Дисертації з теми "Effecteur de type TAL"
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Lachaux, Marlène. "Caractérisation de nouvelles sources de résistance aux souches africaines de Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, agent de la bactériose vasculaire du riz." Thesis, Montpellier, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022MONTG011.
Повний текст джерелаBacterial Leaf Blight (BLB), caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is one of the most devastating diseases of rice in West Africa and Asia. Xoo injects through its type-III secretion system a full cocktail of TAL ("Transcription Activator-Like") effectors into the host plant cell. By means of their nuclear localization signals (NLS) TALEs are next imported into the host nucleus where they bind through central tandem repeats to host promoter targets at a sequence called EBE ("Effector Binding Element"), with the final aim of initiating gene transcription thanks to their activation domain (AD). Xoo is thus able to modulate the expression of plant genes by hijacking the plant transcriptional machinery and induce so-called susceptibility (S) genes that favor the development of the bacterium and disease consequently. In some cases, TALEs can activate so-called executor (E) genes whose expression leads to plant defense reactions and results in resistance. Genetic diversity analyses have shown that Xoo is comprised of two lineages that corresponding to strains from Africa for one and Asian strains for the other. African and Asian Xoo differ in their number of tal genes, but also in the type of resistance they elicit. Noteworthy, none of the races identified in Africa have been found in Asia.The objective of this thesis was to identify sources of resistance in rice in order to provide new strategies for the control of BLB in Africa. In a gain-of-function approach, preliminary analyses identified several TALEs of the Malian strain MAI1 with potential avirulence activity on the rice varieties IR64, CT13432 and FKR47N. To further confirm these results, a loss-of-function approach was undertaken, consisting in the inoculation of a library of BAI3Δtal mutants deriving from the Xoo Burkinabe strain BAI3, whose TALome (tal genes repertoire) is very similar to that of MAI1, on each of the three resistant varieties. This work validated the avirulence role of TalD and TalI on the matching rice varieties IR64 and CT13432, respectively. We also showed that the resistance exhibited by CT13432 against MAI1 and BAI3 results of the combination of two resistance mechanisms, one based on the TalI-mediated induction of an as yet unknown executor gene, and the other on an allele of the Xa1 resistance gene. In a second step, in order to deepen our knowledge on the resistance conferred by IR64 to African Xoo strains, the screening of a population of recombinant inbred lines of F11 generation, resulting from the cross between the resistant variety IR64 and the susceptible variety Azucena, was conducted. This study confirmed two QTL, qABB-7 and qABB-11, previously reported in another study, and also identified four new QTL of resistance against African Xoo strains. Finally, RNAseq analyses were performed on the resistant variety IR64 and the susceptible variety Nipponbare, which genomes are sequenced, to characterize their transcriptome in response to African Xoo. The avirulence activity of TalD in IR64 being demonstrated, a comparison of the differential expression of genes induced by MAI1 and BAI3 with the BAI3ΔtalD mutant was performed, allowing the identification of potential candidate E-genes induced by TalD in IR64. This work represents a first step in the development of new strategies based on the deployment of sustainable sources of resistance to control BLB in Africa
Lachaux, Marlène. "Caractérisation de nouvelles sources de résistance aux souches africaines de Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, agent de la bactériose vasculaire du riz." Thesis, Université de Montpellier (2022-….), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UMONG011.
Повний текст джерелаBacterial Leaf Blight (BLB), caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is one of the most devastating diseases of rice in West Africa and Asia. Xoo injects through its type-III secretion system a full cocktail of TAL ("Transcription Activator-Like") effectors into the host plant cell. By means of their nuclear localization signals (NLS) TALEs are next imported into the host nucleus where they bind through central tandem repeats to host promoter targets at a sequence called EBE ("Effector Binding Element"), with the final aim of initiating gene transcription thanks to their activation domain (AD). Xoo is thus able to modulate the expression of plant genes by hijacking the plant transcriptional machinery and induce so-called susceptibility (S) genes that favor the development of the bacterium and disease consequently. In some cases, TALEs can activate so-called executor (E) genes whose expression leads to plant defense reactions and results in resistance. Genetic diversity analyses have shown that Xoo is comprised of two lineages that corresponding to strains from Africa for one and Asian strains for the other. African and Asian Xoo differ in their number of tal genes, but also in the type of resistance they elicit. Noteworthy, none of the races identified in Africa have been found in Asia.The objective of this thesis was to identify sources of resistance in rice in order to provide new strategies for the control of BLB in Africa. In a gain-of-function approach, preliminary analyses identified several TALEs of the Malian strain MAI1 with potential avirulence activity on the rice varieties IR64, CT13432 and FKR47N. To further confirm these results, a loss-of-function approach was undertaken, consisting in the inoculation of a library of BAI3Δtal mutants deriving from the Xoo Burkinabe strain BAI3, whose TALome (tal genes repertoire) is very similar to that of MAI1, on each of the three resistant varieties. This work validated the avirulence role of TalD and TalI on the matching rice varieties IR64 and CT13432, respectively. We also showed that the resistance exhibited by CT13432 against MAI1 and BAI3 results of the combination of two resistance mechanisms, one based on the TalI-mediated induction of an as yet unknown executor gene, and the other on an allele of the Xa1 resistance gene. In a second step, in order to deepen our knowledge on the resistance conferred by IR64 to African Xoo strains, the screening of a population of recombinant inbred lines of F11 generation, resulting from the cross between the resistant variety IR64 and the susceptible variety Azucena, was conducted. This study confirmed two QTL, qABB-7 and qABB-11, previously reported in another study, and also identified four new QTL of resistance against African Xoo strains. Finally, RNAseq analyses were performed on the resistant variety IR64 and the susceptible variety Nipponbare, which genomes are sequenced, to characterize their transcriptome in response to African Xoo. The avirulence activity of TalD in IR64 being demonstrated, a comparison of the differential expression of genes induced by MAI1 and BAI3 with the BAI3ΔtalD mutant was performed, allowing the identification of potential candidate E-genes induced by TalD in IR64. This work represents a first step in the development of new strategies based on the deployment of sustainable sources of resistance to control BLB in Africa
Driss, Virginie. "Les éosinophiles : effecteurs de la réponse immunitaire innée anti-mycobactérienne." Lille 2, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00370300/fr/.
Повний текст джерелаDriss, Virginie Capron Monique. "Les éosinophiles effecteurs de la réponse immunitaire innée anti-mycobactérienne /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00370300/fr.
Повний текст джерелаDriss, Virginie. "LES EOSINOPHILES : EFFECTEURS DE LA REPONSE IMMUNITAIRE INNEE ANTI-MYCOBACTERIENNE." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00370300.
Повний текст джерелаL'objectif de notre travail a consisté à étudier les mécanismes impliqués dans les interactions entre les éosinophiles humains et Mycobacterium bovis BCG, choisi comme modèle de mycobactéries.
Après avoir démontré l'activité chimiotactique du BCG vis-à-vis des éosinophiles nous avons ensuite montré que les éosinophiles pouvaient, après activation en présence de BCG, produire des espèces réactives de l'oxygène et libérer la peroxydase de l'éosinophile par dégranulation. La mise en évidence de l'expression membranaire des récepteurs Toll-like (TLR) 2 et 4 sur les éosinophiles nous a permis de démontrer l'implication majoritaire de TLR2 dans l'interaction éosinophiles/BCG ainsi que l'activation des voies MAP kinases et de la voie NF-κB. Enfin, nous démontrons que les éosinophiles sont capables d'exercer une fonction cytotoxique vis-à-vis du BCG, mécanisme faisant intervenir à la fois des défensines et la protéine cationique de l'éosinophile (ECP).
Dans la continuité de la démonstration de l'expression par les éosinophiles de molécules partagées avec les lymphocytes T, nous nous sommes intéressés à d'autres molécules pouvant être impliquées dans les interactions éosinophiles/BCG, et plus particulièrement celles participant à l'immunité innée. C'est ainsi que, grâce à différentes approches de cytométrie en flux, de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire, nous avons mis en évidence l'expression du complexe CD3/TCRγδ à la surface d'une sous-population d'éosinophiles, puis nous avons montré la fonctionnalité de ce récepteur, après activation par des anticorps monoclonaux spécifiques ou des ligands physiologiques. Enfin, nous avons démontré, en utilisant des anticorps neutralisants ou un inhibiteur spécifique que CD3/TCRγδ participe à l'activation des éosinophiles induite par le BCG.
Ce travail représente la première étude extensive des mécanismes intervenant dans les interactions entre éosinophiles humains et M. bovis BCG. Il ouvre des perspectives nouvelles quant à la fonction des éosinophiles dans l'immunité innée, impliquant de manière originale deux récepteurs différents : TLR2 et CD3/TCRγδ. Nos résultats suggèrent également que les éosinophiles expriment des molécules de la famille des défensines, qui vient s'ajouter à leur arsenal cytotoxique et qui agirait en synergie avec l'ECP. En conclusion, ces résultats suggèrent que les éosinophiles puissent reconnaître directement des signaux de danger, incluant les mycobactéries, et, comme les lymphocytes Tγδ, représenter un nouveau lien entre immunité innée et immunité adaptative.
Hutin, Mathilde. "Criblage de la diversité d'Oryza spp. pour l'identification de nouvelles sources de résistances dépendantes des effecteurs TAL à X. oryzae pv. oryzae, agent de la bactériose vasculaire du riz." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS164.
Повний текст джерелаBacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is the most destructive bacterial disease of rice. Xoo pathogenicity critically depends on the TAL (Transcription Activator-Like) effectors. TALs are type three effectors secreted through a type three secretion system into the eukaryotic cell where they act as transcription factors able to manipulate the host transcriptome via the induction of specific genes. DNA-binding specificity involves a unique central repeated region in the TAL effector whereby each repeat directly binds to one single nucleotide. TALs can act as major virulence effector thtough the induction of so-called susceptibility (S) genes that are essential for disease development, or act as avirulence effector by inducing so-called executor (E) resistance genes that promote host defense responses. The goal of this PhD project was to identify and characterize novel TAL-dependent resistance sources to control BLB. In rice, the best characterized S genes are those of the clade III of the sugar transporters SWEET family. The most important is OsSWEET14 as this gene is targeted at unrelated DNA boxes by four TAL effectors, which belong to strains of different lineages and geographic origins. The evolutionary convergence for the induction of SWEET14 reflects its crucial role as major determinant of rice susceptibility to Xoo. A molecular screening of the OsSWEET14 promoter was performed using the natural diversity of wild African rice in order to identify polymorphism that could affect the TAL/DNA binding and thus lead to loss of susceptibility. This work allowed the identification of xa41(t) that confers broad spectrum recessive resistance to Xoo. In a second part of my PhD project, a phenotypic screen for resistance against the Xoo African strain MAI1 of a hundred of rice accessions enabled to identify five TALs. Among them, Tal2 and Tal9 were shown to trigger resistance on the rice variety IR64 the genome of which is fully sequenced. RNAseq analysis identified a small set of resistance E gene candidates underlying potentially IR64 resistance against Xoo strain MAI1. Finally, as a third strategy we aimed within a collaborative project to investigate if PiCO39 that confers resistance of rice towards Magnaporthe oryzae could also control BLB and BLS (Bacterial leaf streak). To that end, Artificial TAL effectors (dTALe) were designed to induce specifically the M. oryzae AVR1-CO39 construct in resistant (PiCO39) and susceptible (piCO39) transgenic backgrounds. We show that the induction of AVR1-CO39 by Xoo or Xoc drastically impairs bacterial colonization in a PiCO39-dependent manner, highlighting the potential of exploiting rice blast or other resistance genes as novel strategies to control rice pathogenic Xanthomonas bacteria
Doucoure, Hinda. "Création de résistance à large spectre contre la bactériose foliaire du riz au Mali." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT100.
Повний текст джерелаXanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight of rice (BLB), injects DNA binding proteins called Transcription Activator-Like Effectors (TALEs) into host cells to manipulate plant genes expression. Some TALEs behave as major virulence factors essential for BLB to occur by binding directly to target DNA boxes of rice susceptibility genes and inducing their expression. Xoo major TALEs universally target susceptibility genes of the SWEET family. In nature, polymorphism in the DNA sequence of SWEET genes recognized by TALEs confers resistance to BLB. Using the TALEN technology, this type of mutations has been artificially introduced in the promoter of the SWEET14 susceptibility gene to make it TALE-unresponsive and confer resistance to some Asian Xoo. The characterizations of Malian Xoo populations show that they are distinct from the Asian ones. The PhD project aimed to create broad tailored BLB resistance against Malian Xoo using genome editing technologies.First, editing SWEET14 DNA boxes targeted by major TALEs of African strains indeed yielded resistance against strains relying on TalF (initially named Tal5) but not against those relying on TalC. The characterization of Malian strains TALE repertoires using functional (edited lines susceptibility assays, SWEET14 and other TALE target expression studies) and in silico (genome sequencing of 8 strains) approaches uncovered functional diversity in these repertoires and, the almost systematic, simultaneous presence of active and redundant versions of TalF and TalC. In susceptibility assays of local rice varieties, Malian Xoo strains exhibited a broad virulence spectrum and, with one exception, all tested varieties were susceptible to BLB. Multiplex editing of TalF and TalC target boxes with the CRISPR/Cas9 technology abolished SWEET14 induction in response to a Malian strain. However the corresponding rice lines remained susceptible to this strain. Finally, to explain these results, we postulated the existence of, at least, a TalC target susceptibility gene redundant with SWEET14. Bioinformatics analysis identified a rice locus with several features electing it as a high priority candidate. This locus named ATAC (Alternative TalC Target) is composed of two genes, ATAC1 and ATAC2, bidirectionally upregulated by TalC. We further showed that ATAC2 which is predicted to code for an atypical bHLH transcription factor potentially involved in rice cell elongation and immunity, behaves as a susceptibility gene upon artificial TALEs-mediated induction in a gain of function assay. We used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to simultaneously edit the SWEET14 promoter and the ATAC locus. These mutations should prevent the recognition of the SWEET14 promoter and the ATAC locus by TalC and TalF, compromise their transcriptional induction and ultimately provide broad BLB resistance in Mali
Flaugnatti, Nicolas. "Le système de sécrétion de type VI : caractérisation et mécanisme de transport de Tle1, un effecteur antibactérien de type phospholipase." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0204.
Повний текст джерелаBacteria do not live alone in their environment; they cooperate but also compete for niches and resources. The Type VI secretion system (T6SS) is one of the key players in the bacterial warfare by delivering anti-bacterial effectors directly into competitor cells. The T6SS is a macromolecular structure: A membrane complex (MC) anchored in the envelope recruits an assembly platform for a contractile tail structure. The tail is a tube wrapped by a sheath and topped by a needle spike called VgrG. The tail assembles in an elongated conformation. Upon contact with a target cell, the contraction of the sheath propels the inner tube, the spike and the toxins toward target cells. The goal of my PhD work was to identify T6SS toxins and to understand how they are selected by the EAEC T6SS. We have characterized Tle1, an antibacterial effector with phospholipase A1 (PLA1) activity, responsible for the antibacterial activity of EAEC T6SS. Self-protection of the producing cell is assured by an outer membrane lipoprotein, Tli1. We further showed that Tle1 interacts directly with the C-terminal extension domain of VgrG to allow subsequent delivery into target bacteria. We succeeded to purify the complex and obtain a 3D model at low resolution of the complex by electron microscopy after negative staining. The toxin interacts with the tip of the needle spike to be transported from the producing cell to the target cell
Cossé, Mathilde. "Identification et caractérisation d'un nouvel effecteur précoce de Chlamydia trachomatis." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066083/document.
Повний текст джерелаC. trachomatis is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacteria and a human pathogen. It is the most prevalent cause of sexually transmitted diseases of bacterial origin and a leading cause of preventable blindness in the developing world. During their biphasic developmental cycle the bacteria remains in a membrane-bounded cellular compartment called an inclusion. Using a type 3 secretion system (T3SS) they translocate effector proteins inside the cytosol of the cell to promote its survival and multiplication.The aim of the PhD was to study the function of CT622, a hypothetic protein from C. trachomatis. We showed that CT622 is an effector protein from the T3SS and that it is secreted early during the infection. We identified a bacterial protein that binds to CT622, and we showed that it acts as a chaperone, stabilizing CT622 and enhancing its secretion. We obtained bacteria lacking CT622 expression, thus demonstrating that CT622 is not essential for bacterial growth in vitro. However, preliminary studies indicate that in the absence of CT622 bacterial development is delayed and T3SS is defective.We identified several molecules interacting with CT622: geranylgeranyl diphosphate, Rab39 and Atg16L1 proteins. Future work will aim at understanding how these identified interactions, or other bacterial or cellular partners still to be discovered, contribute to the establishment of a niche favorable to bacterial development
Dallaire-Dufresne, Stéphanie. "Étude de la fonction d'Ati2, un effecteur du système de sécrétion de type trois chez Aeromonas salmonicida." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29188/29188.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаCollet, Clémence. "Mécanisme de polarisation d'Ipac, effecteur et composé du système de sécrétion de type III chez Shigella flexneri." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077192.
Повний текст джерелаAn increasing number of proteins are localized in specific regions of the bacteria, this subcellular localization being key to their function. In the absence of intracellular membrane-bound compartment, however, the mechanism underlying the localization of E. Coli proteins to the cell pole has remained elusive. Here, we show that polarization of the Shigella type III secretion system translocon component IpaC is driven by its association with the DnaK chaperone. An IpaC construct fused to the Venus fluorescent protein (Civ) induced DnaK complexes that were excluded from the nucleoid and accumulated at the bacterial pole independent of its co-chaperones. Fluorescence alter photobleaching (FRAP) analysis indicated that Civ diffusion at the pole was restricted, likely by DnaK association. DnaK prevented the lethal accumulation of aggregated Civ through the bacterial body, to allow its reversible sequestration at the pole. We believe that these findings are shedding new lights a bacterial means to confine proteins at the pole through the nucleoid-mediated exclusion of DnaK-substrate complexes, that may then serve as a reservoir of , unfolded or partially unfolded proteins. It is anticipated that these findings will be the starting point of further studies aiming at characterizing the link between these polar DnaK-substrate complexes and functional processes involving protein unfolding, such as bacterial secretion
Blanvillain, Servane. "Etudes des récepteurs TonB-dépendants et d'un nouvel effecteur de type III de la bactérie phytopathogène Xanthomonas campestris pv. Campestris." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/103/.
Повний текст джерелаThe bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris (Xcc) causes black rot, a vascular disease on cruciferous plants including Arabidopsis thaliana. TonB-dependent receptors (TBDRs) are outer membrane proteins mainly known for the active transport of iron siderophore complexes in Gram-negative bacteria. Analysis of the Xcc genome predicts 72 TBDRs. Such an overrepresentation is common in Xanthomonas species but is limited to a small number of bacteria. Here, we show that only 9 Xcc TBDRs are likely to be involved in iron uptake. A genome context survey of the other TBDRs suggested that several Xcc TBDRs belong to loci potentially involved in the utilization of various plant carbohydrates, named CUT loci (Carbohydrate Utilization containing TBDR loci). We studied the sucrose CUT locus, which is required for full pathogenicity on Arabidopsis, and in which the TBDR transports sucrose with a very high affinity, suggesting that it might be a sucrose scavenger. We also focused on a CUT system constituted by two loci involved in xylan degradation and xylo-oligosacharide transport. We identified the transcriptional regulator of this system and characterized the plant inducing signals. The study of two other CUT loci, putatively involved in pectin utilization, was initiated. Finally, we noticed that several TBDRs/CUT loci are conserved in bacteria sharing the ability to degrade a wide variety of complex carbohydrates and displaying TBDR overrepresentation. .
Amir-Moazami, Omid. "La phospholipide scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) : un nouvel effecteur de la signalisation du récepteur de haute affinité aux immunoglobulines de type E." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066278.
Повний текст джерелаPichon, S. "Système de sécrétion de type IV et protéines à domaines ankyrines dans les interactions Wolbachia-arthropodes." Phd thesis, Université de Poitiers, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00551985.
Повний текст джерелаJaumouillé, Valentin. "Aspects cellulaires et moléculaires de la sécrétion d'IpaC, un effecteur et composé du translocateur du système de sécrétion de type III chez Shigella flexneri." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066318.
Повний текст джерелаCombier, Maud. "Étude des effecteurs de type RXLR de Plasmopara viticola pour la recherche de résistances durables au mildiou de la vigne." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ004/document.
Повний текст джерелаGrapevine downy mildew is caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola, which attacks the aerial non-lignified tissues affecting wine production. An alternative to the use of pesticides is the use of vine varieties with sustainable resistances. A programme aiming to create such varieties by crossing resistant species with the cultivated grapevine, Vitis vinifera, is ongoing. Within this program requiring the indentification of new resistance genes, which the project aims to do by (1) screening resistant vines with effectors stored in P. viticola, (2) performing a functional study of candidate effectors. The screening of resistant plants did not lead to the identification of any new major resistance factors. The functional study of effectors revealed a new family of effectors in P. viticola and led to the identification of two effectors Pv33, nuclear, and Pv47, associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, which induce plant defences
Berni, Benjamin. "Un effecteur trans-règne du système de sécrétion de type 6 est requis pour la sécrétion d’une nouvelle toxine antibactérienne chez Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0302.
Повний текст джерелаPseudomonas aeruginosa has evolved multiple strategies to disarm and take advantage of its host. Among this, the type VI secretion system (T6SS) is utilized to deliver effectors into eukaryotic host as well as target bacteria. It assembles into a contractile bacteriophage tail-like structure that functions like a crossbow, injecting an arrow loaded with effectors into the target cell. Here, we report the discovery of a novel pair of antibacterial effector and immunity of P. aeruginosa, Tle3 and Tli3. Tli3 neutralizes the toxicity of Tle3 in the periplasm to protect from fratricide intoxication. The characterization of the secretion mechanism of Tle3 indicates that it requires a cytoplasmic adaptor, Tla3, to be targeted and loaded onto the VgrG2b spike and thus delivered by the H2-T6SS machinery. Tla3 is different from the other adaptors discovered so far and defines a novel family among T6SS with a DUF2875. Interestingly, this led us to discover that VgrG2b that we previously characterized as an anti-eukaryotic effector possesses an antibacterial activity as well, as it is toxic towards Escherichia coli. Excitingly Tli3 can counteract VgrG2b toxicity. VgrG2b is thus a novel trans-kingdom effector targeting both bacteria and eukaryotes. VgrG2b represents an interesting target for fighting against P. aeruginosa in the environment and in the context of host infection
Szurek, Boris. "Caractérisation de la protéine effectrice AvrBs3 de xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria : Injection dans la cellule végétale et localisation nucléaire. Recherche des protéines de piment cibles." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INAP0051.
Повний текст джерелаRoux, Brice. "Etudes génétiques et moléculaires de la résistance d'Arabidopsis à la pourriture noire des brassicacées." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30247.
Повний текст джерелаBlack rot disease of Brassicaceae is caused by the colonization of plant vasculature by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc). This worldwide-distributed bacterium causes serious losses in brassica crops and also infects Arabidopsis. Despite of the economic importance of this disease, genetics and molecular bases of resistance to Xcc and vascular resistance in general is poorly understood. This topic was thus selected as my thesis project. Genetic approaches in Arabidopsis identified three genes (ZAR1, PBL2, RKS1) required for resistance to Xcc and the recognition of the Xcc type III effector XopAC. These three genes code for a canonical resistance protein of the NLR family and two kinases of the RLCK family, respectively. In collaboration with the group of J-M Zhou (Beijing), we uncovered the molecular mechanism of XopAC recognition: a preformed ZAR1-RKS1 resistance complex specifically recognizes PBL2 uridylylated by XopAC and triggers resistance to Xcc. In contrast to existing knowledge, the recognition specificity of the resistance complex is not conferred by the NLR but by the adaptor kinase RKS1. These results are the first description of the molecular mechanisms underlying Brassicaceae resistance to Xcc and pave the avenue for the rationale breeding of resistance in Brassica crops
Angot, Aurélie. "Caractérisation d’une famille d’effecteurs de type III de la bactérie phytopathogène Ralstonia solanacearum et identification de ses cibles végétales." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30159.
Повний текст джерелаRalstonia solanacearum type III effector candidate repertory contains a gene family coding for proteins designated GALA. The GALA proteins possess a protein structure characteristic of eukaryotic F-box proteins. F-box proteins are subunits of SCF complexes involved in protein ubiquitination; a process controlling eukaryotic cellular homeostasis. In the course of this work, we demonstrated that GALA proteins are genuine effectors, and that they collectively play a role in R. Solanacearum virulence. Within the family, we identified the first effector from this bacteria controlling virulence on a specific host. Our studies revealed that GALA effectors behave as plant F-box proteins and that they could mediate ubiquitination of target proteins in the host cell. A target has been identified. We identified for the first time a plant protein potentially involved in a signaling pathway controlling Bacterial wilt establishment. We propose a model for the molecular activity of GALA effectors
Teulet, Albin. "Caractérisation d’un processus symbiotique alternatif entre légumineuses et Bradyrhizobium impliquant le système de sécrétion de type 3 (T3SS) mais pas la synthèse de facteurs Nods." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG045.
Повний текст джерелаBradyrhizobia are soil bacteria able to establish a symbiotic interaction with a wide range oflegume species. This symbiosis leads to the formation of a new organ, the nodule, in which thebacteria can fix atmospheric dinitrogen for the plant’s benefit. This interaction largely depends onthe plant recognition of bacterial signal molecules, the Nod factors (NFs), that control the infectionand nodule organogenesis processes. Recently, it has been demonstrated that some nonphotosyntheticBradyrhizobium strains, such as B. elkanii USDA61 and Bradyrhizobium sp. ORS3257,are capable to nodulate some legumes (Glycine max, Aeschynomene indica) in the absence of NFsand that this capacity is due to their type III secretion system (T3SS). This discovery suggests thatsome effectors secreted by this secretory machinery, initially believed to solely play a role in thesuppression of plant immunity, can directly activate the nodulation by bypassing the early stages ofthe symbiotic signaling pathway activated by the NFs. The main objective of this thesis was toprogress in the understanding of the mechanisms involved in this novel NF-independent T3SSdependentinteraction using as model the interaction of the strain ORS3257 with the tropical legumeA. indica. It has been shown that this symbiotic process relies on a cocktail of at least 5 effectors thatplay distinct and synergistic roles in the processes of infection, nodule organogenesis andsuppression of the plant immune response. In particular, a novel nuclear effector, that we namedErnA for "Effector required for nodulation-A", is widely distributed in the Bradyrhizobium genus andwas identified as the main inducer of nodule organogenesis. In addition, we have conducted acomparative genomic analysis of 146 Bradyrhizobium genomes in order to better understand thedistribution of T3SS and the main effectors identified to date. This showed that the T3SS iswidespread in the Bradyrhizobium genus and shares a common evolutionary history with the nodgenes. This thesis work constitutes a first step in the understanding of the molecular mechanismsinvolved in this NF-independent T3SS-dependent nodulation and suggests that the T3SS ofbradyrhizobia could play a much larger symbiotic role than originally thought
Zhao, Shuai. "Studies on molecular typing and pathogenicity of Xanthomonas oryzae." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20043/document.
Повний текст джерелаBacterial leaf blight (BLB) and Bacterial leaf streak (BLS), caused respectively by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and X. oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), are two most important bacterial diseases on rice, constraining severely the rice yield in the rice-growing areas in Asia and in parts of Africa. Successful infection and bacterial multiplication in host tissue often depend on virulence factors from these bacteria including type Ⅲ secretion system (T3SS) and its substrates. In this thesis, we identified nine type Ⅲ secreted non-TAL (Transcription activator-like) effectors of Xoo Chinese strain 13751 using HR-inducing domain of avirulence protein AvrBs1 as the reporter, among them, XopAE13751 was first found experimentally to be non-TAL effector. Subsequently, through mutational analysis of these identified effector genes in Xoo, we showed non-TAL effector XopR13751 was found to be required for full virulence of Xoo Chinese strain in hybrid rice Teyou63. In parallel, we demonstrated that rsmA (repressor of secondary metabolism)-like gene rsmAXoo of Xoo Chinese strain 13751 positively regulated the expression of genes associated with virulence factors such as type Ⅲ secretion system, extracellular enzymes and diffusible signal factor (DSF). Furthermore, non-TAL effector gene xopO was found to be narrowly distributed in Xanthomonas, which was only present in X. euvesicatoria (Xe) and Xoc, but not in Xoo. Based on the consideration of two X. oryzae pathovars carrying two different infection ways, xopO was tested in host and tissue specificity by analysis of mutational analysis of the gene in Xoc and expression of the gene in Xoo. The results showed that xopO of Xoc did not function as a determinant in host and tissue specificity. Finally, we explored Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) as a fast, reliable and cost-effective molecular typing tool, to better monitoring epidemics and assess the population structure of Xoc strains. 28 candidate VNTR loci were predicted by screening of three Xoc genome sequences (Philippine strain BLS256, Chinese strain GX01 and Malian strain MAI10). Primer pairs for PCR amplification of all 28 loci were designed and applied to a panel of 20 Xoc strains originating from Asia and Africa. Sequencing of PCR amplicons revealed 25 robust and polymorphic VNTR loci which are shared among Asian and African strains of Xoc. A dendrogram was constructed from 25 VNTR loci-combinating data (MLVA-25), indicating that most Asian strains were clearly discriminated from African strains. However, in agreement with previous reports, one strain from Mali appeared to be related to Asian strains, pointing to a possible introduction of strains to the African continent. A detailed analysis of the evolutionary relationships among a larger set of Xoc strains from China will be presented, considering different spatial scales. In conclusion, a new VNTR-based tool useful for studies of population structures and epidemiological monitoring of Xoc was successfully established
Poueymiro, Marie. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle des effecteurs de type III de Ralstonia solanacearum : AvrA et PopP1, délimitant le spectre d'hôte et RipTPS, synthétisant une molécule signal chez les plantes." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1111/.
Повний текст джерелаThe plant pathogenic bacterium R. Solanacearum is the causal agent of bacterial wilt. The type III effector proteins that are delivered by the bacteria into plant cells manipulate the host cell physiology in a way that favors bacterial multiplication, but recognition of these effectors by the plant immune system can also lead to resistance against the pathogen. We have identified two effectors, AvrA and PopP1, which determine host specificity of strain GMI1000 on three tobacco species. We have also demonstrated that an effector, called RipTPS (Ralstonia injected protein TPS), possesses a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) activity. Since trehalose-6-phosphate is a key signal molecule controlling sugar metabolism in plants, it is hypothesized that RipTPS specifically alters the plant cell metabolism during infection
Canonne, Joanne. "Régulation d'AtMYB30, un facteur de transcription d'arabidopsis thaliana impliqué dans la défence : de la cellule végétale aux effecteurs bactériens." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOU30332.
Повний текст джерелаThe activation of plant defence mechanisms is a costly process for the plant that needs to be tightly regulated. In this context, a precise control of transcriptional regulation appears to be essential during pathogen attack. AtMYB30, an Arabidopsis thaliana MYB transcription factor, acts as a positive regulator of hypersensitive cell death, a form of resistance set up by the plant in response to pathogens. Our results show that AtMYB30 activity is subject to many regulatory processes coming from both the plant cell and the extracellular environment, through microbial effectors. Particularly, our data showed that a secreted phospholipase A2, AtsPLA2-a, is relocalized to the plant cell nucleus where it interacts with AtMYB30. AtsPLA2-a exerts a spatio-temporal control on AtMYB30 activity, thus limiting the extent of cell death. MIP1, an Arabidopsis putative ubiquitin ligase, is a negative regulator of AtMYB30 activity. MIP1 is thought to ubiquitinate AtMYB30, leading to its degradation. Finally, XopD, a type III effector from the phytopathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris, directly targets AtMYB30 to inhibit its activity. These results illustrate an original strategy developed by Xanthomonas to modulate the host transcriptome through direct suppression of the activity of a transcription factor essential for plant defence. Together, our data highlight the fine tuning of AtMYB30 activity for a necessary attenuation of plant cell death responses associated with resistance, a feature that may be exploited by pathogenic microorganisms. The future characterization of other AtMYB30 partners, both plant and microbial, should uncover additional mechanisms for AtMYB30 regulation. The results obtained during my PhD provide a first step for the future identification of molecular and biochemical mechanisms enabling plants to control microbial invasion and cell death responses leading to resistance
Remigi, Philippe. "Évolution et fonction de la famille d'effecteurs de type III gala de la bactérie phytopathogène ralstonia solanacearum." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1585/.
Повний текст джерелаThe plant pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum possesses a large repertoire of type III effectors, among which a family of seven proteins called GALAs. GALAs are collectively required for the virulence of R. Solanacearum on different host plants. Interestingly, GALAs are homologous to plant F-box proteins which are involved in the eukaryotic ubiquitine-proteasome system. Thus GALAs could enable R. Solanacearum to manipulate the stability of some plant proteins during infection. Through this work, we demonstrated that the GALA family members underwent functional divergence during evolution. Integrating bioinformatics studies along with experimental data, we showed that GALA proteins display functional specificities and show differential requirement for pathogenicity on different hosts. This functional divergence likely contributed to the remarkable conservation of the GALA family among R. Solanacearum strains. We then analyzed more specifically the virulence function of GALA7 which had been shown to be a host specificity factor on Medicago truncatula. A structure-function analysis was initiated in order to identify the amino-acids which are required for GALA7 function during infection. Using transgenic plants expressing GALA7, we showed that this effector is probably an active E3-ubiquitine ligase enzyme within plant cells. Finally, using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified several putative GALA interactors. Our work thus provides new insights into the selective forces driving the evolution of type III effectors and contributes to a better understanding of GALA functions during infection
Guinard, Jérémy. "Dynamique évolutive de Ralstonia solanacearum en réponse aux pressions de sélection de l'aubergine résistante : approche populationnelle, de génétique évolutive et fonctionnelle de la durabilité de la résistance." Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0032/document.
Повний текст джерелаRalstonia Solanacearum is a soilborn beta-proteobacterium responsible of bacterial wilt on Solanaceaous crops. This bacterium is considered as one of the most harmful plant disease worldwide. This bacterium possesses the ability to infect more than 250 different species, including crops with major economic importance (tomato, potato, tobacco, eucalyptus…). R. solanacearum is divided into four phylotypes originated from different areas: I (Asian), IIA and IIB (American), III (African), IV (Indonesian). Among these phylotype, phylotype I is currently in demographic expansion, is highly recombinogenic and has a wide hosts range. Thus, altogether, these characteristics demonstrated that this phylotype has a high evolutionary potential (sensu McDonald and Linde, 2002). In order to control this bacterium, genetic plant resistance seems to be the most promising method. This method consists in using cultivars with different source of resistance such as resistance genes and/or resistant QTLs. The AG91-25 (E6), an eggplant cultivar possessing a major resistance gene (ERs1), is capable to control some of phylotype I strains of R. solanacearum. However, in order to optimize the management of this resistance and to avoid its fast breakdown, we need to deeply investigate the durability of this resistant gene. Durability can be estimated by studying the evolutionary potential of our pathogen faced to E6 source of resistance and by understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between the host (R gene) and its pathogene (Type III Effector – T3E). In order to study R. solanacearum evolutionary dynamics under selective pressure from E6 resistant cultivar, we set up an experimental evolution trial in the field. This trial consisted of three couples of resistant (E6) and susceptible eggplants (E8) microplots, implanted twice a year during three years, hence consisting of 5 cycles. A Multi-Locus VNTR Analysis (MLVA) scheme, consisting of 8 minisatellite loci, was developed in order to characterize the strains extracted from these crop cycles. These VNTRs were specific to R. solanacearum phylotype I strains, they were highly polymorphic and discriminatory at different scale: globally, regionally and locally.Our results showed no breakdown of E6 resistance by R. solanacearum populations, which confirms that this resistance is durable. It seemed that this cultivar reduced the soil bacterial population, preventing bacterial population to infest the resistant host. At the same time, 100% of the E8 plants have died, starting at cycle 2. Bacterial wilt seemed to spread with a “plant-to-plant” dynamics within each microplot. Genetic diversity reduction was also observed during the successive cycle of susceptible eggplant, associated with the increase of frequency of two main haplotypes. However, we failed to identify a clear genetic structuration, neither at the plot scale nor at the microplot scale. Nevertheless, isolation-by-distance data seemed to show that a spatial structure is currently establishing. Altogether, our results suggested that our plot populations appeared to have a clonal epidemic structure.We also looked into 10 T3Es' involvement in the interaction between R. solanacearum and the resistant eggplant (E6). Their distribution was completely different within a collection of phylogenetically diverse strains (91 strains): ripAJ and ripE1 are the most shared T3Es whereas ripP1 and ripP2 were the less common T3E whithin our collection of strains. Some T3Es showed few (ripAJ) or no length polymorphism at all (ripE1 and ripP2) whereas some other (ripAU) are extremely polymorphic. Nevertheless, the T3E effector repertoire did not seemed to be correlated to a specific phenotype on E6 eggplant. Its recognition by E6 seemed to occur in the hypocotyle region rather than in the mesophyll, highlighting a possible organ-specificity of the interaction between ERs1 and ripAX2
Kyriakopoulou, Anthoula. "Elaboration de ressources électroniques pour les noms composés de type N (E+DET=G) N=G du grec moderne." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00666189.
Повний текст джерелаImbert, Paul. "Multi-targeting of the innate immune system by Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing bacterial effectors and the consequences in bacterial immune-evasion." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1226.
Повний текст джерелаIn higher eukaryotes, the innate immune system provides the first line of defense against invading pathogens. The Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain is an essential component of the innate immune system. This domain is present in Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and associated adaptor proteins such as MyD88 and TIRAP. Pathogen detection requires interaction between the TIR domains, which initiates and triggers propagation of TLR signaling. However, many pathogens produce a TIR domain-containing protein such as BtpA and BtpB in Brucella abortus, TirS in Staphylococcus aureus or TcpC in the uropathogenic strain Escherichia coli. These effectors block TLR signaling and are able to disrupt innate immune response during infection. However, the molecular mechanisms involved remain mostly uncharacterized and in some cases controversial. The objective of this thesis was to study bacterial effectors containing a TIR domain particularly at the molecular level. For this, we focused on Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA7, an atypical multi-drug resistant strain that contains an effector with a TIR domain that we named PumA, for Pseudomonas UBAP1 Modulator A. In addition, during these four years of thesis work I also participated in the characterization of two other effectors with a TIR domain: BtpB in B. abortus and TirS in S. aureus.We found that PumA is essential for virulence of P. aeruginosa PA7 and its TIR domain is the key element for interaction with two adaptor proteins MyD88 and TIRAP. During infection of lung epithelial cells by P. aeruginosa PA7, PumA is responsible for controlling the translocation of NF-?B into the nucleus indicative of activation of this transcription factor. In addition, production of PumA by a TIR-deficient strain of P. aeruginosa confers to this bacterium a new immuno-modulation property. Furthermore, PumA targets ubiquitin-associated protein 1 (UBAP1), a protein of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport I (ESCRT-I) which has recently been shown to modulate cytokine receptor activation. Our results also show that UBAP1 can associated with TIRAP and MyD88, causing movement of MyD88 to the cytoplasmic membrane and suggesting a new cellular pathway between UBAP1 and TLRs. In summary, our data reveal UBAP1 as a novel target for bacterial effectors implicated in control of host immune responses
Cunnac, Sébastien. "Identification à l'échelle génomique des effecteurs dépendant du système de sécrétion de type III de la bactérie phytopathogène Ralstonia solanacearum." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30197.
Повний текст джерелаRalstonia solanacearum is the causal agent of bacterial wilt disease. Hrp genes encode a type III protein secretion apparatus that allows virulence effectors injection into the host plant cell. The regulatory gene hrpB controls expression of the structural components of the secretion machinery as well as its substrates. Characterization of the mode of action of HrpB allowed the definition of the hrpII box, a conserved cis-operator motif required for activity of the promoters belonging to this regulon. A search for this motif on R. Solanacearum GMI1000 genome sequence produced a list of 114 candidate genes. The next step involved the functional analysis of a group of these candidate genes : 48 of them were shown to belong to the hrpB regulon. Nine brg (hrpB-regulated genes) are homologous to known type III effectors from other plant pathogenic bacteria. The remaining 31 brg encode unknown or hypothetical proteins harbouring a putative type III-translocation signal. Hrp-dependent translocation into plant cells was confirmed for five candidate proteins. Only a few of the insertion mutants generated displayed an altered virulence when tested onto two host species. Finally, we identified and characterized the avrA gene which is necessary for elicitation of the hypersensitive response on some Nicotiana species. Altogether, these data suggest that R. Solanacearum genome contains a large type III effector repertory (50 to 70). Understanding their relative contribution to R. Solanacearum pathogenicity will await future elucidation of their molecular activity on the plant cell metabolism
Bernoux, Maud. "Identification et caractérisation d'une protéase à cystéine d'Arabidopsis impliquée dans l'établissement de la résistance à la bactérie phytopathogène Ralstonia solanacearum." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/216/.
Повний текст джерелаBacterial wilt caused by the phytopathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most important plant diseases worldwide. The RRS1-R gene (Résistance to Ralstonia solanacearum) confers broad spectrum resistance to several strains of this pathogen. It encodes an atypical resistance protein which combines the TIR-NBS-LRR domains found in several R proteins and a WRKY motif characteristic of some plant transcriptional factors. PopP2, a Ralstonia solanacearum type III effector which belongs to the YopJ/AvrRxv protein family, is the avirulence protein recognized by RRS1-R. Both partners can physically interact in the plant nucleus. Nevertheless, this physical interaction doesn't exclude the role of other plant components in the activation of resistance. According to the "guard model", avirulence proteins are virulence factors which manipulate plant proteins to favour microbial development. Resistance proteins would then act as guards of modified plant targets and activate resistance. In this context, search for PopP2 interactors has been initiated by a Yeast-2-Hybrid screening of an Arabidopsis cDNA library. Among several candidates, we identified and characterized RD19, a papain-like Cysteine protease. Using a reverse genetic approach, we showed that RD19 is involved in the establishment of resistance of A. Thaliana to R. Solanacearum. Transient expression in N. Benthamiana showed that, when fused to the fluorescent protein YFP (Yellow Fluorescent Protein), RD19 is detected in small mobile compartments targeted to the vacuole. Interestingly, when coexpressed with PopP2, RD19 is also detected in plant nuclei. .
Siamer, Sabrina. "Étude de la toxicité de DspA, protéine essentielle au pouvoir pathogène d’Erwinia amylovora, chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112025.
Повний текст джерелаErwinia amylovora is the causative agent of fire blight of Spiraeoideae (apple, pear, pyracantha), a disease characterized by the apparition of necrotic symptoms on infected tissues. The pathogenicity of E. amylovora relies on a functional type III secretion system (T3SS) that allows secretion and injection of effector proteins into the host plant cell. Among these effector proteins injected by the T3SS of E. amylovora, DspA is essential to the bacteria disease process since a dspA mutant is nonpathogenic on plants (Gaudriault et al., 1997). DspA has a dual role; on the one hand dspA expression is sufficient to induce cell death on plants and toxicity on yeast, on the other hand, DspA is involved on suppression of defense reactions like callose deposition (Degrave et al., 2008; Boureau et al., 2006; Oh et al., 2007; DebRoy et al., 2004). DspA belongs to the AvrE familly of type III effectors which are widespread on phytopathogenic bacteria and likely possess a similar function. However, the structure and function of DspA remain unknown. In the first part of my thesis, I attempted to characterize domains or motifs important for the function of DspA. We performed an in silico and a functional analysis of the DspA protein. In silico analysis predicted a bêta-propeller domain in DspA and all the analysed effectors. In the second part of my thesis, I analysed the mechanism of function of DspA in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Results showed that expression of dspA in yeast inhibits cell growth and alters the actin cytoskeleton and endocytosis. Screening of the Euroscarf library for mutants resistant to DspA induced toxicity revealed that mutants impaired in the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway are the best suppressors. Based on this results, I attempted to determine the role of sphingolipids in the toxicity induced by DspA. Results showed that DspA inhibits indirectly the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway via the negative regulators, Orm proteins
Lo, Modou Moustapha. "Characterisation of the immune modulatory effect of wild type Rift Valley fever virus strains." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-ADCE-F.
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