Статті в журналах: "EEPF"

1

TSAKADZE, E., K. OSTRIKOV, Z. TSAKADZE, N. JIANG, R. AHMAD, and S. XU. "CONTROL AND DIAGNOSTICS OF INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMAS FOR CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION ON NANOCOMPOSITE CARBON NITRIDE-BASED FILMS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 16, no. 06n07 (March 20, 2002): 1143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979202011019.

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Control and diagnostics of low-frequency (~ 500 kHz) inductively coupled plasmas for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of nano-composite carbon nitride-based films is reported. Relation between the discharge control parameters, plasma electron energy distribution/probability functions (EEDF/EEPF), and elemental composition in the deposited C-N based thin films is investigated. Langmuir probe technique is employed to monitor the plasma density and potential, effective electron temperature, and EEDFs/EEPFs in Ar + N2 + CH4 discharges. It is revealed that varying RF power and gas composition/pressure one can engineer the EEDFs/EEPFs to enhance the desired plasma-chemical gas-phase reactions thus controlling the film chemical structure. Auxiliary diagnostic tools for study of the RF power deposition, plasma composition, stability, and optical emission are discussed as well.

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2

Sekine, H., R. Minematsu, Y. Ataka, P. Ominetti, H. Koizumi, and K. Komurasaki. "Experimental characterization of non-Maxwellian electron energy distributions in a miniaturized microwave plasma neutralizer." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 9 (March 7, 2022): 093302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0069600.

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The electron energy probability function (EEPF) is experimentally identified in a miniature microwave discharge neutralizer over wide operating conditions. A tiny Langmuir probe coupled with the analog differentiation technique offers precise time-averaged EEPFs over about three orders of magnitude, including high-energy, low-density electrons. The non-Maxwellian, concave EEPFs are observed in all experimental conditions. They approach Maxwellian with higher gas pressure, where they deviate from Maxwellian with the absorbed microwave power. Analyzing the measured EEPFs by the generalized EEPF theory, the index that determines the shape of EEPFs (Maxwellian corresponds to 1) is found to be [Formula: see text]. The ionization frequency is estimated using the measured non-Maxwellian EEPFs, and it is found that one would underestimate the ionization frequency with the Maxwellian approximation about up to [Formula: see text]%, the value almost negatively correlating with the shape index. These results also suggest that the electron fluid model in microwave discharge neutralizers leads to the overestimation of the electron temperature and the Bohm velocity.

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3

Fingu-Mabola, Junior Corneille, Clément Martin, Thomas Bawin, François Jean Verheggen, and Frédéric Francis. "Does the Infectious Status of Aphids Influence Their Preference Towards Healthy, Virus-Infected and Endophytically Colonized Plants?" Insects 11, no. 7 (July 11, 2020): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11070435.

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Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) cause significant damage and transmit viruses to various crop plants. We aimed to evaluate how the infectious status of aphids influences their interaction with potential hosts. Two aphid (Myzus persicae and Rhopalosiphum padi) and plant (Nicotiana tabacum and Triticum aestivum) species were used. The preferences of aphids towards healthy, virus-infected (Potato Leafroll Virus (PLRV) and Barley Yellow Dwarf virus (BYDV)), and endophytic entomopathogenic fungi (EEPF)-inoculated (Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium acridum) plants were investigated in dual-choice tests. The headspace volatiles of the different plant modalities were also sampled and analyzed. Viruliferous and non-viruliferous aphids were more attracted to EEPF-inoculated plants compared to uninoculated plants. However, viruliferous aphids were more attracted to EEPF-inoculated plants compared to virus-infected plants, while non-viruliferous insects exhibited no preference. Fungal-inoculated plants released higher amounts of aldehydes (i.e., heptanal, octanal, nonanal and decanal) compared to other plants, which might explain why viruliferous and non-viruliferous aphids were more abundant in EEPF-inoculated plants. Our study provides an interesting research perspective on how EEPF are involved in behavior of virus vector, depending on the infectious status of the latter.

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4

Taufik, Dhia Farhan, Indri Safitri Mukono, and Nurmawati Fatimah. "Pengaruh Ekstrak Paederia foetida pada Kadar Kolesterol Total Tikus Model Hiperlipidemia yang Diinduksi Deksametason." Syntax Literate ; Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia 7, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v7i1.5681.

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Hiperlipidemia merupakan istilah yang mengacu pada kelainan yang menyebabkan peningkatan profil lipid dalam tubuh manusia. Menurut WHO, secara global, sepertiga penyakit jantung iskemik dikaitkan dengan kadar kolesterol yang tinggi. Peningkatan kadar kolesterol diperkirakan menyebabkan 94,9 juta disability adjusted life year (DALYs) dan 4,32 juta kematian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh ekstrak etanol Paederia foetida (EEPF) pada kadar kolesterol total tikus model hiperlipidemia yang diinduksi deksametason. Penelitian Penelitian eksperimen in vivo ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan desain penelitian post-test only complete randomized design (CRD). Proses penelitian dilaksanakan di Departemen Biokimia, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia, dari bulan Juni 2021 hingga November 2021. Pembuatan EEPF dilakukan dengan metode maserasi pada pelarut etanol 96%. Hewan coba yang digunakan adalah tikus galur Wistar albino jantan berjumlah 30 ekor, sehat, dan berat badan 150-200 gram. Penelitian dilaksanakan dengan membagi rata hewan coba secara acak menjadi kelompok kontrol normal, kontrol patogen, kelompok simvastatin, kelompok EEPF 250 mg/kg, dan kelompok EEPF 500 mg/kg. Sampel darah diambil dari vena pada bagian ekor dan kadar kolesterol total diukur dengan metode point of care testing (POCT). Analisis data dilakukan dengan One-way ANOVA dilanjutkan dengan uji post hoc Dunnett. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, pemberian deksametason (10 mg/kg) selama 14 hari menyebabkan peningkatan kadar kolesterol total yang signifikan, sedangkan pada kelompok perlakuan simvastatin, EEPF 250 mg/kg, dan EEPF 500 mg/kg terjadi penurunan signifikan pada kadar kolesterol total jika dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol patogenik (P<0,001, P<0,05, P<0,05). Pemberian ekstrak etanol Paederia foetida dapat menurunkan kadar kolesterol total pada tikus model hiperlipidemia yang diinduksi deksametason.

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5

Das, S., P. K. Bordoloi, P. Saikia, and L. Kanodia. "The analgesic and acute anti-inflammatory effect of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Paederia foetida (EEPF) on experimental animal models." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 11, no. 3 (August 31, 2012): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v11i3.11723.

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Objective:To study the analgesic and acute anti-inflammatory effect of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Paederia foetida (EEPF) on experimental animal models. Materials and Methods: Fresh leaves were collected, air-dried, powdered, and percolated in 95% ethanol. Acute toxicity test was done according to OECD guidelines. Healthy albino rats (150-200 gm) of either sex were taken and divided into five groups with six animals in each group for central analgesic activity by tail flick method. Peripheral analgesic activity by 1% glacial acetic acid induced writhing test by taking albino mice (20-30 gm) of either sex which were divided into three groups with six animals in each. EEPF was used in a dose of 500 mg/kg bodyweight subcutaneously for tail-flick method and orally for writhing test. In tail-flick method the basal reaction time was taken and a cut-off period of 10 sec was observed. Reaction time were recorded at predrug, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes after administration of drug . The standard drug used for central analgesic activity was pethidine 5 mg/kg bw, naloxone 1mg/kg as antagonist and naloxone 1mg/kg bw with 500mg/kg bw of EEPF to study the central mechanism of action. The standard drug used for peripheral analgesic activity was aspirin 100mg/kg bw orally. A control group was maintained in all the models. For anti-inflammatory study, three groups of animals of either sex (n = 6), weighing 150-200g of the species Rattus norvegicus were taken for the study. Group A was taken as control (Normal salie, 10 mL/kg body weight), Group B as test group (EEPF 500 mg/kg body weight), and Group C as standard (Aspirin 100 mg/kg body weight). The animals were studied for acute inflammation by Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. Statistical analysis was done by one-way analysis of variance followed by multiple comparison tests.Results: EEPF significantly increased the reaction time in tail-flick method (p<0.05) whereas the combination of naloxone and EEPF decreased the reaction time indicating that naloxone inhibits the analgesic effect of EEPF. In 1% glacial acetic acid induced writhing EEPF reduced writhing significantly In acute inflammation, there was significant inhibition of paw edema in Groups B, C in comparison with Group A (P < 0.05). Conclusion:The ethanolic extract of Paederia foetida has significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v11i3.11723 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 11 No. 03 July12

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6

Milosevic-Djordjevic, Olivera, Darko Grujicic, Marina Radovic, Nenad Vukovic, Jovana Zizic, and Snezana Markovic. "In vitro chemoprotective and anticancer activities of propolis in human lymphocytes and breast cancer cells." Archives of Biological Sciences 67, no. 2 (2015): 571–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs141013019m.

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Propolis has been used in folk medicine for centuries due to its healing properties. Ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEP) are rich sources of phenolic acid and flavonoids. Natural phenolic compounds may exert chemoprotective activity in cancer cells due to their ability to scavenge free radicals. The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the genotoxic and anti-mutagenic effects of the EEP on human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and their cytotoxic potential on the human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231 cells). Both cell cultures were treated with six concentrations (1, 10, 50, 100, 250 and 500 ?g/ml) of EEP1 and EEP2, separately and in combination with mitomycin C (MMC). Our results show that the EEP1 and EEP2 samples of propolis after separate and combined treatments with MMC did not influence the nuclear division index (NDI). In the combined treatment, both tested EEPs significantly reduced MMC-induced micronuclei (MN) in PBLs. At 48 h after exposure of the MDA-MB-231 cell line to a combined treatment of EEP samples with MMC, the IC50 values were significantly reduced (23.79 and 19.13 ?g/ml, for EEP1+MMC and EEP2+MMC, respectively, in comparison to the single treatment. In conclusion, the tested ethanolic extracts of propolis exhibited a certain level of in vitro antimutagenic activity in PBLs from healthy subjects, and anticancer activity in breast cancer cell line. The presented findings suggest that the ethanolic extracts of propolis show potential in anticancer therapeutic strategy.

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7

Furukawa, T., Y. Yarita, H. Aoyagi, and H. Nishida. "Measurement of plasma flow and electron energy probability function in radio frequency plasma thruster with a magnetic cusp." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 17 (May 7, 2022): 173302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0071606.

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The use of a cusp magnetic field is studied to improve the thrust performance of small electrodeless radio frequency (RF) plasma thrusters based on a theoretical analysis of a magnetized inductively coupled plasma. In this type of thruster, electrons play a critical role in determining the thrust performance. The electron energy probability function (EEPF) and two-dimensional profiles of the plasma parameters in the cusp-type magnetic field RF thruster are investigated to characterize the plasma flow. Non-Maxwellian EEPFs were obtained, which correspond to the pressure and plasma potential profiles in the plasma plume. In addition, the axial ion velocity was measured, and the presence of ion flux in the downstream direction is revealed, indicating ideal ion acceleration.

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8

Seol, Youbin, Hong Young Chang, Seung Kyu Ahn, and Shin Jae You. "Study on characteristics of electron parameters on inert gas addition in a capacitively coupled SF₆/O₂ plasma." AIP Advances 12, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 125117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0127857.

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In this paper, characteristics of electron parameters of SF6/O2 and inert gas mixture in a capacitively coupled plasma were studied. Here, gases such as He, Ar, and Xe were added to SF6/O2 mixture and electron energy probability functions (EEPFs) were measured. The electron parameters were acquired, which agreed well with EEPF behaviors. Normally, the inert gas functioned as an electron source and the electron density tended to increase. When the inert gas ratio exceeded other gases, the effect of the mixture varied on each gas. He showed its unique behaviors with the increase in electron temperature. Ar and Xe showed consistent behaviors with increasing electron density and decreasing electron temperature as the inert gas proportion increases. Different behaviors of the electron parameters in inert gases can be explained by the complex contribution of electron attachment of SF6 and the ionization rate of each inert gas.

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9

Yang, Wei, Fei Gao, and You-Nian Wang. "Effects of chamber size on electron bounce-resonance heating and power deposition profile in a finite inductive discharge." Physics of Plasmas 29, no. 6 (June 2022): 063503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0090806.

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Effects of chamber size on electron bounce-resonance heating (BRH) and power deposition profile are numerically studied in a finite inductive Ar discharge under a low-pressure range of 0.3–3 Pa. The BRH characterized by a plateau formation in the electron energy probability function (EEPF) exists only at the small chamber radius and relatively low pressure and is enhanced at a larger chamber height. It is attributed to a remarkable increase in the energy diffusion coefficient caused by electron heating at the first bounce resonance condition. As increasing chamber radius and pressure, the enhancement in the energy diffusion coefficient caused by electron–electron collisions tends to Maxwellianize the EEPF, thus resulting in weakness and even disappearance of the BRH. For relatively low pressure, the number of positive and negative power deposition regions increases with increasing chamber radius, and there is no region of negative power deposition at the small chamber radius where the skin depth becomes closer to the chamber radius.

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10

Tika, Lodyta Nawang, Layung Sekar Sih Wikanthi, Shofa Annur, and Retno Murwanti. "Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) Inhibits Migration and Metastasis on 4T1 Breast Cancer Cells." Indonesian Journal of Cancer Chemoprevention 7, no. 3 (February 1, 2017): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14499/indonesianjcanchemoprev7iss3pp99-103.

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Metastasis is the main cause of death among brast cancer patient. Pleorotus ostreatus is known as anticancer agent that inhibits angiogenesis. Ethanolic extract of Pleorotus ostreatus (EEP) which contains lovastatin is predicted to inhibit metastatic cancer through inhibition of MMP-2 and MMP-9. The aim of this study was to determined antiproliferative and anti metastatic activity of EEPw (Ethanolic extract of wet Pleorotus ostreatus) and EEPd (Ethanolic extract of dried Pleorotus ostreatus ) in 4T1 metastatic breast cancer cells line. Qualitative analysis of lovastatin was determined by thin layer chromatography (TLC) using dicloromethan and etil acetat as mobile phase and lovastatin standard. Scratch wound healing assay was used to determine migration inhition ability of EEP while MMP-9 and MMP-2 activity were analysed by gelatine zymography. Molecular docking was performed to know the interaction between lovastatin and MMP-2 & MMP-9. The result showed that EEPw and EEPd contain lovastatin which were proved by spray reaction with anisaldehid. Each of EEPw and EPPd had cytotoxic activity with IC50 760 and 400 μg/mL respectively. Both of them inhibited closure for about 50 % on 4T1 metastatic breast cancer cells line compared to control. Either EEPw or EEPd decreased MMP-9 expression level compared to control. Lovastatin had higher affinity to bond with either MMP-2 or MMP-9 than native ligand. Overall, EEP could be developed as anticancer agent which was targeted on MMP-2 and MMP-9.Keywords : Pleurotus ostreatus, 4T1 metastatic cells, MMP-2, MMP-2, antimetastatic

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11

Naz, M. Y., S. Shukrullah, A. Ghaffar, and N. U. Rehman. "Development of Simple Designs of Multitip Probe Diagnostic Systems for RF Plasma Characterization." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/279868.

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Multitip probes are very useful diagnostics for analyzing and controlling the physical phenomena occurring in low temperature discharge plasmas. However, DC biased probes often fail to perform well in processing plasmas. The objective of the work was to deduce simple designs of DC biased multitip probes for parametric study of radio frequency plasmas. For this purpose, symmetric double probe, asymmetric double probe, and symmetric triple probe diagnostic systems and their driving circuits were designed and tested in an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) generated by a 13.56 MHz radio frequency (RF) source. UsingI-Vcharacteristics of these probes, electron temperature, electron number density, and ion saturation current was measured as a function of input power and filling gas pressure. An increasing trend was noticed in electron temperature and electron number density for increasing input RF power whilst a decreasing trend was evident in these parameters when measured against filling gas pressure. In addition, the electron energy probability function (EEPF) was also studied by using an asymmetric double probe. These studies confirmed the non-Maxwellian nature of the EEPF and the presence of two groups of the energetic electrons at low filling gas pressures.

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12

Sajit Khdair, Maysam, and Emad Hazim Aboudi. "Comparison of Some Methods for Estimating the Survival Function and Failure Rate for the Exponentiated Expanded Power Function Distribution." Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences 28, no. 133 (September 30, 2022): 114–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33095/jeas.v28i133.2354.

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We have presented the distribution of the exponentiated expanded power function (EEPF) with four parameters, where this distribution was created by the exponentiated expanded method created by the scientist Gupta to expand the exponential distribution by adding a new shape parameter to the cumulative function of the distribution, resulting in a new distribution, and this method is characterized by obtaining a distribution that belongs for the exponential family. We also obtained a function of survival rate and failure rate for this distribution, where some mathematical properties were derived, then we used the method of maximum likelihood (ML) and method least squares developed (LSD) to estimate the parameters and because of the nonlinear relationship between the parameters, numerical algorithms were used to find the estimates of the two methods. They are Newton-Raphson (NR) and Nelder mead (NM) algorithms to improve the estimators, and a Monte Carlo simulation experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of the two algorithms' estimates, and the average integrated error criterion (IMSE) was used to compare the survival function estimates and the failure rate. The results showed the efficiency of the maximum likelihood method estimates and least squares developed using the two algorithms (NR, NM) where their results were close, and this shows the new distribution efficiency (EEPF) for modeling survival data.

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13

Dos Santos, Gabriel Alysson Costa, Polyanna Gomes Lacerda Cavalcante, Tayná Barros da Silva Sousa, Ruan Victor Rodrigues Benício, Ben-Hur James Maciel De Araujo, Francisco Irisvan Coelho de Resende Dias, Allana Rhamayana Bonifácio Fontenele, and Fuad Ahmad Hazime. "Efeito da estimulação elétrica periférica e cerebral na força isométrica máxima dos extensores do joelho: ensaio clínico aleatorizado." Revista Pesquisa em Fisioterapia 9, no. 3 (August 9, 2019): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17267/2238-2704rpf.v9i3.2388.

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INTRODUÇÃO: Recentes evidências têm demonstrado resultados bastante promissores para o uso de estratégias não invasivas de neuromodulação na melhora de habilidades físicas ou esportivas. A estimulação elétrica periférica (EEP) e a estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua (ETCC) são técnicas não invasivas e não farmacológicas bastante utilizadas para modular a excitabilidade neuronal de áreas cortico-motoras e estimular a recuperação funcional. No entanto, poucos estudos têm investigado o efeito dessas técnicas na melhora do desempenho muscular. OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito da estimulação elétrica periférica sensorial (EEPs) seguida de estimulação elétrica periférica motora (EEPm) ou estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua (ETCC) na força isométrica máxima dos extensores do joelho em indivíduos saudáveis. MÉTODO: 20 universitários saudáveis foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois blocos distintos de 10 participantes cada: Bloco n°1 EEPs real + EEPm real ou EEPs simulada + EEPm real e bloco n°2 EEPs real + ETCC real ou EEPs simulada + ETCC real em uma única sessão. A contração voluntária isométrica máxima (CVIM) dos extensores do joelho foi avaliada por meio da dinamometria manual antes, durante e 10 min pós-estimulação. RESULTADOS: A CVIM dos extensores do joelho aumentou significativamente 10 minutos pós-ETCC isolada (diferença média = 0,23 N/Kg; IC 95% = 0,01 a 0,44 N/Kg; p = 0,04). A ETCC isolada também apresentou maior proporção cumulativa de respondedores seguido de EEPs+ETCC. CONCLUSÃO: A estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua induz a aumentos significativos na CVIM em indivíduos saudáveis. No entanto, a aplicação prévia de estimulação elétrica periférica sensorial não impulsiona os efeitos da estimulação elétrica periférica motora ou cerebral na CVIM.

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14

Hübner, G., L. Bischoff, I. Korolov, Z. Donkó, M. Leimkühler, Y. Liu, M. Böke, V. Schulz-von der Gathen, T. Mussenbrock, and J. Schulze. "The effects of the driving frequencies on micro atmospheric pressure He/N₂ plasma jets driven by tailored voltage waveforms." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 9 (November 23, 2021): 095204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac3791.

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Abstract Capacitively coupled micro atmospheric pressure plasma jets are important tools for the generation of radicals at room temperature for various applications. Voltage waveform tailoring (VWT), which is based on the simultaneous use of a set of excitation frequencies, has been demonstrated to provide an efficient control of the electron energy probability function (EEPF) in such plasmas and, thus, allows optimizing the electron impact driven excitation and dissociation processes as compared to the classical single-frequency operation mode. In this work, the effects of changing the driving frequencies on the spatio-temporally resolved electron power absorption dynamics, the generation of helium metastables and the dissociation of nitrogen molecules are investigated in He/N2 plasmas based on experiments and simulations. We find that under a single-frequency excitation, the plasma and helium metastable densities are enhanced as a function of the driving frequency at a fixed voltage. When using valleys-type driving voltage waveforms synthesized based on consecutive harmonics of the fundamental driving frequency, the spatial symmetry of the electron power absorption dynamics and of the metastable density profile is broken. Increasing the fundamental frequency at a constant voltage is found to drastically enhance the plasma and metastable densities, which is a consequence of the change of the EEPF. Finally, we compare the energy efficiency of the formation of radicals under single-frequency and VWT operation at different driving frequencies. For a given power dissipated in the plasma, VWT yields a higher helium metastable as well as electron density and a higher dissociation rate of N2.

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15

Mukherjee, Atri, Narayan Sharma, M. Chakraborty, and Pabitra K. Saha. "A study on the influence of external magnetic field on Nitrogen RF discharge using Langmuir probe and OES methods." Physica Scripta 97, no. 5 (April 4, 2022): 055601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ac6079.

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Abstract This paper reports the study of the effects of an externally applied magnetic field (0–300 G), in the mode transition as well as in the radial and axial variation of different plasma parameters such as electron density, temperature, etc, in nitrogen RF discharge with the help of an RF compensated Langmuir probe (LP). Also, Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) study is performed in order to have a good understanding of the properties of plasma at different magnetic fields. Data collected from LP shows all three mode transitions (E, H, and W mode) in presence of magnetic fields whereas for no magnetic field only two modes (E and H) are visible. The measured value of electron density by using LP is further verified and compared theoretically using particle and power balance equations. However, the overall density profile attains a higher value for no magnetic field. This rise in overall density at 0 G field is further explained in terms of EEPF plot and OES analysis. The EEPF plot reveals that the number of high energy electrons is reduced with the application of magnetic fields. Also from OES analysis, it is found that the molecular excitations in N2 second positive system [C 3Πu (ν′) → B 3Πg (ν′′)] are increased in the presence of magnetic fields whereas with no magnetic field the ionization peak of N2 first negative system and the molecular dissociation peak at 746.8 nm attains the largest value at a certain power. Plasma density values calculated with the OES method at the different magnetic fields and RF power show a similar trend with respect to the density values obtained from the LP method.

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16

Mishra, Anurag, and Geun Young Yeom. "Dual frequency ICP discharges: Effect of pressure and gas ratio on EEPF and discharge parameters." Surface and Coatings Technology 237 (December 2013): 440–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.09.063.

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17

Bouchelaghem, Sarra, Sourav Das, Romen Singh Naorem, Lilla Czuni, Gábor Papp, and Marianna Kocsis. "Evaluation of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents, Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities of Hungarian Propolis Ethanolic Extract against Staphylococcus aureus." Molecules 27, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020574.

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Propolis is a natural bee product that is widely used in folk medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) on methicillin-resistant and sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA and MSSA). Propolis samples were collected from six regions in Hungary. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values and the interaction of EEP-antibiotics were evaluated by the broth microdilution and the chequerboard broth microdilution methods, respectively. The effect of EEP on biofilm formation and eradication was estimated by crystal violet assay. Resazurin/propidium iodide dyes were applied for simultaneous quantification of cellular metabolic activities and dead cells in mature biofilms. The EEP1 sample showed the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents. The EEP1 successfully prevented the growth of planktonic cells of S. aureus (MIC value = 50 µg/mL). Synergistic interactions were shown after the co-exposition to EEP1 and vancomycin at 108 CFU/mL. The EEP1 effectively inhibited the biofilm formation and caused significant degradation of mature biofilms (50–200 µg/mL), as a consequence of the considerable decrement of metabolic activity. The EEP acts effectively as an antimicrobial and antibiofilm agent on S. aureus. Moreover, the simultaneous application of EEP and vancomycin could enhance their effect against MRSA infection.

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18

Stähli, Alexandra, Hannah Schröter, Simonetta Bullitta, Francesca Serralutzu, Antonio Dore, Sandor Nietzsche, Egle Milia, Anton Sculean, and Sigrun Eick. "In Vitro Activity of Propolis on Oral Microorganisms and Biofilms." Antibiotics 10, no. 9 (August 26, 2021): 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10091045.

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Natural products are being discussed as alternatives to commonly used chemicals in antimicrobial therapy. The study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of propolis against microbial species associated with caries, periodontal disease, and Candida infections. Two commercially available ethanolic extracts of Brazilian and one of European propolis (EEP) were used. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of propolis and controls against eight microbial strains were determined. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) images visualized the effect of propolis on microorganisms. Subsequently, the activity on three different multi-species biofilms (both formation and existing biofilms) was assessed. All MIC values of the Brazilian EEPs were low against the tested oral species (≤0.1 mg/mL–3.13 mg/mL propolis (Candida albicans)). The European EEP had slightly higher MICs than the Brazilian EEPs. The SEM and TEM images suggest an interaction of propolis with the microbial cell wall. The European EEP exhibited the strongest effect on retarding biofilm formation, whereas the Brazilian EEPs were highly active against preformed biofilms (100 mg/mL propolis of both EEPs reduced colony forming unit counts always by more than 6 log10). The antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities point to the potential of propolis as an adjunct in oral health care products.

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Bonamigo, Thaliny, Jaqueline Ferreira Campos, Tamaeh Monteiro Alfredo, José Benedito Perrella Balestieri, Claudia Andrea Lima Cardoso, Edgar Julian Paredes-Gamero, Kely de Picoli Souza, and Edson Lucas dos Santos. "Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, and Toxic Activities of Propolis from Two Native Bees in Brazil:Scaptotrigona depilisandMelipona quadrifasciata anthidioides." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1038153.

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Propolis is a natural mixture of compounds produced by various bee species, including stingless bees. This compound has been shown to exhibit antioxidant, antiproliferative, and antitumor activities. The present study aimed to determine the chemical constituents as well as the antioxidant, cytotoxic, and toxic activities of ethanol extracts of propolis obtained from the stingless beesScaptotrigona depilisandMelipona quadrifasciata anthidioides, which are found in Brazil. Phytosterols, terpenes, phenolic compounds, and tocopherol were identified in the ethanol extracts of propolis (EEPs) in different concentrations. The compounds stigmasterol, taraxasterol, vanilic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, luteolin, and apigenin were found only in EEP-M. The EEPs were able to scavenge the free radicals 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and protected human erythrocytes against lipid peroxidation, with the latter effect being demonstrated by their antihemolytic activity and inhibition of malondialdehyde formation. The EEPs showed cytotoxic activity against erythroleukemic cells and necrosis was the main mechanism of death observed. In addition, the concentrations at which the EEPs were cytotoxic were not toxic againstCaenorhabditis elegans. In this context, it is concluded that EEP-S and EEP-M show antioxidant and cytotoxic activities and are promising bioactive mixtures for the control of diseases associated with oxidative stress and tumor cell proliferation.

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Aldianto, Leo, Grisna Anggadwita, and Aang Noviyana Umbara. "Entrepreneurship education program as value creation." Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management 9, no. 3 (October 1, 2018): 296–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jstpm-03-2018-0024.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of inputs and processes to the output of entrepreneurship education programs (EEPs) in universities in Bandung, Indonesia. The input here is related to the audience, institutional setting and type. The process includes the objective, content and teaching method. The output is represented by entrepreneurial knowledge, entrepreneurial spirit and entrepreneurial behavior. Meanwhile, this study tries to reflect that inputs, processes and outputs in EEPs to create value for students. Design/methodology/approach This study provides empirical evidence of how the influence of inputs and processes on output of EEPs. The results are based on survey data collected at universities in Bandung, Indonesia. A total of 222 respondents participated in filling questionnaires. Structural equation modeling is used to test the proposed hypothesis. Findings The study found that inputs are positively and significantly related to the process of EEP. The study also point out that processes have positive and significant effect on the output of EEP. Meanwhile, the inputs have negative and insignificant effect on the output of EEP. The study concludes that EEPs should be integrated in providing learning to students in encouraging business creation through the identification of inputs, processes and outputs so as to provide insight into how to manage value creation. Practical implications The study is valuable from a university and government perspective, as it highlights the most effective EEP for creating value that is an increase in the number of young entrepreneurs and business creation. Originality/value This study adds knowledge based on students’ perspectives at universities by demonstrating the importance of inputs and processes for EEP output as value creation in giving impact for students to be entrepreneurs.

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Miłek, Michał, Ewa Ciszkowicz, Monika Tomczyk, Ewelina Sidor, Grzegorz Zaguła, Katarzyna Lecka-Szlachta, Anna Pasternakiewicz, and Małgorzata Dżugan. "The Study of Chemical Profile and Antioxidant Properties of Poplar-Type Polish Propolis Considering Local Flora Diversity in Relation to Antibacterial and Anticancer Activities in Human Breast Cancer Cells." Molecules 27, no. 3 (January 22, 2022): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030725.

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Nine samples of ethanolic extracts of poplar-type propolis (EEP) originated from South-Eastern Poland were analyzed in terms of the diversity of the flora around the apiary. The mineral composition, antioxidant properties, polyphenolic profile (HPTLC), and main polyphenolic constituents (HPLC-DAD) were determined. Only minor differences in chemical composition and antioxidant capacity between tested EEPs were found regardless of their botanical origin. However, the biological activity of the EEPs was more diversified. The tested EEPs showed stronger antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) compared to Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis). Staphylococci biofilm inhibition occurred as a result of exposure to the action of four out of nine EEPs (P1–P4). Due to the various compositions of individual EEPs, a different MCF-7 cellular response was observed according to inhibition of cells migration and proliferation. Almost every sample inhibited the migration of breast cancer cells at a low concentration (0.04 µg/mL) of propolis. Even at the lowest concentration (0.02 µg/mL), each EEP inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 cells, however, the level of inhibition varied between samples.

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Konstantaras, A., M. R. Varley, F. Vallianatos, G. Collins, and P. Holifield. "A neuro-fuzzy approach to the reliable recognition of electric earthquake precursors." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 4, no. 5/6 (October 18, 2004): 641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-4-641-2004.

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Abstract. Electric Earthquake Precursor (EEP) recognition is essentially a problem of weak signal detection. An EEP signal, according to the theory of propagating cracks, is usually a very weak electric potential anomaly appearing on the Earth's electric field prior to an earthquake, often unobservable within the electric background, which is significantly stronger and embedded in noise. Furthermore, EEP signals vary in terms of duration and size making reliable recognition even more difficult. An average model for EEP signals has been identified based on a time function describing the evolution of the number of propagating cracks. This paper describes the use of neuro-fuzzy networks (Neural Networks with intrinsic fuzzy logic abilities) for the reliable recognition of EEP signals within the electric field. Pattern recognition is performed by the neural network to identify the average EEP model from within the electric field. Use of the neuro-fuzzy model enables classification of signals that are not exactly the same, but do approximate the average EEP model, as EEPs. On the other hand, signals that look like EEPs but do not approximate enough the average model are suppressed, preventing false classification. The effectiveness of the proposed network is demonstrated using electrotelluric data recorded in NW Greece.

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Pedrini, Matteo, Valentina Langella, and Mario Molteni. "Do entrepreneurial education programs impact the antecedents of entrepreneurial intention?" Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 11, no. 03 (July 10, 2017): 373–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-12-2016-0043.

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Purpose Since the number of Entrepreneur Education Programs (EEPs) is constantly increasing, there is an ongoing debate on their effectiveness on entrepreneurial intention, but mixed results were found. This paper aims to analyse the impact of an EEP on the antecedents of the entrepreneurial intention in Ghana. Design/methodology/approach Following the theory of planned behaviour, we analysed the impact of the EEP on 30 participants of the “E4impact MBA” managed in Accra (Ghana), using an explanatory approach with a mixed-method quasi-experimental design featuring pre and post-testing as well as methods for measuring students’ self-perceived change. Findings Results show that EEPs strongly and positively affect some physiological characteristics, skills, and knowledge of participants, which are antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions. Originality/value The study offers a perspective of EEPs programs in a fast-expanding market, covering the lack of studies on entrepreneurship in these areas, and it is focus on a post-graduate program covering the lacks of studies on these level of education.

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Brothers, Kimberly M., Nicholas A. Stella, Eric G. Romanowski, Regis P. Kowalski, and Robert M. Q. Shanks. "EepR Mediates Secreted-Protein Production, Desiccation Survival, and Proliferation in a Corneal Infection Model." Infection and Immunity 83, no. 11 (August 31, 2015): 4373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00466-15.

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ABSTRACTSerratia marcescensis a soil- and water-derived bacterium that secretes several host-directed factors and causes hospital infections and community-acquired ocular infections. The putative two-component regulatory system composed of EepR and EepS regulates hemolysis and swarming motility through transcriptional control of theswrWgene and pigment production through control of thepigA-pigNoperon. Here, we identify and characterize a role for EepR in regulation of exoenzyme production, stress survival, cytotoxicity to human epithelial cells, and virulence. Genetic analysis supports the model that EepR is in a common pathway with the widely conserved cyclic-AMP receptor protein that regulates protease production. Together, these data introduce a novel regulator of host-pathogen interactions and secreted-protein production.

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Ledea Rodríguez, José Leonardo, Guiselle Rosell Alonso, Diocles Guillermo Benítez Jiménez, Ramón Crucito Reyes Pérez, Jorge Valentín Ray Ramírez, and Juan José Reyes Pérez. "Producción de semillas de variedades de Moringa oleifera Lam en el Valle del Cauto." Agronomía Mesoamericana 29, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/ma.v29i2.29545.

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Moringa oleifera has shown innumerable benefits as animal feed. For the expansion of this plant, a largeamount of quality seeds is necessary and, to produce them, sowing density and the cultivars used must be considered, among other factors. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of sowing distance on seed yield of four moringa cultivars. The study was carried out at the Experimental Pasture and Forage Station Pastures and Forages (EEPF, in Spanish) of the Institute of Agricultural Research(IIA, in Spanish) “Jorge Dimitrov” in Bayamo, Granma, Cuba. Four cultivars: Plain, Nicaragua, Supergenius, and Criolla, were evaluated on a Fluvisol soil in Cauto Valley. Twelve treatments, combining cultivar and sowing distance: 3x1, 3x2, and 3x3 m, were applied. The variables stem thickness, branches per plant,fruits per plant, fruit length, seeds per plant, and seed yield per plant and per hectarewere measured. There was not a significant interaction between cultivar and sowing distance for the studied variables.The best response of yield components was obtained from plants spaced at 3x2 and 3x3 m; however, the highest yield per hectare were reached from plants spaced at 3x1 and 3x2 m. Cultivarr was significant (p≤0.05) on stem thickness, fruit length, and seeds per fruit. For sowing distance, the significant variables (p≤0.05) were: stem thickness, branches and fruits per plant as well as yield per plant and per hectare.

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Monzon, Jose Gerard, Teresa M. Petrella, and Janet Dancey. "Efficacy endpoints (EEPs) in melanoma randomized controlled adjuvant trials (RCATs)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2012): e13049-e13049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.e13049.

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e13049 Background: Inconsistencies in RCAT EEPs definitions and reporting complicate the evaluation of EEPs as adequate surrogates for overall survival (OS) and the comparison of the EEPs between trials. We aimed to identify issues in reporting and defining of EEPs used in melanoma RCATs. Methods: To identify phase 3 melanoma RCATs published in English language journals from 1994- 2011, a Pubmed database search and systematic review of published meta-analyses were performed. RCAT characteristics and endpoint definitions were obtained. Original protocols were requested. Results: A total of 34 RCATs met the criteria for review. Interferon alone or in combination with another agent was the most commonly tested treatment. Node positive disease was included in 24 studies with 1 including resected metastatic disease. The eligibility criteria in regards to age, previous treatment, and performance status were not reported in 26%, 32%, and 53% of studies respectively. The baseline and follow-up radiological tests were not specified in 35% and 26% of studies respectively. Eight time-to-event (TTE) EEPs were identified, with most studies using more than one (See Table). The primary EEP was not specified 23% of the time. Clear definitions of TTE EEPs start and end time criteria were absent in 58% and 44% of studies, respectively. Conclusions: The inconsistencies in the reporting of EEPs in melanoma RCATs is due to a lack of standardization in their definition and measurement. Standardizing EEPs will reduce resource consumption and enhance the comparison of agents across studies in melanoma RCATs. [Table: see text]

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Yang, Wei, Hong Li, Fei Gao, and You-Nian Wang. "A global model study of the population dynamics of molecular hydrogen and the generation of negative hydrogen ions in low-pressure ICP discharge with an expansion region: effects of EEPF." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 27, no. 7 (July 6, 2018): 075006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6595/aacd6f.

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Delgado Aceves, María De Lourdes, Jesús Ángel Andrade Ortega, and Carlos Alberto Ramírez Barragán. "Caracterización fisicoquímica de propóleos colectados en el Bosque La Primavera Zapopan, Jalisco." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Forestales 6, no. 28 (March 22, 2018): 74–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.29298/rmcf.v6i28.270.

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El propóleo es un material resinoso producido por las abejas a partir de recursos naturales vegetativos; tiene propiedades antimicrobianas, antifúngicas, antivirales y antiparasitarias, las cuales varían en función de su fuente natural geográfica. El objetivo de este trabajo fue la caracterización fisicoquímica de propóleo y de su extracto etanólico [EEP], de Apis mellifera colectados en la región Zapopan, Jalisco, México. Se obtuvieron extractos etanólicos de propóleo desgrasado [EEPd], que fueron analizados de acuerdo a la Norma Ramal Cubana 932-88. Se determinó la cantidad de flavonoides y fenoles totales, y se obtuvieron sus perfiles espectroscópicos de UV-Vis, fluorescencia y FTIR. Los resultados evidenciaron que el mayor porcentaje en peso se distribuye entre ceras (47 %) y material insoluble en etanol (16 %); sin embargo, el rendimiento del extracto etanólico del propóleo (EEP) fue de 33 %. Se determinó un contenido de fenoles totales de 260 mg equivalentes de ácido gálico por gramo de EEP y 130 mg de flavonoides equivalentes de quercetina por gramo de EEP. Las huellas espectroscópicas de los EEP muestran bandas de absorbancia (UV-Vis) en los mismos intervalos de longitud de onda en los que las presentan los fenoles; en cuanto a la fluorescencia, las señales de los EEP son similares a las de las moléculas del tipo flavonoides. Los espectros FTIR son consistentes con los de la literatura para otros propóleos, lo que significa que se siguió un buen proceso de obtención.

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Belmehdi, Omar, Badia Douhri, Abdelhakim Bouyahya, Yousif Laghmouchi, Nadia S. Senhaji, and Jamal Abrini. "Phenolic Content, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Moroccan propolis." Current Bioactive Compounds 15, no. 6 (January 23, 2020): 696–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573407214666180530100947.

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Background:Propolis contains compounds with antibacterial and antioxidant capacities, such as phenolic compounds and flavonoids. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial and antioxidant effects of six propolis samples from northern Morocco and to determine their content of polyphenols and flavonoids.Methods:The total polyphenols and flavonoids of Ethanol Extracts (EEP) were evaluated by colorimetric assays. To test the antibacterial activity, the well diffusion and micro-dilution methods were adopted. The kinetic of bacterial growth in the presence of EEP was tested. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using three techniques: reducing power, β-carotene bleaching test, and DPPH scavenging capacity assay.Results:The EEPs were found to have high total phenolic content (65.09 - 122.00 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (41.95 - 50.44 mg QE/g). The screening of the antibacterial activity showed that all tested bacteria were sensitive to EEP except Escherichia coli. The inhibitory zones varied from 11.50 ± 0.70 to 32.00 ± 0.70 mm, and MIC and MBC ranged from 0.07 to 5 mg/mL and 0.07 to >5 mg/mL, respectively. The antioxidant activity was proportional to the phenolic content of propolis. The IC50 varied from 48.70 to 156.00 mg/mL and the RAA% ranged from 75.07 to 96.68 %.

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Stella, Nicholas A., Roni M. Lahr, Kimberly M. Brothers, Eric J. Kalivoda, Kristin M. Hunt, Daniel H. Kwak, Xinyu Liu, and Robert M. Q. Shanks. "Serratia marcescens Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein Controls Transcription of EepR, a Novel Regulator of Antimicrobial Secondary Metabolites." Journal of Bacteriology 197, no. 15 (April 20, 2015): 2468–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00136-15.

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ABSTRACTSerratia marcescensgenerates secondary metabolites and secreted enzymes, and it causes hospital infections and community-acquired ocular infections. Previous studies identified cyclic AMP (cAMP) receptor protein (CRP) as an indirect inhibitor of antimicrobial secondary metabolites. Here, we identified a putative two-component regulator that suppressedcrpmutant phenotypes. Evidence supports that the putative response regulatoreepRwas directly transcriptionally inhibited by cAMP-CRP. EepR and the putative sensor kinase EepS were necessary for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, including prodigiosin- and serratamolide-dependent phenotypes, swarming motility, and hemolysis. Recombinant EepR bound to the prodigiosin and serratamolide promotersin vitro. Together, these data introduce a novel regulator of secondary metabolites that directly connects the broadly conserved metabolism regulator CRP with biosynthetic genes that may contribute to competition with other microbes.IMPORTANCEThis study identifies a new transcription factor that is directly controlled by a broadly conserved transcription factor, CRP. CRP is well studied in its role to help bacteria respond to the amount of nutrients in their environment. The new transcription factor EepR is essential for the bacteriumSerratia marcescensto produce two biologically active compounds, prodigiosin and serratamolide. These two compounds are antimicrobial and may allowS. marcescensto compete for limited nutrients with other microorganisms. Results from this study tie together the CRP environmental nutrient sensor with a new regulator of antimicrobial compounds. Beyond microbial ecology, prodigiosin and serratamolide have therapeutic potential; therefore, understanding their regulation is important for both applied and basic science.

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Hunt, Sheri Ann. "EEPs." Journal of Emergency Medicine 14, no. 5 (September 1996): 639–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0736-4679(96)00146-1.

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Ishan-Khojaeva, F. R. "Peculiarities of Abdominal Delivery of Preterm Labor in the 3rd Level Hospital in Dushanbe City." Doctor.Ru 21, no. 5 (2022): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31550/1727-2378-2022-21-5-62-66.

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Study Objective: To assess the impact of caesarean section rate on perinatal outcomes of preterm birth (PB) in a level 3 hospital based on the caesarean section efficiency ratio. Study Design: Retrospective group study. Materials and Мethods. An analysis was made of the PB histories of women delivered by caesarean section in 2021 at the State Institution “Scientific Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology” of the Ministry of Health and Social Protection of the Population of the Republic of Tajikistan, as well as data from annual reports for the city of Dushanbe and for the institution. Study Results. In a level 3 hospital, every third delivery is by caesarean section. It has been shown that the proportion of perinatal mortality (PM) in PD is 5.5 times higher than in urgent delivery: 84.6 vs. 15.4%. In extremely early PD (EEPB) by caesarean section, the proportion of PM was statistically significantly higher than the proportion of neonatal survival: 95 ± 4.9% vs. 5 ± 4.9% (р < 0,001). The efficiency ratio of caesarean section in the 3rd level hospital is low (0.3) due to the high relative contribution of caesarean sections for EEPD and EPB to the total number of cesarean sections and the prevalence of PM over neonatal survival for EEPB and EPB. Conclusion. The search for reserves to reduce the frequency of caesarean section in group 10 on the М. Robson scale should be carried out among patients with EEPB and EPB. Keywords: preterm birth, caesarean section, Robson score, caesarean section efficiency ratio.

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Jardim, Jacinto, Ana Bártolo, and Andreia Pinho. "Towards a Global Entrepreneurial Culture: A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Entrepreneurship Education Programs." Education Sciences 11, no. 8 (August 2, 2021): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci11080398.

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The number of entrepreneurship education programs (EEP) has increased exponentially over the past two decades. However, a systematic review has not yet been carried out to confirm the effectiveness of EEPs and their presence in the current global world. The main objective of this study was to provide a systematic synthesis of EEP, exploring their characteristics and effectiveness. The search was carried out in the following databases: Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, and ERIC. Twenty-nine articles were included, with programs developed mainly in European (n = 15), Asian (n = 6), and American (n = 5) countries. The programs were primarily aimed at higher education students (n = 17), addressing business plans and the development of entrepreneurial skills. However, greater attention is paid to entrepreneurial skills in both primary and secondary education. The development of the programs under analysis varied between one week and two years. The studies showed the effectiveness of most of these programs in promoting entrepreneurial skills at all levels of education. In turn, there was no verified increase in the intention to start a business since this intention is determined by predisposition, namely socio-cultural and family aspects. This systematic review of the EEP points to the need for this type of program to be preferentially developed in the early school years, since it is at that time that predispositions are created for the development of entrepreneurial skills and intentions. This condition is corroborated by the global geography of the EEP, which demonstrates that, where there is currently an entrepreneurial culture, countries have made a long educational journey, with strategic options from the perspective of educational policies defending entrepreneurship among the younger generations.

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Banac, Ivo. "Continuing EEPS." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 4, no. 1 (December 1989): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325490004001001.

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Gross, Jan. "More EEPS." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 9, no. 1 (December 1994): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325495009001001.

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Braun, Gerald. "Evaluating Entrepreneurship Education Programmes in Developing Countries." Industry and Higher Education 26, no. 3 (June 2012): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/ihe.2012.0095.

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Although a great deal of time, resources and effort goes into the education of potential or existing entrepreneurs, our knowledge of the effects of this education is still rather limited. It can be argued that an imbalance exists between the substantial amount of finance and manpower invested in entrepreneurship education programmes and the very limited amount of resources invested in the evaluation of these programmes (that is, in analyses of their impact). Based on intercultural research and the personal experiences of the author in the evaluation of entrepreneurship education programmes (EEPs) in developing countries, this paper analyses competing approaches of entrepreneurship education; develops a methodological framework for evaluating these approaches; discusses the main findings of EEP evaluation studies carried out in Brazil, Chile, Kenya, the Philippines and Vietnam; presents ‘lessons learned’ with respect to theoretical and methodological foundations of EEP evaluations and practical problems concerning their implementation; and draws general conclusions for future research and practice. The intercultural evaluations are based on a ‘most different systems’ approach, applying a mix of quantitative (questionnaires with open and closed questions) and qualitative (in-depth interviews, on-site-visits, focus-group discussions) tools of social research.

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Pobiega, Kraśniewska, Przybył, Bączek, Żubernik, Witrowa-Rajchert, and Gniewosz. "Growth Biocontrol of Foodborne Pathogens and Spoilage Microorganisms of Food by Polish Propolis Extracts." Molecules 24, no. 16 (August 15, 2019): 2965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24162965.

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Propolis is a natural mixture produced by bees from plant resin substances. This study focuses on the general characteristics of five samples of Polish extract propolis originating from agricultural areas. Chemical composition with high performance liquid chromatography‒diode array detector method, total content of flavonoids and polyphenols, and antioxidative activity were determined in the ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP) samples. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) and time-kill curves were studied for foodborne pathogens and food spoilage microorganisms. In EEPs the predominant flavonoid compounds were pinocembrin, chrysin, pinobanksin, apigenin, and kaempferol and the predominant phenolic acids were p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid. A strong antioxidative action of propolis in vitro was observed (IC50 for DPPH radical was at the level of 0.9–2.1 µg/mL). EEPs had MIC values for bacteria in the range of 1–16 mg/mL, whereas MIC for fungi ranged from 2 to 32 mg/mL. Extract of propolis originating from southern Poland was distinguished by higher content of bioactive components, and stronger antioxidative and antimicrobial activity than EPPs from the remaining areas of Poland. The results indicate the possibility of applying ethanol extracts from Polish propolis to protect food against microbiological spoilage.

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Centeno-Mora, Oscar. "Estimación de proteína en semolina de arroz, mediante aplicación de regresiones en el infrarrojo cercano." Agronomía Mesoamericana 27, no. 2 (June 20, 2016): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/am.v27i2.21153.

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<p><span>El objetivo de este trabajo fue la comparación empírica de las técnicas de regresión por mínimos cuadrados parciales (MCP) y por componentes principales (RCP) en la predicción del porcentaje de proteína para la semolina de arroz. Las estimaciones se realizaron utilizando los valores de absorbancia en la zona del infrarrojo cercano. Se obtuvieron 135 muestras de semolina de arroz recolectadas entre el 2004 y 2012, procedentes de diversas fábricas para la elaboración de alimentos para animales en Costa Rica. Se validó la convergencia de los resultados mediante técnicas de simulación de Bootstrap. Las observaciones se dividieron en dos grupos: un conjunto de datos para la estimación del mejor modelo de regresión (n=120), y un conjunto de datos de validación (n=15). Para el conjunto de datos de estimación, los modelos presentaron dificultades a nivel de los valores extremos, lo cual produjo la eliminación de un valor para obtener el mejor modelo en el caso del MCP. En la validación de los modelos de regresión, los estadísticos de bondad y de ajuste del error estándar de predicción de medias (EEPM), la raíz del error estándar de predicción de medias (REEPM), el error estándar de predicción (EEP), la razón de desviación de predicción (RDP) y gráficos de valores observados contra predichos, confirmaron mejores ajustes para la regresión por MCP (EEP=0,304) respecto al RPC (EEP=0,312). El método de simulación mostró una mejor convergencia en los resultados de la regresión por MCP para predecir el porcentaje de proteína en la semolina de arroz.</span></p>

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Rzepecka-Stojko, Anna, Barbara Pilawa, Paweł Ramos, and Jerzy Stojko. "Antioxidative Properties of Bee Pollen Extracts Examined by EPR Spectroscopy." Journal of Apicultural Science 56, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10289-012-0003-0.

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Antioxidative Properties of Bee Pollen Extracts Examined by EPR Spectroscopy Bee pollen is a valuable and highly recognized source of exogenous antioxidants. The aim of these studies was to determine the antioxidant capacity of three types of bee pollen extracts: ethanol extracts of bee pollen, pepsin extracts of bee pollen and ethanol extracts of pepsin-digested bee pollen. Their antioxidant properties were determined with the use of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and their ability to quench DPPH free radicals was estimated. The EPR results showed that ethanol extracts of pepsin-digested bee pollen (EEPP) had the highest antioxidative effect and the highest free radical DPPH scavenging potential. The pepsin extracts of bee pollen (PEP) had the weakest antioxidant capacity. The ability to quench DPPH free radicals was also the weakest one for this extract. An average antioxidative effect was recorded for ethanol extracts of bee pollen (EEP).

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40

Weidle, Carina, and Keila Kern. "Sem título (EEPP) 2020." Revista Interdisciplinar Internacional de Artes Visuais 8, no. 2 (December 7, 2021): 050–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33871/23580437.2021.8.2.050-057.

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41

Banac, Ivo. "EEPS and Editorial Transition." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 8, no. 3 (September 1994): 381–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325494008003001.

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42

Daneshjoovash, Seyedeh Khatereh, and Mirza Hassan Hosseini. "Evaluating impact of entrepreneurship education programs." Education + Training 61, no. 7/8 (August 12, 2019): 781–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/et-08-2017-0128.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of Entrepreneurship Education Programs (EEPs) from students’ and educators’ viewpoint to improve the quality of EEPs. Design/methodology/approach This research applies a qualitative-quantitative methodology. Its sample is included 291 students were selected randomly and 35 educators were chosen by convenience technique from universities of Applied Science and Technology of Iran. Findings The results revealed that essence of EEPs had a positive direct effect on objectives and content of EEPs; objectives and content of EEPs had a positive direct effect on methods of EEPs; essence of EEPs had a positive direct effect on impact of EEPs; and essence of EEPs had a positive indirect effect on methods through objectives and content based on students’ and educators’ perspective. Moreover, as opposed to educators’, students believed that methods of EEPs have not a positive direct effect on impact, while educators were opponent to students approach about the positive direct effect of essence of EEPs on methods. Research limitations/implications The study was limited to Applied Science and Technology universities were selected by convenience sampling method. Similar studies in other universities are needed to be conducted by simple random sampling to evaluate EEPs. Practical implications The study recommends policy-makers to be aware of students’ needs of EEPs’ methods, as well inform educators about effective and initiative methods. Originality/value Evaluating impact of EEPs based on demand and supply-side viewpoint is the first study conducted in Applied Science and Technology universities of Iran.

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HN, Abubakar, Ololade RO, and Olawepo TF. "Harnessing and Improving the Nutrient Contents of Eepa (Left Over Pounded Yam) as a Way of Tackling Malnutrition among School Aged Children in Ifelodun Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria." International Journal of Natural Sciences Research 10, no. 1 (July 4, 2022): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/63.v10i1.3052.

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Access to an adequate diet is a key criterion for tackling malnutrition in school aged children. The aim of the study was to improve locally produced eepa as a way of tackling malnutrition among school aged children in Ifelodun local government area of Kwara State, Nigeria. The research designs used were survey method and complete randomized design. Purposive random sampling was used to select three communities from the study area. The study was conducted with a sample of 30 mothers and 300 school aged children from the three communities selected. Collection of data from pupils was obtained through a designed interview tool and questionnaire was given to mothers. The eepa diets were sent to the laboratory to determine the proximate, mineral composition and vitamin content of the eepa diets using AOAC 2019. All descriptive statistical analyses were performed with SPSS, version 12.0 for Windows while the laboratory data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means separated with Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) using SAS. The results show that the locally produced diets had the highest percentage carbohydrate (35.60%) and caloric value (819.58kj/100). However three improved diets of eepa had the higher percentage ash, percentage lipids, percentage crude protein and percentage crude fibre, Ca, Mg, P, K, Na, vitamin B1, B2 B3 and vitamin C than the locally produced eepa. The new improved eepa diets were eepa- beans, eepa-locust beans + mushroom and eepa-fish. These three new improved eepa diets are more nutritious than the locally produced eepa.

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Mhetre, Mrs Harshada. "Energy Efficient Portable Refrigerator (EEPR)." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 6, no. 6 (June 30, 2018): 1206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2018.6176.

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45

Chyau, Charng-Cherng, Chin-Chen Chu, Shih-Ying Chen, and Pin-Der Duh. "The Inhibitory Effects of Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum) and Its Bioactive Compounds on Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes." Molecules 23, no. 7 (July 19, 2018): 1780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071780.

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The aim of this study was to provide new insights into the role of the ethanolic extracts of Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum, EECF) and its bioactive compounds in preventing adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The results demonstrated EECF significantly inhibited oil red O-stained material (OROSM), triglyceride levels and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The expression of the critical molecules involved in lipid synthesis such as PPARγ, C/EBPα and SREBP-1c was attenuated in EECF-treated cells. According to HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS/MS analysis, rutin, kaempferol, betanin and another nine compounds were present in EECF. The suppression of lipid accumulation by rutin, kaempferol and betanin occurred by decreasing the gene expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα and SREBP-1c. Taken together, these findings suggest the presence of bioactive compounds in EECF may partly account for the anti-adipogenesis of EECF and EECF is therefore a potentially lipid lowering functional food.

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Kim, Joo Wan, Sae-Kwang Ku, Ki Young Kim, Sung Goo Kim, Min Ho Han, Gi-Young Kim, Hye Jin Hwang, Byung Woo Kim, Cheol Min Kim, and Yung Hyun Choi. "Schisandrae Fructus Supplementation Ameliorates Sciatic Neurectomy-Induced Muscle Atrophy in Mice." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2015 (2015): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/872428.

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The objective of this study was to assess the possible beneficial skeletal muscle preserving effects of ethanol extract of Schisandrae Fructus (EESF) on sciatic neurectomy- (NTX-) induced hindlimb muscle atrophy in mice. Here, calf muscle atrophy was induced by unilateral right sciatic NTX. In order to investigate whether administration of EESF prevents or improves sciatic NTX-induced muscle atrophy, EESF was administered orally. Our results indicated that EESF dose-dependently diminished the decreases in markers of muscle mass and activity levels, and the increases in markers of muscle damage and fibrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, cytokines, and apoptotic events in the gastrocnemius muscle bundles are induced by NTX. Additionally, destruction of gastrocnemius antioxidant defense systems after NTX was dose-dependently protected by treatment with EESF. EESF also upregulated muscle-specific mRNAs involved in muscle protein synthesis but downregulated those involved in protein degradation. The overall effects of 500 mg/kg EESF were similar to those of 50 mg/kg oxymetholone, but it showed more favorable antioxidant effects. The present results suggested that EESF exerts a favorable ameliorating effect on muscle atrophy induced by NTX, through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects related to muscle fiber protective effects andviaan increase in protein synthesis and a decrease in protein degradation.

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Junior, Armando Jorge, Joyce dos Santos Lencina, Elisangela dos Santos, Jonas da Silva Mota, Roberto Kenji Nakamura Cuman, Elisabete Castelon Konkiewitz, Cândida Aparecida Leite Kassuya, and Saulo Euclides Silva-Filho. "Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Ethanolic Extract of Piper vicosanum Leaves." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 11 (November 14, 2022): 2455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112455.

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Nonclinical trials are important to validate the efficacy and safety of medicinal plants. Scientific toxicological studies with Piper vicosanum Yuncker have showed its safety; however, no studies have indicated the analgesic or antiarthritic potential of the ethanolic extract of P. vicosanum leaves (EEPV). The objective of the present work was to evaluate the antiarthritic and antinociceptive effects of EEPV in experimental mouse models. The oral administration of EEPV (100, 300, and 700 mg/kg) and dexamethasone (1 mg/kg) were performed in carrageenan-induced pleurisy, in formalin and acetic-acid-induced nociception, and in zymosan-induced articular inflammation models in Swiss mice. The EEPV (300 mg/kg) was tested in zymosan-articular inflammation, the complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) inflammatory model, and in in situ intravitreal microscopy analysis of rolling and adhesion events of leukocytes in the mesenteric microcirculation in mice. EEPV significantly inhibited: (i) nociceptive response at phase 1 and 2, and also in the cold response in the formalin model; (ii) abdominal contortion induced by acetic acid; (iii) mechanical hyperalgesia after 4 and 6 h, knee edema after 6 h, and leukocyte migration in articular inflammation induced by zymosan. All doses of EEPV reduced the leukocyte migration to the inflamed pleural cavity and knee edema 4 h after the zymosan knee injection. The treatment with the EEPV significantly inhibited the CFA-induced edema, mechanical and cold hyperalgesia, and NAG and MPO. The EEPV also significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced leukocyte rolling and adhesion. The present study revealed, for the first time, the antiarthritic and antinociceptive effects of the EEPV.

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Zhang, Chang-zheng, and Xin Mu Zhuo-qin Gao. "Manipulation effects of managerial discretion on executive-employee pay gap: A comparative study between the senior CEOs and the fresh CEOs." Corporate Board role duties and composition 11, no. 3 (2015): 43–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cbv11i3art5.

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The relationship between managerial discretion and executive-employee pay gap (EEPG) has received widespread attention both in the theoretical research and business practices of the corporate governance all over the world. However, the working motives’ differences of managerial discretion between the fresh CEOs and the senior CEOs in determining EEPG and many other business issues have been theoretically ignored to a large degree. Therefore, it is of great meanings to investigate the link between managerial discretion and EEPG by taking such motives’ differences into account in this study. Using the data set taken from the Chinese listed companies, the study empirically analyzes and confirms the following results: First, the manipulation effects of each dimension of managerial discretion on EEPG have distinctive intensity or strength because of different motives of the CEOs; Second, both the senior CEOs and the fresh CEOs have the motives and capabilities to manipulate EEPG positively, but they have very different motives; Third, the fresh CEOs, out of the greater firm-serving motives, are less intending to enlarge EEPG than the senior CEOs, who have the greater self-serving motives; Fourth, the fresh CEOs would like to link firm performance more closely with EEPG, while the senior CEOs would like to link firm size more closely with EEPG. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed in the end.

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Paul, Saili, Soumya Sundar Bhattacharyya, Naoual Boujedaini, and Anisur Rahman Khuda-Bukhsh. "Anticancer Potentials of Root Extract ofPolygala senegaand Its PLGA Nanoparticles-Encapsulated Form." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/517204.

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Ethanolic extract ofPolygala senega(EEPS) had little or no cytotoxic effects on normal lung cells, but caused cell death and apoptosis to lung cancer cell line A549. In the present paper, ethanolic root extract ofP. senega(EEPS) was nanoencapsulated (size: 147.7 nm) by deploying a biodegradable poly-(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA). The small size of the NEEPS resulted in an enhanced cellular entry and greater bioavailability. The growth of cancer cells was inhibited better by NEEPS than EEPS. Both EEPS and NEEPS induced apoptosis of A549 cells, which was associated with decreased expression of survivin, PCNA mRNA, and increased expression of caspase-3, p53 mRNAs of A549 cells. The results show that the anticancer potential of the formulation of EEPS-loaded PLGA nanoparticles was more effective than EEPS per se, probably due to more aqueous dispersion after nanoencapsulation. Therefore, nanoencapsulated ethanolic root extract ofP. senegamay serve as a potential chemopreventive agent against lung cancer.

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Dolz, Daniel, Ángel Morales-García, Francesc Viñes, and Francesc Illas. "Exfoliation Energy as a Descriptor of MXenes Synthesizability and Surface Chemical Activity." Nanomaterials 11, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11010127.

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MXenes are two-dimensional nanomaterials isolated from MAX phases by selective extraction of the A component—a p-block element. The MAX exfoliation energy, Eexf, is considered a chemical descriptor of the MXene synthesizability. Here, we show, by density functional theory (DFT) estimations of Eexf values for 486 different MAX phases, that Eexf decreases (i) when MAX is a nitride, (ii) when going along a metal M component d series, (iii) when going down a p-block A element group, and (iv) when having thicker MXenes. Furthermore, Eexf is found to bias, even to govern, the surface chemical activity, evaluated here on the CO2 adsorption strength, so that more unstable MXenes, displaying larger Eexf values, display a stronger attachment of species upon.

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