Статті в журналах: "Effect of herbicides on"

1

Georgiev, Mitko, Antonia Stoyanova, Velika Kuneva, Grozi Delchev, Rodica Sturzu, Cristina Meluca, and Jeni Mădălina Cojocaru. "Study on the Action of Foliar Herbicides and Herbicide Combinations for Control of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Weeds." Romanian Agricultural Research 37 (2020): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.59665/rar3724.

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The action of some foliar herbicides and herbicide combinations for control of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) weeds was studied. To that end against the background of soil applied Stomp 330EK New at a dose of 5 l/ha the herbicides Axial 050EK, Granstar 75DF, Derby Super WG, Sekator OD, Lintur 70WG, and the tank mixtures of Axial with the other herbicides applied in the tillering phenophase of the crop were studied. The species composition and density of weeds was assessed using the quantitative method prior to treatment and after herbicide treatment on days 5, 15 and 30, by constant metering. The herbicide Lintur 70WG and its combination with Axial 050EK had the fastest initial effect. The highest herbicidal effect (99.5%) against annual monocotyledon and dicotyledon weeds showed the combination of Derby Super WG 33 g/ha + Axial 050EK - 900 ml/ha. Very good was the effect of the other herbicidal mixtures between anti-broadleaf herbicides and the graminaceous herbicide Axial 050. All applied herbicides and herbicide mixtures showed a very good after-action on weeds.

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Hasrin, Nur Syahiidah Aqilah, Nor’aishah Abu Shah, Nur Nadia Dzulkifli, Is Fatimah, and Sheikh Ahmad Izaddin Sheikh Mohd Ghazali. "The Effect of Conventional and Nanoformulation Herbicide on Sphagneticola Trilobata." Trends in Sciences 20, no. 12 (September 3, 2023): 6942. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2023.6942.

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The conventional herbicide 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) provide substantial risk to the environment such as contamination of soil and groundwater. The overuse application of conventional herbicide can leave harmful residues in soil and be washed off as runoff, thus causes toxic effect to nontarget organism. For instance, MCPA can cause toxicity to the freshwater organisms such as Daphnia magna and alga Selenastrum capricornutum. Zinc oxide as nanomaterials that are intercalated with 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (ZMCPA) herbicide may be useful to resolve the problems associated with MCPA. Nanoherbicide are known to provide a better penetration of active substances hence reduces the amount of herbicide to be applied. The nanostructured herbicide such as ZMCPA could substantially replace the conventional herbicide MCPA if it able to kill the targeted weeds efficiently and have a low risk to the environment. Therefore, it is important to compare the differences of herbicidal activity of MCPA and ZMCPA. The objective of this research is to determine the effects of MCPA and ZMCPA on growth and pigment content of Sphagneticola trilobata. The 2nd objective of this research is to measure the physiological effect and effectiveness of herbicidal activity between the conventional and nanoformulation against Sphagneticola trilobata. The preliminary study was conducted to determine a minimal concentration for MCPA to exert its effect on Sphagneticola trilobata. Then, in the main research, Sphagneticola trilobata was exposed to different concentrations of MCPA and ZMCPA in low, medium and high concentrations. The effect of MCPA and ZMCPA on growth and pigment content of Sphagneticola trilobata was observed at 7, 14 and 21 days, respectively. The results indicated there were no obvious differences in plant growth and pigment content observed between treatment of MCPA and ZMCPA at the same exposure concentration at 7, 14 and 21 days, respectively. MCPA showed higher herbicide efficacy than ZMCPA. HIGHLIGHTS Nanoherbicide Development: The intercalation of zinc layered hydroxide (ZLH) with MCPA resulted in ZMCPA, a nanoherbicide with improved delivery and penetration capabilities compared to conventional herbicides. Potential Replacement for Conventional Herbicides: Nanostructured herbicides like ZMCPA have the potential to replace conventional herbicides like MCPA due to their numerous benefits in addressing issues associated with traditional herbicides. Comparable Herbicidal Effectiveness: The study evaluated the herbicidal activity of MCPA and ZMCPA on Sphagneticola trilobata and found that both formulations inhibited the growth of the weed to a similar extent after 7, 14, and 21 days, indicating comparable efficacy between the conventional and nanoformulation herbicides. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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Milosevic, Nada, and Mitar Govedarica. "Effect of herbicides on microbiological properties of soil." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 102 (2002): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn0201005m.

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Microorganisms decompose herbicides and they may serve as bioindicators of soil changes following herbicide application. Certain microbial species may be used as bioherbicides. This study has shown that Azotobacter is most sensitive to herbicide application; it is, therefore, a reliable indicator of the biological value of soil. The numbers of this group of nitrogen-fixing bacteria decrease considerably in the period of 7-14 days after herbicide application. Simultaneously, the numbers of Actinomycetes and less so of fungi increase, indicating that these microorganisms use herbicides as sources of biogenous elements. Rate of herbicidal decomposition depends on the properties of the preparation applied herbicide dose as well as on the physical and chemical soil properties, soil moisture and temperature, ground cover, agrotechnical measures applied and the resident microbial population.

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Petrova, Sofia, Stanislav Stamatov, and Blagoy Andonov. "Study of the effect of different herbicides and herbicidal combinations on weed flora and chickpea yield." Agricultural Sciences 14, no. 32 (March 18, 2022): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22620/agrisci.2022.32.005.

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Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the third most important grain legume crop in the world and the first important legume in the South and West Asia. For Bulgaria the chickpea is an old traditional crop used mainly for human consumption and to a lesser extent for feed. One of the most important yield limiting factors in the chickpea seed production is the poor weed management. The establishment of the most appropriate herbicide or herbicide combination for the effective control especially of the weed flora is a priority task of the chickpea cultivation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different herbicides and herbicidal combinations on weed flora and on the chickpea yield. The herbicides and herbicidal combinations were tested in nine treatments plus one weedy check control. All herbicides were used in pre-emergence applications at different doses. During the study the predominated weeds were Amaranthus retroflexus L. (redroot pigweed) and Convolvulus arvensis L. (field bindweed). Generally, all tested herbicidal combinations showed good control on the mixed weed flora and the grain yield was high. Three herbicidal combinations had the best effect on weed numbers and grain yield compared to the weed check: Clomazone -15 ml/da + S-metolachlor - 120 ml/da; Clomazone - 30 ml/da + S-metolachlor - 60 ml/da and Clomazone - 15 ml/da + Pendimethalin - 500 ml/da. Most of the studied herbicides and herbicidal combinations were tolerant, non-suppressive and showed a high positive effect on the chickpea yield.

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Lobachev, Yuriy Viktorovich, and Valeriy Tikonovich Krasilnikov. "The effect of new tank mixtures and herbicide compositions on economically useful indicators of soy." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 2 (February 19, 2020): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2020i2pp16-23.

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The method of two-way analysis of variance in three field experiments in the conditions of the Right Bank of the Saratov Region studied the effect of four herbicides, two new tank mixtures and two new herbicide compositions on grain yield, number of plants per square meter, number of beans per plant, number of grains per plant, plant mass, the mass of beans from the plant, the mass of grain from the plant, the mass of 1000 grains, the protein content in the grain, the height of the plant, the height of attachment of the lower bean. The effectiveness of the herbicides was as follows: frontier optima - 72.5%, pulsar - 26.5%, gezagard - 71.2%, galaxy top - 11.7%, tank mixture frontier optima + gezagard - 86.4%, tank mixture pulsar + galaxy top - 23.0%, composition frontier optima + galaxy top - 73.8%, and composition gezagard + galaxy top - 85.1%. It was established a significant advantage in grain yield of only one new tank mixture of herbicides frontier optima + gezagard and two new compositions of herbicides frontier optima + galaxy top and gezagard + galaxy top. In the case of application of a tank mixture of herbicides, the frontier optima + hezagard yields of soybean grain significantly increased compared with the control by 377.0%, compared with herbicides the frontier optima and hezagard - by 154.0%. After the application of the herbicidal composition, the frontier optima + galaxi top soybean grain yield significantly increased compared with the control by 293.3%, compared with the herbicide frontier optima - by 120.1%, compared with the herbicide galaxy top - by 139.3%. After application of the hezagard + galaxy top herbicide composition, the soybean grain yield significantly increased compared with the control by 294.3%, compared with the hezagard herbicide - by 121.7%, compared with the galaxy top herbicide - by 141.1%.

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Samadi Kalkhoran, Elham, Mohammad Taghi Alebrahim, Hamid Reza Mohammaddoust Chamn Abad, Jens Carl Streibig, Akbar Ghavidel, and Te-Ming Paul Tseng. "The Survival Response of Earthworm (Eisenia fetida L.) to Individual and Binary Mixtures of Herbicides." Toxics 10, no. 6 (June 12, 2022): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10060320.

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Frequent use of herbicides may impose a risk on non-target species. The objective was to test the combined toxic effect of binary herbicide mixtures—metribuzin:halosulfuron and metribuzin:flumioxazin—on non-target earthworms in two test systems: filter paper and a soil toxicity test system. The joint action experiments were independently run twice to substantiate the findings. The most potent individual herbicide was metribuzin, with a 50% lethal concentration (LC50) of 17.17 µg ai. cm−2 at 48 h in the filter paper test. The toxicity of the individual herbicides on the filter paper test was ranked as metribuzin>halosulfuron>flumioxazin. In the soil test, metribuzin and halosulfuron had high toxicity with an LC50 of 8.48 and 10.08 mg ai. kg−1, respectively, on day 14. Thus, the individual herbicide ranking did not change between the filter paper and artificial soil tests. The herbicide’s mixed effect in both test systems showed a consistent antagonistic effect relative to a Concentration Addition reference model. It indicates that the mixtures retracted the herbicide’s action in the earthworms.

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Swanson, Bert T., and James B. Calkins. "Weed Control Strategies for Field- and Container-grown Herbaceous Perennials." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 894E—894. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.894e.

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Fourteen herbicides or herbicide combinations, a wood chip mulch, a chipped rubber tire mulch, and a newspaper mulch were evaluated for weed control efficacy and potential phytotoxicity using 12 species of herbaceous perennials under field-growing conditions. Nineteen herbicides or herbicide combinations were similarly evaluated under container-growing conditions using 11 species of herbaceous perennials. The effect of herbicide application time also was monitored through application of herbicides to dormant and actively growing plants. Herbicides and mulch treatments were compared to weeded and nonweeded controls. Herbicide phytotoxicity effects were dependent on the age and species of the herbaceous perennial and herbicide application timing. Herbicide injury was generally greater for newly established plants compared to established plants. Although injury was usually reduced when herbicides were applied to dormant plants, injury was sometimes greater when herbicides were applied in early spring compared to applications made in late spring after complete herbaceous perennial emergence. This effect resulted in injury to young shoots that had emerged before the earliest possible time that herbicides could be applied in early spring. A wood chip mulch provided the most effective weed control and highest quality plants under field growing conditions. Several of the herbicides evaluated demonstrated potential for weed control in both field and container herbaceous perennial production systems and landscape plantings.

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Furquim, Lucas Tadeu, Patricia Andrea Monquero, and Rafael Pires Silva. "EFEITO DE HERBICIDAS NO CRESCIMENTO INICIAL DO SORGO SACARINO." Nativa 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v7i1.6441.

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A presença de plantas daninhas pode reduzir severamente o rendimento do sorgo sacarino (Sorghum bicolor), e em função do reduzido número de herbicidas registrados, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de herbicidas no crescimento inicial dessa cultura. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições, sendo o haloxyfop-methyl, cyhalofop-butil, fomesafem, imazaquim, lactofen, atrazine, 2,4-D e saflufenacil aplicados em diferentes doses em pós-emergência inicial da cultura e os herbicidas atrazine, atrazine+simazine, hexazinone e s-metolachlor em pré-emergência da cultura. As avaliações de fitointoxicação foram realizadas aos 7, 14, 21 e 30 dias após a aplicação (DAT) e a biomassa seca da parte aérea avaliada aos 30 DAT. Em pós-emergência, os herbicidas haloxyfop-methyl e imazaquim provocaram alta fitointoxicação e impactos na biomassa das plantas. 2,4-D e atrazine não provocaram diferenças significativas com relação à testemunha tanto em fitointoxicação como na biomassa. O herbicida lactofen provocou baixa fitointoxicação, todavia, saflufenacil e fomesafen promoveram fitointoxicação na dose comercial próximo a 40% e alterações na biomassa. Dos herbicidas utilizados em pré-emergência, apenas hexazinone e s-metolachlor demonstraram fitointoxicação e alterações na biomassa. Conclui-se que os herbicidas atrazine, lactofen e 2,4-D podem ser utilizados em aplicações em pós-emergência, e atrazine e atrazine+simazine em pré-emergência.Palavras-chave: fitointoxicação, Sorghum bicolor, pré-emergente, pós-emergente. EFFECT OF HERBICIDES ON THE INITIAL GROWTH OF SWEET SORGHUM ABSTRACT: The presence of weeds may severely reduce yield of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), and due to the reduced number of herbicides registered, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of herbicides on the initial growth of this crop. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replicate, being, the herbicides haloxyfop-methyl, cyhalofop-butyl, fomesafem, imazaquim, lactofen, atrazine, 2,4-D and saflufenacil were applied at different initial post-emergence rates and herbicides atrazine, atrazine + simazine, hexazinone and s- metolachlor in pre-emergence of the culture. The phytointoxication evaluations were performed at 7, 14, 21 and 30 days after application (DAT) and the dry biomass of the aerial part evaluated at 30 DAT. In post-emergence, the herbicides haloxyfop-methyl and imazaquim caused high phytointoxication and impacts on plant biomass. 2,4-D and atrazine did not cause significant differences in relation to the control in both phytointoxication and biomass. The herbicide lactofen caused low phytointoxication, however, saflufenacil and fomesafen promoted phytointoxication at commercial dose close to 40% and changes in biomass. Of the herbicides used in pre-emergence, only hexazinone and s-metolachlor demonstrated phytointoxication and changes in biomass. It is concluded that the herbicides atrazine, lactofen and 2,4-D can be used in post-emergence applications, and pre-emergence atrazine and atrazine + simazine.Keywords: phytointoxication, Sorghum bicolor, pre-emergent, post-emergent.

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Kurniadie, Denny, Uum Umiyati, Ryan Widianto, and Hisashi Kato-Noguchi. "Effect of Chitosan Molecules on Paraquat Herbicidal Efficacy under Simulated Rainfall Conditions." Agronomy 12, no. 7 (July 13, 2022): 1666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071666.

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Unexpected rainfall before herbicide absorption by plants can wash away herbicides from plant tissue surfaces, which may reduce the herbicidal efficacy and increase the adverse effects on nontarget organisms and the environment, including water networks. The objective of this study was the evaluation of the effect of chitosan on paraquat efficacy under simulated rainfall conditions. Simulated rainfall within 3 h after paraquat application decreased its herbicidal efficacy. A mixture of paraquat (280 g a.i./ha) and chitosan (0.05% w/v) significantly increased the herbicidal efficacy against Ageratum conyzoides L. (21% increase), Borreria alata Aubl. (15%) and Paspalum conjugatum Bergius (8%) under the rainfall conditions. The chemical structure of chitosan may contribute to the penetration of paraquat into plant tissues. However, a mixture of paraquat and chitosan did not affect the herbicidal efficacy against Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. The morphological characteristics of I. cylindrica may interfere with the enhancement effect of chitosan. Chitosan is a degradable, nontoxic and easily available and low-cost material made from crustacean shells. These results suggest that chitosan may increase paraquat efficacy against some noxious weed species under rainfall conditions, which may reduce the risk of paraquat contamination into the environment. Therefore, the application of herbicides with chitosan may provide the economic and environmental benefits. Chitosan may enhance the efficacy of other herbicides under unexpected rainfall conditions; however, this possibility requires further investigation.

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Parshad, Jagdish, Dharam Bir Yadav, Satbir Singh Punia, Kuldeep Singh, and Baljeet Singh. "Assessment of soil micro flora in rice-wheat cropping system through continuous and rotational herbicide applications." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 17, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 455–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/17.2/455-461.

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A long term experiment was conducted at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Uchani (Karnal), India. Assessment of fix and rotational herbicides with and without green manure on the microbial population were studied in wheat crop during 2017-18. The treatments included fix/continuous herbicide (Clodinafop) and rotational herbicide (Sulfosulfuron) to control weeds along with weed free and weedy checks. Rhizosphere samples of wheat were collected from different plots of fixed and rotational herbicides treated soil to assess the total bacterial count, phosphate solubilizing microorganisms, actinobacteria, fungi and free-living diazotrophs. Weed free and weedy check served as check (control) for total microbial populations in the soil. Initially, herbicidal application showed negative effect on the soil microbes but retain the number later on as compared to weedy check under both conditions. But the effects of the herbicides on the micro flora in soil could be nullified through green manure.

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Kravchenko, Nelly, Elena Nefedeva, Anastasia Timofeeva, Victoria Pleskacheva, and Sergey Belopukhov. "The effect of a new multicomponent herbicide based on phenylcarbamates on sugar beet plants." АгроЭкоИнфо 3, no. 63 (June 30, 2024): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/202143318.

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The use of chemical herbicides to control weeds is part of the growing process for most major crops. However, if applied regularly, they can lead to contamination of soil and groundwater, as well as accumulation of residues in crops and the emergence of resistant weed populations. In this regard, it is important to develop environmentally friendly chemical herbicides with new mechanisms of action. Natural phytotoxins of plant or microbial origin can serve as prototypes of active substances. The article discusses the following aspects: 1) the relevance of the topic of the impact of herbicides on the environment and their phytotoxicity; 2) information on the compositions of herbicides and their impact on the environment; 3) technology for the production of multicomponent herbicides and its improvement; 4) experimental determination of the effectiveness of the herbicide being developed. The work examines three types of herbicides: Bifor 22 (taken as a reference), Crucifer, and a new experimental herbicide. Test samples of beets and weeds were treated with the studied herbicides, 3 samples each. Then the chlorophyll content in each of the samples was determined, taking into account the ratio of shoot masses, humidity and the dry mass ratio of the test samples. The chlorophyll content is minimal in samples treated with crucifer - about 7 rel. units, but maximum in samples treated with the developed herbicide - 10 rel. units. The obtained high value of such an indicator as the chlorophyll content confirms the safety of using the developed herbicide in agriculture. Based on the results of the experiments, the positive effect of using the new developed multicomponent herbicide was proven and the prospects for its use were determined. Keywords: MULTICOMPONENT HERBICIDES, HERBICIDES, PHYTOTOXICITY

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Zarzecka, Krystyna, Marek Gugała, Iwona Mystkowska, and Anna Sikorska. "Changes in dry weight and starch content in potato under the effect of herbicides and biostimulants." Plant, Soil and Environment 67, No. 4 (March 30, 2021): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/622/2020-pse.

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The aim of the study was to determine the interaction of herbicides and herbicides with biostimulants on the accumulation of dry matter and starch in potato tubers. In a three-year field experiment based on the method of randomised sub-blocks, two factors were taken into account. The first factor were potato cultivars: Bartek, Gawin, Honorata. The second factor were five methods of herbicides and biostimulants application: (1) the control object without chemical protection (CO); (2) herbicide linuron + clomazone (Harrier 295 ZC) (H); (3) herbicide linuron + clomazone (Harrier 295 ZC) and biostimulant Ecklonia maxima (Kelpak SL) – (H + K); (4) herbicide metribuzin (Sencor 70 WG) – (S); (5) herbicide metribuzin (Sencor 70 WG) and biostimulant sodium para-nitrophenol, sodium ortho-nitrophenol, sodium 5-nitroguaiacol (Asahi SL) – (S + A). The cultivars and weather conditions significantly affected the content and yields of dry matter and starch. The herbicides and biostimulants used determined the starch accumulation as well as dry matter and starch yields. Most starch in tubers (more by 3.7 g/kg) and the highest dry matter and starch yields (more by 2.87 and 1.79 t/ha, respectively), compared to the control object, were obtained after the application of the herbicide Sencor 70 WG and biostimulant Asahi SL.

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B, Saleh, Jibrin S. A., Y. B. Kajidu, and M. S. Gargo. "A Review on the Effects of Residual Herbicides on Soil Microorganisms." Arid-zone Journal of Basic & Applied Research 1, no. 5 (October 15, 2022): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55639/607.2333.

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Herbicides are chemical preparations intended to destroy plants, especially weeds, or to obstruct their growth. After field application, herbicides not only control targeted weeds, but may also have possible lingering effects in the soil, and provide significant exposure of microorganisms to the herbicides. Microorganisms play important role in maintaining soil structure and fertility. Results of different studies show that herbicide application resulted in the reduction of some microbial species, e.g., Proteus spp., and Actinomycetes spp. Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. these are the microorganisms which were delicate to herbicidal treatment. Significant reductions in fungal activity in both artificial and natural environments as a result of herbicidal treatment were up to 4 times; thus, indicating a positive correlation between growth stoppage and application of the weedicide. Herbicides applied at higher doses are persistent in the soil and harm soil microorganisms. Herbicides such as Paraquat, glyphosate, and atrazine, reduce dehydrogenase activities of the soil. Most herbicides applied to the soil remain in the topmost layer of the soil where the higher concentration of soil microorganisms exist.

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Dear, BS, GA Sandral, and NE Coombes. "Change in stomatal resistance and water use in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in response to broadleaf herbicides." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 4 (1996): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960625.

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The effect of 5 broadleaf herbicides on the water use and stomatal resistance of 2 cultivars of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) was examined in a glasshouse study. The herbicide treatments 2,4-DB, MCPA, bromoxynil, MCPA+terbutryn, and MCPA+diuron were applied at 6 rates at 2 times (14 May, 14 June) to plants at 2 leaf stages (3-4 and 8-10 leaves). Each of the herbicides reduced water use by the clover within 24 h, the size of the reduction increasing with the rate of herbicide applied. The herbicide treatments MCPA+terbutryn, MCPA+diuron, and bromoxynil caused the largest reductions (44-52%) in total water use over the 30-day period when applied at the recommended rate, and MCPA and 2,4-DB the least reduction (16-22%). Stomatal resistance increased substantially within 2 days of application of each of the herbicides. The magnitude of the change differed with herbicide and increased with herbicide rate. The effect of the herbicides on stomatal resistance declined 10-20 days after herbicide application in all treatments except 2,4-DB, but stomatal resistance of all herbicide-treated plants was still higher than the control 30 days after herbicide application. The herbicides LICPA+terbutryn and LlCPA+diuron and bromoxynil caused the largest increase in stomatal resistance and 2,4-DB the least. Stomatal resistance was found to be highly negatively correlated with daily water use by the clover plants at 2 days (r = -0.84, P < 0.01) and 30 days (r = -0.88, P < 0.01) after herbicide application. All of the herbicides reduced the LA1 of the plants, the effect increasing as the herbicide rate increased. Herbicide and herbicide rate had the largest effect on both water use and stomatal resistance; the effect of cultivar, leaf stage, and spraying time accounted for a relatively small proportion of the variance. The findings support the hypothesis that some broadleaf herbicides can result in a water-saving effect in subterranean clover swards through increasing stomatal resistance and decreasing the LAI, thereby potentially reducing moisture stress during seed set.

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Guralchuk, Zh Z., A. M. Sychuk, and O. V. Gumenyuk. "Influence of herbicide on plants in connection with formation of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 23 (September 9, 2018): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v23.1043.

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Aim. The aim of the work is to analyze the available literature data on the effect of herbicides on the formation of mycorrhizal symbiosis. Results. The article gives a brief overview of the influence of herbicides with different mechanism of action on the formation and functioning of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. The direct and indirect effects of herbicides on the AM fungi, the different selectivity of AM fungi to herbicides and other factors influencing the effect of herbicides on biodiversity of AM fungi and the formation of mycorrhizal symbiosis are considered. Conclusions. Herbicides with different mechanism of action can have a significant effect on the diversity of AM fungi present in the soil, the formation and functioning of mycorrhizal symbiosis. Their effect on the AM fungi can be either direct or indirect due to the influence on the host plant. AM fungi, in turn, can also influence the selectivity of the plant to herbicides. Studies on the effect of herbicides on mycorrhizal symbiosis may be important for increasing the herbicide efficiency. Keywords: herbicides, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, mycorrhizal symbiosis.

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Beckie, Hugh J., Fa-Yan Chang, and F. Craig Stevenson. "The Effect of Labeling Herbicides with Their Site of Action: A Canadian Perspective." Weed Technology 13, no. 3 (September 1999): 655–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00046364.

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Industry, public-sector researchers and extension agents, and growers were surveyed in 1998 to determine their perspectives on how labeling herbicides with their site of action (group number) would affect the herbicide use practices of growers. The crop protection industry in Canada represented by the Crop Protection Institute (CPI) generally supports herbicide resistance labeling but has some concerns regarding the wording of the labels, including the identification symbol. Most researchers and extension agents believe that labeling herbicides with their site of action will facilitate herbicide group rotation by growers who frequently use herbicides from the same group. Of the two-thirds of the 126 surveyed growers who were familiar with herbicide groupings, 58% practiced herbicide group rotation. Those who did not tended to lack understanding of the basis and purpose of herbicide classification. Grower responses were similar to those from the research and extension community, although only 29% of the growers who currently do not rotate herbicides from different groups believed that resistance management labeling would influence them.

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Sani, Yousef Ghazikhanlou, Ali Reza Yousefi, Khalil Jamshidi, Farid Shekari, and Jose L. Gonzalez Andujar. "Weed response to ALS-inhibitor herbicide (sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron methyl) under increased temperature and carbon dioxide." AIMS Agriculture and Food 8, no. 2 (2023): 550–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/agrfood.2023029.

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<abstract> Information on the impact of climate change on the growth of weed species and their sensitivity to herbicides could help to establish an efficient weed management strategy. Due to the excessive use of acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor herbicides, resistance to those herbicides is increasing globally. It is thus crucial to find out whether the efficacy of these herbicides will change in the future due to the increase in carbon dioxide concentration and in the temperatures. This work therefore aims to evaluate the impact of temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) changes on the growth of <italic>Amaranthus retroflexus</italic>, <italic>Bromus tectorum</italic>, <italic>Chenopodium album</italic> and <italic>Echinochloa crus-galli</italic>, including the assessment of herbicide (sulfosulfuron 75% + metsulfuron methyl 5%) (SMM) efficiency in these weeds. A factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three factors, including two CO2 concentrations (400 and 700 ppm), two temperature regimes (30/20 ℃ and 34/24 ℃ day/night), and six herbicide rates (0, 25, 37.5, 50, 62.5 and 75 g a.e. ha−1) in four replications. As a result, it was seen that temperature and CO2 concentration changes influenced the morphological parameters of the weeds. The main effect of the temperature regime on the herbicide's effectiveness, except for <italic>B. tectorum</italic>, was not statistically significant. The interaction of herbicide rates and temperature with the herbicide's efficacy was only significant for <italic>E. crus-galli</italic>; the highest efficacy was observed at 30/20 ℃ and at a rate 50% higher (75 g a.e. ha−1) than the recommended one (50 g a.e. ha−1). Increasing CO2 concentrations enhanced the herbicide's efficiency and ALS enzyme activity inhibition in all the weed species, but had the greatest effect on C3 weeds. Our results showed that temperature and CO2 levels associated with climate change can interact to alter the efficacy of herbicidal weed control and that there are differences between plants with the C3 and C4 photosynthesis pathways. As a result, in the future, breeders and farmers could achieve the results desired by applying lower doses of this herbicide. </abstract>

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Lewicka, Kamila, Piotr Dobrzynski, and Piotr Rychter. "PLAGA-PEG-PLAGA Terpolymer-Based Carriers of Herbicides for Potential Application in Environment-Friendly, Controlled Release Systems of Agrochemicals." Materials 13, no. 12 (June 19, 2020): 2778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13122778.

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The present study aimed to develop and prepare new polymer/herbicide formulations for their potential application in environment-friendly, controlled release systems of agrochemicals. Selected biodegradable polymers, including L-Lactide/Glycolide/PEG/Terpolymer (PLAGA-PEG-PLAGA) as well as oligosaccharide-based polymers and their blend with terpolymer, were used to prepare microspheres loaded with two soil-applied herbicides. The degradation process of the obtained polymeric microspheres was evaluated based on (1) their weight loss and surface erosion and (2) the release rate of loaded metazachlor and pendimethalin. The herbicidal effectiveness of the herbicides released to the soil from microspheres was evaluated using the European Weed Research Council (EWRC) rating scale. Moreover, the ecotoxicological effect of herbicide-loaded microspheres buried in soil on the marine bacterial species A. fischeri was assessed. It was found that the gradual degradation rate of microparticles led to the prolonged release of both herbicides that lasted for a few months, i.e., for the entire crop season, which is crucial in terms of agrochemical and environmental protection. Maltodextrin- and dextrin-based microspheres showed higher susceptibility to degradation than terpolymer-based microspheres. The microencapsulation of herbicides protected them from decomposition and excessive leaching into soil and maintained their activity for a longer period than that for non-immobilized herbicides. The ecotoxicological assessment on A. fischeri demonstrated that the proposed microsphere-encapsulated herbicides were less toxic than non-immobilized herbicides.

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Chamsi, Ousama, Eric Pinelli, Bruno Faucon, Annie Perrault, Laurent Lacroix, José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez, and Jean-Yves Charcosset. "Effects of herbicide mixtures on freshwater microalgae with the potential effect of a safener." Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology 55 (2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/limn/2019002.

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Freshwater microalgae are primary producers and cosmopolitan species subjected to the effects of herbicides. In this work, the in vitro algal growth inhibitory effects of 11 agrochemicals (9 herbicides, 1 metabolite, and 1 safener) were quantified. Chemical compounds were applied singly and in specific mixtures. Three species were used in axenic condition: the green alga Desmodesmus subspicatus (Chodat), the diatoms Nitzschia palea (Kützing) W. Smith and Navicula pelliculosa (Kützing) Hilse. When exposed to single compounds, N. palea and N. pelliculosa were only sensitive to atrazine/desethylatrazine and the safener benoxacor (BE), respectively. D. subspicatus was equally sensitive to four herbicides including atrazine and its metabolite and significantly more sensitive to iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium (IODO). The mixture of these five compounds induced a significantly higher growth inhibition of about 1.5-fold than IODO alone, which could be attributed to the four other herbicides. The mixture of all compounds was twofold less toxic than IODO on D. subspicatus. A halogen atom is present in IODO as in the herbicides to which the safener BE − known to induce glutathione-S-transferases − is associated in agrochemical preparations. We then showed that IODO was less toxic when combined with non-toxic concentrations of BE. These results indicated that the toxicity of the most active herbicide studied was decreased by a non-herbicide compound present in agrochemical formulations of other herbicides. These results suggest the importance to take into account the chemistry and the mechanisms of action for each compound in a risk assessment approach of a complex mixture.

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Redlick, Collen, Hema S. N. Duddu, Lena D. Syrovy, Christian J. Willenborg, Eric N. Johnson, and Steven J. Shirtliffe. "Effect of Seeding Rate on Dose Response of Wild Mustard (Sinapis arvensis) to Fluthiacet-Methyl." Weed Science 65, no. 4 (June 9, 2017): 525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2017.9.

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Concern over the development of herbicide-resistant weeds has led to interest in integrated weed management systems that reduce selection pressure by utilizing mechanical and cultural weed control practices in addition to herbicides. Increasing crop seeding rate increases crop competitive ability and thus can enhance herbicide efficacy. However, it is unknown how increasing the seeding rate affects an herbicide’s efficacy. The objective of this study was to examine the interaction between increasing seeding rate and herbicide dose to control weeds. To meet this objective, the herbicide fluthiacet-methyl was applied to field-grown lentil, with Indian mustard, a proxy for wild mustard, used as a model weed. The experiment was a factorial design with four lentil seeding rates and seven herbicide rates. Overall the herbicide dose response was altered by changing lentil seeding rate. Increasing lentil seeding rate decreased the weed biomass production when herbicides were not applied. In two of the four site-years, increasing lentil seeding rate lowered the herbicide ED50, the dose required to result in a 50% reduction in weed biomass. Increasing the crop seeding rate altered the dose response to provide greater weed control at lower herbicide rates compared with normal crop seeding rates. Increased seeding rates also resulted in higher and more stable crop seed yields across a wider range of herbicide dosages. These results suggest that dose–response models can be used to evaluate the efficacy of other weed management practices that can interact with herbicide performance.

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Raj, Sheeja K., and Elizabeth K. Syriac. "Herbicidal effect on the bio-indicators of soil health- A review." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 2438–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i4.1551.

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Soil microbial population, earth worms in soil, soil enzyme activity and organ carbon content in soil are considered as the bio indicators of soil health. They are used as indicators of soil health because of their active role in soil organic matter production, decomposition of xenobiotics and cycling of nutrients, ease of measurement and rapid response to changes in management practices. The assessment of soil health can be used to develop more sustainable crop production system. A number of herbicides have been introduced as pre and post emergence weed killer. The impact of herbicides on soil health depends on the soil type, type and concentration of herbicide used, sensitivity to non-target organisms and environmental conditions. The review elaborates the impact of herbicidal application on the biological indicators of soil health.

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22

Harrison, Howard F. "Developing Herbicide-Tolerant Crop Cultivars: Introduction." Weed Technology 6, no. 3 (September 1992): 613–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00035909.

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In recent years considerable research in the private and public sectors has been directed toward introducing herbicide tolerance into normally susceptible crop species (9). Interest in developing herbicide-tolerant crop cultivars, clones, or hybrids (HTCs)3has been spurred by the reduction in the rate of discovery of new herbicidal compounds, the rising expense of developing new herbicides, and new tools of biotechnology that greatly increased our ability to develop HTC genotypes. Potential benefits of developing HTCs include: a) an increased margin of safety with which herbicides can be used with subsequent reduced crop losses due to herbicide injury, b) reduced risk of crop damage from residual herbicides from rotational crops, and c) introduction of new herbicides for use on normally susceptible crops. The last objective can be considered to be similar to breeding for resistance to diseases or insects. The most serious weed problems for a crop can be solved by developing crop tolerance to herbicides that control the weeds. This approach is particularly promising for minor crops for which new herbicide development is essentially lacking. However, the reluctance of herbicide manufacturers to register their products for minor crops may impede this approach. By developing tolerance to nontoxic, nonpolluting herbicides that are suitable for conservation tillage, the negative environmental effects of weed control can be reduced.

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Storchous, I., and Yu Stefkivska. "Ammonium glufosinate and triazine herbicides have side effects on soil microorganisms and pathogens." Karantin i zahist roslin, no. 9-10 (November 17, 2019): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/2312-0614.2019.9-10.6-11.

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Goal. Analysis and synthesis of research results regarding the beneficial and negative side effects of ammonium glufosinate and thiazine herbicides on microorganisms. Methods. System-analytical, abstract-logical, empirical. Results. Information on the side effects of herbicides with the content of the active substance glufosinate ammonium and derivatives of thiazine herbicides is given. One of the side effects of herbicides that attracts attention is their biological activity. The biological activity of herbicides goes beyond the effects on target organisms and, thus, herbicides can influence the plant-pathogen interaction through their effect on the causative agent or on the surrounding soil microorganisms, including symbiotic relationships. As a side effect, both a decrease and an increase in diseases caused by phytopathogens that affect leaves, stems or roots are established. However, in some cases, the results obtained in in vitro experiments differed from the results obtained in field conditions in vivo or on a host plant. The phenomenon of the manifestation of side effects of herbicides was first discovered in the early 1940s and began to be studied in more detail since 1960. Conclusions. Generalized information about the history, studies of the side effects of herbicides on different cultures and in different conditions in the world. It is important that such effects are not fully studied, and these mechanisms attract the attention of scientists for their further research. Future studies are planned to be carried out using high-precision methods, such as chip-based technologies, to study all the mechanisms involved in the pathogen-plant interaction, which are modulated by herbicides. This trilateral relationship today is studied as a molecular and biochemical cross-linkage between a plant and a pathogen, a plant and a herbicide, as well as a pathogen and a herbicide. Active studies by foreign scientists of the side effects of herbicides show that in Ukraine, as an agrarian state, it is necessary to purposefully investigate the effect of herbicides on soil microorganisms and pathogens to optimize the use of plant protection products in agricultural production.

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Sairam, Gaini, A. K. Jha, Badal Verma, Muskan Porwal, M. P. Sahu, and R. K. Meshram. "Effect of Pre and Post-emergence Herbicides on Weed Flora of Maize." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 11 (May 2, 2023): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i112946.

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Weeds have been a problem creator in crops since time immemorial competing with them for all the growth resources. Weeds cause around 28-100% loss in the maize crop which necessitates their control. The usage of herbicides for the control of weeds has been the most prominent method among farmers. However, the continuous usage of similar herbicides can develop herbicide resistance which needs the exploration to newer herbicides. Therefore, a field experiment was carried out to assess the effect of broad-spectrum herbicide, mesotrione on the weed flora and seed yield of maize at JNKVV, Jabalpur (M.P.) in the kharif season of 2019. The experiment was carried out in randomised block design consisting of eight treatments of weed control including six herbicidal treatments with hand weeding and weedy check and replicated thrice. Based on the results, it was concluded that the post emergence application of mesotrione 350 g ha-1 at 30 DAS had most effectively controlled the weeds resulting in highest weed control efficiency (69.25%) and lowest weed index (12.62%) than the rest of the treatments. It also resulted in highest grain and stover yield (2.44 and 21.80 t ha-1) in maize. Thus, the application of mesotrione @ 350 g ha-1 can be a promising technology for the control of complex weed flora in maize.

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25

Minor, Maria A., and Roy A. Norton. "Effects of weed and erosion control on communities of soil mites (Oribatida and Gamasina) in short-rotation willow plantings in central New York." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 5 (May 2008): 1061–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-207.

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Several pre-emergent herbicides (azafenidin, oxyfluorfen, and imazaquin–pendimethalin mixture), used for weed control during the establishment of short-rotation willow plantings, were tested for their impact on population density, species richness, and community structure of predaceous (Gamasina) and saprophagous and (or) mycophagous (Oribatida) soil mites. The experimental control was hand-weeded (no herbicide). Two site preparation treatments were used: conventional (disked) and erosion controlled (no-till with cover crop of winter rye). The influence of herbicide application on non-target organisms (soil mites) cannot be generalized, with groups being differentially affected. Overall, Oribatida were most affected by herbicides. Among specific herbicides, azafenidin and oxyfluorfen had a negative effect on density and species richness of soil mites. The response of Oribatida and Gamasina to herbicides was species-specific. Two species of Oribatida ( Sellnickochthonius immaculatus (Forsslund) and Liochthonius lapponicus (Trägårdh)) declined significantly in all herbicide-treated plots. The cover crop residue had positive effect on both Oribatida and Gamasina; the negative effect of herbicides on Oribatida was greatly mitigated by cover crop. Herbicides appear to reduce mite diversity and alter community structure, but they do not always affect abundance. We speculate that the sensitivity of Oribatida to herbicides can reflect the indirect impacts of herbicides on soil microflora.

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Ghazikhanlou Sani, Yousef, Ali Reza Yousefi, Khalil Jamshidi, Farid Shekari, Jose L. Gonzalez-Andujar, and Nicholas E. Korres. "Weed Response to ALS-Inhibitor Herbicide (Sulfosulfuron + Metsulfuron Methyl) under Increased Temperature and Carbon Dioxide." Agronomy 13, no. 8 (August 8, 2023): 2084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13082084.

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Information on the impact of climate change on the growth of weed species and their sensitivity to herbicides could help to establish an efficient weed management strategy. Due to the excessive use of acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibitor herbicides, resistance to those herbicides is increasing globally. It is, thus, crucial to find out whether the efficacy of these herbicides will change in the future due to the increase in temperatures and carbon dioxide concentration. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the impact of temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) changes on the growth of Amaranthus retroflexus, Bromus tectorum, Chenopodium album, and Echinochloa crus-galli, including the assessment of sulfosulfuron 75% + metsulfuron methyl 5% efficacy in these weeds. A factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement (2 × 2 × 6), including two CO2 concentrations (400 and 700 ppm), two temperature regimes (30/20 °C and 34/24 °C day/night), and six herbicide rates (0, 25, 37.5, 50, 62.5, and 75 g ha−1). As a result, it was seen that temperature and CO2 concentration changes influenced the morphological variables of the weeds. The temperature regime affected the herbicide’s effectiveness on B. tectorum and E. crus-galli. The herbicide’s efficacy on weed species was affected by the interaction of herbicide rates and the temperature regime, except for on E. crus-galli; the highest efficacy was observed at 30/20 °C and at a rate 50% higher (75 g ha−1) than the recommended one (50 g ha−1). Except for E. crus-galli, increasing CO2 concentrations enhanced the herbicide efficacy and ALS enzyme activity inhibition in all the weed species, but had the greatest effect on C3 weeds. We found that temperature and CO2 levels can alter the efficacy of weed control with herbicides, with clear differences between C3 and C4 plants. As a result, by increasing the temperature and concentration of CO2, breeders and farmers may achieve the desired control of weed species such as B. tectorum, C. album and A. retroflexus by applying lower doses of this herbicide.

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Lobachev, Yuriy Viktorovich, and Valeriy Tikonovich Krasilnikov. "Variability and interconnection of economically useful indicators of soybeans under the influence of herbicides." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 5 (May 25, 2020): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2020i5pp19-22.

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Under the conditions of the Right Bank of the Saratov Region, the effect of four herbicides, two new tank mixtures and two new compositions of herbicides on the value and variability of the following indicators of soybeans: “grain yield”, “number of beans from a plant”, “the number of grains per plant", "the mass of 1000 grains", "the protein content in the grain” was studied in three field experiments using two-way variance and correlation analysis. The relationships between grain yield and elements of its structure, grain yield and protein content in grain are studied. All studied variants after application of herbicides significantly exceeded the control variant in grain yield. Options with the use of a new tank mixture of frontier optima + gezagard herbicides, frontier optima + galaxy top herbicidal compositions, hezagard + galaxy top herbicide compositions significantly exceeded the grain yield after application of herbicides. This led to a decrease in the variability of the studied indicators and changed the nature of the correlation dependence of grain productivity with other economically useful indicators of soybeans. The specific effect of the application of individual herbicides, their tank mixtures and compositions on the variability and interconnection of economically useful indicators of soybeans has been established.

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Al-Yasari, B. A. A., and M. N. H. Al-Yasari. "Effect of Some Chemical Herbicides on the Weeds Accompanying the Field's Peanut Crop." Bionatura 8, no. 4 (December 15, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2023.08.04.69.

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A field experiment was conducted during the spring season of 2021 in a selected field of preparative Ibn Al-Bitar occupational/ Al-Hussainiya region in Holy Karbala. The experiment involved cultivating peanut plants (Arachis hypogaea L.), specifically a local variety, in soil characterized by a clay loam texture. The experiment aimed to determine the most effective chemical herbicides for controlling weed growth in conjunction with the Peanut crop. The experiment utilized a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The study encompassed six conditions: weedy and weed-free, which were under manual control for the entire duration of the growing season. Furthermore, there were treatments that involved the administration of chemical herbicides before planting, specifically Trifluralin and Pendimethalin, which were applied ten days before the planting phase. Additionally, post-planting herbicides, namely Oxyfluorfen and Clethodim, were sprayed during the vegetative growth phase of the plant as well as at the initiation of the flowering stage. The herbicides were administered according to the prescribed dosages. The findings demonstrated significant differences in the management procedure utilizing chemical herbicides throughout a 30-day period of applying said herbicides. This discrepancy became apparent when evaluating the two herbicides, specifically Oxyfluorfen and Pendimethalin, which produced the lowest quantity of broad-leaf weeds, with a recorded density of 4.6 and 7.6 plants m-2, respectively. Additionally, the results demonstrated that notable disparities were observed after 60 days from the application of herbicides. Specifically, the herbicides Pendimethalin and Oxyfluorfen exhibited the lowest density of broad-leaf weeds, with a count of 4.6 and 6.0 m-2 plants, respectively. Moreover, the impact of herbicides on narrow-leaf weed was examined at 30 and 60 days post-spraying. There was no significant difference in the means of the herbicides, and the herbicides Oxyfluorfen and Pendimethalin yielded the least density of broad leaf weeds after 90 days of herbicide application, with quantities of 6.0 and 6.3 plant m-2, respectively. Similarly, concerning narrow-leaf weed density on the same date, the herbicides Trifluralin, Clethodim,, and Ox-yfluorfen exhibited superiority in achieving the lowest density of narrow-leaf weeds, with quantities of 5.0, 5.3, and 5.6 plant m-2, respectively. Furthermore, no statistically significant difference was observed among these herbicides. The findings demonstrate the superiority of the herbicides Oxyfluorfen and Pendimethalin in achieving the highest percentage of control for broad-leaf weeds after 30, 60, and 90 days of herbicide application. Regarding the specific dates for the narrow-leaf weeds, the herbicides Oxyfluorfen, Clethodim, and Trifluralin exhibited superiority in providing optimal control. In contrast to alternative treatments involving herbicides, the herbicide Oxyfluorfen showcased the most diminished mean mass and the utmost level of hindrance on both extensive and limited-leafed weeds. Keywords: Herbicides; Oxyfluorfen; Pendimethalin; Clethodim; Trifluralin; Weeds; Narrow leaf; Broad leaf.

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Zheryakov, Evgenii, and Svetlana Semina. "Adaptive capacity of sugar beet under herbicide application." E3S Web of Conferences 539 (2024): 02026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202453902026.

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The article deals with the results of the research on phytotoxicity exerted by herbicides on plants of various sugar beet hybrids. Treatment with betanal group herbicides ensured high purity of sowing combined with low phytotoxicity for sugar beet plants in the stage with a pair of cotyledon-1 true leaves.The phytotoxicity of the herbicide was 18.0-18.6% relative to the variant with manual weeding. At the initial stages of growth, plants of F hybrids were the most resistant to the negative effects of herbicides F1 Skala, F1 Priliv and F1 Burya. After the second treatment, growth inhibition was observed in the variants using herbicides with an increase in mass deficit. The most resistant to the negative effects of herbicides was hybrid F1 Skala. For hybrids F1 Priliv and F1 Gorizont effect of the chemical stress factor was assessed as the most toxic; the weight of 100 plants increased by only 4.5-4.6% compared to the control hybrid. The phytotoxicity of the herbicide combination for sugar beet plants was significantly reduced (to 12-13%) compared to earlier herbicide treatments. High resistance after three herbicide treatments negative effects of herbicides were noted in hybrid F1 Skala. After the first chemical weeding, the amount of chlorophyll a in the leaves was one and a half times less than after manual weeding. After the second treatment with herbicides, the most intense degradation of pigments in the leaves was observed. After the third treatment in the “third pair of true leaves” phase, the plants’ resistance to chemical herbicides increased slightly.

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ALVARENGA, DOUGLAS RODRIGUES, MATHEUS FERREIRA FRANÇA TEIXEIRA, FRANCISCO CLAUDIO LOPES DE FREITAS, MARIA CAROLINA GOMES PAIVA, MARIANA RACHEL NASCIMENTO CARVALHO, and VALDINEI ARAÚJO GONÇALVES. "INTERAÇÕES ENTRE HERBICIDAS NO MANEJO DO MILHO RR® VOLUNTÁRIO." Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo 17, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.18512/1980-6477/rbms.v17n1p122-134.

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RESUMO - A mistura entre herbicidas pode resultar em efeitos sinérgicos, antagônicos ou aditivos no controle do milho voluntário e de outras espécies de plantas daninhas. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a eficiência de diferentes doses do fluazifop-p-butil isolado e na associação com os herbicidas glyphosate, 2,4-D e a mistura glyphosate + 2,4-D. O experimento foi conduzido em vasos contendo cinco litros de solo, com seis doses do herbicida fluazifopp- butil aplicadas em mistura com três herbicidas/mistura [glyphosate, 2,4-D e glyphosate + 2,4-D] em três formas de aplicação (mistura em tanque, aplicados separadamente no mesmo dia e separadamente cinco dias antes da aplicação do fluazipop-p-butil), mais as seis doses do fluazifop-p-butil sem mistura. Verificou-se que o herbicida fluazifop-pbutil aplicado isoladamente controla de modo eficiente plantas voluntárias de híbrido de milho AS 1660 PRO RR nas doses 75 g ha-1, 28 dias após a aplicação (DAA). Porém, a mistura em tanque do fluazifop-p-butil com 2,4-D resultou em redução do nível de controle do milho voluntário. Não houve redução da eficácia no controle do milho quando se aplicou o herbicida fluazifop-p-butil associado ao glyphosate, 2,4-D e a mistura glyphosate + 2,4-D, separadamente no mesmo dia ou cinco dias após.Palavras-chave: antagonismo, fluazifop-p-butil, glyphosate, 2,4-D, Zea mays.INTERACTIONS AMONG HERBICIDES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE VOLUNTARY MAIZE RR®ABSTRACT - Mixing herbicides may result in synergistic, antagonistic or additive effects on the control of volunteer maize and other weed species. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of different doses of fluazifopp- butyl alone and in association with the herbicides glyphosate, 2,4-D and glyphosate + 2,4-D mixture. The experiment was carried out in pots containing five liters of soil, with six doses of the herbicide fluazifop-p-butyl applied in a mixture of three herbicides/mixture [glyphosate, 2,4-D and glyphosate + 2,4-D] (tank mix, applied separately on the same day and separately five days prior to the application of fluazipop-p-butyl) plus the six doses of fluazifop-p-butyl without mixing. The isolated fluazifop-p-butyl herbicide was monitored efficiently to control volunteer maize hybrids AS 1660 PRO RR at doses 75 g ha-1, 28 days after application (DAA). However, tank mixing of fluazifop-p-butyl with 2,4-D resulted in a reduction in the level of voluntary maize control. There was no reduction in efficacy in maize control when applied we the herbicide fluazifop-p-butyl associated with glyphosate, 2,4-D and glyphosate + 2,4-D mixture, separately on the same day or five days later.Keywords: antagonism, fluazifop-p-butyl, glyphosate, 2,4-D, Zea mays.

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31

Gulden, Robert H., Derek W. Lewis, Jane C. Froese, Rene C. Van Acker, Gary B. Martens, Martin H. Entz, Doug A. Derksen, and Lindsay W. Bell. "The Effect of Rotation and In-Crop Weed Management on the Germinable Weed Seedbank after 10 Years." Weed Science 59, no. 4 (December 2011): 553–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-11-00001.1.

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Agricultural production systems that reduce the use of in-crop herbicides could greatly reduce risks of environmental damage and the development of herbicide-resistant weeds. Few studies have investigated the long-term effects of in-crop herbicide omissions on weed seedbank community size and structure. A crop-rotation study was sampled 10 yr after a strictly annual rotation and an annual/perennial rotation were exposed to different in-crop herbicide omission treatments. In-crop herbicides were applied either in all annual crops (control), omitted from oats only, or omitted from both flax and oats. Seedbank densities were greatest when in-crop herbicides were omitted from flax and oats, and this treatment also reduced crop yield. Shannon-Wiener diversity differed among crops in the annual crop rotation and among herbicide omission treatments in the perennial rotation. Herbicide omissions changed the weed-community structure in flax and in wheat and canola crops in the annual rotation enough to warrant alternate control methods in some treatments. The magnitude of the effects on the seedbank parameters depended largely on the competitive ability of the crop in which herbicides were omitted. No yield response to omitting herbicides in oats indicated that standard weed management practices have reduced weed populations below yield-loss thresholds.

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Li, An, Yuan Yao, Shu Qing Sun, Li Ya Jiang, Xian Liu, and Zeng Gui Gao. "Impact of Herbicide Atrazine and Nicosulfuron on the Soil Respiration and Enzyme Activities." Advanced Materials Research 1010-1012 (August 2014): 484–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1010-1012.484.

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The effects of two herbicides on soil respiration, the activity of catalase and the activity of urease were studied in laboratory. The results showed that effects of atrazine and nicosulfuron on soil respiration were different. The soil respirations were in inhibition when soils were treated with atrazine, while soil respirations were in promotion-inhibition-recover when soils were treated with nicosulfuron. The soil respirations were different at different herbicide concentrations. According to coefficient of injury, herbicides atrazine and nicosulfuron both belong to low toxicity herbicides or no toxic herbicides. The effects of herbicides on the activities of catalase and urease were same, which were inhibition-recovery. The activity of unease was inhibited by atrazine and nicosulfuron before 21d. Half dosage of nicosulfuron has a significant inhibitory effect. The different concentrations of atrazine and nicosulfuron had no obvious effect on the catalase activity.

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33

Campbell, MH, BR Milne, JJ Dellow, and HI Nicol. "Effect of herbicides on St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.)." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 4 (1991): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910499.

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The effect of type of herbicide and time and rate of application on the reduction in ground cover of St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) was determined at Orange, New South Wales. In January, April, July and November 1988, 8 herbicide treatments including the currently used glyphosate and picloram + 2,4-D were applied to vigorously growing H. perforaturn, and the reduction in percentage ground cover was recorded in December 1989. Ineffective herbicides (a.i./ha) were tebuthiuron, 0.8-6.4 kg; metsulfuron, 5-20 g; and paraquat + diquat, 0.4 + 0.5 kg. The addition of metsulfuron (2.5 g a.i./ha) to glyphosate (0.9 and 1.8 kg a.i./ha) did not increase the effectiveness of the latter. Effective herbicides (kg a.i./ha) were triclopyr + picloram, 0.6 + 0.2; picloram + 2,4-D, 0.2 + 0.8; glyphosate, 1.8; and triclopyr, 1.92. There was a strong trend for these herbicides to be more effective in January and November than in April and July. Based on price, effectiveness and selectivity, triclopyr + picloram would be preferred to the other herbicides for boom and spot spraying, and glyphosate would be the only herbicide suitable for aerial application prior to sowing improved pastures on non-arable land.

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Abd El-Naby, S. S. M., A. M. A. El-Ghandor, E. A. Abo Marzoka, and H. M. Soliman. "Phytotoxicity and Residual Effect of Some Herbicides on three Egyptian Rice Cultivars (Oryza sativa L.)." Asian Journal of Research in Crop Science 9, no. 2 (May 16, 2024): 64–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajrcs/2024/v9i2268.

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The current study was carried out at the experimental farm of Rice Research Department, Sakha Agricultural Research Station and Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, ARC, Egypt during the summer season of 2021 and 2022 to study the sensitivity of three Egyptian rice cultivars against four common herbicides and its effect on physiological and agronomic characteristics of rice as well as herbicide residues in rice seeds. The field study was laid out in split plot design with three replications. Three rice cultivars (Giza 177, Giza 179 and Sakha 108) were randomly distributed in main plots, while weed control treatments included four herbicides at recommended doses (penoxsulam 2.5% OD, bispyribac-sodium 2% SL, cyhalofop-butyl 10% EC and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 7.5% EW) as compared to hand weeding were devoted in sub plots. The obtained results revealed that Sakha 108 as Japonica rice cultivar was resistant against tested herbicides and recorded the highest values of rice dry weight, chlorophyll content, number of panicles m-2, panicle weight and grain yield, while scored the lowest values of total phenols. On the other hand, Giza 177 as short duration Japonica rice cultivar showed the higher sensitivity against tested herbicides and achieved the lowest values of abovementioned agronomic traits and chlorophyll content. Cyhalofop-butyl as ACCase herbicide was safer on studied rice cultivars and recorded the highest values of studied agronomic characteristics for rice as well as chlorophyll content, while recorded the lowest values of total phenols during the study. On the other hand, bispyribac-sodium 2% SL resulted in more toxic effect for rice cultivars and recorded the lowest values of studied agronomic traits for rice. fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 7.5% EW achieved the lowest chlorophyll content and highest values of total phenols during the study. Giza 179 as Indica-Japonica rice cultivar appeared high sensitivity when sprayed with bispyribac-sodium and fenoxaprop-ethyl but made recovery after 12 days from herbicidal application and recorded the highest chlorophyll content, dry weight, panicles m-2 and grain yield with no significant differences between Sakha 108 rice cultivar during the study. In respect of herbicide residues in rice seeds, all tested herbicides didn’t have residues in rice seeds at 100 days after treatment. It means that tested herbicides didn’t have any residues in rice seeds.

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D, Abera. "Review on Toxicity, Mechanisms and Health Effects of Herbicides and Prevention Mechanisms." Food Science & Nutrition Technology 9, no. 1 (January 17, 2024): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/fsnt-16000334.

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In agricultural crop production, herbicides are typically used to prevent or control weeds and other plant pathogens by reducing crop losses and maintaining high product quality. This brief overview sheds light on the level of toxicity, mechanisms of toxicity, health effects and prevention strategies. Three main levels of toxicity have been identified in herbicides: acute (short-term exposure), sub-chronic (medium-term exposure), and chronic (long-term exposure). These levels of toxicity have detrimental effects on humans, animals, and the environment. Herbicides must be handled and administered appropriately to minimize or completely prevent their negative side effects. It is recommended to manage herbicide to its minimum residue level while using them in agriculture. On the hand, certain mechanisms of action must be followed including contact, absorption, movement, toxicity, and death in order to be effective in management of weed by herbicides. This mechanism of actions of herbicides are also applied to humans and animals too. Improper usage of herbicides has adverse health effects on humans such as carcinogenic, cardiovascular, respiratory, hormonal, metabolic, cellular and neurological effects. In order to eliminate or minimize their effect the preventive safety mechanisms/strategies such as employing alternative and less herbicide-dependent cropping systems, properly using all certified personal protective equipment (PPE), proper packaging and package leaflet, proper labeling and giving general awareness about the use or handle of herbicide for farmers or any others who are not familiar with the use of herbicides must applied before or after handling of herbicides. In order to minimize or totally avoid the negative impacts of herbicides on humans, animals, and the environment, it is not just the responsibility of farmers but also of other stakeholders (agricultural experts, policymakers, etc.).

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Marchioretto, Lucas de Ross, Bruno Vicente Basso Ferrazzi, Taísa Dal Magro, and Elaine Damiani Conte. "Associations of Herbicides on the Simultaneous Control of Horseweed and Italian Ryegrass." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 4 (March 5, 2018): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n4p150.

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Weed competition negatively affects grain yield on wheat and soybean crops. Due to better practicality and timesaving it is usual the association of broadleaf herbicides with graminicides to control monocot and dicot weeds. However, little is known about the deleterious effects of broadleaf herbicides on graminicides. Thus, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of simple, double and triple association of broadleaf herbicides with graminicides to control of Italian ryegrass and horseweed. The experiment was conducted into greenhouse on completely randomized experimental design with four replications. The treatments consisted of the graminicides clethodim and clodinafop; the broadleaf herbicides 2,4-D, metsulfuron and saflufenacil and non-selective glyphosate, sprayed isolated and in double and triple association to be compared with a control. The variables evaluated were control (%) at 21 and 28 days after treatments (DAT), and dry weight (g) at 28 DAT. The isolated graminicides and the broadleaf herbicides controlled both Italian ryegrass and horseweed respectively. At the double association of broadleaf with graminicides herbicides, 2,4-D antagonized the effect of clodinafop, and glyphosate mixed with clodinafop decreased the control of the graminicide on Italian ryegrass. At the triple herbicide association, when mixed with glyphosate, metsulfuron decreased the control effect of Italian ryegrass by clethodim. The association of broadleaf herbicides with graminicides is effective on the control of monocot and dicot weeds, but it depends on which herbicide used for the combination. When it is evident the antagonism between broadleaf herbicides and graminicides, the detrimental effects go on grass control.

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Krstić, Jovana, Goran Malidža, and Maja Meseldžija. "The effect of band application of herbicides and inter-row cultivation on the fresh biomass of broadleaf weeds in soybean." Acta herbologica 32, no. 2 (2023): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/32ah-46145.

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Aim of the research was to determine whether the band application of herbicides in soybean, covering a 50% smaller herbicide area, in combination with inter-row cultivation can achieve a similar or approximate weed control effectiveness, as compared to the broadcast herbicide application method in soybean crops, with and without inter-row cultivation. In three-year trials, pre-emergence (dimethenamid-P + metribuzin) and post-emergence (bentazon + imazamox) herbicides were applied using the broadcast and band (25 cm wide) application of herbicides, with and without inter-row cultivation.Inter-row cultivation was applied one week after the first and second post-emergence treatments. Impact of the tested variants on the fresh aboveground biomass of weeds was assessed, with the following species being dominant: Abutilon theophrasti Medik., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Chenopodium album L., and Xanthium strumarium L. The results showed that using the band application of herbicides with inter-row cultivation can achieve approximate effectiveness in reducing fresh biomass compared to broadcast application of herbicides, with or without inter-row cultivation. The combination of pre-emergence herbicides and the two-time application of divided amounts of post-emergence band and broadcast application of herbicides with inter-row cultivation achieved the most reliable control of all weeds, with an efficiency >95%. The results indicate that under favorable conditions for the herbicide action, it is possible to omit one half of the total amount of applied post-emergence herbicides. This can further contribute to significantly reducing the total amount of herbicides used in weed control.

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Abdullahi, Kamala, Khalifa Jamil Saleh, and Ignatius Mzungu. "Effect of Atrazine, 2,4-D Amine, Glyphosate and Paraquat Herbicides on Soil Microbial Population." Journal of Environmental Microbiology and Toxicology 10, no. 1 (July 31, 2022): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54987/jemat.v10i1.693.

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Herbicides’ toxic impact on the non-target soil microorganisms which play roles in degrading organic matter, nitrogen and nutrient recycling and decomposition needs to be considered. In the present study, the effect of four (4) most commonly used herbicides, viz; atrazine, 2, 4- D amine, glyphosate and paraquat on soil microorganisms was assessed over a period of fifteen continuous days (exposure period). The herbicide treatments were the normal recommended field rate, (6.67 mg active ingredient per gram of soil for atrazine, 6.17 mg for 2, 4-D amine, 5.56 mg for glyphosate, and 2.46 mg for paraquat), half and double of the recommended field rates. Tables 4.1 through 4.5 showed the various heterotrophic bacterial colony counts obtained from the various treatments, ranging from the control (Day 1; no herbicide applied) to days 3, 6, 9 and 15 after the application of the various herbicides, respectively. Two general trends are readily observed: the first is that, upon application of the herbicide, the microbial growth steadily diminishes, up to the 6th day. However, from there it continues to increase till the end of the experiments (day 15). This applies to each herbicide. Firstly, the effect of the addition of the various herbicides was evaluated using two samples, a two-tailed Z-Test for means, at a 95% confidence interval, and the results showed that there is a difference in the bacterial counts before the application of the herbicides (Day 0) and immediately after (day 3), and the difference is statistically significant (Z = 3.32, Z critical = 1.96, P = 0.00090). This indicates that the application of the herbicides affects the bacterial population.

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Wang, Pei, Hui Li, Weidong Jia, Yin Chen, and Roland Gerhards. "A Fluorescence Sensor Capable of Real-Time Herbicide Effect Monitoring in Greenhouses and the Field." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 5, 2018): 3771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113771.

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Herbicide resistant weeds need to be identified early so that yield loss can be avoided by applying proper field management strategies. A novel chlorophyll-fluorescence-imaging sensor has been developed to conduct real-time herbicide effect evaluation. In this research, greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to calibrate the capability of the sensor in monitoring herbicide effects on different biotypes of two grass weeds (Alopecurus myosuroides, Apera spica-venti) in southwestern Germany. Herbicides with different modes of action were applied for the effect monitoring. Chlorophyll fluorescence yield of the plants was measured 3–15 days after treatment (DAT) using the new fluorescence sensor. Visual assessment of the weeds was carried out on 21 DAT. The results showed that the maximal PS II quantum yield (Fv/Fm) of herbicide sensitive weeds was significantly lower than the values of resistant populations in 5 DAT. The new technology was capable of quickly identifying the herbicide’s effect on plants. It can be used to optimize management strategies to control herbicide resistant weeds.

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Chen, Jie, Wenping Yang, Jin Li, Sumera Anwar, Kai Wang, Zhenping Yang, and Zhiqiang Gao. "Effects of Herbicides on the Microbial Community and Urease Activity in the Rhizosphere Soil of Maize at Maturity Stage." Journal of Sensors 2021 (April 21, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6649498.

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Studying the effects of herbicides on microbial community and urease activity in the rhizosphere soil of maize is helpful to clarify the mechanisms herbicides used to affect soil microbial environment. In this research, four common preemergence maize specific herbicides, nicosulfuron+atrazine (A1), alachlor+acetochlor+atrazine (A2), propisochlor+atrazine (A3), and acetochlor+atrazine (A4), were selected to use in a pot trial. A preemergence herbicide nonspecific for maize, dinitraniline (A0), was used as the positive control, whereas water instead of herbicide was considered as the negative control (CK). At the maturity stage, the microbial communities and urease activity in the 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, and 40-60 cm rhizosphere soils of maize were analyzed. Results showed that A0 dramatically suppressed maize growth, with no grain got finally, while A1 displayed the weakest effect. The tested herbicides affected the microbial community in the 0-20 cm layer greater than in the 20-60 cm ones, with A1 displaying the greatest effect. In the 0-20 cm soil, A1 largely reduced the relative abundance of the top three dominant genera, Prevotella, Barnesiella, and Lactobacillus in the CK soil, by 99.0%, 98.7%, and 79.2%, and made Pseudomonas, Gemmatimonas, and Sphingomonas became the new dominant genera, while A2 and A3 displayed similar but slighter effects. All herbicides dramatically reduced the relative abundance of the top one dominant fungal phylum (Ascomycota) and genus (Diatrype) in the CK soil, from 45% to 5.2%-7.9% and 42% to 2.1%-3.2%. A0 dramatically dropped the urease activity in the 0-60 cm soils, by 30.5%-33.1%, whereas A1-A4 displayed an unsignificant effect. In conclusion, A1 is a suitable herbicide for maize. Both the bacterial community and urease activity in the 0-20 cm rhizosphere soil are suitable indices to evaluate the effects of preemergence herbicides on maize growth and soil microbial environment.

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Brunton, David J., Peter Boutsalis, Gurjeet Gill, and Christopher Preston. "Varying responses of field-selected herbicide-resistant rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) populations to combinations of phorate with PPI herbicides." Weed Science 68, no. 4 (April 13, 2020): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2020.27.

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AbstractOrganophosphate insecticides, which have the capacity to inhibit specific herbicide-degrading (cytochrome P450) enzymes, have been used to explore metabolic herbicide-resistance mechanisms in weeds. This study investigates the response of seven field-selected rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaudin) populations to herbicides from three different sites of action in the presence or absence of the P450 inhibitor phorate. Phorate antagonized the thiocarbamate herbicides triallate and prosulfocarb (8-fold increase in LD50) in multiple resistant L. rigidum populations with resistance to three different site-of-action herbicides. In contrast, phorate synergized trifluralin and propyzamide in some populations, reducing the LD50 by 50%. Conversely, treatment with phorate had no significant effect on the LD50 for S-metolachlor or pyroxasulfone (inhibitors of very-long-chain fatty-acid synthesis). Phorate has diverse effects that are herbicide and population dependant in field-selected L. rigidum, suggesting P450 involvement in the metabolism of trifluralin and failure to activate thiocarbamate herbicides in these populations. This research highlights the need for implementation of diverse approaches other than herbicide alone as part of a long-term integrated strategy to reduce the likelihood of metabolism-based resistance to PPI herbicides in L. rigidum.

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Messelhäuser, Miriam, Marcus Saile, Bernd Sievernich, and Roland Gerhards. "Effect of cinmethylin against Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. in winter cereals." Plant, Soil and Environment 67, No. 1 (January 11, 2021): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/586/2020-pse.

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Cinmethylin is a potential new pre-emergence herbicide in Europe inhibiting the fatty acid thioesterases in the plastid against Alopecurus myosuroides and other grass-weeds in winter cereals and oil-seed rape. Five field experiments were conducted in Southwestern Germany from 2018 until 2020 to assess the control efficacy of cinmethylin and other common pre-emergence herbicides alone and combined with post-emergence herbicides against A. myosuroides and yield response of winter wheat and winter triticale. In four experiments, the effect of early and late sowing of winter cereals was included as the second factor in the experiment to investigate if late sowing can reduce A. myosuroides density weed control efficacy. All fields were heavily infested with A. myosuroides with average densities of 110–730 plants/m2. Late sowing reduced densities in three out of four experiments. Herbicides controlled 42–100% of the A. myosuroides plants. However, none of the treatments was consistently better than the other treatments over all experiments. In three out of 5 experiments, grain yields were significantly increased by the herbicide treatments. The results demonstrate that cinmethylin increases the options for controlling A. myosuroides in winter cereals. However, it needs to be combined with other control tactics.

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Rosculete, Catalin, Elena Bonciu, Elena Rosculete, and Liviu Olaru. "Determination of the Environmental Pollution Potential of Some Herbicides by the Assessment of Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects on Allium cepa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010075.

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The present study aims to evaluate the potential for the pollution of the environment by two herbicides (quizalofop-p-ethyl and cycloxydim), using the Allium test. The species in question is Allium cepa (onion, 2n = 16), one of the most common plant indicators of environmental pollution. The working method consisted of obtaining the meristematic roots of Allium cepa and their treatment with herbicides at three different concentrations (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) for each herbicide for 24 h, for comparison with an untreated control. The results obtained from the cytological study indicated a strong cytotoxic and genotoxic effect for both herbicides, but especially for quizalofop-p-ethyl, where the mitotic index decreased from 30.2% (control) to 9.6% for the variant treated with 1.5% herbicide. In this case, a strong mitodepressive effect was shown by a highly significant percentage (35.4%) of chromosomal aberrations and nuclear alterations: stickiness, fragments, C-mitosis, lobulated nucleus, micronuclei, and nuclear erosion. The mitodepressive effect as well as the percentage of chromosomal aberrations increased with a higher herbicide concentration. The obtained results suggest the strong potential for pollution of the two herbicides, particularly at concentrations higher than 0.5%; therefore, we recommend caution in their use to avoid undesirable effects on the environment.

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Abdollahi, Farzin, and Hossein Ghadiri. "Effect of Separate and Combined Applications of Herbicides on Weed Control and Yield of Sugar Beet." Weed Technology 18, no. 4 (December 2004): 968–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-03-142r2.

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Field studies were conducted to investigate the effects of different rates of herbicides on weed control, agronomic characteristics, and quality of sugar beet at Shiraz, Iran, in 2000 and 2001. Separate and combined applications of herbicides, including 14 combinations and different rates of grass and broadleaf herbicides, at two rates were used. Herbicides reduced weed biomass compared with the weedy check. In both years, maximum reduction in weed biomass was observed with desmedipham plus phenmedipham plus ethofumesate at 0.23 + 0.23 + 0.23 kg ai/ha and desmedipham plus phenmedipham plus propaquizafop at 0.46 + 0.46 + 0.1 kg ai/ha. Efficacy of grass herbicides was reduced when they were combined with pyrazon. Highest crop injury in both years was observed with desmedipham plus phenmedipham plus ethofumesate at 0.23 + 0.23 + 0.23 kg/ ha. Highest and lowest root yields in both years were produced in weed-free and weedy check plots, respectively. All herbicide treatments produced lower sugar beet yields than the hand-weeded check. Of the herbicide treatments evaluated, the highest sugar beet yields were with desmedipham plus phenmedipham plus propaquizafop at 0.46 + 0.46 + 0.1 kg/ha in 2001 and with desmedipham plus phenmedipham plus ethofumesate at 0.23 + 0.23 + 0.23 kg/ha in 2000. Sucrose content and other sugar beet brei characteristics were not affected by the herbicide treatments.

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Nursa’adah, W. Akasah, D. P. Totti, A. Putra, and M. O. Mulya. "Comparison of several weed control and tillage techniques in suppressing weeds and increasing maize production for integrated weed control." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1302, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1302/1/012035.

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Abstract The use of herbicides has received attention due to its effects on human health, sustainability, and biodiversity due to toxic chemicals in herbicides. Repeated use of herbicide active ingredients over a long period of time can result in the emergence of resistant weeds. One strategy to reduce the herbicide use without decreasing productivity is integrated weed control. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of several weed control techniques in integrated weed control and their role in suppressing weeds and increasing maize crop production. This study used a Randomized Group Design with 2 factorials. The first factor was weed control technique (W) with levels: no control (W0), cover crop (W1), pre-emergent herbicide (W2), post-emergent herbicide (W3), and weed-free (with weeding) (W4). And the second factor was tillage technique (T), namely: no tillage (T0) and conventional tillage (T1). The results showed that post-emergent herbicides were more effective in controlling weeds and the highest crop production with weed control techniques with pre-emergent herbicides. The tillage technique had no significant effect on weeds and maize crop production.

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Basu, Sayantani, and Y. Vasudeva Rao. "Environmental Effects and Management Strategies of the Herbicides." International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 11, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 518–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/1.2020.2069d.

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India has wide range of agro-climates and soil types and highly diverse agriculture farming systems with different types of weed problems. So, herbicides are the integrated part of the general cropping systems. In general, herbicides are formulated in such a way that they degrade from the environment after completion of their intended work, but a few of them persist in the environment and cause a serious hazard to the succeeding crop and also to the surrounding environments. Hence, a proper knowledge of herbicides is important to understand the management procedure, organization and hierarchy of the herbicides. It also provides an imminent idea to herbicide resistance, which continues to be a problem in sustainable agricultural management. In this review, the herbicides used in India, negative impact of herbicides on the environment, persistency of herbicides, their dissipation methods and different management practices to avoid/minimize herbicide carry-over effects were discussed. The combine effects of bioaugmentation and biostimulation along with organic matter addition might be a promising technology to accelerate the biodegradation. Apart from these, extensive field evaluation studies with other tools like crop rotation and increment of the organic matter content is definitely a promising technique for managing the herbicide persistence. Bioherbicides, a biological control agent for weeds, and transgenic approaches can be a good alternative for chemical herbicides in future. They provide high degree of specificity of target weed and have no effect on non-target, beneficial plants or man and do not form any residues in the environment.

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Soliman, Ibrahim, and Amany Hamza. "Evaluation of Some Herbicides Against Flax Dodder (Cuscuta Epilinum Weihe) In Fibre Flax (Linum Ustatissimum L.) Cultivation." Journal of Plant Protection Research 50, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10045-010-0063-8.

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Evaluation of Some Herbicides Against Flax Dodder (Cuscuta EpilinumWeihe) In Fibre Flax (Linum UstatissimumL.) CultivationTwo field experiments were carried out in Sakha Experimental Station during two seasons to evaluate the efficacy of different treatments (hand combing, butralin, tribenuron-methyl, metosulam and fluazifop-p-butyl) in controlling dodder weed (Cuscuta epilinumWeihe) in Fibre flax. Moreover, the effect of these treatments on some growth characters of flax yield and its components was also determined. All tested herbicide treatments decreased the dodder infestation in flax for up to 49 days. All tested herbicide treatments increased all flax growth characters, (straw yield and seed yield). Butralin herbicide gave the best control of dodder, followed by metosulam, tribenuron-methyl and fluazifop-p-butyl. Also, the data revealed that most herbicidal treatments slightly decreased protein content of flax plants and did not adversely affect the oil content of its seeds. This study suggests that, under heavy infestation of dodder weed, the use of the tested herbicides, especially butralin, is highly recommended.

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Hatzios, Kriton K. "An Overview of the Mechanisms of Action of Herbicide Safeners." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 46, no. 9-10 (October 1, 1991): 819–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1991-9-1017.

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Abstract Herbicide safeners are chemicals used for manipulating the tolerance of large-seeded grass crops to selected soil-applied herbicides. The physiological interactions of herbicides and their respective safeners are characterized by the following facts: a) safeners are most effective when applied prior to or simultaneously with the herbicides whose injury they prevent; b) safeners exhibit a high degree of botanical and chemical specificity protecting only certain grasses against injury caused from specific classes of herbicides; and c) protected grass crops are moderately tolerant to the antagonized herbicides. At the biochemical level, safeners may act either as “bioregulators” regulating the amount of a given herbicide that reaches its target site in an active form or as “antagonists” of herbicidal effects at a similar site of action. A safener-induced enhancement of herbicide detoxication in protected plants is currently viewed as the most apparent mechanism for the action of the currently available safeners. Safeners enhance the conjugation of carbamothioate and chloroacetanilide herbicides with glutathione either by elevating the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) or by inducing the activity of specific glutathione S̱-transferases (GSTs). A safener-induced enhancement of the activity of other degradative enzymes such as the cytochrome P450-dependent mixed function oxidases or UDP-glucosyl transferases seems to be important for the protective action of safeners against injury from aryloxyphenoxypropionate, imidazolinone, and sulfonylurea herbicides. Metabolic processes related to acetyl-CoA metabolism have been implicated as likely target sites for a competitive antagonism between safeners and chloroacetanilide or carbamothioate herbicides. At the molecular level, the “gene activation” and “gene amplification” theories offer a likely explanation for the action of safeners.

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Hamouz, P., K. Hamouzová, and K. Novotná. "Effects Of Spring Herbicide Treatments On Winter Wheat Growth And Grain Yield." Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica 46, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sab-2015-0010.

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Abstract Herbicides provide a low-cost solution for protecting crops from significant yield losses. If weed infestations are below damage thresholds, however, then herbicide application is unnecessary and can even lead to yield loss. A small-plot field trial was conducted to examine the effect of herbicides on winter wheat yields. Weeds were removed manually from the trial area before herbicide application. Twenty-four treatments were tested in four replications. Treatment 1 consisted of an untreated weed-free control, whereas the other treatments comprised applications of the following herbicides and their combinations: metsulfuron-methyl + tribenuron-methyl (4.95 + 9.99 g ha−1), pinoxaden (30 g ha−1), fluroxypyr (175 g ha−1), and clopyralid (120 g ha−1). Water (250 l ha−1) or a urea-ammonium nitrate fertilizer solution (UAN, 120.5 l ha−1) was used as the herbicide carrier. Crop injury 30 days after treatment and yield loss were recorded. Results showed minor crop injury by herbicides and their combinations when applied without UAN and moderate injury caused by UAN in combination with herbicides. Yield losses reached 5.3% and 4.3% in those treatments where all of the tested herbicides were applied with and without UAN, respectively. The effect of all treatments on crop yield was, however, statistically insignificant (P = 0.934).

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Luken, J. O., S. W. Beiting, and R. L. Kumler. "Target/Non-Target Effects of Herbicides in Power-Line Corridor Vegetation." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 19, no. 5 (September 1, 1993): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1993.048.

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Four herbicides (Accord, Accord+Escort, Garlon/ Tordon, and Krenite) and two cutting regimens (cut/spray and cut/delay spray) were tested in an Ohio power-line corridor. In all herbicide/cutting combinations, tree populations showed some recovery two years after treatment. Although Accord+Escort applied in a cut/spray treatment resulted in the lowest population of trees after two years, this treatment also had the most persistent negative effect on non-target ground cover. Krenite had the least negative impact on ground-cover. Spraying sooner rather than later after cutting improves treekill by all herbicides, but may also increase effects on nontarget species. More selective herbicides and herbicide application methods are needed for management of natural vegetation.

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