Дисертації з теми "Effet de déformation moyenne"
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Le, Saout Gwenn. "Caractérisation multispectroscopique de l'ordre à moyenne distance dans des verres de phosphates." Orléans, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ORLE2041.
Повний текст джерелаSauzeat, Cédric. "Comportement du sable dans le domaine des petites et moyennes déformations : rotations "d'axes" et effets visqueux." Lyon, INSA, 2003. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2003ISAL0003/these.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаA study of Hostun sand behaviour in the small to medium strain range has been realised with « T4CStaDy » prototype, with which torsion, compression and confinement may be applied on a hollow cylinder sample. Some cyclic loading with small amplitude are applied to determine eight terms of the equivalent rheological tensor. Young and shear moduli are also determined by waves propagation, thanks to piezoelectric sensors. In order to model the behaviour of sand in the small strain domain, a new hypo-elastic law taking into account the effects of stress induced anisotropy and the rotation of the principal axes has been proposed. During the tests, the ‘viscous’ behaviour of dry sand has been shown while creep period were applied. An approach based on a `three component’ rheological model has been developed to interpret the time dependent data
Chluda, Cédric. "Bruit basse et moyenne fréquence des amplificateurs optiques distribués à effet Raman." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20113.
Повний текст джерелаThe main goal of this thesis is to evaluate each Raman amplifier constitutive device noise source contribution in the overall amplifier noise. Par We first study the depolarized pumping-system noise, focusing on both included multimode laser excess noise. A qualitative model including the non-linear optical gain contribution of the used pump lasers is developped. Then, static and noise measurements are performed on each depolarized optical source constitutive devices, followed by the overall pumping system study. We observe that, beyond pump lasers excess noise itself, electrical injection systems and passive fibered optical components significantly contribute to the overall system noise. Par Moreover, a Raman-amplifier propagation-equation based model is developped. This model includes the pumping system multimode feature, and allows to apprehend the pumping system optical spectrum influence over the full Raman amplifier gain curve as a function of the wavelength. We then notice a good agreement between a set of first order characteristics and the simulation results. Par This model is then expanded to predict the amplified spontaneous emission optical power - considered as the amplifier background noise - as a function of the wavelength. Simulation results are once more compared to measurements. Par To conclude, the photodetected noise at the amplifier output is investigated. Some noise measurement set-ups were developped in order to corroborate a beat-induced excess-noise numerical model. In addition, the signal laser frequency fluctuations contribution and the pump noise to output signal correlation are observed
Terquem, Caroline. "Déformation des disques circumstellaires par effet de marée : application aux objets stellaires jeunes." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1993. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00686407.
Повний текст джерелаWarneboldt, Iona. "Multiaxial fatigue design of elastomeric parts using Equivalent Fatigue Loads." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Brest, École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ENTA0002.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis introduces an Equivalent Fatigue Load (EFL) approach for the multiaxial fatigue design of elastomeric parts. As direct Finite Element Analysis (FEA) calculations of automotive in-service loads (Road Load Data (RLD)) are too expensive, the objective is to derive simplified load blocks as a realistic input for numerical damage calculations. Three streps are applied for this method: the localization method, the material damage function and the EFL determination process. Various fatigue tests have been conducted (415 samples) to study the fatigue behavior of this complex type of relaxing and non-relaxing multiaxial loading on natural rubber specimens. Lifetime and crack features are analyzed to eventually introduce an appropriate critical planebased fatigue measure and to establish a novel mean strain effect model. This criterion is generalized throughout an original critical plane search method. To estimate the local mechanical response (localization method), this thesis identifies an axes-coupling method that is fitted for the nonlinear nature of elastomeric structures. It is based on the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient tensors. These two steps are then implemented in the framework of the EFLdetermination process. For this, a global optimization method is added to determine the simplified load blocks, causing locally the same fatigue behavior in the given structure. The computational costs of this optimization are reduced by only considering a subset of the most damaged material points for EFLdetermination. Finally, the method has been challenged on a specimen to outline its capabilities and to validate the approach
Bordeleau, Charles-Antoine. "Effet des charges lourdes sur les barrages en remblai : déformation permanente d'un noyau d'argile." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69366.
Повний текст джерелаTreguier, Anne-Marie. "Effet des vents fluctuants et de la topographie sur la turbulence océanique à moyenne échelle." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376103321.
Повний текст джерелаShinohara, Yasuhiro. "Effet d'une pré-déformation sur l'endommagement anisotrope d'un acier pour pipeline de grade API X100." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2014. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-01073824.
Повний текст джерелаDessolier, Thibaut. "Effet de la température sur les hétérogénéités de déformation plastique dans les alliages de magnésium." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI094/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this study is to quantify the intra and intergranular contribution of the deformation during a high temperature micromechanical test on a magnesium alloy (AZ31). In order to answer this scientific issue, we have developed an in situ tensile test at high temperature within a SEM. It has required a significant preparation work in order to push the current technical limits of this type of test on magnesium alloy. These technical limits can partly explain why there are currently few in situ studies at high temperature on magnesium alloys. A local marker in the form of a microgrid was placed on our sample as it does not provide any local contrast for digital image correlation (DIC). Before the deposition of the microgrid, EBSD mapping was made. Using the grain boundaries from the EBSD, we can superimpose the deformed grain boundaries on the strain map from the DIC.Using high temperature in-situ tensile tests, we were able to highlight the effect of the temperature on the different active deformation mechanisms. This whole development work enables us to locate the plastic deformation heterogeneities both according to the evolution of the deformation and for several temperatures. From the tests conducted, it has been shown that the higher the temperature, the more heterogeneous the plastic deformation heterogeneities are located in the vicinity of the grain boundaries. Based on a heart/coat hypothesis, we were able to quantify the intra and intergranular contribution, and show that it became more important with temperature
Chattoraj, Joyjit. "Effet d'une faible température sur les mécanismes élémentaires de la déformation plastique dans les matériaux amorphes." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00664392.
Повний текст джерелаOuakdi, El-Hadj. "Modélisation physique du comportement plastique de l'aluminium à moyenne température : application à l'étude de la striction." Metz, 1988. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1988/Ouakdi.El_Hadj.SMZ8811.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаA physical modelling of the viscoplastic behaviour of f. C. C. Metals has been developed and apllied to tensile tests, creep tests and relaxation tests on aluminium. A state-variable approach is utilized with the following state-variables : the grain size, the subgrain size and the average dislocation density. The accuracy of the model is checked through its ability to describe in a unified way the response of the material as a function of the various loading conditions investigated. The model has also been implemented into an analysis of the diffuse necking process, and the predictions have been compared with the experimental results
Lekbir, Choukri. "Effet de la déformation plastique du nickel monocristallin sur l'état d'équilibre de l'hydrogène en surface et subsurface." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LAROS368.
Повний текст джерелаThe present work has for objective to study the synergy between the plastic strain and the processes of adsorption and absorption of hydrogen on the surface and the subsurface of nickel single crystal.Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) and Hydrogen Absorption in subsurface (HAR) share mostly the common intermediate: the adsorbed hydrogen (Hads). The HER pathway on nickel (100) single crystal surfaces in sulphuric acid medium can be related by a Volmer-Heyrovsky mechanism. The corresponding elementary kinetic parameters as symmetry coefficients, activation enthalpies, number of active sites, have been identified via a thermokinetic model using experimental data. These parameters can be affected by defects associted with plastic strain. Irreversible plastic strain modifies the density and the distribution of storage dislocations affecting the surface roughness at atomic scale and generating additional active adsorption sites. Further more, surface emergence of mobile dislocations induces the formation of slip bands, which modify the surface roughness and the electronic state of the surface and increases the (111) surface density. The entry of hydrogen atoms associated to the transfer step surface-Subsurface can be measured using a potentiostatic double-Steptechnique (pulse method). This last allowed to characterizing the diffusion and trapping of hydrogen in the subsurface. Two domains can be distinguished, that of the subsurface and that of the bulk of the sample. In this case, the diffusion coefficient near the surface (subsurface) seems to be much higher than that obtained in the bulk of the metal. On the other hand, the application of mechanical stressleads to an increase of traps density. This last, developed near the surface: « subsurface », is lower than that at the bulk of material, which suggest a softening effect in the subsurface
Auzende, Anne Line. "Evolution des microstructures des serpentinites en contexte convergent : effet du degré de métamorphisme et de la déformation." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00825144.
Повний текст джерелаSahaly, Ridha. "Effet de la consigne sur les indices mécaniques et électromyographiques de la contraction musculaire isométrique." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066294.
Повний текст джерелаDevèze, Arnaud. "Amplification acoustique par implant auditif électromagnétique : effet du couplage ossiculaire sur la fonction de transfert de l'oreille moyenne." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20665/document.
Повний текст джерелаHearing loss is a public health issue. Ageing is the most frequent cause of deafness. The main option for the rehabilitation of hearing loss is the use of conventional hearing aids. These aids have dramatically improved their performance for the past 20 years, mostly with regards to signal processing. However, in addition to economic reasons, some limitations remain (occlusion, feedback, hearing in noise…) and limit the satisfaction of patients. Active middle ear implants (AMEI) have been developed to overcome some of these problems and are indicated n conventional hearing failed to improve patients’ quality of hearing. However, AMEI suffer from limitations, as insufficient performances for severe hearing losses. Recent experimental and clinical data have highlighted the importance of coupling and placement of ossicular reconstruction passive prosthesis use. Other reported new findings regarding the biomechanism of the ossicular chain, especially for high frequency hearing, which is, unfortunately, where most people have their hearing loss. We hypothesized that these findings could be applied to AMEI use. We have analysed experimentally the effects on AMEI performance of variables such as: placement, coupling, size of tranduscer vibrating tip, alternative stimulation options. We used a electromagnetic tranducer from Otologics LLC to drive the middle ear or round window membrane, and a laser Doppler vibrometer to assess for the induced middle transfer function. Results have shown that we could provide great improvement in performance when varying the coupling method and the placement to the ossicular chain or the round window membrane
Couture, Cyrille. "Caractérisation du comportement mécanique de grès poreux en condition triaxiale vraie : déformation diffuse et localisée, effet de l'anisotropie." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALI058.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this doctoral thesis consists in the characterization of diffuse and localized deformations during monotonic loading of both isotropic and anisotropic porous sandstones. In particular, the kinematics of emerging and persistent strain localization structures are investigated in a combination of complementary experimental, analytical and numerical approaches, exploring the effect of different true triaxial loading paths in the octahedral plane.A series of experimental loading tests have been performed in a laboratory environment comprising a high pressure true triaxial apparatus (TTA), which is designed to provide access to full-field measurements of one of the sample surfaces at high spacial and temporal resolutions. Important developments contributed in this work enabled to extend the capabilities for this apparatus to perform invariant controlled loading paths, while acquiring direct strain measurements from a combination of strain gauges and digital image correlation (DIC). Using this apparatus, two experimental campaigns have been realized, focusing on the mechanical characterization of both a well-studied isotropic Vosges sandstone and a newly studied anisotropic Vosges sandstone. The later sandstone has been selected for the organization of its granular fabric in thin bedding plane layers of variable porosity. The results from these series of mechanical loading experiments contribute an original insight into the emergence and development of localized deformation during different stages of loading. A combined analysis is performed on the evolution of the macroscopic stress-strain responses, full-field measurements of incremental strains through DIC, as well as post-mortem x-ray tomography. Additionally, in this investigation exploring rarely considered loading paths, the independent role of the mean stress, the Lode angle and the orientation of the bedding planes is systematically studied according to their respective influence on the material strength, the manifestation of localized structures and the transition towards a ductile behavior of the material.In terms of analytical development, a bifurcation analysis is proposed for a novel three invariant model, validated with experimental results obtained for the isotropic sandstone. This theoretical model, proved to be successful in predicting both the deformation band inclination and the dilatancy angle of the material at failure.In parallel, a double scale model based on numerical homogenization is presented. In this approach, a macro 2D finite element model (FEM) is coupled to a micro 3D discrete element model (DEM) at the particle scale of a representative elementary volume (REV) in the frame of a hierarchical scheme (FEMxDEM), with second gradient regularization. This model is extended in the scope of this work to the study of cemented granular materials, with the development of a frictional-cohesive damageable contact law, implemented at the DEM level. In an extensive series of true triaxial loading simulations, the hierarchical numerical model is used to explore both the influence of different micro-structural arrangements (DEM) and heterogeneities at the sample scale (FEM). In this respect, two types of anisotropies resulting from heterogeneities defined at each scales are further investigated. The mechanical response and localized deformation, emerging from the micro-scale constitutive model, is shown to display significant correspondence with experimental observations in the studied Vosges sandstones.This combination of advanced experimental, analytical and numerical studies contributes a unique insight into important and open questions regarding the mechanical response and deformation processes of cemented granular materials
Pothrat, Claude. "Effet d'une déformation biomécanique du pied sur la marche : le cas du pied plat dynamique idiopathique de l'enfant." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4101/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe pediatric flexible flat foot is a common deformation. It is the reason of most pediatric orthopedic consultations and commonly leads corrective foot orthotics prescription. The specific architecture of the normal foot gives it properties of adaptation, strength and flexibility. Any alteration of its structure, particularly related to the shape of the plantar arch can cause modifications in gait. A lot of studies investigated the effects of this deformation, but are generally centered on a small number of variables, only at the level of the lower limb. However, if the local deformation is important to assess, it is unlikely to represent the complex non-linear coordination of the whole body segments related to gait performance. This thesis aims at characterizing the effect of flexible flat foot on gait in children, from a biomechanical point of view at the lower limb level as well as at the global coordination level, using methods from classicla biomechanics, data analysis and non linear dynamical systems theories.The major outcomes of this work are the multiplicity of biomechanical effects and the numerous changes on muscles activities and kinematics of the lower limb caused by flexible flat foot. The intrinsic foot movements particularly reflect the lack of control of gait at the patient's level. The particular role of the trunk and contralateral leg regarding the specific locomotor pattern of patients will be detailed. Finally, the foot will appear to have a protective role of the center of mass concerning resistance to perturbations and maintaining gait dynamic stability
Sikali, Mamdem Yolande. "Capteurs à fibres optiques répartis par effet Brillouin : séparation de la dépendance à température et à la déformation." Thesis, Paris, ENST, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ENST0058/document.
Повний текст джерелаOptical fibers sensors for civil engineering are not a new idea. Their interest is based mainly on the intrinsic properties of optical fibers: electromagnetic neutrality, important capacity of multiplexing and access to long distances of measure. These sensors may cover numerous functions of the traditional sensors: detection, localization and surveillance. Thanks to interactions between the light and the optical fiber, such Brillouin scattering, the optical fiber can be on all its length, a continuously distributed sensor.The phenomenon of Brillouin scattering is well studied due to its big efficiency of scattering, its dependence towards temperature and strain and its pluri-kilometric reach. However, the double sensibility of the Brillouin frequency in temperature and strain is problematic for the simultaneous measurement of these two parameters. We shall present a possibility of discrimination of temperature and strain corresponding to the precisions wished for surveillance health monitoring
Xie, Zhong Jian. "Effet élastocalorique dans le caoutchouc naturel." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI025/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis, we aimed to study the eC effect of natural rubber (NR) and to prove its potential to act as an eC material primarily. The method for improving the eC effect efficiency and fatigue life of NR were also proposed. The eC effect of NR is characterized directly, and interpretation based on the theory of strain-induced crystallization/crystallite (SIC) is proposed. The eC adiabatic temperature change and isothermal entropy change of NR can be up to 9 K and 50 kJ.m-3.K-1 (56 J.kg-1.K-1), which are larger than most of caloric materials. Two coefficients, eC strain coefficient and eC stress coefficient , are defined for evaluating the eC performance at different strains, where is the specific entropy, is the engineering strain, is the temperature and is the stretching stress. It’s found that both coefficients are maximum for a strain around 4.5, indicating that the highest eC performance occurred at middle strain, which is attributed to the occurrence of SIC. To improve the eC performance, it is proposed to apply a pre-strain, so that the low strain regime where eC performance is low can be skipped. Moreover, the large needed deformation can be reduced by the pre-strain and thus the possibility of a compact cooling system designed based on NR is improved. The fatigue property of eC effect of NR is then investigated. The fatigue life at large deformation strain amplitudes (strain of 1-6) is about 800 cycles for the tested NR, which is too short to be used for a cooling system. Decreasing strain amplitude is necessary to extend fatigue life up to requirement of a cooling device. For the same small strain amplitude of 3, the fatigue property is compared at amorphous strain regime (strain of 0-3), onset strain of melting (strain of 2-5) and high strain of SIC (strain of 4-7). It’s found that a larger eC temperature change and a better fatigue property can be obtained at two SIC strain regimes (strain of 2-5 and 4-7) than amorphous strain regime. Especially, the fatigue property at the onset strain of melting (strain of 2-5) is better than that at high strain of SIC (strain of 4-7). A high-cycle fatigue was applied at the strain of 2-5 (most promising strain regime) up to 1.7×105 cycles. It was observed that there is no crack of the sample, as well as a degradation degree of 12% of the eC temperature change. Furthermore, the eC stress coefficient (4.4 K/MPa) at onset strain of melting is larger than that at high strain of SIC (1.6 K/MPa). As a result, the middle strain regime (onset strain regime of melting) can get a higher eC performance, larger temperature change, and better fatigue life, which should be chosen for eC cooling system
Herman, Philippe. "Etude de la physiologie de l'epithelium de l'oreille moyenne : transports electrolytiques. application physiopathologique: effet des formes actives de l'oxygene." Paris 7, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA077247.
Повний текст джерелаBignon, Madeleine. "Contribution à la conception computationnelle d'alliages de titane ou à haute entropie : prédiction de l'occurrence de la transformation martensitique de trempe ou de déformation." Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT4053.
Повний текст джерелаThe object of this work is to develop tools for the design of titanium alloys displaying TRIP (TRansformation-Induced Plasticity) effect, through modelling the occurrence of martensitic transformation as a function of composition. The applicability of the approach to high entropy alloys is discussed. Using computational thermodynamics, and calculating the contribution of the elastic strain energy, we propose a method to predict the martensite start temperature (Ms). We suggest that the retention of the high temperature beta phase upon quenching may be due to the thermally activated character of martensite nucleation, rather than to an Ms below room temperature. Additionally, we exploit the phenomenological theory of martensite crystallography (PTMC) to suggest an explanation to the inhibition of martensite in conditions where it is thermo-elastically favourable. Martensite formation may in turn be prevented, for some compositions, by the impossibility to crystallographically accommodate the transformation via an invariant plane strain. Eventually, we use a multi-objective genetic algorithm to illustrate the approach through the theoretical design of alloys expected to display TRIP effect with maximized solid solution hardening and minimal environmental impact or geo-political risk. Other design examples show how alloys can be designed from recycled alloys, or how pairs of alloys can be simultaneously designed, in such a way as to obtain a bi-metal structure producible by additive manufacturing
Wollbrett-Blitz, Judith. "Comportement mécanique longitudinal et transverse, micro-mécanismes de déformation et effet de la température sur la fibre Kevlar® 29." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0062/document.
Повний текст джерелаDesigning safer and lighter vehicles is a major challenge for manufacturers. Nowadays, a vehicle needs to be eco-friendly and conciliate efficiency and energy-saving. Considering these requirements, tire materials are subject to change: high performance polymers are a good replacement, in terms of weight and dissipation, for traditional reinforcements such as drawn steel. For instance, aramid strands (1000 fibres) are used because the single fibre exhibits good mechanical properties such as its high modulus (85 GPa) conferred by its anisotropy or its high temperature resistance. The mechanical performance of a Kevlar® fibre is due to its different scale organisation : the primary (molecular chains held by covalent bonds), the secondary (pleated sheets held by interactions) and the tertiary structure (sheets stacked together). Because of the cooling thermodynamics during the fabrication process, the 15 microns diameter fibre seems to have a skin/core structure with punctual more or less critical defects. To go further in the understanding of the complex structure, the contribution of the skin/core structure in the mechanical performance in the longitudinal and the transverse directions is investigated through a multi-disciplinary approach made of a numerical and an experimental study. During its use, an aramid single fibre undergoes cyclic multiaxial loading and harmful thermal treatments, at the origin of structural and mechanical properties modifications but also dissipative behaviour evolution, still misunderstood. To deal with these change in depth, an experimental and numerical multi-scale characterisation is used. Mechanical and thermal treatments are realised and their impact on the microstructure, on the deformation micromechanisms and on the mechanical properties including the dissipative behaviour are investigated. Limiting use values in terms of temperature, longitudinal and transverse stresses are highlighted in this work in order to understand modifications enhanced by the fibre life cycle
Puiroux, Nicolas. "Transferts thermiques et d'humidité dans les matériaux composites ablatables : effet des hétérogénéités." Toulouse, INPT, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPT018H.
Повний текст джерелаDelingette, Hervé. "Modélisation, déformation et reconnaissance d'objets tridimensionnels à l'aide de maillages simplexes." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00632191.
Повний текст джерелаYoshida, Yukihiro. "Effet élastocalorique dans le caoutchouc naturel et le terpolymère : Mécanismes responsables de la variation de température et bilan énergétique sous déformation." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI070.
Повний текст джерелаCaloric effects (CEs), which are the phenomena that temperature variation is caused by entropy change, have been investigated for the novel system which might be able to replace conventional vapor compression refrigeration system. In the present thesis, the elastocaloric effect (ElCE) of natural rubber (NR) and terpolymer, poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE)), was focused. First of all, NR, which is an excellent candidate material for ElCE, was evaluated in cyclic deformation with different strain levels. It was found that NR exhibits temperature variation of around 4.0 °C. In general, the relation between stress/strain versus temperature variation is used to evaluate ElCE. The unsuitability of such evaluation method for NR was demonstrated. The evaluation method for ElCE which uses energy balance was then proposed. A linear relation between the temperature variation caused by ElCE and the applied mechanical energy by deformation was experimentally found. This fact verifies the suitability of the proposed method. Using the energy balance, besides, not only the conversion efficiency but also the influences of the Mullins effect and the strain-induced crystallization on the ElCE of NR were discussed. ElCE of P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) was also evaluated in order to find out the potential of polymer. It was found that present terpolymer which is not one of the elastomers can also exhibit a large temperature variation, 2.1 °C, caused by ElCE if a large pre-stretch such as more than 1050 % is applied in advance. By comparison with other materials for ElCE, it was demonstrated that P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) can be a high potential material for ElCE. It was also shown that P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) converts most of the applied mechanical energy into the heat energy
Novelli, Marc. "Étude des microstructures de déformation induites par grenaillage ultrasonique en conditions cryogéniques d'aciers inoxydables austénitiques : effet sur les propriétés en fatigue." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0239/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe surface of mechanical components is a sensitive zone subjected to particular mechanical (friction, maximum stress) and chemical (ambient atmosphere, corrosion) interactions. Hence, the rupture is generally initiated on the surface. In order to increase the global integrity of the working parts, the industrial groups are still seeking technological solutions allowing the modifications of the surface properties. Nodaway, plenty of surface modification techniques have been developed like the mechanical surface treatments. Among them, the ultrasonic shot peening (or surface mechanical attrition treatment) focus on superficially deform the mechanical parts through numerous collisions of peening medias having random trajectories inside a confined chamber. The purpose of this study is based on the analysis and the comprehension of the deformed microstructures induced by the ultrasonic shot peening treatment, especially under cryogenic temperatures. To do so, several austenitic stainless steel grades having different stabilities regarding the martensitic transformation have been treated under cryogenic conditions and compared to the properties obtained under room temperature. The first observations have shown that, after a cryogenic peening, a decrease of the subsurface hardness takes place in the stable 310S alloy which was attributed to an increase of the mechanical properties under cryogenic temperature. This phenomenon is suppressed in the metastable 304L by triggering a martensitic phase transformation promoted under low temperature and happening deeper compared to room temperature, increasing substantially the subsurface hardness. Two metastable alloys (304L and 316L) were then selected to conduct an ultrasonic shot peening parametric study including the vibration amplitude (40 and 60 µm), the treatment duration (3 and 20 min) and temperature (room temperature, -80 and -130 °C). It has been shown that increasing the treatment energy by raising the vibration amplitude and/or the duration leads to an increase of the surface and subsurface hardnesses as well as the affected layer thickness. The use of cryogenic temperatures allows an additional increase of the hardness, especially in subsurface. By comparing the different hardness gradients with the martensite distributions along the hardened layers, a direct correlation with the hardening rate and the martensite fraction was observed. The initial stability of the treated material was also taken in account by carried out additional observations on the 316L having a higher stability. The results have indicated that the deformation temperature needs to be wisely chosen regarding the stability of the processed material in order to avoid a decrease of the subsurface hardness. Finally, the deformed microstructures generated under cryogenic ultrasonic shot peening were associated to the mechanical behaviors of cylindrical specimens using rotating bending fatigue tests. Compared to a room temperature treatment, a cryogenic peening allows a decrease of the surface roughness and the generation of higher surface compressive residual stresses by the formation of martensite. However, compared to a room temperature treatment, the fatigue behavior was not increased after a cryogenic peening because of a more pronounced surface residual stress relaxation and a reduction of the affected layer. However, the potential increase of the fatigue life after a cryogenic surface deformation was depicted by the study of the rupture surfaces. It was observed that, if the involvement of the surface defects introduced by the high surface roughness can be lowered, a single subsurface crack initiation can be produced increasing considerably the fatigue behavior of the processed material
Pommier, Hervé. "Le blast auriculaire : aspects actuels et place de la réparation chirurgicale (à propos de 80 cas de perforations séquellaires)." Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR2M113.
Повний текст джерелаCol, Audrey. "Étude de l'oxydation catastrophique de l'acier 304L : mécanismes et effet d'une prédéformation." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAI072/document.
Повний текст джерелаTo provide good resistance to oxidation at high temperature, the oxide layers formed on stainless steels must stay thin, rich in chromium and adhere to their metallic substrate. When the stainless steels operate at atmospheres or temperatures that are too severe, breakaway oxidation triggers the quick growth of Fe-rich oxide nodules, which are non-protective, instead of the Cr-rich layer. This study focuses on the different mechanisms that lead to the loss of the protective characteristic of the oxide layer, to the growth of the iron oxides, and in the formation of internal oxidation zones. The study of the morphology and composition of the oxides formed, along with Raman spectroscopy and TEM and EBSD mappings, allowed to propose a mechanism for the formation of the internal oxidation zone. This mechanism relies in part on the formation of a "boundary" oxide layer, that forms along the grain boundaries of the underlying metal during oxidation. This study also showed that a deformation prior to oxidation improves the durability of the steels by encouraging the formation of a protective layer during the first stages of the oxidation. When it starts, breakaway oxidation stays localized while with no deformation, a protective regime is never reached at 850 °C for austenitic stainless steel 304L
Champion, Claire. "Déformation de la Provence occidentale depuis le Miocène : étude structurale, utilisation de surfaces géomorphiques marqueurs et analyse quantitative du relief." Aix-Marseille 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX30080.
Повний текст джерелаFournier-Chouinard, Emmanuelle. "Effet d'une thérapie de type cognitivo-comportemental assistée par l'animal sur les interactions sociales de personnes ayant une déficience intellectuelle légère ou moyenne /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Trois-Rivières : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi. Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2006. http://theses.uqac.ca.
Повний текст джерелаLa p. de t. porte en outre: Mémoire présenté à l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi comme exigence partielle de la maîtrise en psychologie offerte à l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi en vertu d'un protocole d'entente avec l'Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières. CaQCU Bibliogr.: f. [174]-185. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU
Lochon, Iris. "Effets du chaulage sur le fontionnement de l'écosystème prairial en moyenne montagne." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC053/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe development of sustainable agriculture requires greater understanding of the impact of management practices on agroecosystem functioning, and on the ecosystem services provided by these agroecosystems. Representing nearly 68% of world's agricultural surfaces and contributing to the livelihoods of more than 800 million people, grasslands are one of the major agroecosystems where optimized agricultural practices are of concern. This PhD focuses on liming, a well-known practice for counteracting soil acidification (due to ongoing natural processes or accelerated by management practices), but which has variable efficiency in permanent grasslands. Indeed, liming effects on grassland are poorly documented and existing studies rarely take into account grassland multifunctionality. My thesis uses an integrated approach to improve the knowledge of liming impacts on grassland functioning. Different types of experiments – in the field (in situ), in semi-controlled conditions (mesocosms) and laboratory soil incubations (microcosms) – were used to study liming effects on different grassland compartments (vegetation, microorganisms, soil) along with possible interacting factors. Liming effectively increased soil pH in all the experiments. However, improving pH status did not always lead to greater forage production or increases in microbial and root biomass. My results showed that liming can enhance greenhouse gas emissions through several pathways (reemission of lime-derived carbon or stimulation of carbon mineralization), but may also reduce CO2 emissions from ecosystem respiration. Collectively, my findings emphasize the importance of pedoclimatic conditions for liming impacts on permanent grasslands and highlight the difficulty of upscaling liming effects, particularly on forage production and greenhouse gas emissions. The efficiency of liming appears to depend on the type and dose of soil improvers and can also interact with other management practices such as nitrogen fertilization and management intensification
Bousteau-Allart, Marion. "Ségrégation interfaciale dans les métaux en cours de déformation à chaud : cas du nickel-soufre." Nantes, 2012. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=f80796bd-18ca-4c84-862d-131ffe7e2487.
Повний текст джерелаEquilibrium grain boundary segregation in metals has been widely studied, but not the non-equilibrium one. In this study, we aimed to characterize the segregation during annealing and during hot deformation in the nickel – sulphur system. Two different methods of quantification were used : Auger electron spectroscopy and wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDS). The latter was orignally adapted by our research group to the quantification of monolayers on a substrate. The diffusion coefficient of sulphur in nickel was measured at 550°C and 750° and we obtained respectively 2,9 10-14 cm2. S-1 and 2,6 10-12 cm2. S-1. Measurements on samples annealed at different temperatures led to a free energy of segregation of 102. Kj. Mol-1 and a concentration of sulphur in the grain boundary of 63,5 ng. Cm-2 when satured. We also investigated the influence of the temperature (450 and 550°C) and the deformation rate (3. 9 10-5 s-1 and 3. 8 10-4 s-1) on the interface segregation. During hot compression, we obtained a segregation up to 150 000 times faster compared to simple annealing at the same temperature. Multiplying the deformation rate by ten leads to a similar deformation-dependence of the segregation but a time-dependence 6,5 times as fast. In the investigated ranges of temperature and deformation rate, the segregation rate is nearly independent of the temperature. The segregation kinetics during hot deformation was satisfactorily modelled by taking account of the effect of the deformation-induced vacancies on the solute diffusion coefficient. The phenomenon of accelerated sulphur grain boundary segregation in nickel can then be attributed to the excess vacancies
Mermet, Alain. "Nanostructure de verres de polymère et déformation plastique : apports de la diffusion Raman basse fréquence et de la diffusion inélastique de neutrons." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10131.
Повний текст джерелаSanchez, Guillaume. "Chronologie et évolution de la déformation de la croûte moyenne à la surface dans un prisme collisionel en décrochement - impacts sur l'aléa sismo-gravitaire: Exemple des Alpes Sud-Occidentales." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00527515.
Повний текст джерелаSanchez, Guillaume. "Chronologies et évolution de la déformation de la croute moyenne à la surface dans un prisme collisionel en décrochement : impacts sur l'aléa sismo-gravitaire : exemple des Alpes Sud-occidentales." Nice, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NICE4093.
Повний текст джерелаThis PhD thesis presents a multidisciplinary approach, structural, petrologic, geochronologic (Ar-Ar, fission tracks, (U-Th)/He and 10Be dating) allowing to constrain the tectonic processes (burial, exhumation, active fault…) from the mid-crustal depth to the surface in the South-Western Alps. Ar-Ar and thermobarometry in shear zones show that the Argentera-Mercantour massif and its attached Permian cover underwent a similar tectono-metamorphic history with a burial peak of 15-18 km at around 34 Ma due to underthrusting below the internal metamorphic unit. The exhumation path (0. 8mm/an) of the massif took place in a transpressive, followed by a transtensive, regimes between 26 Ma and 5 Ma and between 5 and 0 Ma, respectively. Transpression is ascribed to Ivrea mantle body indentation while transtension is related to rotational movement of the Adriatic plate. The sedimentary cover is shortened and transported southward during the Miocene period (23-7Ma). This displacement is directly linked to the exhumation of the Argentera-Mercantour crystalline massif. The resulting slope of the basement-cover interface due to this uplift led to decoupling and downsliding of the overlying sedimentary cover. Further, the metamorphic gap between the crystalline massif and the sedimentary cover and their structural relationship lead to propose a model of basement substitution. Since 8 Ma, cover-basement decoupling ceased as featured by similar AFT ages in both cover and basement rocks. The recent/brittle tectonic regime is characterized by a main network of N140°E strike slip faults, and a minor N-S extensional component. Tectonic displacement along both these faults led to the opening and development of the Embrunais-Ubaye pull-apart system. The initiation age of the pull-apart is dated at 4-5 Ma by AHe ages below the Camp des Fourches fault. This fault system still active (seismicity and landslide activity) accommodating 40-60% of counterclockwise rotation of the Adriatic plate. It resulted in offsets of the Holocene glacial morphologies, dated by 10Be on quartz at 12-13 ka, while fault surfaces are dated at 11-8 ka, and gravity features at 10 to 2 ka
Volland, Antoine. "Etude des effets d'échelle sur le comportement mécanique de film mince en verre métallique." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00872887.
Повний текст джерелаFiorentino, Brice. "Orientation cristalline de la matrice résultant de la déformation et des charges lamellaires dans des nanocomposites thermoplastiques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10241.
Повний текст джерелаThis study is part of the ANR Blanc COPIN which aim is to develop and understand the nanocomposites from inorganic nanoparticles mixed with a semi-crystalline polymer. The innovation of the project partner, Imerys, was to synthesized talc particles at the nanoscale. Talc is known for his nucleating effects and the goal is to use these nanoparticles to see their influence on a semi-crystalline material. Several synthetic talcs were employed differing from the synthesis time and chemical surface modifications. For this, the first part of this study was to disperse the talc using or not chemical modifications of surfaces as well as compatibilizers to obtained the best dispersion state and particles distribution. These continuums interaction created show a real improvement in the dispersion but also of properties such as heat resistance. The following parties concerned more specifically the crystallization trying to explain how nanoparticles can be oriented during shear flow, what is the leverage of these talcs on the crystallization when it was oriented, how they generate a specific crystal orientation coming from their nucleating effect, which is the predominant mechanism of crystallization nucleation between the macromolecules orientations or the nucleation of nanoparticles. It was also a question of determining the resulting crystal morphologies
Wen, Jing. "Effet de l'hydrogène sur la microstructure et la déformation en laminage à froid du titane de pureté commerciale et d'un alliage de titane β métastable". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0167/document.
Повний текст джерелаDue to an attractive combination of physical, chemical and mechanical properties, titanium and titanium alloys have become promising candidates in the field of chemical industry, aerospace and biomedical materials. During manufacturing procedures and applications, components are exposed to environments that can act as sources of hydrogen. Therefore, understanding their interaction with hydrogen upon various mechanical/thermal processing is important so that their properties and performance can be controlled and reliably predicted. With the aim of enhancing the properties and performance of titanium and reducing the cost of manufacturing products, the present work is primarily focusing on the effect of hydrogen on the cold rolling behavior and the subsequent annealing of titanium and titanium alloy characterized by different crystalline structure, i.e. hexagonal and body cubic centered (bcc) structure for the commercial pure titanium Ti50A and metastable β-titanium alloy β-21S, respectively. Since the microstructure of titanium and its alloys is the governing factor that determines their properties and performance, the microstructural evolution in the presence of hydrogen upon various procedures was analyzed by combination of XRD, SEM-EBSD and TEM. The introduction of hydrogen in Ti50A by electrolytic method induced the precipitation of two types of hydrides (δ-TiHx, ε-TiH2) in the phase matrix, and it was found that the volume fraction of these hydrides increased as the charging time increased. Five orientation relationships (ORs), three of them being new orientation relationships ever reported, between the -phase and the hydride δ-TiHx were determined. Moreover, the correlation between the rolling texture and the hydride precipitation was also established. It was found that the existence of the rolling texture facilitated the precipitation of δ-hydride following the OR2-type orientation relationship. X-ray analyses revealed a broadening of the diffraction peaks corresponding to the phase, indicating a increase of the dislocation density, these dislocations being necessary to accommodate the lattice misfit between hydrides and the matrix. Under compression loading, the observation of slip traces and tension twin {10 2}< 011> TT1 in the -grains containing hydrides, suggested that the hydrides had a certain ability to accommodate the imposed shear strain, depending on the orientation relationships between the matrix and the hydrides as well as on their thickness. Although no correlation between the nucleation of twinning and the hydride could be established in this study, the hydrides seemed to play an important role on the development of twinning deformation. The effects of hydrogen on the cold rolling behavior in Ti50A showed that, the formation of TT1tension twins can be facilitated due to the increase of the c/a ratio owing to the hydrogen addition and the existence of local stresses generated by the precipitation of hydrides. The refinement of the microstructure was also observed in the hydrogenated Ti50A-H suggesting that the presence of hydrides can enhance the generation of high angle boundaries (HABs). In addition, the formation of numerous geometrically necessary dislocations (GND) allowing the accommodation of the strain incompatibility between the hydride and matrix could be worked out by SEM-EBSD, which also confirmed analyses of the X-ray traces. In the case of β-21S alloy, with bcc structure that can accommodate a larger concentration of interstitial atoms, hydrogen was introduced by gas method. The effect of hydrogen on the microstructure was found to be closely related to the hydrogen concentration. In the range of hydrogen/metal ratio 0.052 < H/M < 0.300, the microstructure consisting of the single β-phase showed that the dissolved hydrogen atoms expanded the bcc β-lattice and suppressed the decomposition of the β phase upon cooling [...]
Barbier, David. "Etude du comportement mécanique et des évolutions microstructurales de l'acier austénitique Fe-22Mn-0.6C à effet TWIP sous sollicitations complexes : approche expérimentale et modélisation." Thesis, Metz, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009METZ004S/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe TWIP steel (Twinning Induced Plasticity) Fe-22Mn-0.6C exhibits outstanding mechanical properties combining a good ductility and a high mechanical resistance thanks to the activation of dislocation glide and mechanical twinning. As the volume fraction of twins increases with the deformation, the mean free path of the dislocations is reduced (dynamical Hall-Petch effect). The goal of this study was to supply a much more precise analysis and understanding of the mechanical behavior of this TWIP steel during different mechanical loadings. We studied the mechanical behavior during different mechanical loadings (tension, simple and reverse shear, strain path changes), and more precisely the strain hardening evolution in relation to the microstructure and texture evolutions analyzed by X-ray diffraction, FEG SEM EBSD and TEM. By combining data obtained by EBSD and X-rays diffraction, we propose an approach that allows us to evaluate the twin volume fraction. The examination of the mechanical and microstructural observations allowed us to show that the different stages of hardening are linked to particular characteristics of the microstructure and texture, the interaction between dislocations and twins leading to an increase of the hardening. The hardening is maintained at a high level by the activation of two twin systems and by the texture evolution. The latter sustains this mode of deformation in the polycrystal. We also observed that the occurrence of the different stages of hardening and of the effect TWIP varies according to the type of solicitation imposed. The analysis of the mechanical behavior during reverse shear tests showed that the steel exhibits a strong Bauschinger effect related to the dynamic Hall-Petch effect. The dislocation piles-up at grain and twin boundaries create local stress fields that influence the mechanical behavior during the reverse deformation. Finally, these experimental results allowed us to check the predictive capacities (mechanical behavior, twin kinetics, texture) of an elasto-viscoplastic micromechanical model incorporating the TWIP effect. The simulations of monotonous deformation are in good agreement with experimental results. To improve prediction of the reverse shear tests and strain path changes, additional developments are suggested
Doulazmi, Mustapha. "Etude expérimentale comparative de différentes méthodes de mesure et d'acquisition d'amplitude angulaire : application en rééducation des handicapés moteurs." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPL097N.
Повний текст джерелаDe, Sa Caroline. "Etude hydro-mécanique et thermo-mécanique du béton : influence des gradients et des incompatibilités de déformation." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00279849.
Повний текст джерелаAmestoy, Antoine. "Synthèse de nanohélices hybrides par auto-assemblage de type "bottom up" pour la fabrication de capteurs de déformation flexibles." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0041.
Повний текст джерелаFlexible and biocompatible strain sensors based on nanoparticle (NPs) assemblies show great potential for various future applications, such as electronic skin, flexible touch screens, and robotics. The high sensitivity of such strain sensing devices is due to the exponential dependence of the tunnel resistance on the distance between adjacent NPs, which is altered by the strain. However, the sensitivity, reproducibility and stability of these sensors are affected by variations in thickness, morphology and density of the films during manufacture or during their application. The objective of this work is to develop strain sensors based on assemblies of silica nanohelices covered with conductive metallic NPs or semiconducting metal oxide NPs to overcome these critical aspects. In the first part, gold NPs are synthesized and functionalized with different compositions of insulating ligands and are further grafted on the surface of the nanohelices with a covalent bond. In the second part, transparent semiconducting NPs of antimony-doped tin oxide are synthesized, functionalized and assembled on the surface of nanohelices by electrostatic or covalent interactions. Finally, the various assemblies obtained are deposited by dielectrophoresis between interdigitated electrodes on a flexible substrate. The flexibility, sensitivity and stability properties of the sensors are then characterized by electromechanical measurements coupled with scanning electron microscopy observations
Koutiri, Imade. "Effet des fortes contraintes hydrostatiques sur la tenue en fatigue des matériaux métalliques." Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00599125.
Повний текст джерелаAntoine, Pierre-Cornélius. "Etude des dalles sur sols renforcés au moyen d'inclusions rigides ou non." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209997.
Повний текст джерелаDoctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Delmas, Anthony. "Contribution à l'étude de l'effet mirage : application aux mesures dimensionnelle et thermique par caméras visible proche infrarouge." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2012. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/8958/1/delmas.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаAyadi, Khouloud. "Optimisation de la modélisation des régimes de fonctionnement des garnitures mécaniques d'étanchéité : analyse théorique et expérimentale." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT2325/document.
Повний текст джерелаMechanical face seals are sealing components for rotating shafts. It basically consists of two annular flat surfaces lubricated with a very thin film of sealed fluid.The "Seals lubrication" group of the Pprime institute has developed different modeling tools of mechanical face seals behavior by analytical, semi analytical and numerical methods. The objective of this thesis is to define a preliminary methodology to optimize the modeling of the mechanical seal taking into account the seal design. This analysis provides a suggestion of modeling tools among the existing types. A set of indicators and criteria are developed to determine the dominating physical phenomena during the operation of the seal under given conditions. The selected modeling tools should take into account the identified phenomena. Experimental validations were performed for a mechanical seal working in different operating conditions. Studies of the evolution of the friction faces topography, the friction torque, the leakage rate and the thermal effect were carried out. Experiments have shown that the behavior of the mechanical seal strongly depends on the lubrication regime: mixed, hydrodynamic and thermo-elasto-hydrodynamic.Theoretical models were compared with experimental results. A good correlation is obtained into their range of validity defined with preliminary analysis. Larger differences are observed when the models are used in conditions where unconsidered physical phenomena occur. This comparison showed that the indicators and criteria of the proposed method of choice are relevant and allows a good identification of the physical phenomena that should be taken into account
Sainte-Rose, Frédéric. "Modulateur acousto-optique à puits quantiques : étude théorique et expérimentale." Valenciennes, 2001. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/f54ffb6f-490e-4edc-9dc7-ec92d0f5ce84.
Повний текст джерелаWe present a new asymmetric Fabry-Perot acousto-opto-electronic multi-quantum-well modulator structure for optical telecommunications. We elaborated a complete numerical method to analyse the optical reflection coefficient variations produced by various surface acoustic wave powers. We took into account excitonic effect, quantum confined stark effect, strain effect, and the electrical field induced by this SAW. We determined the strain field, as well as the electrical field accompanying the wave using Laguerre polynomial method. Electronic states were calculated by the finite elements method taking account electronic parameter modifications induced by deformations. The complex refractive index was determined from wave functions and energy levels. The overall optical reflection coefficient of the multi-layered modulator is given. The experimental study by photoreflectance shows the validity of our model and the feasibility of such structures
Çakir, Ziyadin. "Analyse des déformations de surface associées aux séismes d'Izmit et de Dücze de 1999 (Turquie) en utilisant l'interférométrie radar à synthèse d'ouverture (InSAR)." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GLOB0002.
Повний текст джерелаAdelinet, Mathilde. "Du terrain au laboratoire, étude des propriétés élastiques du basalte." Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00672425.
Повний текст джерелаNaceur, Hakim. "Contribution à l'optimisation de forme de structures minces en présence de non linéarités géométriques et matérielles." Compiègne, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1999COMP1137.
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