypassed, during cold start. Also, it increases HC and CO emissions thus leading to increased loading of diesel oxidation catalyst. In the present study, two engine operating points were chosen from EUDC part of modified NEDC cycle for India. The two set of compression ratios were prepared. The NOx-PM along with HC and CO emissions were measured with 18.5CR. The emissions with cooled EGR were taken first which form the base optimization. The cooler was removed from the EGR circuit and same measurements were done. In the third step, the increased NOx due to non-cooled EGR was brought to the original value by increasing the Injection rail pressure and EGR rates simultaneously. In this process, the PM emission was found to be increasing marginally from its optimized value. The same experimentation was repeated for the 16.5 compression ratio. Both the compression ratios exhibit the similar trends of emissions. The magnitude of NOx PM, HC and CO differs for both the compression ratios. In order to meet the baseline optimized NOx-PM emissions with prime objective to get rid of EGR cooler and gain cost saving, reduced compression ratio found to be promising solution. There was marginal increase in CO and HC emission with this approach.

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4

Kuan, Chih-Kuang, Daniel Styles, Mitchell Bieniek, and John Hoard. "An EGR Cooler Fouling Model: Experimental Correlation and Model Uses." SAE International Journal of Engines 10, no. 2 (March 28, 2017): 541–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-0535.

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5

Hong, Kwang Seok, Kyo Seung Lee, Soonho Song, Kwang Min Chun, Doyoung Chung, and Sunki Min. "Parametric study on particle size and SOF effects on EGR cooler fouling." Atmospheric Environment 45, no. 32 (October 2011): 5677–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.07.036.

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6

Han, Zhiqiang, Yipeng Yao, Wei Tian, Xueshun Wu, Gengyuan He, and Qi Xia. "Effect of hydrocarbon condensation on fouling and heat exchange efficiency in EGR cooler." International Journal of Thermal Sciences 184 (February 2023): 107898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2022.107898.

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7

Hong, K. S., J. S. Park, and K. S. Lee. "Experimental evaluation of SOF effects on EGR cooler fouling under various flow conditions." International Journal of Automotive Technology 12, no. 6 (November 24, 2011): 813–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12239-011-0093-x.

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8

Warey, Alok, Anil Singh Bika, Alberto Vassallo, Sandro Balestrino, and Patrick Szymkowicz. "Combination of Pre-EGR Cooler Oxidation Catalyst and Water Vapor Condensation to Mitigate Fouling." SAE International Journal of Engines 7, no. 1 (April 1, 2014): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-0636.

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9

Han, Taehoon, Hyunki Sul, John Hoard, Chih-Kuang Kuan, and Daniel Styles. "The Effects of Temperature, Shear Stress, and Deposit Thickness on EGR Cooler Fouling Removal Mechanism - Part 1." SAE International Journal of Materials and Manufacturing 9, no. 2 (April 5, 2016): 236–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-0183.

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10

Sul, Hyunki, Taehoon Han, Mitchell Bieniek, John Hoard, Chih-Kuang Kuan, and Daniel Styles. "The Effects of Temperature, Shear Stress, and Deposit Thickness on EGR Cooler Fouling Removal Mechanism - Part 2." SAE International Journal of Materials and Manufacturing 9, no. 2 (April 5, 2016): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-0186.

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11

Sul, Hyunki, Taehoon Han, Mitchell S. Bieniek, John Hoard, Chih-Kuang Kuan, and Daniel J. Styles. "ERRATUM:The Effects of Temperature, Shear Stress, and Deposit Thickness on EGR Cooler Fouling Removal Mechanism - Part 2." SAE International Journal of Materials and Manufacturing 10, no. 1 (April 5, 2016): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-0186.01.

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12

Jang, Sang-Hoon, Se-Joon Hwang, Sang-Ki Park, Kap-Seung Choi, and Hyung-Man Kim. "Effects of PM fouling on the heat exchange effectiveness of wave fin type EGR cooler for diesel engine use." Heat and Mass Transfer 48, no. 6 (December 16, 2011): 1081–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00231-011-0950-1.

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13

Jamali, F., Mustaqimah, B. Ghobadian, G. Najafi, Bo Zhang, and X. X. Jiang. "Investigation on the Fouling and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Novel EGR Cooler (Semi-spiral) for Diesel Engine Fueled with Biodiesel." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1062, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1062/1/012024.

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14

Teng, Ho. "OS2-4 Diesel Particulate Fouling In EGR Coolers(OS2 EGR combustion,Organized Session Papers)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2012.8 (2012): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2012.8.90.

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15

Teng, Ho, and Gerhard Regner. "Particulate Fouling in EGR Coolers." SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles 2, no. 2 (October 6, 2009): 154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-2877.

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16

Reißig, Martin, Antje Hoppe, Bert Buchholz, and Egon Hassel. "Condensation-Fouling Interaction in Low-Temperature EGR-Coolers." MATEC Web of Conferences 18 (2014): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20141803004.

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17

Lee, Joon, and Kyoungdoug Min. "A study of the fouling characteristics of EGR coolers in diesel engines." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 28, no. 8 (August 2014): 3395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-014-0752-8.

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18

Park, Sangki, Kapseung Choi, Hyungman Kim, and Kihyung Lee. "Influence of PM fouling on effectiveness of heat exchanges in a diesel engine with fin-type EGR coolers of different sizes." Heat and Mass Transfer 46, no. 11-12 (August 3, 2010): 1221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00231-010-0652-0.

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19

Reza Razmavar, A., and M. Reza Malayeri. "A Simplified Model for Deposition and Removal of Soot Particles in an Exhaust Gas Recirculation Cooler." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 138, no. 1 (August 25, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4031180.

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Анотація:

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions from diesel engines can profoundly be suppressed if a portion of exhaust gases is cooled through a heat exchanger known as exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) cooler and returned to the intake of the combustion chamber. One major hurdle though for the efficient performance of EGR coolers is the deposition of various species, i.e., particulate matter (PM) on the surface of EGR coolers. In this study, a model is proposed for the deposition and removal of soot particles carried by the exhaust gases in a tubular cooler. The model takes thermophoresis into account as the primary deposition mechanism. Several removal mechanisms of incident particle impact, shear force, and rolling moment (RM) have rigorously been examined to obtain the critical velocity that is the maximum velocity at which the particulate fouling can profoundly be suppressed. The results show that the dominant removal mechanism changes from one to another based particle size and gas velocity. Based on particle mass and energy conservation equations, a model for the fouling resistance has also been developed which shows satisfactory agreement when compared with the fouling experimental results.

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20

Mirsadraee, Alireza, and M. Reza Malayeri. "Propensity of Soot Deposition in a Rectangular Exhaust Gas Recirculation Cooler Using Kalman Filter." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 137, no. 12 (June 2, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4030519.

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The detection of fouling in exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) coolers of diesel engines should be fast and accurate. This would facilitate deciding an effective strategy to combat fouling and to prolong the lifetime of EGR coolers. In the present study, the propensity of soot deposition in a rectangular EGR cooler is modeled using Kalman filters. Noises, coherent feature of many deposition processes which can be resulted from measurement sensors such as thermocouples or incidental deposit flake-off, are also considered in the model. The Kalman filter minimizes the estimation error covariance by considering the measurement and process noise covariance matrices while it can simultaneously handle the noisy data. The results are characterized with measurement process noise covariance. The relation between these two defines the smoothness and shape of the estimated trend of fouling resistance. Comparisons of the experimental data and the resultant model confirmed the usefulness of the applied method for various operating conditions of an EGR cooler prone to particulate deposition of soot particles. The paper proceeds with the impact of such models in monitoring fouling and taking an appropriate mitigation approach in diesel engines.

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21

Prabhakar, Bhaskar, and André L. Boehman. "Effect of Engine Operating Conditions and Coolant Temperature on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Deposits From an Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation Cooler." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 135, no. 2 (January 10, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4007784.

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The effect of engine operating conditions on exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) cooler fouling was studied using a 6.4 L V-8 common rail turbodiesel engine. An experimental setup, which included a custom-made shell and tube heat exchanger (EGR cooler) with six surrogate tubes, was designed to control flow variables independently. The engine was operated at 2150 rpm, 203 Nm and 1400 rpm, 81 Nm, representing medium and low load conditions, respectively, and the coolant to the heat exchanger was circulated at 85 °C and 40 °C. Heat exchanger effectiveness and pressure drop was monitored throughout the tests. Deposits from the EGR cooler were collected every 1.5 h for a total of 9 h, and their microstructure was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope while their chemical composition was analyzed using a pyrolysis GC-MS apparatus, and the elemental weight percentages were obtained using a CHN analyzer. The results of these analyses showed that the effectiveness of the EGR cooler drops rapidly initially and asymptotes in a few hours. The medium load condition had a higher effectiveness loss due to a greater accumulation of deposits inside the EGR cooler, mostly due to increased thermophoresis, and produced smaller and coarse particles. The low load condition had lower effectiveness loss but produced bigger particles mostly due to excess hydrocarbons. Coolant temperature played a significant role in altering the deposit microstructure and in increasing the amount of condensed hydrocarbons. More deposits were produced for the cold coolant condition, indicating that lower coolant temperature promotes greater hydrocarbon condensation and thermophoresis. These results indicate the complex nature of fouling in automotive heat exchangers.

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22

Paz, Concepción, Eduardo Suárez, Jesús Vence, and John Hoard. "Evolution of EGR cooler deposits under hydrocarbon condensation: Analysis of local thickness, roughness, and fouling layer density." International Journal of Thermal Sciences, November 2020, 106744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2020.106744.

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23

Galindo, José, Vicente Dolz, Javier Monsalve-Serrano, Miguel Angel Bernal, and Laurent Odillard. "Impacts of the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) combined with the regeneration mode in a compression ignition diesel engine operating at cold conditions." International Journal of Engine Research, April 29, 2021, 146808742110139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14680874211013986.

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Internal combustion engines working at cold conditions lead to the production of excessive pollutant emissions levels. The use of the exhaust gas recirculation could be necessary to reduce the nitrogen oxides emissions, even at these conditions. This paper evaluates the impact of using the high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation strategy while the diesel particulate filter is under active regeneration mode on a Euro 6 turbocharged diesel engine running at low ambient temperature (−7°C). This strategy is evaluated under 40 h of operation, 20 of them using the two systems in combination. The results show that the activation of the high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation during the particulate filter regeneration process leads to a 50% nitrogen oxides emissions reduction with respect to a reference case without exhaust gas recirculation. Moreover, the modification of some engine parameters compared to the base calibration, as the exhaust gas recirculation rate, the main fuel injection timing and the post injection quantity, allows to optimize this strategy by reducing the carbon monoxide emissions up to 60%. Regarding the hydrocarbons emissions and fuel consumption, a small advantage could be observed using this strategy. However, the activation of the high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation at low temperatures can produce fouling deposits and condensation on the engine components (valve, cooler, intake manifold, etc.) and can contribute to reach saturation conditions on the particulate filter. For these reasons, the regeneration efficiency is followed during the experiments through the filter status, concluding that the use of low high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation rates in combination with the regeneration mode also allows to clean the soot particles of the particulate filter. These soot depositions are visualized and presented at the end of this work with a brief analysis of the soot characteristics and a quantitative estimation of the total soot volume produced during the experimental campaign.

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24

Salvi, Ashwin, John Hoard, Mitchell Bieniek, Mehdi Abarham, Dan Styles, and Dionissios Assanis. "Effect of Volatiles on Soot Based Deposit Layers." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 136, no. 11 (May 16, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4027460.

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The implementation of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) coolers has recently been a widespread methodology for engine in-cylinder NOx reduction. A common problem with the use of EGR coolers is the tendency for a deposit, or fouling layer to form through thermophoresis. These deposit layers consist of soot and volatiles and reduce the effectiveness of heat exchangers at decreasing exhaust gas outlet temperatures, subsequently increasing engine out NOx emission. This paper presents results from a novel visualization rig that allows for the development of a deposit layer while providing optical and infrared access. A 24 h, 379-micron-thick deposit layer was developed and characterized with an optical microscope, an infrared camera, and a thermogravimetric analyzer. The in situ thermal conductivity of the deposit layer was calculated to be 0.047 W/mK. Volatiles from the layer were then evaporated off and the layer reanalyzed. Results suggest that the removal of volatile components affect the thermophysical properties of the deposit. Hypotheses supporting these results are presented.

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25

Salvi, Ashwin A., John Hoard, Dan Styles, and Dennis Assanis. "In Situ Thermophysical Properties of an Evolving Carbon Nanoparticle Based Deposit Layer Utilizing a Novel Infrared and Optical Methodology." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 138, no. 5 (April 5, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4032942.

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The use of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) in internal combustion engines has significant impacts on engine combustion and emissions. EGR can be used to reduce in-cylinder NOx production, reduce fuel consumption, and enable advanced forms of combustion. To maximize the benefits of EGR, the exhaust gases are often cooled with liquid to gas heat exchangers. However, the build up of a fouling deposit layer from exhaust particulates and volatiles results in the decrease of heat exchanger efficiency, increasing the outlet temperature of the exhaust gases and decreasing the advantages of EGR. This paper presents an experimental data from a novel in situ measurement technique in a visualization rig during the development of a 378 μm thick deposit layer. Measurements were performed every 6 hrs for up to 24 hrs. The results show a nonlinear increase in deposit thickness with an increase in layer surface area as deposition continued. Deposit surface temperature and temperature difference across the thickness of the layer was shown to increase with deposit thickness while heat transfer decreased. The provided measurements combine to produce deposit thermal conductivity. A thorough uncertainty analysis of the in situ technique is presented and suggests higher measurement accuracy at thicker deposit layers and with larger temperature differences across the layer. The interface and wall temperature measurements are identified as the strongest contributors to the measurement uncertainty. Due to instrument uncertainty, the influence of deposit thickness and temperature could not be determined. At an average deposit thickness of 378 μm and at a temperature of 100 °C, the deposit thermal conductivity was determined to be 0.044 ± 0.0062 W/m K at a 90% confidence interval based on instrument accuracy.

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