Статті в журналах: "Efficiency index of use"

1

Lordkipanidze, Nazibrola, and Loren W. Tauer. "Farmer Efficiency and Technology Use with Age." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 29, no. 1 (April 2000): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500001404.

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Productivity of U.S. farmers by age is measured by non-parametric programming using 1992 Census data, decomposed into efficiency and technology Malmquist index components.Productivity increases slightly with age and then decreases. In most states productivity variations are from technology use rather than efficiency differences.

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2

Якупова, Nailya Yakupova, Андреев, and Aleksey Andreev. "EFFICIENCY AND POTENCY INDEX OF ENERGY USAGE." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 9, no. 4 (December 25, 2014): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/7760.

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This article discusses the current state and problems of energy usage, provides an overview of the state energy efficiency programs, analyzes and identifies the most important index of energy use and suggests methods for assessing the effectiveness of energy use and efficiency of budget spending on energy efficiency programs.

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3

Granato, Ítalo Stefanine Correia, Felipe Pereira Bermudez, Gabriel Gonçalves dos Reis, Julio César Dovale, Glauco Vieira Miranda, and Roberto Fritsche-Neto. "Index selection of tropical maize genotypes for nitrogen use efficiency." Bragantia 73, no. 2 (June 2014): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/brag.2014.021.

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Nitrogen (N) limitation in maize crops is related to the fact that the efficiency of nitrogen fertilization in maize does not exceed 50%, primarily due to volatilization, denitrification and soil leaching. Therefore, the development of new nitrogen use efficient (NUE) cultivars is necessary. The aim of the present study was to develop indices for the accurate selection of NUE maize genotypes for use in conditions of both high and low N availability. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse (20º45'14"S; 42º52'53"W) at the Federal University of Viçosa during October 2010. A total of 39 experimental hybrid combinations and 14 maize lines differing in NUE were evaluated under two N availability conditions. We determined the relative importance of the studied characters using principal component analysis, factor analysis and by developing efficient selection indices. We conclude that indirect and early selection of tropical maize genotypes can be performed using the indices I HN = 0.022 SDM + 0.35 RSDM + 0.35 RL A + 0.35 NUE for high N availability environments and I LN = -0.06 RSDM + 0.35 RSA A + 0.35 RL A + 0.39 SDM for low N availability environments.

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4

Zhang, Hong Wu, and Zi Rui Lan. "Study on the Evaluation Index System of Regional Energy Use Efficiency." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 1757–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.1757.

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Regional energy efficiency evaluation stands for the analysis of regional energy efficiency whose aim is to figure out the low– and high– efficient parts in energy consumption, providing most economic suggestions to improve energy efficiency. Based on the energy balance sheet, this paper decomposed the energy efficiency of one entire region into different sub-regional values and then got the energy efficiency index of each sub-region through standardized treatment. Further, the overall energy efficiency index was calculated out through weighting to lay the foundation of energy efficiency analysis and energy saving potential evaluation. Besides, this paper analyzed and compared the 2010 and 2006 energy efficiency data of China (including 30 provincial-level administrative regions) with a result that the evaluation index system of regional energy efficiency could satisfy the energy saving and managing demands, like location and analysis of regional energy efficiency level .

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5

Stachura, Paulina. "Measuring energy efficiency - structural and index decomposition analysis." Central European Review of Economics and Management 2, no. 4 (December 22, 2018): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29015/cerem.584.

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Aim: The aim is to recognize the main determinants of the energy efficiency improvement in transport in Poland in the years 2000-2014 using structural and index decomposition analysis, and to identify areas where there is still potential for further reduction of energy consumption.Design / Research methods: Techniques used to analyse changes in energy use are: structural decomposition analysis and index decomposition analysis. Each of these two methods is characterized by distinctive, unique techniques and approaches, as they have developed quite independently. Index decomposition analysis measures the impact of energy efficiency gains on the level of energy consumption, at the most detailed sector disaggregation level allowed by the available data. Whereas structural decomposition analysis allows to analyse the impact of the external factors, such as technological, demand, and demographic effects, on the fluctuations of the total energy consumption. The similarities and differences between the two approaches are summarized and illustrated with a numerical example of Polish transport.Conclusions / findings: The article recognizes the main determinants of the energy efficiency improvement in transport sector in Poland in the years 2000-2014. In case of Poland ODEX shows an overall progress of energy efficiency in transport by 24.3%. Results obtained with decomposition analysis indicate large divergences in energy efficiency improvements between modes of transport and vehicle types and identify areas where there is still potential for further reduction of energy consumption. Results from decomposing structure of energy use, show activity effect to be main reason for energy use growth. The distribution of each mode in total traffic of passengers and goods changes toward less energy efficient modes. The only factor driving down the energy use is energy savings.Originality / value of the article: Using two methods of decomposition analysis and comparing obtained outcomes allows to get a broader view on energy use trends. Results presented in this article are a good starting point for further detailed analysis of changes in energy use of transport.

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6

Arnall, Daryl B., Brenda S. Tubaña, Starr L. Holtz, Kefyalew Girma, and W. R. Raun. "Relationship between Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Response Index in Winter Wheat." Journal of Plant Nutrition 32, no. 3 (February 12, 2009): 502–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904160802679974.

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7

Moudon, Anne Vernez, Sarah E. Kavage, Jean E. Mabry, and D. W. Sohn. "A Transportation-Efficient Land Use Mapping Index." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1902, no. 1 (January 2005): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105190200116.

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Land use and transportation are linked by complex, yet identifiable, relationships. Tools are needed to formalize this relationship and to take it into account when decisions are made about urban and suburban transportation systems. This paper reviews foundational concepts of performance measures of metropolitan transportation systems. It offers a rationale for the types of tools needed to measure and assess land use and transportation system efficiency. One tool being developed by the Washington State Department of Transportation–-the Transportation-Efficient Land Use Mapping Index (TELUMI)–-illustrates how research findings can be applied in metropolitan transportation planning. TELUMI uses cartographic modeling (CM) techniques and parcel-level geographic information system data. The fine resolution of the data measures microscaled land use conditions associated with travel patterns in built-up areas. CM generates maps of zones in a region that match land use conditions with travel behaviors. Zones are defined by land use variables, such as density of activities, presence and agglomeration of destinations, block size, and transportation infrastructure attributes. CM also performs advanced quantitative analyses of map attributes, and it is effective with lay and professional audiences. TELUMI's use of individual land use variables makes it possible to target intervention strategies, such as augmenting density or building sidewalks, and to evaluate their effectiveness in improving transportation efficiency. TELUMI assists transportation and local planning authorities in allocating transportation investments appropriate to multimodal travel.

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8

HU, Da-wei, Zhou-ping SUN, Tian-lai LI, Hong-zhi YAN, and Hua ZHANG. "Nitrogen Nutrition Index and Its Relationship with N Use Efficiency, Tuber Yield, Radiation Use Efficiency, and Leaf Parameters in Potatoes." Journal of Integrative Agriculture 13, no. 5 (May 2014): 1008–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2095-3119(13)60408-6.

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9

Crookston, Bradley, Brock Blaser, Murali Darapuneni, and Marty Rhoades. "Pearl Millet Forage Water Use Efficiency." Agronomy 10, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 1672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111672.

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Pearl millet (Pennisitum glaucum L.) is a warm season C4 grass well adapted to semiarid climates where concerns over scarce and depleting water resources continually prompt the search for water efficient crop management to improve water use efficiency (WUE). A two-year study was conducted in the Southern Great Plains, USA, semi-arid region, to determine optimum levels of irrigation, row spacing, and tillage to maximize WUE and maintain forage production in pearl millet. Pearl millet was planted in a strip-split-plot factorial design at two row widths, 76 and 19 cm, in tilled and no-till soil under three irrigation levels (high, moderate, and limited). The results were consistent between production years. Both WUE and forage yield were impacted by tillage; however, irrigation level had the greatest effect on forage production. Row spacing had no effect on either WUE or forage yield. The pearl millet water use-yield production function was y = 6.68 × x (mm) − 837 kg ha−1; however, a low coefficient of determination (r2 = 0.31) suggests that factors other than water use (WU), such as a low leaf area index (LAI), had greater influence on dry matter (DM) production. Highest WUE (6.13 Mg ha−1 mm−1) was achieved in tilled soil due to greater LAI and DM production than in no-till.

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10

Kuboń, Maciej, Ireneusz Kaczmar, and Sławomir Kocira. "Application of the OEE index in assessing the efficiency of vehicle use." E3S Web of Conferences 132 (2019): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913201011.

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Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) is a Key Performance Indicator (KPI), which describes the efficiency of using technical resources. The index allows improving the efficiency of the production process, and also reflects the potential of the unused production capacity. In the presented case, new possibilities were proposed for the application of this model in public transport. First, the theoretical foundations of machine reliability, as well as the principles of comprehensive maintenance were presented. This discussion presents how to implement the OEE index to assess the effectiveness of vehicle use in a public transport company. Weaknesses were identified in the use of vehicles and changes were proposed to improve the OEE index.

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11

Robles-Zazueta, Carlos A., Gemma Molero, Francisco Pinto, M. John Foulkes, Matthew P. Reynolds, and Erik H. Murchie. "Field-based remote sensing models predict radiation use efficiency in wheat." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 10 (May 4, 2021): 3756–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab115.

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Abstract Wheat yields are stagnating or declining in many regions, requiring efforts to improve the light conversion efficiency, known as radiation use efficiency (RUE). RUE is a key trait in plant physiology because it links light capture and primary metabolism with biomass accumulation and yield, but its measurement is time consuming and this has limited its use in fundamental research and large-scale physiological breeding. In this study, high-throughput plant phenotyping (HTPP) approaches were used among a population of field-grown wheat with variation in RUE and photosynthetic traits to build predictive models of RUE, biomass, and intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR). Three approaches were used: best combination of sensors; canopy vegetation indices; and partial least squares regression. The use of remote sensing models predicted RUE with up to 70% accuracy compared with ground truth data. Water indices and canopy greenness indices [normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI)] are the better option to predict RUE, biomass, and IPAR, and indices related to gas exchange, non-photochemical quenching [photochemical reflectance index (PRI)] and senescence [structural-insensitive pigment index (SIPI)] are better predictors for these traits at the vegetative and grain-filling stages, respectively. These models will be instrumental to explain canopy processes, improve crop growth and yield modelling, and potentially be used to predict RUE in different crops or ecosystems.

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12

Стрижакова, Екатерина, and Ekaterina Strizhakova. "EFFICIENCY INDICES OF RESOURCE USE AT INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2016, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 232–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/20295.

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The current approaches to the efficiency definition of resource use at industrial enterprises are analyzed. According to existing theories of a firm, in a general case in economy there are emphasized three kinds of efficiency: allocative, adaptive and synergetic. The economic theory of welfare considers the efficiency of resource distribution and use with the application of five paradigms: a utilitarian criterion, criteria of Rawls, Kaldor-Hicks, T. Skitovsky and A. Bergson. For the assessment of a living standard of people the economic science uses a number of factors, such as Gross Domestic Product, National Income, a level of social life development. But their application is possible only at the macrolevel of control. At the level of an enterprise or a sector the group of investment efficiency indices can be used as a basic one. The efficiency in the financial analysis can be estimated with the use of two basic criteria: profitability, profit value. In the paper there are shown values used for the assessment of allocative efficiency of all kinds of re-sources separately – labour, capital, information, hu-man capital. Merits and demerits in the computation of “labour productivity” index are shown. The occurring inaccuracies are presented in the assessment of work done, that resulted in the distortion of the current situation estimate in an industrial system and also in the elaboration of wrong management solutions. The author has offered a set of parameters, an aggregative index – share ratio coefficient of intensive and exten-sive factors for the definition of an allocative efficiency system. In the paper there are presented concepts of adaptive and synergetic efficiency, the existing values of the assessment of the mentioned kinds of efficiency are analyzed are combined into into a single model.

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13

Reis, Gabriel Gonçalves dos, Felipe Bermudez Pereira, Italo Stefanine Correia Granato, Júlio César DoVale, and Roberto Fritsche-Neto. "Tropical maize selection indexes genotypes for efficiency in use of nutrients: phosphorus." Revista Ceres 64, no. 3 (June 2017): 266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-737x201764030007.

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ABSTRACT Brazil generates an annual demand for more than 2.83 million tons of phosphate fertilizers. Part of this is due to low P use efficiency (PUE) by plants, particularly in current maize cultivars. Thus, the aim of this study was to create indexes that allow accurate selection of maize genotypes with high PUE under conditions of either low or high P availability. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse (20º45'14"S; 42º52'53"W) at the Universidade Federal de Viçosa in October 2010. We evaluated 39 experimental hybrid combinations and 14 maize inbred lines with divergent PUE under two conditions of P availability. The relative importance of the traits studied was analyzed and estimated by principal component analysis, factor analysis, and establishment of selection indexes. To obtain genotypes responsive to high P availability, the index SIHP (selection index for high phosphorus) = 0.3985 RDM + 0.3099 SDM + 0.5567 RLLAT + 0.2340 PUEb - 0.1139 SRS is recommended. To obtain genotypes tolerant to low P availability, the index SILP (selection index for low phosphorus) = 0.3548 RDM + 0.3996 RLLAT + 0.3344 SDM + 0.0041 SH/RS - 0.1019 SRS is suggested.

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14

Barton, C. V. M., and P. R. J. North. "Remote sensing of canopy light use efficiency using the photochemical reflectance index." Remote Sensing of Environment 78, no. 3 (December 2001): 264–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-4257(01)00224-3.

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15

Dordas, Christos A. "Nitrogen nutrition index and its relationship to N use efficiency in linseed." European Journal of Agronomy 34, no. 2 (February 2011): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2010.11.005.

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16

Colla, Giuseppe, Carolina María Cardona Suárez, Mariateresa Cardarelli, and Youssef Rouphael. "Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Melon by Grafting." HortScience 45, no. 4 (April 2010): 559–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.4.559.

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Identification of rootstocks capable of improving the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of the scion could reduce N fertilization and nitrate leaching; however, screening different graft combinations under field conditions can be costly and time-consuming. This study evaluated a rapid and economical methodology for screening of melon rootstocks for NUE. Two experiments were designed. In the first, melon plants (Cucumis melo L. cv. Proteo) either ungrafted or grafted onto four commercial rootstocks: ‘Dinero’ and ‘Jador’ (Cucumis melo L.), ‘P360’, and ‘PS1313’ (Cucurbita maxima Duchesne × Cucurbita moschata Duchesne) grown in hydroponics were compared in terms of shoot dry biomass, leaf area, root-to-shoot ratio, SPAD index, shoot N uptake, and nitrate reductase (NR) activity at the early developmental stage in response to nitrate availability (0.5, 2.5, 5, 10, or 15 mm of NO3–). The second experiment was aimed to confirm whether the use of a selected rootstock with high NUE (‘P360’) could improve crop performance and NUE of grafted melon plants under field conditions. In the first experiment, carried out under greenhouse conditions, melon plants grafted onto ‘Dinero’, ‘Jador’, and ‘P360’ rootstocks needed 5.7, 5.2, and 6.1 mm of NO3–, respectively, to reach half-maximum shoot dry weight, whereas plants grafted onto ‘PS1313’ rootstock and the control treatment (ungrafted plants) needed 9.1 and 13.1 mm of NO3–, respectively. Total leaf area, SPAD index, and shoot N uptake increased linearly and quadratically in response to an increase of the N concentration in the nutrient solution. At 2.5 mm of NO3–, melon plants grafted onto both C. melo and Cucurbita maxima × Cucurbita moschata rootstocks had the highest NR activity, whereas no significant difference was observed at 10 mm of NO3–. In the second experiment, carried out under open field conditions, increasing the N fertilization rates from 0 to 120 kg·ha−1 increased the total and marketable yields of melon plants, whereas the NUE decreased. When averaged over N levels, the marketable yield, NUE, and N uptake efficiency were higher by 9%, 11.8%, and 16.3%, respectively, in ‘Proteo’ grafted onto ‘P360’ than in ungrafted ‘Proteo’ plants.

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17

Li, Q., M. Liu, J. Zhang, B. Dong, and Q. Bai. "Biomass accumulation and radiation use efficiency of winter wheat under deficit irrigation regimes." Plant, Soil and Environment 55, No. 2 (February 24, 2009): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/315-pse.

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To better understand the potential for improving biomass accumulation and radiation use efficiency (RUE) of winter wheat under deficit irrigation regimes, in 2006–2007 and 2007–2008, an experiment was conducted at the Luancheng Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Science to study the effects of deficit irrigation regimes on the photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), biomass accumulation, grain yield, and RUE of winter wheat. In this experiment, field experiment involving winter wheat with 1, 2 and 3 irrigation applications at sowing, jointing, or heading stages was conducted, and total irrigation water was all controlled at 120 mm. The results indicate that irrigation 2 or 3 times could help to increase the PAR capture ratio in the later growing season of winter wheat; this result was mainly due to the changes in the vertical distributions of leaf area index (LAI) and a significant increase of the LAI at 0–20 cm above the ground surface (LSD, P < 0.05). Compared with irrigation only once during the growing season of winter wheat, irrigation 2 times significantly (LSD, P < 0.05) increased aboveground dry matter at maturity; irrigation at sowing and heading or jointing and heading stages significantly (LSD, P < 0.05) improved the grain yield, and irrigation at jointing and heading stages provided the highest RUE (0.56 g/mol). Combining the grain yield and RUE, it can be concluded that irrigation at jointing and heading stages has higher grain yield and RUE, which will offer a sound measurement for developing deficit irrigation regimes in North China.

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18

Siahpoosh, Mohammad Reza, Ebrahim Dehghanian, and Akbar Kamgar. "Drought Tolerance Evaluation of Bread Wheat Genotypes Using Water Use Efficiency, Evapotranspiration Efficiency, and Drought Susceptibility Index." Crop Science 51, no. 3 (May 2011): 1198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2010.05.0243.

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19

Sharma, Nirmal, Raquel Schneider-Canny, Konstantin Chekhovskiy, Soonil Kwon, and Malay C. Saha. "Opportunities for Increased Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Wheat for Forage Use." Plants 9, no. 12 (December 9, 2020): 1738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9121738.

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Wheat is a major cool-season forage crop in the southern United States. The objective of this study is to understand the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilization on wheat biomass yield, quality, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and nitrogen nutrition index (NNI). The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse and a hoop house in a split-plot design, with three replications. Twenty wheat cultivars/lines were evaluated at four N rates (0, 75, 150, and 300 mg N.kg−1 soil) in the greenhouse and (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg N.kg−1 soil) in the hoop house. In general, high-NUE lines had lower crude protein content than the low-NUE lines. None of the cultivars/lines reached a plateau for biomass production or crude protein at the highest N rate. The line × N rate interaction for NUE was not significant in the greenhouse (p = 0.854) but was highly significant in the hoop house (p < 0.001). NNI had a negative correlation with NUE and biomass. NUE had strong positive correlations with shoot biomass and total biomass but low to moderate correlations with root biomass. NUE also had a strong positive correlation with N uptake efficiency. Lines with high NUE can be used in breeding programs to enhance NUE in wheat for forage use.

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Siddique, KHM, D. Tennant, MW Perry, and RK Belford. "Water use and water use efficiency of old and modern wheat cultivars in a Mediterranean-type environment." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 3 (1990): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9900431.

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Water use and water use efficiency of old and modern wheat cultivars and one barley cultivar were measured in a Mediterranean environment at Merredin, W.A. Water use efficiency for grain increased substantially from old to modern cultivars, with little difference among modern cultivars. Water use efficiency for dry matter was similar between cultivars. Barley had the highest water use efficiency of both grain and dry matter. Improved water use efficiency for grain in modern cultivars was associated with faster development, earlier flowering, improved canopy structure and higher harvest index. Modern cultivars used slightly less water than old cultivars. The pattern of water use was also different, with late-maturing old cultivars using more water in the pre- than the post-anthesis period. The ratio of pre- to post-anthesis water use was highest with the late-maturing, old cultivar Purple Straw (5.2:1) and lowest with early-maturing, modern cultivar Gutha (3.0:1). Soil evaporation estimates showed that modern cultivars had lower rates of soil evaporation in the early part of the growing season. This was associated with their faster leaf area development and improved light interception. About 40% of the total water use was lost by soil evaporation with very little difference between wheat cultivars. Barley had 15% less soil evaporation than wheat. Water use efficiency for grain based on transpiration (transpiration efficiency) for the four modern cultivars was 15.8 kg ha-1 mm-1, similar to other studies in comparable environments. Some further improvement in water use efficiency appears possible through improvement in crop biomass and harvest index. However, given the frequent and severe limitations of total water supply at low rainfall sites such as Merredin, there appears to be more scope for improvement in yield and water use efficiency in the medium and high rainfall areas of the wheatbelt.

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ANICÉSIO, ELLEN CRISTINA ALVES DE, EDNA MARIA BONFIM-SILVA, TONNY JOSÉ ARAÚJO DA SILVA, and ADRIANO BICIONI PACHECO. "NITROGEN AND POTASSIUM IN SAFFLOWER: CHLOROPHYLL INDEX, BIOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY." Revista Caatinga 31, no. 2 (June 2018): 424–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252018v31n219rc.

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ABSTRACT Safflower crops is usually intended for production of seeds to oil extraction. The objective of this work was to evaluate the chlorophyll index, biometric characteristics and water use efficiency of safflower plants grown under different nitrogen and potassium rates and controlled soil water tension. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in pots containing 8 dm3 of a Oxisol. A complete randomized block experimental design in a 5x5 factorial arrangement was used, with four replications, consisting of five nitrogen rates (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 mg dm-3) and five potassium rates (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg dm-3). The safflower number of leaves, stem diameter, chlorophyll index, number of capitula, shoot, root and total dry weights, water consumption and water use efficiency were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (F test) at 5% of probability and to polynomial regression. The nitrogen and potassium fertilization, as independent factors, affected the safflower plants. The chlorophyll index, biometric characteristics and water use efficiency of safflower showed better responses under nitrogen rates of 82 to 168 mg dm-3. The responses of chlorophyll index, biometric characteristics and water use efficiency of safflower increased 10 to 60% with potassium fertilization.

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Kiniry, J. R., C. E. Simpson, A. M. Schubert, and J. D. Reed. "Peanut leaf area index, light interception, radiation use efficiency, and harvest index at three sites in Texas." Field Crops Research 91, no. 2-3 (February 2005): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2004.07.021.

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23

Palmer, Karen, and Margaret Walls. "Limited Attention and the Residential Energy Efficiency Gap." American Economic Review 105, no. 5 (May 1, 2015): 192–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151009.

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Inattention may be an important contributor to the energy efficiency gap and may be particularly acute in residential buildings where many different features will determine a home's energy use. Energy audits can provide information on how to reduce energy loss in a home, but the use of audits is rare. We use data from a national survey of 1700 homeowners to study the factors affecting a home owner's choice to have an audit. We create an index of energy inattention for our survey respondents. This index and two additional behavioral factors prove to be important determinants of the audit choice.

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24

Han, H., Z. Li, T. Ning, X. Zhang, Y. Shan, and M. Bai. "Radiation use efficiency and yield of winter wheat under deficit irrigation in North Chin." Plant, Soil and Environment 54, No. 7 (July 17, 2008): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/421-pse.

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Water stress is a frequent and critical limit to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in North China. It has been shown that photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) is closely related to crop production. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of deficit irrigation and winter wheat varieties on the PAR capture ration, PAR utilization and grain yield. Field experiments involved Jimai 20 (J; high yield variety) and Lainong 0153 (L; dryland variety) with non-irrigation and irrigated at jointing stage. The results showed that whether irrigated at jointing stage or not, there was no significant difference between J and L with respect to the amount of PAR intercepted by the winter wheat canopies. However, significant differences were observed between the varieties with respect to the amount of PAR intercepted by plants that were 60–80 cm above the ground surface. This result was mainly caused by the changes in the vertical distributions of leaf area index (LAI). As a result, the effects of the varieties and deficit irrigation on the radiation use efficiency (RUE) and grain yield of winter wheat were due to the vertical distribution of PAR in the winter wheat canopies. During the late growing season of winter wheat, irrespective of the irrigation regime, the RUE and grain yield of J were significantly (LSD, P < 0.05) higher than those of L. These results suggest that a combination of deficit irrigation and a suitable winter wheat variety should be applied in North China.

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Gay, Ana, Gracia López-Contreras, Ricardo J. Fernandes, and Raúl Arellano. "Is Swimmers’ Performance Influenced by Wetsuit Use?" International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0891.

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Purpose: To observe changes in performance, physiological, and general kinematic variables induced by the use of wetsuits vs swimsuits in both swimming-pool and swimming-flume conditions. Methods: In a randomized and counterbalanced order, 33 swimmers (26.46 [11.72] y old) performed 2 × 400-m maximal front crawl in a 25-m swimming pool (with wetsuit and swimsuit), and their mean velocities were used later in 2 swimming-flume trials with both suits. Velocity, blood lactate concentration, heart rate (HR), Borg scale (rating of perceived exertion), stroke rate, stroke length (SL), stroke index, and propelling efficiency were evaluated. Results: The 400-m performance in the swimming pool was 0.07 m·s−1 faster when using the wetsuit than when using the swimsuit, evidencing a reduction of ∼6% in time elapsed (P < .001). Maximal HR, maximal blood lactate concentration, rating of perceived exertion, stroke rate, and propelling efficiency were similar when using both swimsuits, but SL and stroke index presented higher values with the wetsuit in both the swimming pool and the swimming flume. Comparing swimming conditions, maximal HR and maximal blood lactate concentration were lower, and SL, stroke index, and propelling efficiency were higher when swimming in the flume than when swimming in the pool with both suits. Conclusions: The 6% velocity improvement was the result of an increase of 4% in SL. Swimmers reduced stroke rate and increased SL to benefit from the hydrodynamic reduction of the wetsuit and increase their swimming efficiency. Wetsuits might be utilized during training seasons to improve adaptations while swimming.

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Zhang, Wenge, Xianzeng Du, Anqi Huang, and Huijuan Yin. "Analysis and Comprehensive Evaluation of Water Use Efficiency in China." Water 11, no. 12 (December 12, 2019): 2620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11122620.

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Proper water use requires its monitoring and evaluation. An indexes system of overall water use efficiency is constructed here that covers water consumption per 10,000 yuan GDP, the coefficient of effective utilization of irrigation water, the water consumption per 10,000 yuan of industrial value added, domestic water consumption per capita of residents, and the proportion of water function zone in key rivers and lakes complying with water-quality standards and is applied to 31 provinces in China. Efficiency is first evaluated by a projection pursuit cluster model. Multidimensional efficiency data are transformed into a low-dimensional subspace, and the accelerating genetic algorithm then optimizes the projection direction, which determines the overall efficiency index. The index reveals great variety in regional water use, with Tianjin, Beijing, Hebei, and Shandong showing highest efficiency. Shanxi, Liaoning, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Henan, Shanxi, and Gansu also use water with high efficiency. Medium efficiency occurs in Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Hainan, Qinghai, Ningxia, and Low efficiency is found for Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Xinjiang. Tibet is the least efficient. The optimal projection direction is a* = (0.3533, 0.7014, 0.4538, 0.3315, 0.1217), and the degree of influence of agricultural irrigation efficiency, water consumption per industrial profit, water used per gross domestic product (GDP), domestic water consumption per capita of residents, and environmental water quality on the result has decreased in turn. This may aid decision making to improve overall water use efficiency across China.

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Keipp, Katrin, Birgit W. Hütsch, and Sven Schubert. "How does the harvest index affect water‐use efficiency and nutrient‐utilization efficiency of sunflowers ( Helianthus annuus L.)?" Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 205, no. 5 (May 22, 2019): 519–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jac.12342.

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28

Varga, B., E. Varga-László, S. Bencze, K. Balla, and O. Veisz. "Water use of winter cereals under well-watered and drought-stressed conditions ." Plant, Soil and Environment 59, No. 4 (March 21, 2013): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/658/2012-pse.

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A reduction in the water available to plants will lend increasing importance to the dynamics of water uptake and to the water use efficiency (WUE) of cereals. The effect of drought on the water use efficiency of winter cereals was investigated in a greenhouse experiment in the Centre for Agricultural Research. The effect of water deficiency on the water use properties was studied by measuring changes in the grain weight, thousand-kernel weight and aboveground biomass. The water use efficiency of wheat varieties generally ranged from 1.5–2.3 kg/m3 and 1.06–2.0 kg/m3 in the case of optimum and limited water supplies, respectively, while these figures were 1.4 kg/m3 and 0.8 kg/m3 for winter barley and 0.8 kg/m3 and 0.5 kg/m3 for winter oat. Investigation on the relationship between harvest index (HI) and WUE was found that the harvest index is only one indicator of drought tolerance; but the stability of HI under non-optimum environmental conditions also needs to be determined.

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Zhou, Zhi Min. "Study on Cultivated Land Resources Use Efficiency in Henan." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 2921–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.2921.

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Based on the background of construct the national grain strategy project of Henan province core and construct Zhongyuan Economic Zone, considering the Henan province's cultivated land resources use efficiency and food security, using multiple linear regression model to analyze the cultivated land resources’s use efficiency between 1999-2008 of Henan province, drew this decade, cultivated area remain basically stable, cultivated land utilization overall efficiency is high, and established the food production, even in successive years grain output reached a high yield, population density, urbanization rate, per capita GDP, multiple crop index, per hectare fertilizer rate is the greatly influenced factors of influence cultivated land resource utilization efficiency. Finally, proposed to improve the cultivated land resource utilization efficiency of Henan province and rational utilization of cultivated land resources countermeasures.

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30

Guo, Jianmin, and Craig M. Trotter. "Estimating photosynthetic light-use efficiency using the photochemical reflectance index: variations among species." Functional Plant Biology 31, no. 3 (2004): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp03185.

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Recent studies have shown that the photochemical reflectance index (PRI), derived from narrow waveband reflectance at 531 and 570 nm, can be used as a remote measure of photosynthetic light-use efficiency (LUE). However, uncertainty remains as to the consistency of the relationship between PRI and LUE across species. In this study we examined the relationship between the PRI and various photosynthetic parameters for a group of species with varying photosynthetic capacity. At constant irradiance, for the species group as a whole, the PRI was well correlated with LUE (r2=0.58) and with several other photosynthetic parameters, but best correlated with the ratio of carotenoids to chlorophylls contents (Caro / Chl). Despite the interspecific trends observed, determination of light response functions for the PRI in relation to photosynthetic parameters revealed that species-specific relationships were clearly stronger. For example, r2>0.90 for species-level PRI / LUE relationships. Also, the species-specific light-response data show that the magnitude of the PRI can be related to the magnitude of the saturated irradiance and the rate of CO2 uptake. As demonstrated here, a light response function provides a simple yet precise approach for characterising the relationship between the PRI and photosynthetic parameters, which should assist with improved evaluation of the usefulness of the PRI as a generalised measure of LUE.

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31

Penuelas, J., J. Llusia, J. Pinol, and I. Filella. "Photochemical reflectance index and leaf photosynthetic radiation-use-efficiency assessment in Mediterranean trees." International Journal of Remote Sensing 18, no. 13 (September 1997): 2863–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/014311697217387.

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32

Barbosa, José Amarilio, Luís Bragança, and Ricardo Mateus. "Assessment of Land Use Efficiency Using BSA Tools: Development of a New Index." Journal of Urban Planning and Development 141, no. 2 (June 2015): 04014020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000208.

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33

Karymsakov, T. N. "EFFICIENCY OF THE USE OF INDEX ASSESSMENT METHODS IN THE DAIRY CATTLE BREEDING." Bulletin of Agrarian Science 3, no. 90 (2021): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17238/issn2587-666x.2021.3.89.

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34

Jia, Hong Wei, and Lei Lei Zheng. "Irrigation Water Use Efficiency Based on the Deficit Irrigation Theories." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 2179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.2179.

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Irrigation water use efficiency is an important index to evaluate agricultural water use efficiency of irrigation districts, and is a basic parameter of hydraulic engineering construction and water management. However, there are many problems in practical applications of the traditional irrigation water use efficiency which is based on sufficient irrigation theory. This paper puts forward a new concept and determination method of irrigation water use efficiency based on the theories of deficit irrigation. Finally, we discussed the connotations from the project characteristics, benefit characteristics, spatial scale and time scale characteristics.

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35

Warsaw, Aaron L., R. Thomas Fernandez, Bert M. Cregg, and Jeffrey A. Andresen. "Water Conservation, Growth, and Water Use Efficiency of Container-grown Woody Ornamentals Irrigated Based on Daily Water Use." HortScience 44, no. 5 (August 2009): 1308–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.5.1308.

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Irrigation scheduling based on plant daily water use (DWU) to conserve water without adversely affecting plant growth compared with a traditional irrigation rate was investigated for 25 common container-grown woody ornamentals. Ten different taxa were grown in 2006 and 2007 and five in 2008 in 10.2-L (No. 3) containers. Overhead irrigation was applied in four treatments: 1) a control irrigation rate of 19 mm (1.07 L per container) per application (control); 2) irrigation scheduled to replace 100% DWU per application (100DWU); 3) irrigation alternating every other application with 100% replacement of DWU and 75% DWU (100-75); and 4) irrigation scheduled on a three application cycle replacing 100% DWU followed by two applications of 75% DWU (100-75-75). Irrigation applications were separated by at least 24 h. Daily water use was calculated by measuring the difference in volumetric moisture content 1 h and approximately 24 h after irrigation. The three DWU treatments reduced total irrigation applied 6% to 75% compared with the control depending on treatment and species, except for Buddleja davidii ‘Guinevere’ in which total irrigation applied by the 100DWU, 100-75, and 100-75-75 treatments was 26%, 10%, and 5%, respectively, greater than the amount applied to the control. Final growth index [(plant height + width A + width B)/3] of all DWU treatments was greater than or equal to the control for all taxa. Forsythia ×intermedia ‘New Hampshire Gold’, Hydrangea arborescens ‘Dardom’, Hydrangea paniculata ‘Unique’, and Weigela florida ‘Wilma’ had higher water use efficiencies (estimated as the change in growth index per liter of water applied) at lower irrigation treatment volumes with no differences in growth index or growth index increase, indicating that further irrigation reductions may be possible without affecting growth. PourThru electrical conductivity of H. arborescens ‘Dardom’, Spiraea fritschiana ‘Wilma’, and Viburnum ×burkwoodii ‘Chenaultii’ measured in 2007 did not accumulate to damaging levels. Final plant size of all taxa under DWU treatments was the same or greater than the control and substantially less water was applied under DWU treatments except for B. davidii ‘Guinevere’.

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36

Yuan, Junfang, Zhengfu Bian, Qingwu Yan, and Yuanqing Pan. "Spatio-Temporal Distributions of the Land Use Efficiency Coupling Coordination Degree in Mining Cities of Western China." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (September 25, 2019): 5288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195288.

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A high coupling coordination degree of urban land use efficiency promotes sustainable regional economic development. In this study, land use efficiency coupling coordination degrees were calculated for 36 mining cities of western China, with a focus on economic, social, and ecological benefits for land use efficiency. Four years (2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015) of data were selected. A land use efficiency index system was generated and the improved entropy method was used to calculate the index weights of land use efficiency for each year. The spatial distributions of the coupling coordination degree were assessed by the ArcGIS spatial analysis tool. Spatial correlation analysis was conducted for the coupling coordination degree. The following conclusions could be drawn: (1) According to the composite index results, urban land use efficiency could be divided into three stages and showed several different time patterns in mining cities of western China; (2) analysis of the spatial and temporal distributions of the land use efficiency coupling coordination degree identified a low level of coupling coordination and reluctant coupling coordination. An obvious core-periphery and gradual trickle-down trend was observed; (3) the land use efficiency of western mining cities presents negative and positive spatial autocorrelation characteristics. Shizuishan city, Ordos city, Jinchang city, and Wuhai city have significant aggregation types. Therefore, the western mining cities were subjected to different complex time and space characteristics.

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37

Haupenthal, Soni Willian, Marcio Antonio Vilas Boas, Naila Cristina Kepp, Jair Antonio Cruz Siqueira, and Luciene Kazue Tokura. "EVALUATION OF DRIPPER EFFICIENCY WITH THE USE OF FERTILIZER." IRRIGA 1, no. 2 (July 29, 2021): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2021v1n2p397-407.

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The objective of the work was to analyze the uniformity of drip fertigation compared to the use of water alone, analyzing by the Tukey test at 5% significance for CUC and DUC, defining the process capability from the process capacity index (Pc) . The experiment was carried out on a test bench in the irrigation and fertigation laboratory (LIF) of the University of Western Paraná, where in the first treatment, water was used for the irrigation process and in the second treatment, commercial fertilizer was diluted in the reservoir to perform the fertigation. The experimental statistics is constituted in an analysis of variance with subsequent unfolding of the interaction and Tukey test at 5% probability to compare the averages of uniformities, flow and pressure of the system. Finally, the process capability (Pc) was defined for the distribution uniformity variable. The results showed statistical superiority for the fertigation process, however, it is noteworthy, that both treatments achieved excellence in their classifications with values above 90% for both CUC and DUC, according to the reference.

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38

SOLOMON, K. F., and M. T. LABUSCHAGNE. "Variation in water use and transpiration efficiency among durum wheat genotypes grown under moisture stress and non-stress conditions." Journal of Agricultural Science 141, no. 1 (August 2003): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859603003356.

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Durum wheat genotypes with different responses to moisture stress were studied in a glasshouse under moisture stress and non-stress conditions to investigate differences in water use and transpiration efficiency and interrelationships among water use and transpiration efficiency and associated traits. Significantly high genotypic variability in the cumulative amount of water used before (ETba) and after (ETpa) anthesis was observed. Susceptible genotypes used higher amounts of water before anthesis and lower amounts after anthesis. In contrast, tolerant genotypes used a higher proportion of water during the post-anthesis period. Significantly high variability among the genotypes was observed for various measures of water use and transpiration efficiency, total dry matter and harvest index. Ranking of cultivars for water use efficiency based on grain yield (WUEG) and transpiration efficiency based on grain yield was consistent with ranking of cultivars for drought susceptibility indices. Drought susceptibility index was significantly but negatively correlated with harvest index, WUEG and grain yield. However, it was positively and significantly correlated with the ETba[ratio ]ETpa ratio. A high positive correlation of WUEG with harvest index and grain yield with harvest index was found. It was concluded that selection for lower ETba[ratio ]ETpa ratios up to about 0·8 could indirectly lead to improved WUEG and HI, hence improved grain yield. Selection for increased WUEG and/or grain yield would increase yield in water-limited environments.

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39

Li, Mingyuan, Lung-Yu Lin, Kuen-Suan Chen, and Ting-Hsin Hsu. "Novel Service Efficiency Evaluation and Management Model." Applied Sciences 11, no. 20 (October 10, 2021): 9395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11209395.

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Numerous scholars have invested in the research of service innovation management, hoping to find a more objective and scientific service efficiency evaluation and management model so as to stride forward towards the goal of smart innovation management. In the service operating system, the multi-workstation service operation is one of the common service operation models. Some studies have pointed out: apart from a good service attitude, the service operation time of each workstation is a key factor which measures the performance of the workstation’s service operation. Therefore, this paper proposed a standardized concept with a service operation efficiency evaluation index. This index is not only convenient and easy-to-use, but it also has a one-to-one mathematical relationship with the performance achievement rate. Next, the radar evaluation chart was employed to evaluate the service efficiency of each workstation. First, according to the upper confidence limit and the required value of the index, the minimum value (MV) of the index estimator was derived and marked on each radar line; at the same time, all MVs were connected to form a control block. When the point estimate of the index does not fall into the control block of the radar chart, it represents that the service operation efficiency of the workstation has not reached the required level, so it needs to be improved. Because this model can directly compare the point estimate of the index with the MV, it can judge whether the service operation efficiency reaches the required level. In this way, the advantage of simple and easy-to-use point estimate can be maintained, and the risk of misjudgment caused by sampling errors can be reduced as well, which is helpful for the service industry to move towards the goal of intelligent innovation management. This method is not only applied to the performance evaluation of the multi-workstation service operation process but also applicable to the performance evaluations of other service operations.

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40

GOODING, M. J., M. ADDISU, R. K. UPPAL, J. W. SNAPE, and H. E. JONES. "Effect of wheat dwarfing genes on nitrogen-use efficiency." Journal of Agricultural Science 150, no. 1 (June 6, 2011): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859611000414.

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SUMMARYNear isogenic lines (NILs) varying for alleles for reduced height (Rht) and photoperiod insensitivity (Ppd-D1a) in a cvar Mercia background (rht (tall), Rht-B1b, Rht-D1b, Rht-B1c, Rht8c+Ppd-D1a, Rht-D1c, Rht12) were compared at a field site in Berkshire, UK, but within different systems (‘organic’, O, in 2005/06, 2006/07 and 2007/08 growing seasons v. ‘conventional’, C, in 2005/06, 2006/07, 2007/08 and 2008/09). In 2007 and 2008, further NILs (rht (tall), Rht-B1b, Rht-D1b, Rht-B1c, Rht-B1b+Rht-D1b, Rht-D1b+Rht-B1c) in both Maris Huntsman and Maris Widgeon backgrounds were added. The contrasting systems allowed NILs to be tested in diverse rotational and agronomic, but commercially relevant, contexts, particularly with regard to the assumed temporal distribution of nitrogen availability, and competition from weeds.For grain, nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE; grain dry matter (DM) yield/available N; where available N=fertilizer N+soil mineral N), recovery of N in the grain (grain N yield/available N), N utilization efficiency to produce grain (NUtEg; grain DM yield/above-ground crop N yield), N harvest index (grain N yield/above-ground crop N yield) and dry matter harvest index (DMHI; grain DM yield/above-ground crop DM yield) all peaked at final crop heights of 800–950 mm. Maximum NUE occurred at greater crop heights in the organic system than in the conventional system, such that even adding just a semi-dwarfing allele (Rht-D1b) to the shortest background, Mercia, reduced NUE in the organic system. The mechanism of dwarfing (gibberellin sensitive or insensitive) made little difference to the relationship between NUE and its components with crop height.For above-ground biomass: dwarfing alleles had a greater effect on DM accumulation compared with N accumulation such that all dwarfing alleles could reduce nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE; crop DM yield/crop N yield). This was particularly evident at anthesis in the conventional system when there was no significant penalty for severe dwarfism for N accumulation, despite a 3-tonne (t)/ha reduction in biomass compared to the tallest lines. Differences between genotypes for recovery of N in the grain were thus mostly a function of net N uptake after anthesis rather than of remobilized N. This effect was compounded as dwarfing, except when coupled with Ppd-D1a, was associated with delayed anthesis. In the organic experiments there was greater reliance on N accumulated before anthesis, and genotype effects on NUE were confounded with effects on N accumulated by weeds, which was negatively associated with crop height. Optimum height for maximizing wheat NUE and its components, as manipulated by Rht alleles, thus depend on growing system, and crop utilization (i.e. biomass or grain production).

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Cao, Xinchun, Jie Ren, Mengyang Wu, Xiangping Guo, Zhenchang Wang, and Weiguang Wang. "Effective use rate of generalized water resources assessment and to improve agricultural water use efficiency evaluation index system." Ecological Indicators 86 (March 2018): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.12.016.

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42

JAROSZEWSKA, Anna, Cezary PODSIADŁO, and Dorota STACHURSKA. "WATER USE EFFICIENCY AND SPAD INDEX OF FRUIT TREES GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT WATER CONDITIONS." Folia Pomeranae Universitatis Technologiae Stetinensis Agricultura, Alimentaria, Piscaria et Zootechnica 348, no. 49 (July 3, 2019): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/aapz2019.49.1.10.

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43

Abbasi, Farhad, Hojatolah Hajihoseini, and Sandra Haukka. "Use of virtual index for measuring efficiency of innovation systems: A cross-country study." International Journal of Technology Management & Sustainable Development 9, no. 3 (April 1, 2011): 195–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/tmsd.9.3.195_1.

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44

ISHIHARA, Mitsunori, and Masayuki TAMURA. "Relationship between Light Use Efficiency and Photochemical Reflectance Index using MODIS Data in Japan." Journal of Agricultural Meteorology 60, no. 5 (2005): 977–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.977.

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45

Omondi, John Okoth, Naftali Lazarovitch, Shimon Rachmilevitch, Steve Boahen, Pheneas Ntawuruhunga, Eldad Sokolowski, and Uri Yermiyahu. "Nutrient use efficiency and harvest index of cassava decline as fertigation solution concentration increases." Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 181, no. 5 (July 2, 2018): 644–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201700455.

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46

Hu, Changlu, Victor O. Sadras, Guoyan Lu, Runze Zhang, Xueyun Yang, and Shulan Zhang. "Root pruning enhances wheat yield, harvest index and water-use efficiency in semiarid area." Field Crops Research 230 (January 2019): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2018.10.013.

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47

Brauer, Elizabeth K., and Barry J. Shelp. "Nitrogen use efficiency: re-consideration of the bioengineering approach." Botany 88, no. 2 (February 2010): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b09-111.

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There is considerable confusion about N use efficiency (NUE) in the plant literature. We would like to propose the simple and ubiquitous definitions described by Good et al. (2004) as a starting point for studies of NUE. Based on this terminology, there is evidence from breeding programs for variation in both uptake efficiency (UpE) and utilization efficiency (UtE). Molecular physiology studies typically address mechanisms for improving NUE, but often do not calculate NUE or even acquire appropriate data for calculating NUE. Herein, we report in detail on recent studies involving molecular approaches for improving NUE, and calculate changes in NUE where possible. The evidence suggests that there is potential for improving usage index and UpE in dicots and UpE and UtE in monocots by overexpressing enzymes for N assimilation, specifically glutamine synthetase 1, glutamate synthase, and alanine aminotransferase. If decreased fertilizer-N input and improved NUE are truly goals of the plant biology community, researchers are encouraged to (i) consider the use of both wild type and azygous controls, (ii) compare general NUE (on the basis of grain or biomass yield per unit of applied N) of overexpression mutants and controls at both limiting and non-limiting N levels, (iii) select an appropriate type of specific NUE for assessing the physiological mechanisms involved (uptake versus internal utilization), and (iv) confirm promising results under field conditions.

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48

Morgan, JM, and AG Condon. "Water Use, Grain Yield, and Osmoregulation in Wheat." Functional Plant Biology 13, no. 4 (1986): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9860523.

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Genotypic differences in turgor maintenance in wheat were shown to be associated with differences in grain yield in the field at both high and Low water deficits. High water deficits were produced by growing plants in field plots using water stored in the soil at sowing, and excluding rain with a rain cover. At low water deficits plants received rainfall, and irrigation was supplied before and immediately after sowing, at tillering, at jointing, at ear emergence, and during grain filling. Yield differences were analysed in terms of harvest index, water use, and water use efficiency. Water use was calculated from changes in soil water contents. At high water deficits all three factors were associated with differences in turgor maintenance. However, only the variations in water use and harvest index could be logically associated with differences in turgor maintenance. Analysis of the soil water extraction data showed that the differences in water use efficiency were due solely to differences in water use at depth while surface water losses were the same, i.e. the ratio of transpiration to soil evaporation would have been higher in low-osmoregulating genotypes. At low water deficits, no differences were observed in harvest index, though there were non-significant correlations between turgor maintenance and total water use efficiency or total water use. A similar result was obtained when the water use and yield data were related to osmoregulation measurements made in the glasshouse. It is therefore concluded that effects of turgor maintenance or osmoregulation on grain yield were primarily associated with differences in water use which were, in turn, due to differences in water extraction at soil depths between 25 and 150 cm.

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Barnett, Carolina, Vera Bril, Moira Kapral, Abhaya V. Kulkarni, and Aileen M. Davis. "Myasthenia Gravis Impairment Index." Neurology 89, no. 23 (November 3, 2017): 2357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000004676.

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Objective:To study responsiveness and meaningful change of the Myasthenia Gravis Impairment Index (MGII) and its relative efficiency compared to other measures.Methods:We enrolled 95 patients receiving prednisone, IV immunoglobulin (IVIg), or plasma exchange (PLEX) and 54 controls. Patients were assessed with the MGII and other measures—including the Quantitative Myasthenia Gravis Score, Myasthenia Gravis Composite, and Myasthenia Gravis Activities of Daily Living—at baseline and 3–4 weeks after treatment. Statistical markers of responsiveness included between-groups and within-group differences, and we estimated the relative efficiency of the MGII compared to other measures. Patient-meaningful change was assessed with an anchor-based method, using the patient's impression of change. We determined the minimal detectable change (MDC) and the minimal important difference (MID) at the group and individual level.Results:Treated patients had a higher change in MGII scores than controls (analysis of covariance p < 0.001). The ocular domain changed more with prednisone than with IVIg/PLEX (effect size 0.67 and 0.13, analysis of covariance p = 0.001). The generalized domain changed more with IVIg/PLEX than with prednisone (effect size 0.50 and 0.22, analysis of covariance p = 0.07). For the total MGII score, the individual MDC95 was 9.1 and the MID was 5.5 for individuals and 8.1 for groups. Relative efficiency ratios were >1 favoring the MGII.Conclusions:The MGII demonstrated responsiveness to prednisone, IVIg, and PLEX in patients with myasthenia. There is a differential response in ocular and generalized symptoms to type of therapy. The MGII has higher relative efficiency than comparison measures and is viable for use in clinical trials.

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Nguyen, Anh Phong, Anh Vu Nguyen, Thi Hong Minh Ho, and Thi Thanh Truc To. "Diversification of business and technical efficiency of companies in Vietnam." Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR) 8, no. 4 (December 5, 2021): 481–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v8i4.772.

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This study focuses on assessing the technical efficiency of enterprises across 63 provinces of Vietnam from 2015 to 2018 and the factors affecting their technical efficiency, in which we focus on two factors: business diversification and ICT index. In this research, we use the DEA method to group effective and ineffective enterprises, then use the GMM method to estimate the factors affecting to the firm’s performance. The research results show that the technical efficiency of enterprises in the provinces is quite small (about 10%), most of the enterprises have not achieved the technical efficiency due to the wasteful use of input factors. Research shows that business diversification and ICT both have a positive impact on efficiency, from which to increase technical efficiency, enterprises in provinces need to pay attention to business diversification and improve ICT index. in terms of the local government

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