Статті в журналах: "Effet backlash"

1

Li, Shen Long, Jiang Li Pan, and Xin Yuan Zhao. "Coupling Effect between Gear Backlash of Friction Plate and Axial Separation Gap in Multi-Friction Pairs." Key Engineering Materials 572 (September 2013): 471–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.572.471.

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Multi-plate friction pairs are important components in the gearbox of tracked vehicle. When the multi-friction pairs are in separation state, the uniform separation gaps of friction pairs are key factors affecting their operating performance. Most current research focuses on investigation of the failure modes of friction plate, such as, wear. However, the literatures on the vibration excitations from the inner and outer hub which affect the uniform separation gaps of the friction pairs are rare. This paper developed a rigid-flexible coupling dynamic model with different gear backlashes. The vibration characteristics of manipulate components and the separation gap of the friction pairs are studied. The results show that the model can be utilized to investigate the effects of the gear backlashes for manipulation components on the separation gaps of multi-friction pairs and it can be used to study the failure modes of friction plate in brakes. The developed model is expected to be the foundation for further optimization of the gear backlash. Keywords: Multi Friction Pairs; Separation gap; Gear Backlash; Rigid-flexible Coupling Dynamics Model

2

Dong, Hao, Libang Wang, Haoqin Zhang, and Xiao-long Zhao. "Nonlinear Frequency Response Analysis of Double-helical Gear Pair Based on the Incremental Harmonic Balance Method." Shock and Vibration 2021 (April 15, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6687467.

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The torsional dynamic model of double-helical gear pair considering time-varying meshing stiffness, constant backlash, dynamic backlash, static transmission error, and external dynamic excitation was established. The frequency response characteristics of the system under constant and dynamic backlashes were solved by the incremental harmonic balance method, and the results were further verified by the numerical integration method. At the same time, the influence of time-varying meshing stiffness, damping, static transmission error, and external load excitation on the amplitude frequency characteristics of the system was analyzed. The results show that there is not only main harmonic response but also superharmonic response in the system. The time-varying meshing stiffness and static transmission error can stimulate the amplitude frequency response of the system, while the damping can restrain the amplitude frequency response of the system. Changing the external load excitation has little effect on the amplitude frequency response state change of the system. Compared with the constant backlash, increasing the dynamic backlash amplitude can further control the nonlinear vibration of the gear system.

3

Paterson, Stephanie. "Midwives, Women and the State: (De)Constructing Midwives and Pregnant Women in Ontario, Canada." Canadian Journal of Political Science 44, no. 3 (September 2011): 483–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000842391100045x.

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Abstract.Ontario'sMidwifery Actcame into effect on January 1, 1994, at a time of radical health care restructuring, marked by hospital closures and staffing cuts. In addition, feminist backlash was rampant in the popular media. Given these conditions, some have suggested that midwifery legislation was implemented because it aligned with the government's cost-cutting initiatives, while others have suggested that the government was responding to the dissatisfaction with obstetric practice outlined by a well-organized lobby. While these factors were no doubt important in the passing of the legislation, I offer a more critical reading of the policy texts, suggesting that the legislation and its enabling regulations problematize not only costs or client satisfaction but also the knowledge of midwives and the women they serve. In framing the issue as one of public safety, the policy ensemble introduced a new form of birthing expert—the expert midwife—reimposing a hierarchical relationship in the birthing process, serving to reify medical science and to objectify birthing women. In so doing, the legislation potentially silences claims for both professional and reproductive autonomy.Résumé.LaLoi sur les sages-femmesde l'Ontario est entrée en vigueur le premier janvier 1994 au cours d'une période houleuse dans le domaine de la santé qui fut marquée par des fermetures d'hôpitaux et des réductions de la main-d'œuvre. De plus, à cette époque, les médias populaires avaient clairement adopté une position antiféministe. Étant donné cette conjoncture, on proposa dans quelques articles que cette loi fut adoptée parce qu'elle cadrait bien avec les priorités gouvernementales de coupures budgétaires, tandis que d'autres insistèrent que le gouvernement ne faisait que réagir au mécontentement à l'endroit de la pratique obstétricale exprimé par un groupe d'intérêts puissant. Ces facteurs ont sans doute joué un rôle important dans l'adoption de la loi, mais je propose, en contrepartie, une interprétation plus critique des textes de politiques publiques. J'avance que la loi et sa réglementation soulignent une problématique qui va au delà des coûts et de la satisfaction de la clientèle, englobant aussi le savoir des sages-femmes et celui de leurs clientes. En formulant le débat en termes de sécurité publique, la législation a instauré une nouvelle forme d'expertise – l'experte sage-femme – qui réimpose une hiérarchie professionnelle dans le domaine de l'accouchement, ce qui a pour effet de solidifier la position de la médecine traditionnelle et d'objectiver les femmes. Ce faisant, la loi risque de négliger les revendications d'autonomie des professionnelles et des partisanes de l'accouchement naturel.

4

Cao, Yu Jun, Nai Hui Yu, Zheng Yang, and Jian Zhong Shang. "Multi-Body Dynamics Analysis of Anti-Backlash Gear System Based on ADAMS/ Flex." Advanced Materials Research 971-973 (June 2014): 1261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.971-973.1261.

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Anti-backlash gear can improve the static transmission precision of system. Besides, the dynamic characteristics of anti-backlash gear system have a significant effect on the performance of overall mechanism, and the torsion spring preload of anti-backlash gear is an important factor to affect the dynamic characteristic. In order to study dynamic characteristics of the anti-backlash gear, a rigid-flexible coupling model of single-stage anti-backlash system was established based on ADAMS / Flex, and the simulation accuracy was compared with the pure rigid model. The effect of the torsion spring preload on frequency response of the anti-backlash system was studied by virtual sweep experiments.

5

Kiyosue, Yuki, and Yasuko Morinaga. "Backlash effect in hiring situation." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 84 (September 8, 2020): PS—018—PS—018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.84.0_ps-018.

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6

Chen, Huitao, Xianhui Wang, Haichao Gao, and Fan Yan. "Dynamic characteristics of wind turbine gear transmission system with random wind and the effect of random backlash on system stability." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 231, no. 14 (April 6, 2016): 2590–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406216640572.

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In order to study the dynamic characteristics of gear transmission system of wind turbine with random wind and the effect of random backlash on system stability, a stochastic volatility model is established to obtain the external excitation of gear transmission system of wind turbine. A dynamic model of system is set up with the consideration of gear time-varying mesh stiffness, transmission error and backlash. The dynamic behavior of system with random wind and the effect of random backlash on system stability are obtained using numerical method. The results show that: (1) The vibration displacement of system components has the similar trends with external excitation, and the higher the speed, the greater the vibration displacement. (2) Random backlash has a significantly influence on system stability. The instability of system decreases at first and then increases with the increase of mean backlash, and the stability of system decrease with the increase of standard deviation of backlash. The operation stability of a wind turbine will improve if select an appropriate gear backlash.

7

Slamani, Mohamed, Albert Nubiola, and Ilian A. Bonev. "Modeling and assessment of the backlash error of an industrial robot." Robotica 30, no. 7 (January 16, 2012): 1167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574711001287.

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SUMMARYThis paper proposes an experimental approach for evaluating the backlash error of an ABB IRB 1600 industrial serial robot under various conditions using a laser interferometer measurement instrument. The effects of the backlash error are assessed by experiments conducted on horizontal and vertical paths. A polynomial model was used to represent the relationship between the backlash error and the robot configuration. A strategy based on statistical tests was developed to choose the degree of polynomial representing the effect of the tool center point (TCP) speed and payload. Results show that the backlash error strongly affects the repeatability of the industrial robot. Statistical analyses prove that the backlash is highly dependent on both robot configuration and TCP speed, whereas it remains nearly unaffected by changes in the payload. It was discovered that the backlash error as measured at the TCP may exceeds 100 μm, and that the positive backlash error increases and the negative backlash error decreases when there is increase in TCP speed.

8

Rosendorff, B. Peter, and Todd Sandler. "SUICIDE TERRORISM AND THE BACKLASH EFFECT." Defence and Peace Economics 21, no. 5-6 (October 2010): 443–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2010.491679.

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9

Lu, Yafei, and Dapeng Fan. "Transmission backlash of precise cable drive system." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 227, no. 10 (January 10, 2013): 2256–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406212473887.

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Precise cable drive has been developed as an alternative transmission element to gears, belts and pulleys, chains and sprockets in electro-optical tracking system. The analytical method is developed to predict the transmission backlash of precise cable drive to enable designers to better assess the precision performance in the design study phase. Slip angle of precise cable drive is studied, and the effect of the rotational velocity and inertia of cable on the force equilibrium of contact region is considered. The deformation of cable in slip region and free region is calculated respectively and theoretical formulation of transmission backlash for precise cable drive system is carried out. Parametric sensitivity is investigated to evaluate the relationship between the transmission backlash and precise cable drive parameters including preload tension, load tension, friction coefficient, center distance and output drum radius. Experimental setup is built and the transmission backlash is tested. Effect of preload tension on the transmission backlash is tested. Results show that the experimental value and the theoretical curve of the transmission backlash fit well, which validates the theoretical method developed in this article.

10

Nilfat Ali. "Backlash Against ISDS." African Journal of Commercial Law 1, no. 1 (November 5, 2021): 49–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.58216/ajcl.v1i1.139.

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Over the years, Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) has spurred a lot of controversies on its legitimacy and integrity. The criticisms mainly stem from the obscuring effect of ISDS on legitimate government regulation and the adventurist manner in which arbitral tribunals interpret substantive rights favouring foreign investors. This, in turn, has resulted in a backlash by States which is illustrated through various forms ranging from withdrawal from traditional Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs), the development of new era BITs, to extremities of eliminating ISDS all-together. Although there are plausible reforms that have been adopted, the system is still a work in progress. Mechanisms must be incorporated to strike a balance between promotion and protection of investment and the sovereign right of the State to regulate investment in the public interest. Innovation and the adoption of regulatory tools that meet individual States developmental needs will play a focal role in attaining a comprehensive International Investment Agreements (IIAs) reform. This paper argues that a paradigm shift from the competing interests of States and investors to a sustainable development approach will achieve a necessary balance in ISDS taking into account the interests of all stakeholders involved in investment arbitration.

11

Xiong, Yangshou, Kang Huang, Fengwei Xu, Yong Yi, Meng Sang, and Hua Zhai. "Research on the Influence of Backlash on Mesh Stiffness and the Nonlinear Dynamics of Spur Gears." Applied Sciences 9, no. 5 (March 12, 2019): 1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9051029.

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In light of ignoring the effect of backlash on mesh stiffness in existing gear dynamic theory, a precise profile equation was established based on the generating processing principle. An improved potential energy method was proposed to calculate the mesh stiffness. The calculation result showed that when compared with the case of ignoring backlash, the mesh stiffness with backlash had an obvious decrease in a mesh cycle and the rate of decline had a trend of decreasing first and then increasing, so a stiffness coefficient was introduced to observe the effect of backlash. The Fourier series expansion was employed to fit the mesh stiffness rather than time-varying mesh stiffness, and the stiffness coefficient was fitted with the same method. The time-varying mesh stiffness was presented in terms of the piecewise function. The single degree of freedom model was employed, and the fourth order Runge–Kutta method was utilized to investigate the effect of backlash on the nonlinear dynamic characteristics with reference to the time history chart, phase diagram, Poincare map, and Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) spectrogram. The numerical results revealed that the gear system primarily performs a non-harmonic-single-periodic motion. The partially enlarged views indicate that the system also exhibits small-amplitude and low-frequency motion. For different cases of backlash, the low-frequency motion sometimes shows excellent periodicity and stability and sometimes shows chaos. It is of practical guiding significance to know the mechanisms of some unusual noises as well as the design and manufacture of gear backlash.

12

Liu, Jie, She Liu, Weiqiang Zhao, and Lei Zhang. "Dynamic Characteristics of Spur Gear Pair with Dynamic Center Distance and Backlash." International Journal of Rotating Machinery 2019 (April 11, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2040637.

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Effect of dynamic backlash and rotational speed is investigated on the six-degree-of-freedom model of the gear-bearing system with the time-varying meshing stiffness. The relationship between dynamic backlash and center distance can be defined clearly. The nonlinear differential equations of the model are solved by the Newmark-β method. The results show that system amplitude increases in the wake of increasing rotational speed. After reaching a certain rotational speed, the system jumps from periodic motion to chaos motion, and the effective amplitude is changed violently. Comparing the dynamic backlash with fixed backlash, the amplitude of the dynamic backlash is augmented and the frequency components are diversified. The vibration displacement is enlarged by the dynamic backlash and the chaotic behavior of the system becomes complex with increasing rotational speed. The numerical results provide a useful reference source for engineers to select rotational speed section for steady running.

13

Sales, Tainah Simões, Luana Adélia Araújo Martins, and Ingrid Thayná de Freitas Acácio. "As mutações constitucionais inconstitucionais e o “efeito backlash” | Unconstitutional mutations and the backlash effect." Revista Publicum 4, no. 1 (June 21, 2018): 178–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/publicum.2018.30854.

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Além das mudanças formalmente previstas, as constituições podem assumir significados novos, sem que haja alteração formal do texto. Trata-se do fenômeno da mutação constitucional. Inevitável para a manutenção da ordem constitucional, as mutações devem ser analisadas com cautela em razão de duas questões principais: a existência de mutações constitucionais inconstitucionais e o efeito backlash. O objetivo deste artigo, portanto, é a discussão dessas duas questões e de seus impactos negativos para a sociedade. Realizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica, descritiva, pura, quantitativa e qualitativa. Não se tem a pretensão de esgotar o estudo ou de buscar respostas a todas as questões que o tema suscita, mas de fomentar o debate e levar o leitor à reflexão sobre como frear os impactos negativos que as mutações constitucionais desenfreadas podem gerar à sociedade.

14

Gan, Lu, Liuping Wang, and Fei Huang. "Adaptive Backlash Compensation for CNC Machining Applications." Machines 11, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines11020193.

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The mechanical transmission employed inside the computer numerical control (CNC) machine electromechanical system usually has an inherent backlash. As a position-controlled system is commonly used for the electromechanical system, the backlash limits the performance of the motion control system due to its nonlinearity and discontinuity. This paper proposes an effective method to adaptively detect and compensate for the backlash effect in real time, in which the end-effect load position of the CNC machine is estimated and controlled by the position-controlled servo system, in order to eliminate the influence of backlash on the contour path performance. The simulation results obtained from the model of a realistic CNC machine show the successful elimination of the error between the reference and the end-effector position and a significant improvement in the control system performance.

15

Bo, Shao Jun, Kui Ji, and Juan Tian. "With the Backlash Dynamics Simulation of a Crank-Slider Mechanism of the Internal Combustion Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 215-216 (November 2012): 1081–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.215-216.1081.

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On the basis of flexible multi-body system dynamics theory, we built flexible multi-body system dynamics models which include a backlash, and to a slider-crank mechanism as the research object, we made a preliminary study on the effect on the flexible components and the backlash of the kinematic pair on mechanical system dynamics characteristics. To consider the backlash of the kinematic pair and component of flexible space can show a preliminary research on the dynamic simulation, and focus on the backlash, friction and gravity field to influence in the dynamic characteristics of the system. The simulation results show that, due to the existence of backlash made the two components frequent collision in the process of the stretching, clearance, flexible and friction are closed, make the system nonlinear characteristics increased.

16

Bo, Shao Jun, and Kui Ji. "With the Backlash Dynamics Simulation of a Crank-Slider Mechanism." Advanced Materials Research 479-481 (February 2012): 707–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.479-481.707.

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On the basis of flexible multi-body system dynamics theory, we built flexible multi-body system dynamics models which include a backlash, and to a slider-crank mechanism as the research object, we made a preliminary study on the effect on the flexible components and the backlash of the kinematic pair on mechanical system dynamics characteristics. To consider the backlash of the kinematic pair and component of flexible space can show a preliminary research on the dynamic simulation, and focus on the backlash, friction and gravity field to influence in the dynamic characteristics of the system. The simulation results show that, due to the existence of backlash made the two components frequent collision in the process of the stretching, clearance, flexible and friction are closed, make the system nonlinear characteristics increased.

17

Warnecke, Martin, and Musa Jouaneh. "Backlash Compensation in Gear Trains by Means of Open-Loop Modification of the Input Trajectory." Journal of Mechanical Design 125, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 620–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1596241.

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This paper presents an approach to reduce the effect of the backlash nonlinearity in systems with relative cyclic motion. A compensation approach is developed to calculate a modified course of input motion for a desired velocity profile in systems with known backlash. The modified input trajectory contains accelerating and decelerating motion features to traverse the backlash area in minimal time. The method was proved with a dc-motor driven gear train. Results show that the output motion delay could be remarkably reduced. The time to overcome the backlash gap depends upon the desired velocity and the amount of backlash introduced to the system. Time savings between 43% and 74% could be measured with the utilized experimental setup. The proposed velocity compensation method is most efficient for low operating speeds and large mounting allowance between gears.

18

Liu, Jie, Weiqiang Zhao, and Weiwei Liu. "Frequency and Vibration Characteristics of High-Speed Gear-Rotor-Bearing System with Tooth Root Crack considering Compound Dynamic Backlash." Shock and Vibration 2019 (November 19, 2019): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1854263.

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Considering the microstructure of tooth surface and the dynamic characteristics of the vibration responses, a compound dynamic backlash model is employed for the gear transmission system. Based on the fractal theory and dynamic center distance, respectively, the dynamic backlash is presented, and the potential energy method is applied to compute the time-varying meshing stiffness, including the healthy gear system and the crack fault gear system. Then, a 16-DOF coupled lateral-torsional gear-rotor-bearing transmission system with the crack fault is established. The fault characteristics in the time-domain waveform and frequency response and statistics data are described. The effect of crack on the time-varying meshing stiffness is analyzed. The vibration response of three backlash models is compared. The dynamic response of the system is explored with the increase in crack depth in detail. The results show that the fault features of countershaft are more obvious. Obvious fluctuations are presented in the time-domain waveform, and sidebands can be found in the frequency domain responses when the tooth root crack appears. The effect of compound dynamic backlash on the system is more obvious than fixed backlash and backlash with changing center distance. The vibration displacement along meshing direction and dynamic meshing force increases with the increase in crack depth. Backlash and variation of center distance show different tendencies with increasing crack depth under different rotational speeds. Amplitude of the sidebands increases with crack depth increasing. The amplitude of multiplication frequency of rotational frequency has an obvious variation with growing crack depth. The sidebands of the multiplication frequency of meshing frequency show more details on the system with complex backlash and crack fault.

19

Shen, Xiao Long, Jia Ying Hu, Ming Jun Zhang, and Lai Xi Zhang. "Experimental Study on Backlash Compensation of CNC Machine Tool." Advanced Materials Research 580 (October 2012): 419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.580.419.

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The backlash compensation has a great effect on the synthetical precision of CNC machine tool. Here, the measuring and backlash compensating technologies were investigated for high-speed CNC machine tool. Following, the backlash compensation of the synthetical geometric error of the interpolatimg movement and the evaluation system of position accuracy were proposed during CNC machine tool processing. The results indicate that the basic feature of error is established and provides a basis for putting forward the new error measurement method under the essential measuring condition. It also could be applied for different types of error compensation, shows that the backlash of the milling processing could be well compensated.

20

Kang, Shuo, Buyang Zhang, Xing Huang, Rijin Zhong, and Shengzhao Huang. "Nonlinear Identification and Decoupling Sliding Mode Control of Macro-Micro Dual-Drive Motion Platform with Mechanical Backlash." Machines 11, no. 12 (November 23, 2023): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines11121044.

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A macro–micro dual-drive motion platform is a class of key system utilized in ultra-precision instruments and equipment for realizing ultra-high-precision positioning, which relates to the fields of semiconductor manufacturing, ultra-precision testing and machining, etc. Aiming at the ultra-high-precision positioning control problem of macro–micro dual-drive systems containing mechanical backlash, this paper analyzes the combined effect of mechanical coupling and backlash, and proposes a macro–micro compound control strategy. Firstly, the system dynamic model, including mechanical coupling, is established, and a quasi-linear backlash model is also proposed. Secondly, based on the above model, a stepwise nonlinear identification method is proposed to obtain the backlash characteristic online, which is the basis of accurate backlash compensation. Then, for the macro–micro structure containing the backlash, a macro decoupling control method, combined with a micro adaptive integral sliding mode control method and backlash compensation, are designed coordinately to guarantee that the large-stroke macro–micro cooperative motion reaches micron-level accuracy. Moreover, the boundary of the positioning error is adjustable by tuning the controller parameters. Finally, both the simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed identification method can estimate the time-varying backlash precisely in finite time, and the system positioning accuracy can achieve an average 20 μm with long stroke and backlash influence, which is much higher than that using the traditional method and provides theoretical guidance for high-precision positioning control of a class of dual-drive motion platform.

21

Wang, Jingyue, Haotian Wang, and Lixin Guo. "Analysis of Stochastic Nonlinear Dynamics in the Gear Transmission System with Backlash." International Journal of Nonlinear Sciences and Numerical Simulation 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijnsns-2014-0089.

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AbstractIn order to study the different backlash, gear damping ratio and random disturbance on dynamic behavior of gear transmission system, stochastic dynamic equations of the three-degree-of-freedom spur gear transmission system are established considering random disturbances of a low-frequency external excitation induced by torque fluctuation, gear damping ratio, gear backlash, excitation frequency and meshing stiffness. Using bifurcation diagram, phase diagram, time course diagram, Poincaré map and power spectrum of the system, the dynamic characteristics of the gear transmission system with different backlash under gear damping ratio changing, and the influence of the random disturbance of gear damping ratio on the bifurcation characteristic of system are analyzed. Numerical simulation shows that the gear transmission system will be from periodic motion with a noisy disturbance to chaotic-like motion by period-doubling bifurcation with decreasing gear damping ratio. In the small damping ratio range, the backlash has great effect on the motion characteristics. Random disturbance has an important effect on the bifurcation characteristics.

22

Wang, An, Qinghua Zeng, Likun Ma, and Hongfu Wang. "Adaptive Backlash Compensation Method Based on Touch State Observation for a Solid Ducted Rocket." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2020 (November 17, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6698158.

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A hysteresis model was built to describe the backlash of the flow regulator in a solid ducted rocket, and its influence on the engine control was also analyzed in this study. An adaptive backlash compensation method was proposed under two challenges: limited information and backlash state variation caused by the harsh environment in the gas generator. The touch state is designed and its observation is used to get the state of backlash, and a compensation control method using the existing information was carried out combined with the motion intention. This method greatly shortened the time during the transition and reduced the hysteresis effect on the control system. Furthermore, the compensation method is improved and acquires a self-learning ability, the compensation parameter changes adaptively during the process of flow regulation, and it is able to meet the challenge of an unknown and variable state of backlash. Finally, the validation of the compensation method was carried out with two simulations.

23

Xiang, Ling, Yue Zhang, Nan Gao, Aijun Hu, and Jingtang Xing. "Nonlinear Dynamics of a Multistage Gear Transmission System with Multi-Clearance." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 28, no. 03 (March 2018): 1850034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127418500347.

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The nonlinear torsional model of a multistage gear transmission system which consists of a planetary gear and two parallel gear stages is established with time-varying meshing stiffness, comprehensive gear error and multi-clearance. The nonlinear dynamic responses are analyzed by applying the reference of backlash bifurcation parameters. The motions of the system on the change of backlash are identified through global bifurcation diagram, largest Lyapunov exponent (LLE), FFT spectra, Poincaré maps, the phase diagrams and time series. The numerical results demonstrate that the system exhibits rich features of nonlinear dynamics such as the periodic motion, nonperiodic states and chaotic states. It is found that the sun-planet backlash has more complex effect on the system than the ring-planet backlash. The motions of the system with backlash of parallel gear are diverse including some different multi-periodic motions. Furthermore, the state of the system can change from chaos into quasi-periodic behavior, which means that the dynamic behavior of the system is composed of more stable components with the increase of the backlash. Correspondingly, the parameters of the system should be designed properly and controlled timely for better operation and enhancing the life of the system.

24

Blanche, J. G., and D. C. H. Yang. "Cycloid Drives With Machining Tolerances." Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 111, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3259004.

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The cycloidal speed reducer, or cycloid drive, is an epicyclic gear train in which the profile of the planet gear is an epitrochoid and the annular sun gear has rollers as its teeth. The cycloid drive has very high efficiency and small size, in comparison with a conventional gear mechanism, making it an attractive candidate for limited space applications. On the other hand, in this type of transmissions there exist two major drawbacks, namely, backlash and torque ripple. Backlash, the angle through which the output shaft can rotate when the input shaft is held fixed, has a degrading effect on the output accuracy. Torque ripple, the variation in mechanical advantage as the input shaft rotates, causes vibrations and could lead to dynamic instability of the machinery. If the cycloid drive were manufactured to the ideal dimensions, there would be no backlash nor torque ripple. However, in reality, there will always be some machining tolerances. In this paper an analytical model is developed which models the cycloid drive with machining tolerances. Consequently, the effect of machining tolerances on backlash and torque ripple are investigated. It is found that both the backlash and the torque ripple are inherent periodic functions of the input crank angle.

25

Madsen, Mikael Rask. "Two-level politics and the backlash against international courts: Evidence from the politicisation of the European court of human rights." British Journal of Politics and International Relations 22, no. 4 (September 9, 2020): 728–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369148120948180.

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Are international institutions more prone to face backlash politics than domestic ones? Are international institutions easy targets for satisfying domestic political interests? Using the case of the recent criticism of the European Court of Human Rights, the article explores whether international institutions are more susceptible to face backlash politics than domestic ones due to the dual nature of international politics. The empirical study, focusing on the reform of the European Court of Human Rights through the 2018 Copenhagen Declaration, suggests that pre-existing commitments to international institutions might be given up rapidly when significant domestic interests collide with international institutions and their practices. The analysis, however, also shows that backlash politics against international institutions is transformed when seeking institutional reform. Entering a collective bargaining process, backlash objectives are changed by the logic of diplomatic negotiation, academic scrutiny and the interests of the other member states and civil society. This suggests that the two-level logic of ordinary international politics has a mediating effect on domestically fuelled backlash campaigns.

26

Hsu, Y.-L., and S.-G. Wang. "Minimizing angular backlash of a multistage gear train." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 216, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 565–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954405021520256.

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An optimization model is constructed to select the optimum reduction ratios that minimize the total angular backlash of a gear train, under constraints on the total reduction ratio and available space. It is found that a proper layout of reduction ratios has a major effect on the total angular backlash of a gear train.

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Hsu, Chuan-Hsun, Chi-Hsiang Wang, and Syh-Shiuh Yeh. "Experimental Assessment of Effect of Backlash Control Parameters on Quadrant Protrusions of Circular Tests for CNC Machine Tools." Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems 19, no. 01 (March 2020): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219686720500043.

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Backlash, friction, and servo lag factors often result in protrusion or segment difference phenomenon in the moving speed reversal of a machine tool’s moving table. This phenomenon can be improved by adjusting the backlash control parameters of the machine tool controller, but the control parameters must vary with the feed rate and payload of the moving table. Therefore, this study performed the circular test process for CNC machine tools, and used different feed rate, radius, and payload motion conditions to discuss the effect of backlash control parameters on quadrant protrusions. First, this study used parameter-range reduction combined with the Taguchi method and the binary search algorithm to search for the optimal backlash control parameters in the parameter setting range, so that the machine tool could have preferable quadrant protrusion performance when executing circular tests. Afterward, the correlation of the moving table feed rate, radius, and payload to the quadrant protrusion was analyzed according to the experimental results. The results indicated that the machine tool moving table feed rate had the most apparent effect on quadrant protrusions, and the relationship between the payload and quadrant protrusion was influenced by the moving table feed rate and circular radius simultaneously.

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Wang, Weixing, Dapeng Mao, and Botong Li. "Extend Disturbance Observer of Backlash-Based Robust Sliding-Mode Control." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (July 29, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8782813.

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The backlash by the hysteresis between the input and the output is always present in the inertial stabilized platform, which will seriously affect the dynamic performance of the platform system at low speed. So, the backlash has been paid more and more attention for the use in the inertial stabilized platform. To handle such a situation, extend disturbance observer (EDOB) has a high advantage to compensate the disturbance caused by backlash. However, some research studies show that the observation effect for some fast time-varying disturbances is satisfactory, which will strict limits on the rate of change in disturbance and still hamper its application; consequently, this paper proposes a sliding-mode-based extend disturbance observer (SMEDO) to compensate backlash. By well-designed sliding-mode surface, it is unnecessary to measure the whole state and the lack of robustness against unmatched uncertainties of the resulting controller, and the robustness and accuracy of modified disturbance observer can be enhanced. Experiments were carried out on a DSP-based platform with backlash in the pitch shafting. The obtained experimental results demonstrate that the SMEDO scheme has an improved performance with the dynamic performance and shafting transmission accuracy compared with the traditional methods.

29

Ghaffari, Ali, and Ebrahim Mohammadiasl. "How to prevent undesired oscillation in NC rotary table." Journal of Vibration and Control 23, no. 20 (July 15, 2015): 3490–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546315593026.

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Heavy lathe-mill and turn-mill machine tools with both turning and milling operations are usually equipped with a frictional brake system to mitigate the effect of the mechanical backlash on the gear driven rotary table. In this paper the simultaneous effects of the coupled nonlinear frictions and backlashes on the positioning of the rotary axis have been investigated theoretically and empirically. Using the describing function method, it is shown that the undesired oscillations of the system are due to the existence of a limit cycle in the nonlinear closed-loop trajectory pattern of the rotary axis. Some simple practical rules are proposed for parameters adjustment of the rotary table, to assure that limit cycle is not created, and the multi-function machine does not oscillate improperly. The proposed rules can be used both at the designing stage and also during the maintenance of the machine. In order to verify the simulation results, a complete set of experimental data in a heavy lathe-mill machine has been utilized. It is shown that the deviation between the simulation results and the real experimental data at different operating conditions are quite small.

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Qiu, Huan Song, Jie Hong Yuan, Yuan Li, and Xing Li. "Dynamic Analysis of Spiral Bevel Gear Pair under Time-Varying Backlash." Advanced Materials Research 940 (June 2014): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.940.217.

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Neglecting the influence of static transmission error, a non-linear dynamic model of spiral bevel gear pair with time-varying backlash was presented. Through the simplification of above model, the dimensionless form of gear system was obtained. Then, the dynamic characteristics of gear system were acquired by using Runge-Kutta method under the influence of time-varying backlash and torque. The results showed primary harmonic amplitude of gear backlash and torque had a significant effect on the non-linear and vibration characteristics of gear system. With the change of that, bifurcation phenomenon, quasi periodic motion and chaotic motion were detected. In addition, the variation and fluctuation of amplitude, containing displacement amplitude and velocity amplitude, were analyzed detailedly.

31

Lima, Miguel F. M., J. A. Tenreiro Machado, and Manuel Crisóstomo. "Experimental backlash study in mechanical manipulators." Robotica 29, no. 2 (March 4, 2010): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574710000056.

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SUMMARYThe behavior of mechanical manipulators with backlash is analyzed. In order to acquire and study the signals an experimental setup is implemented. The signal processing capabilities of the wavelets are used for de-noising the experimental signals and the energy of the obtained components is analyzed. To evaluate the backlash effect upon the robotic system, it is proposed an index based on the pseudo phase plane representation. Several tests are developed that demonstrate the coherence of the results.

32

Han, Jiang, Dazhu Li, Xiaoqing Tian, and Lian Xia. "Meshing principle and transmission analysis of a beveloid non-circular gear." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 12, no. 11 (November 2020): 168781402097190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814020971909.

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To improve the stability and accuracy of non-circular gear transmission, a beveloid non-circular gear transmission scheme was developed to reduce the meshing impact and achieve backlash adjustment. When using the beveloid rack as the medium, the instantaneous contact line of the beveloid non-circular gear pair was shown to be a straight line, and the tooth surface was shown to be a ruled surface based on the transmission relationship between the rack centerline and the non-circular pitch curve. The zero-modification method was employed to develop the beveloid non-circular gear. Further, the generation method for the tooth profile of the modified non-circular gear was reviewed, and a digital solid model was developed for the beveloid non-circular gear. The physical contact simulation method was used to analyze the meshing backlash, and the influence of the axial displacement adjustment on the meshing backlash of the gear pair was obtained. By considering a pair of beveloid elliptic gears as an example, machining and transmission experiments were conducted, with results showing smooth gear-pair meshing and the anticipated backlash adjustment effect.

33

Zhang, Ying Hui, Zhuo Chen, and Wei Dong He. "Virtual Prototype Simulation and Transmission Error Analysis for RV Reducer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 789-790 (September 2015): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.789-790.226.

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Based on the multi-body dynamics theory, paper builds the virtue prototype of the RV reducer with Adams software. By apply the cycloid gear equation with modification to create the backlash between cycloid gear and the pin gear. Build the backlash model between eccentric shaft and bearing with definition of constraint and function method. By using the MNF file to consider the deformation of the cycloid, pin gear and planet carrier. The dynamic flexible-rigid model of the coupled RV reducer was established. Then output curves of rotation rate, acceleration, force and angle inaccuracy were conducted. Then change the value of the backlash and to study its effect on the transmission error.The simulation results of the RV reducer provides the foundation for the further study of the precision analysis.

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Adams, James F., Tobias Böhmelt, Lawrence Ezrow, and Petra Schleiter. "Backlash policy diffusion to populists in power." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 23, 2022): e0273951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273951.

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We analyze how parties respond programmatically to populist parties in power abroad. Political parties often copy the policies of governing parties in other countries–a phenomenon that contributes to waves of transnational policy diffusion. We report the first large-scale comparative study showing that populist parties in government abroad trigger the opposite reaction: instead of inspiring emulation, their highly visible governing dilemmas provoke a policy backlash by parties in other states. We argue that dilemmas arise because populist parties confront unique and debilitating trade-offs between maintaining their anti-system posture and governing effectively, which make them electorally vulnerable. Other parties observe foreign populists’ governing dilemmas and respond by distancing themselves in order to avoid these problems. We detect this “foreign populist backlash effect” using spatial econometric analysis, a method that allows us to estimate international policy connections between parties, applied to over 200 European parties’ programmatic positions since the 1970s. Our findings illuminate parties’ election strategies and show that this backlash effect constrains the spread of populism across Western democracies.

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Lichtsinder, Arkady, and Per-Olof Gutman. "Backlash and Friction Reciprocal Effect on Limit Cycle Existence." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 42, no. 6 (2009): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20090616-3-il-2002.00043.

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36

Moustafa, M., M. Shabara, Y. Abo‐Mosallam, and F. Al‐Saeidy. "Effect of backlash on vibration spectrum in gear boxes." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 83, S1 (May 1988): S100—S101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2025094.

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37

O’Neill, Olivia A., and Charles A. O’Reilly III. "Reducing the backlash effect: Self-monitoring and women's promotions." Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 84, no. 4 (January 18, 2011): 825–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.2010.02008.x.

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38

Délli Ribeiro Rodrigues, Marcos, Bruna Paula da Costa Ribeiro, Natália Ribeiro Linhares, and Ingrid Quirino Ribeiro. "STRUCTURAL PROCESSES IN THE LIGHT OF THE BACKLASH EFFECT." Revista Gênero e Interdisciplinaridade 4, no. 04 (September 5, 2023): 557–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.51249/gei.v4i04.1548.

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Currently, some disputes are so complex that they require an entire reform of the institutes involved in order to stop the violation of rights. In this approach, structural processes come into play, as a means of solving imbroglios of this complexity. However, there are obstacles to the effectiveness of judgments in the structural process, such as the backlash effect. Thus, the question is urgent: is it possible, even in the face of impasses, that the structural sentence generates positive effects in the world of facts? Based on doctrinal, jurisprudential and legislative studies, it is understood that the most appropriate solution for the case is the use of the dialogic sentence technique.

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Coscia, Michele, and Luca Rossi. "How minimizing conflicts could lead to polarization on social media: An agent-based model investigation." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 27, 2022): e0263184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263184.

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Social media represent an important source of news for many users. They are, however, affected by misinformation and they might be playing a role in the growth of political polarization. In this paper, we create an agent based model to investigate how policing content and backlash on social media (i.e. conflict) can lead to an increase in polarization for both users and news sources. Our model is an advancement over previously proposed models because it allows us to study the polarization of both users and news sources, the evolution of the audience connections between users and sources, and it makes more realistic assumptions about the starting conditions of the system. We find that the tendency of users and sources to avoid policing, backlash and conflict in general can increase polarization online. Specifically polarization comes from the ease of sharing political posts, intolerance for opposing points of view causing backlash and policing, and volatility in changing one’s opinion when faced with new information. On the other hand, it seems that the integrity of a news source in trying to resist the backlash and policing has little effect.

40

Le Floch, Valérie, Maïté Brunel, Jacques Py, Ginette Herman, and Pascal Pansu. "Backlash Effect on Highly Skilled North African Males Seeking Professional Advancement in France." Journal of Personnel Psychology 21, no. 2 (April 2022): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000291.

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Abstract. This study was carried out within the context of an assessment for promotion to a high-status position. It aimed to determine the conditions in which the backlash effect occurs in a group characterized by negative stereotypes owing to their ethnicity: North African males in France. One hundred twenty-eight recruitment professionals assessed the probability of promoting one of eight fictitious male applicants with different causal attributions (internal or external) and levels of technical competence (high or average), and of different ethnicities (European or North African). Internal attribution, one of the dimensions of self-promotion, was regarded as a counterstereotypical behavior for a North African applicant compared with a European applicant. Backlash was only observed in a high-threat context.

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Brescoll, Victoria L. "Who Takes the Floor and Why." Administrative Science Quarterly 56, no. 4 (December 2011): 622–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001839212439994.

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Although past research has noted the importance of both power and gender for understanding volubility—the total amount of time spent talking—in organizations, to date, identifying the unique contributions of power and gender to volubility has been somewhat elusive. Using both naturalistic data sets and experiments, the present studies indicate that while power has a strong, positive effect on volubility for men, no such effect exists for women. Study 1 uses archival data to examine the relationship between the relative power of United States senators and their talking behavior on the Senate floor. Results indicate a strong positive relationship between power and volubility for male senators, but a non-significant relationship for female senators. Study 2 replicates this effect in an experimental setting by priming the concept of power and shows that though men primed with power talk more, women show no effect of power on volubility. Mediation analyses indicate that this difference is explained by women’s concern that being highly voluble will result in negative consequences (i.e., backlash). Study 3 shows that powerful women are in fact correct in assuming that they will incur backlash as a result of talking more than others—an effect that is observed among both male and female perceivers. Implications for the literatures on volubility, power, and previous studies of backlash are discussed.

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Daxecker, Ursula. "Dirty Hands." Journal of Conflict Resolution 61, no. 6 (September 18, 2015): 1261–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002715603766.

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Existing research suggests that the use of harsh repression can exacerbate the incidence and duration of terrorism. Micro- and macro-level analyses have shown that coercive government responses to terrorism can radicalize sympathizers, increase recruitment, and undermine community support for counterterrorism policies, leading to backlash and increased terrorist activity. Focusing on torture techniques, this article aims to establish mechanisms implicit in the backlash hypothesis. These arguments imply that information about government transgressions is available to potential group sympathizers, but have not examined whether and how variation in the visibility of different torture techniques affects the likelihood of backlash. Scarring torture, a technique that is both more visible and less plausibly deniable than other forms of torture, is expected to produce higher volumes of terrorism. Using disaggregated data on allegations of torture from the Ill-Treatment and Torture project for 1995 to 2005, the analysis shows that scarring torture is consistently associated with increases in terrorism, whereas stealth torture has no statistically discernable effect on terrorism.

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Shen, Lu Juan, Ye Bao, and Jian Ping Cai. "Adaptive Control of Uncertain Gun Control System of Tank." Applied Mechanics and Materials 88-89 (August 2011): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.88-89.88.

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In this paper, a class of gun control system of tank is considered with uncertain parameters and the backlash-like hysteresis which modeled by a differential equation. An adaptive control law is designed with backstepping technique. Compared to exist results on tank gun control problem , in our control scheme, the effect of backlash hysteresis is considered completely than to be linearized simply and no knowledge is assumed on the uncertain parameters. the stability of closed loop system and the tracking performance can be guaranteed by this control law. Simulation studies show that this controller is effective.

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Ajzenman, Nicolás, Patricio Dominguez, and Raimundo Undurraga. "Immigration and Labor Market (Mis)Perceptions." AEA Papers and Proceedings 112 (May 1, 2022): 402–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20221004.

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Exposure to immigrants often triggers sentiments of hostility and backlash among native-born populations. Among the main concerns identified by surveys, labor market conditions typically rank at the top. We combine a two-way fixed effects model with a Bartik-type 2SLS model to causally estimate the effects of immigration on labor outcomes in Chile, where the foreign-born population almost tripled in five years. While immigration did not systematically affect employment levels, it did cause an increase in unemployment-related concerns. Our results provide a plausible hypothesis to explain the backlash against immigrants: misperception regarding the effect of immigrants on labor market conditions.

45

Hofmann, Andreas. "Resistance against the Court of Justice of the European Union." International Journal of Law in Context 14, no. 2 (May 29, 2018): 258–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174455231800006x.

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AbstractThis contribution reviews different forms of resistance against the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). While backlash is rare, various forms of pushback are more common than accounts of the CJEU's apparent success suggest. It is not uncommon that national policy-makers, administrations and the judiciary fail to comply with individual rulings. Moreover, Member State authorities have developed multiple strategies to limit the practical effect of controversial lines of CJEU case-law. The availability of ‘work-arounds’ that national authorities can live with shields the CJEU against significant backlash. At the same time, the multiple processes of pushback in the Member States lead to an outcome of considerable heterogeneity.

46

Cui, Li, and Chilan Cai. "Nonlinear Dynamics Analysis of a Gear-Shaft-Bearing System with Breathing Crack and Tooth Wear Faults." Open Mechanical Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (July 24, 2015): 483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874155x01509010483.

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Considering backlash, time-varying mesh stiffness and radial clearance of bearing, nonlinear dynamic model of gear bearing flexible shaft system is established taking into account breathing crack in shaft and tooth wear. Nonlinear dynamic equations are solved by Runge-Kutta method. Effect of backlash, crack in shaft and tooth wear faults on the nonlinear dynamic behavior of gear-shaft-bearing system is studied. The results show that gear-shaft-bearing system may change from periodic motion to non-periodic motion as backlash increases, and gear pair change from normal mesh to tooth separation, double-sided impact fault. If crack fault appears, quasi-periodic and chaos motion region increases, and gentle crack fault can result in instantaneous tooth separation and double-sided impact faults. Serious tooth wear fault will also induce tooth separation and double-sided impact faults. If both shaft crack and tooth wear faults exist, tooth wear fault will be intensified by double-sided impact fault from shaft crack, which will result in early failure of the gear system.

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Porritt, Don. "The Reputational Failure of Financial Success: The ‘Bottom Line Backlash’ Effect." Corporate Reputation Review 8, no. 3 (October 2005): 198–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.crr.1540250.

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48

Zheng, Yang, Zi Rong Luo, Jian Zhong Shang, Xiao Ming Wang, and Nai Hui Yu. "Dynamics Modeling and Resonance Analysis of Anti-Backlash Gear Transmission System Based on Harmonic Balance Method." Advanced Materials Research 711 (June 2013): 556–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.711.556.

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Anti-backlash gear system is applied widely in precision mechanisms, and it is important to research its dynamic characteristics for improving the dynamic accuracy of system. The nonlinear dynamics equivalent model of an anti-backlash gear system in a servomechanism with time-varying mesh stiffness and gear side clearance is proposed. The dynamic transmission error of system is calculated by HBM and numerical computation method (NCM). Based on this, the effect of different parameters on resonance frequency of system is analyzed deeply. The results show that the resonance frequency is higher, when the mesh stiffness is increasing; proper preload force and gear side clearance can make the amplitude of resonance peak lower, which is useful to void more damages to mechanism when resonance comes up.

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Dong, Hao, Hao Qin Zhang, Xiao Long Zhao, and Ling Ling Duan. "Study on dynamic load-sharing characteristics of face gear dual-power split transmission system with backlash, support and spline clearance." Mechanical Sciences 12, no. 1 (May 25, 2021): 573–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ms-12-573-2021.

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Abstract. The dynamic load-sharing characteristics of aircraft face gear dual-power split transmission system (FGDPSTS) are taken as the research object. Considering the factors of time-varying meshing stiffness, comprehensive error, backlash, support clearance, spline clearance, torsional stiffness, and support stiffness, the dynamic load-sharing model was constructed based on the lumped-parameter method. The loaded tooth contact analysis (LTCA) simulation method was used to calculate the time-varying meshing stiffness. The dynamic load-sharing coefficient (DLSC) is obtained by using Runge–Kutta method. The influences of errors, backlash, support clearance, spline clearance, torsional stiffness and support stiffness on DLSC were analyzed, and the biggest factors affecting dynamic load-sharing performance were found out. The results show that the influence of the backlash of the two-stage herringbone gear pair on the DLSC is more sensitive. The influence of support clearance on the DLSC is less. The load-sharing coefficient increases with the increase of the installation error and eccentricity error, and the influence of the error of the two-stage gears on the system load-sharing performance is the most sensitive. The torsional stiffness has little effect on the load-sharing coefficient of one stage but has great effect on the two-stage load-sharing coefficient. The influence of support stiffness on the DLSC of two-stage is stronger. It provided a theoretical basis for the dynamic stability optimization design of the system.

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Han, Jianchao, Lei Liang, and Yang Zhao. "Dynamic Performance of Planetary Gear Joint for Satellite Antenna Driving Mechanism Considering Multi-Clearance Coupling." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040815.

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Dynamic pointing and tracking accuracy are the most relevant indicators of dynamic performance for the satellite antenna driving mechanism. Multi-clearance coupling in the joints will incur high-frequency vibration and dynamic errors of the system. Joints of existing analytical models are generally oversimplified as planar revolute hinges, which ignore the coupling effect of multi-clearance. It cannot proficiently predict the dynamic behavior of the driving mechanism with multi-clearance on the orbit. To address this problem, a typical 2K-H planetary gear joint model with multi-clearance coupling has been developed by considering radial clearance, backlash, tooth profile error, time-varying meshing stiffness, and damping. A dynamic model of a typical dual-axis driving mechanism is established to analyze the dynamic characteristics of multibody systems with planetary gear joints. The effects of rotational speed, radial clearance, backlash, and their coupling on the dynamic performance of the dual-axis driving mechanism under different driving modes are explored by numerical simulations. The results show that the coupling of radial clearance and backlash in joints have a significant influence on the dynamic performance of the system. Appropriate clearance design avails the dynamic pointing accuracy and tracking accuracy of the dual-axis driving mechanism.

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