Книги з теми "EEG rhythms"
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1
Gillis, Jesse A. Deconstructing hippocampal EEG rhythms using time-frequency analysis. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2003.
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2
Nashmi, Raad. EEG rhythms of the human sensorimotor cortex during hand movements. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1993.
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3
A, Ochs Melvin, and Jones Karen Milazzo, eds. Recognition & interpretation of ECG rhythms. 3rd ed. Stamford, Conn: Appleton & Lange, 1997.
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4
E-Z ECG rhythm interpretation. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Co., 2006.
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5
Huijer, Marli. Ritme: Op zoek naar een terugkerende tijd. Amsterdam: Boom, 2011.
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6
L, Nunez Paul, and Cutillo Brian A, eds. Neocortical dynamics and human EEG rhythms. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
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7
MD, Edward B. Bromfield, and Wendi M. Nugent REEGT RPSGT. Atlas of Adult EEG: Rhythms in Sleep and Wake. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000.
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8
Amzica, Florin, and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Cellular Substrates of Brain Rhythms. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this chapter is to familiarize the reader with the basic electrical patterns of the electroencephalogram (EEG). Brain cells (mainly neurons and glia) are organized in multiple levels of intricate networks. The cellular membranes are semipermeable media between extracellular and intracellular solutions, populated by ions and other electrically charged molecules. This represents the basis of electrical currents flowing across cellular membranes, further generating electromagnetic fields that radiate to the scalp electrodes, which record changes in the activity of brain cells. This chapter presents these concepts together with the mechanisms of building up the EEG signal. The chapter discusses the various behavioral conditions and neurophysiological mechanisms that modulate the activity of cells leading to the most common EEG patterns, such as the cellular interactions for alpha, beta, gamma, slow, delta, and theta oscillations, DC shifts, and some particular waveforms such as sleep spindles and K-complexes and nu-complexes.
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Babiloni, Claudio, Claudio Del Percio, and Ana Buján. EEG in Dementing Disorders. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter reviews the most relevant literature on qualitative and quantitative abnormalities in resting-state eyes-closed electroencephalographic (rsEEG) rhythms recorded in patients with dementing disorders due to Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, vascular disease, Parkinson’s disease, Lewy body disease, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and prion disease, mainly Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. This condition of quiet wakefulness is the most used in clinical practice, as it involves a simple, innocuous, quick, noninvasive, and cost-effective procedure that can be repeated many times without effects of stress, learning, or habituation. While rsEEG has a limited diagnostic value (not reflecting peculiar pathophysiological processes directly), delta, theta, and alpha rhythms might be promising candidates as “topographical markers” for the prognosis and monitoring of disease evolution and therapy response, at least for the most diffuse dementing disorders. More research is needed before those topographical biomarkers can be proposed for routine clinical applications.
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Hari, MD, PhD, Riitta, and Aina Puce, PhD. MEG-EEG Primer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190497774.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book provides newcomers and more experienced researchers with the very basics of magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG)—two noninvasive methods that can inform about the neurodynamics of the human brain on a millisecond scale. These two closely related methods are addressed side by side, starting from their physical and physiological bases and then advancing to methods of data acquisition, analysis, visualization, and interpretation. Special attention is paid to careful experimentation, guiding the readers to differentiate brain signals from various biological and non-biological artifacts and to ascertain that the collected data are reliable. The strengths and weaknesses of MEG and EEG are presented relative to each other and to other available brain-imaging methods. Necessary instrumentation and laboratory set-ups, as well as potential pitfalls in data collection and analysis are discussed. Spontaneous brain rhythms and evoked responses to sensory and multisensory stimulation are covered and examined both in healthy individuals and in various brain disorders, such as epilepsy. MEG/EEG signals related to motor, cognitive, and social events are discussed as well. The integration of MEG and EEG information with other methods to assess human brain function is discussed with respect to the current state-of-the art in the field. The book ends with a look to future developments in equipment design, and experimentation, emphasizing the role of accurate temporal information for human brain function.
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Pfurtscheller, Gert, and Fernando Lopes da Silva. EEG Event-Related Desynchronization and Event-Related Synchronization. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0040.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Event-related desynchronization (ERD) reflects a decrease of oscillatory activity related to internally or externally paced events. The increase of rhythmic activity is called event-related synchronization (ERS). They represent dynamical states of thalamocortical networks associated with cortical information-processing changes. This chapter discusses differences between ERD/ERS and evoked response potentials and methodologies for quantifying ERD/ERS and selecting frequency bands. It covers the interpretation of ERD/ERS in the alpha and beta bands and theta ERS and alpha ERD in behavioral tasks. ERD/ERS in scalp and subdural recordings, in various frequency bands, is discussed. Also presented is the modulation of alpha and beta rhythms by 0.1-Hz oscillations in the resting state and phase-coupling of the latter with slow changes of prefrontal hemodynamic signals (HbO2), blood pressure oscillations, and heart rate interval variations in the resting state and in relation to behavioral motor tasks. Potential uses of ERD-based strategies in stroke patients are discussed.
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Sutter, Raoul, Peter W. Kaplan, and Donald L. Schomer. Historical Aspects of Electroencephalography. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Electroencephalography (EEG), a dynamic real-time recording of electrical neocortical brain activity, began in the 1600s with the discovery of electrical phenomena and the concept of an “action current.” The galvanometer was introduced in the 1800s and the first bioelectrical observations of human brain signals were made in the 1900s. Certain EEG patterns were associated with brain disorders, increasing the clinical and scientific use of EEG. In the 1980s, technical advances allowed EEGs to be digitized and linked with videotape recording. In the 1990s, digital data storage increased and computer networking enabled remote real-time EEG reading, which made possible continuous EEG (cEEG) monitoring. Manual cEEG analysis became increasingly labor-intensive, calling for methods to assist this process. In the 2000s, complex algorithms enabling quantitative EEG analyses were introduced, with a new focus on shared activity between rhythms, including phase and magnitude synchrony. The automation of spectral analysis enabled studies of spectral content.
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Archer, Nick, and Nicky Manning. Fetal cardiac rhythm. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199230709.003.0013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction 166Identification of cardiac rhythm 168Normal rhythms 172Fast abnormal rhythms 184Slow abnormal rhythms 194Irregular rhythms 200Normal cardiac rhythm originates in the sinus node, a RA structure. Atrial electrical depolarization is manifest on the electrocardiogram (ECG) by a P wave and is followed by atrial contraction....
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Steiger, Axel. Sleep in endocrine disorders. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0044.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Related to bidirectional interaction between electrophysiological and endocrine activity during sleep, which are assessed by sleep electroencephalography (EEG) and hormone profiles, respectively, sleep changes occur frequently in endocrine disorders. In most of these disorders, sleep is impaired. Only in patients with prolactinoma is slow-wave sleep elevated. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge on sleep in disorders of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) and hypothalamic–pituitary–somatotropic (HPS) systems, in hypo- and hyperthyroidism, in diabetes mellitus, in prolactinoma, in disorders related to gonadal hormones, and with regard to disturbed endocrine rhythms related to environmental influences.
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Prasad, Girijesh. Brain–machine interfaces. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0049.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A brain–machine interface (BMI) is a biohybrid system intended as an alternative communication channel for people suffering from severe motor impairments. A BMI can involve either invasively implanted electrodes or non-invasive imaging systems. The focus in this chapter is on non-invasive approaches; EEG-based BMI is the most widely investigated. Event-related de-synchronization/ synchronization (ERD/ERS) of sensorimotor rhythms (SMRs), P300, and steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) are the three main cortical activation patterns used for designing an EEG-based BMI. A BMI involves multiple stages: brain data acquisition, pre-processing, feature extraction, and feature classification, along with a device to communicate or control with or without neurofeedback. Despite extensive research worldwide, there are still several challenges to be overcome in making BMI practical for daily use. One such is to account for non-stationary brainwaves dynamics. Also, some people may initially find it difficult to establish a reliable BMI with sufficient accuracy. BMI research, however, is progressing in two broad areas: replacing neuromuscular pathways and neurorehabilitation.
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Temperley, David. Rhythm and Meter. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190653774.003.0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Simple duple meter is predominant in rock; the metrical structure is usually clearly conveyed by the alternating “kick-snare” pattern in the drums. An important aspect of rock rhythm is anticipatory syncopation, the placement of accented events (such as stressed syllables) on weak beats just before the strong beat on which they are understood to “belong.” Adjacent syncopations at different levels (e.g., eighth-note and sixteenth-note syncopations) can create cross-rhythms. Harmonic rhythm—the rhythm of changes in harmony—is occasionally used in interesting ways in rock. Hypermeter—meter above the level of the measure—is generally regular, but irregularities are not uncommon; sometimes irregular and shifting meter occurs at lower levels as well.
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Brady, Peter A. Evaluation and Treatment of Arrhythmias. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0043.
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Abnormal cardiac arrhythmias may be due to reentry, abnormal automaticity, or triggered activity. Reentrant rhythms may be microreentrant or macroreentrant. Ambulatory (Holter) monitoring is useful for the evaluation of both symptomatic and asymptomatic rhythm disturbances and their relationship to daily activity. Treadmill exercise testing is very useful in the evaluation of patients who present with bradycardia and symptoms of palpitations because it allows both documentation of the adequacy of heart rate response to exercise and the recording of the cardiac rhythm during exercise in a controlled setting with ECG monitoring. An electrophysiologic study is useful for assessing sinus node function and the cardiac conduction system and for attempting to induce atrial or ventricular arrhythmias that could explain the clinical presentation. Electrophysiologic study requires placement of electrode catheters in the heart to record and to stimulate heart rhythm. Several therapeutic options are available for heart rhythm disorders, including drug therapy, radiofrequency ablation, and device therapy.
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Springhouse. Reading ECG Rhythm Strips [VHS]. Springhouse, 2001.
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Krishnan, Vaishnav, Bernard S. Chang, and Donald L. Schomer. Normal EEG in Wakefulness and Sleep. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The normal adult electroencephalogram (EEG) is not a singular entity, and recognizing and appreciating the various expressions of a normal EEG is vital for any electroencephalographer. During wakefulness, the posterior dominant rhythm (PDR) must display a frequency within the alpha band, although an absent PDR is not abnormal. A symmetrically slowed PDR, excessive theta activity, or any delta activity during wakefulness is abnormal and a biomarker of encephalopathy. Low-voltage EEGs have been associated with a variety of neuropathological states but are themselves not abnormal. During non-rapid eye movement sleep, a normal EEG will display progressively greater degrees of background slowing and amplitude enhancement, which may or may not be associated with specific sleep-related transients. In contrast, the EEG during rapid eye movement sleep more closely resembles a waking EEG (“desynchronized”) in amplitude and background frequencies. Across both wakefulness and sleep, significant asymmetries in background frequencies and amplitude are abnormal.
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Osman, Gamaleldin M., James J. Riviello, and Lawrence J. Hirsch. EEG in the Intensive Care Unit. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The field of continuous electroencephalographic monitoring (cEEG) in the intensive care unit has dramatically expanded over the past two decades. Expansion of cEEG programs led to recognition of the frequent occurrence of electrographic seizures, and complex rhythmic and periodic patterns in various critically ill populations. The majority of electrographic seizures are of nonconvulsive nature, hence the need for cEEG for their identification. Guidelines on when and how to perform cEEG and standardized nomenclature for description of rhythmic and periodic patterns are now available. Quantitative EEG analysis methods depict EEG data in a compressed (hours on one screen) colorful graphical representation, facilitating early identification of key events, recognition of slow, long-term trends, and timely therapeutic intervention. Integration of EEG with other invasive and noninvasive modalities of monitoring brain function provides critical information about the development of secondary neuronal injury, providing a valuable window of opportunity for intervention before irreversible damage ensues.
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Springhouse. Reading ECG Rhythm Strips: Expert Nurse Video Series. Spring House, 2000.
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22
Reading ECG Rhythm Strips (Springhouse Expert Nurse Video Series). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2003.
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23
Lee, Cheoung Nam. Expert system design and implementation for multichannel sleep EEG signal processing. 1985.
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24
EKG Plain and Simple: From Rhythm Strips to 12-Leads. Prentice Hall, 2001.
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CONCEPTS, CRITICAL. SimBioSys ECG: The Fundamentals of 12-Lead Interpretation & Rhythm Recognition (CD-ROM for Windows 95/3.1). Critical Concepts, Incorporated, 1998.
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26
Jones, Michael, Norman Qureshi, and Kim Rajappan. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias: Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0118.
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Ventricular tachyarrhythmias are abnormal patterns of electrical activity arising from the ventricular tissue (myocardium and conduction tissue). Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is an abnormal rapid heart rhythm originating from the ventricles. The rhythm may arise from the ventricular myocardium and/or from the distal conduction system. The normal heart rate is usually regular, between 60 and 100 bpm, and there is synchronized atrial and ventricular contraction. In VT, the ventricles contract at a rate greater than 120 bpm and typically from 150 to 300 bpm, and are no longer coordinated with the atria. There is still organized contraction of the ventricles in VT, with discrete QRS complexes. It is a potentially life-threatening arrhythmia, with the risk of degenerating into ventricular fibrillation and resulting in sudden cardiac death. It is characterized by a broad-complex tachycardia on ECG.
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Rosenbluth, Glenn, and Christopher P. Landrigan. Sleep, work hours, and medical performance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778240.003.0022.
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Physicians are among the few professionals who are expected to work extended duty shifts of 24 hours or more, often with little opportunity for rest. The physiological factors regulating sleepiness, including circadian rhythms, sleep homeostasis, and sleep inertia, are pushed to their limits when meeting the demands of training programmes and patient care. Sleep-deprived physicians experience reduced clinical performance and vigilance, putting patients at risk. Tired physicians are more likely to make both cognitive errors (e.g. diagnostic reasoning) and technical errors (e.g. surgical complications). Over recent decades, regulations have promulgated that limit physician hours in Europe and the United States. Studies of their impact have generally shown improvements in patient and physician outcomes, though have also revealed concerns about education and training which must also be addressed. As medicine evolves to meet our 24-hour on-demand society, physicians and patients will need to embrace new approaches to high-quality and safe care delivery.
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Cruse, Holk, and Malte Schilling. Pattern generation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The faculty to generate patterns is a basic feature of living systems. This chapter concentrates on patterns used in the context of control of behavior. Spatio-temporal patterns appear as quasi-rhythmic patterns mainly in the domain of locomotion (e.g. swimming, flying, walking). Such patterns may be rooted directly in the nervous system itself, or may emerge in interaction with the environment. The examples given show simulation of the corresponding behaviors that in most cases are applied to robots (e.g. walking in an unpredictable environment). In addition, non-rhythmic patterns will be explained which are linked to internal states and are required to select specific behaviors and control behavioral sequences. Such states may be relevant for top-down attention and may or may not be accompanied with subjective experiences, then called mind patterns. Specific cases concern the application of an internal body model, as well as states characterized as cognitive or as conscious.
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Gabrielsson, Alf. The relationship between musical structure and perceived expression. Edited by Susan Hallam, Ian Cross, and Michael Thaut. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199298457.013.0013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article discusses the relationship between musical structure and perceived expression. Musical structure is an umbrella term for a host of factors, such as tempo, loudness, pitch, intervals, mode, melody, rhythm, harmony, and various formal aspects (e.g. repetition, variation, transposition). The discussion focuses on perceived expression rather than expression somehow inherent in the music. The listener may apprehend music as ‘pure’ music (absolutism) or as expression of emotions, characters, events, or whatever, and may very well alternate, consciously or unconsciously, between different approaches during the course of a piece. The focus will be on referential meaning.
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Reybrouck, Tony, and Marc Gewillig. Exercise testing in congenital heart disease. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199232482.003.0031.
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Exercise testing in adult cardiac patients has mainly focused on ischaemic heart disease. The results of exercise testing with ECG monitoring are often helpful in diagnosing the presence of significant coronary artery disease. In children with heart disease, the type of pathology is different. Ischaemic heart disease is very rare. The majority of the patients present with congenital heart defects, which affect exercise capacity. In patients with congenital heart disease, exercise tests are frequently performed to measure exercise function or to assess abnormalities of cardiac rhythm. The risk of exercise testing is very low in the paediatric age group.1
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Barold, S. Serge. Atrioventricular conduction abnormalities and atrioventricular blocks: ECG patterns and diagnosis. Edited by Giuseppe Boriani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0453.
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The diagnosis of first-degree and third-degree atrioventricular (AV) block is straightforward but that of second-degree AV block is more involved. Type I block and type II second-degree AV block are electrocardiographic patterns that refer to the behaviour of the PR intervals (in sinus rhythm) in sequences (with at least two consecutive conducted PR intervals) where a single P wave fails to conduct to the ventricles. Type I second-degree AV block describes visible, differing, and generally decremental AV conduction. Type II second-degree AV block describes what appears to be an all-or-none conduction without visible changes in the AV conduction time before and after the blocked impulse. The diagnosis of type II block requires a stable sinus rate, an important criterion because a vagal surge (generally benign) can cause simultaneous sinus slowing and AV nodal block, which can resemble type II block. The diagnosis of type II block cannot be established if the first post-block P wave is followed by a shortened PR interval or by an undiscernible P wave. A narrow QRS type I block is almost always AV nodal, whereas a type I block with bundle branch block barring acute myocardial infarction is infranodal in 60–70% of cases. All correctly defined type II blocks are infranodal. A 2:1 AV block cannot be classified in terms of type I or type II block, but it can be AV nodal or infranodal. Concealed His bundle or ventricular extrasystoles may mimic both type I or type II block (pseudo-AV block), or both
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Yust, Jason. Organized Time. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696481.001.0001.
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This book presents a theory of temporal structure for music, making two main arguments. The first is that a single model of temporal structure, expressible in the form of a certain type of mathematical network, is common to all modalities, particularly rhythm, tonality, and form. As a result, we can develop tools to talk about the experience of musical time in abstraction from any particular modality, and make analogies from structural phenomena in one modality to another (e.g., formal counterpoint). The second argument is that each of these modalities is in principle independent: it has its own set of structuring criteria, and it may lead to structures that agree or disagree with each other. The resulting coordination or disjunction between modalities is of more direct aesthetic importance, typically, than anything that can be said about one isolated parameter alone. These claims have deep ramifications for theories of rhythm, tonality, and form: for instance, that it is possible to discuss formal structure without necessary reference to tonal features. Theories of harmony, key, formal function, hypermeter, and closure are developed in conjunction with analysis of a wide range of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century composers, surveys of classical repertoire, and observations about the history of musical styles. A number of mathematical tools for temporal structure are also proposed.
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Baumann, Christian R. Sleep after traumatic brain injury. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0032.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It is becoming increasingly evident that traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a frequent condition causing sleep–wake disorders (SWDs) in more than half of TBI patients. SWDs in TBI includes pleiosomnia (increased sleep need), excessive daytime sleepiness, insomnia symptoms, sleep-related breathing disorders, sleep-related movement disorders, and circadian rhythm disorders. The causes of SWDs in TBI are multifactorial (eg, depression, anxiety, stress, medication-related, pain, genetic background, and possibly trauma-induced brain damage). It is important to perform objective sleep laboratory tests in appropriate cases for optimal treatment of these unfortunate post-traumatic insomnia victims.
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Nolan, Jerry P. Advanced life support. Edited by Neil Soni and Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0091.
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Anaesthetists have a central role in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The incidence of treated out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest is 40 per 100 000 population and is associated with a survival rate to hospital discharge of 8–10%. The incidence of in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) is 1–5 per 1000 admissions and is associated with a survival rate to hospital discharge of 13–17%. The most effective strategy for reducing mortality from IHCA is to prevent it occurring by detecting and treating those at risk or to identify in advance those with no chance of survival and to make a decision not to attempt resuscitation. The European Resuscitation Council and the Resuscitation Council (UK) publish guidelines for CPR every 5 years and the evidence supporting these is described in the international consensus on CPR science. The advanced life support algorithm forms the core of the guidelines but the precise interventions depend on the circumstances of the cardiac arrest and the skills of the healthcare providers. High-quality CPR with minimal interruptions will optimize survival rates. Shockable rhythms are treated with defibrillation while minimizing the pause in chest compressions. Although adrenaline (epinephrine) is used in most cardiac arrests, no studies have shown that it improves long-term outcome. The post-cardiac arrest syndrome is common and requires multiple organ support in an intensive care unit. Therapy in this phase is aimed at improving neurological (e.g. targeted temperature management) and myocardial (e.g. percutaneous coronary intervention) outcomes. Based on standard outcome measurements (e.g. cerebral performance category), 75–80% of survivors will have a ‘good’ neurological outcome, but many of these will have subtle neurocognitive deficits.
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Shrock, Dennis. George Frideric Handel – Messiah. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190469023.003.0004.
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Messiah is discussed in reference to Handel’s operas, other choral works in general, and other oratorios in specific, with focus on the librettos. Additional historic information covers the premiere of Messiah, audience reactions, and subsequent performances, including the beginning of its popularity after performances in the Foundling Hospital Chapel and large-scale and re-orchestrated festival performances in the 1780s. Musical topics address Handel’s compositional process (e.g., speed of writing, parody of previously composed works, and revision of works from performance to performance) and factors of musical organization. Performance practices issues include vocal and instrumental timbre, pitch, vibrato, metric accentuation, rhythmic alteration, recitative, and ornamentation.
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Murgatroyd, Paul, and Paul Murgatroyd. Beauty (289–345). Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781786940698.003.0008.
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This chapter provides the Latin text and a literal translation into English of the section on prayers for beauty and a detailed critical appreciation of those lines, paying particular attention to poetic aspects such as sound, style, rhythm, diction, imagery, vividness and narrative technique, and also assessing humour, wit, irony and the force and validity of the satirical thrusts. Questions of text are considered as well, where they are of substantial importance. In this section Juvenal asks some very relevant questions (e.g. is beauty so desirable; is it worth going to great lengths to secure it; does it necessarily make you happy?). His main thrust is that this prayer is harmful, because beauty entails various serious dangers (such as rape, castration, moral corruption and death), but this basic premise is patently flawed. Messalina is cited as an example in a vivid narrative.
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Nussbaumer-Ochsner, Yvonne, and Konrad E. Bloch. Sleep at high altitude and during space travel. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0054.
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This chapter summarizes data on sleep–wake disturbances in humans at high altitude and in space. High altitude exposure is associated with periodic breathing and a trend toward reduced slow-wave sleep and sleep efficiency in healthy individuals. Some subjects are affected by altitude-related illness (eg, acute and chronic mountain sickness, high-altitude cerebral and pulmonary edema). Several drugs are available to prevent and treat these conditions. Data about the effects of microgravity on sleep are limited and do not allow the drawing of firm conclusions. Microgravity and physical and psychological factors are responsible for sleep–wake disturbances during space travel. Space missions are associated with sleep restriction and disruption and circadian rhythm disturbances encouraging use of sleep medication. An unexplained and unexpected finding is the improvement in upper airway obstructive breathing events and snoring during space flight.
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Frew, Anthony. Air pollution. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0341.
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Any public debate about air pollution starts with the premise that air pollution cannot be good for you, so we should have less of it. However, it is much more difficult to determine how much is dangerous, and even more difficult to decide how much we are willing to pay for improvements in measured air pollution. Recent UK estimates suggest that fine particulate pollution causes about 6500 deaths per year, although it is not clear how many years of life are lost as a result. Some deaths may just be brought forward by a few days or weeks, while others may be truly premature. Globally, household pollution from cooking fuels may cause up to two million premature deaths per year in the developing world. The hazards of black smoke air pollution have been known since antiquity. The first descriptions of deaths caused by air pollution are those recorded after the eruption of Vesuvius in ad 79. In modern times, the infamous smogs of the early twentieth century in Belgium and London were clearly shown to trigger deaths in people with chronic bronchitis and heart disease. In mechanistic terms, black smoke and sulphur dioxide generated from industrial processes and domestic coal burning cause airway inflammation, exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, and consequent heart failure. Epidemiological analysis has confirmed that the deaths included both those who were likely to have died soon anyway and those who might well have survived for months or years if the pollution event had not occurred. Clean air legislation has dramatically reduced the levels of these traditional pollutants in the West, although these pollutants are still important in China, and smoke from solid cooking fuel continues to take a heavy toll amongst women in less developed parts of the world. New forms of air pollution have emerged, principally due to the increase in motor vehicle traffic since the 1950s. The combination of fine particulates and ground-level ozone causes ‘summer smogs’ which intensify over cities during summer periods of high barometric pressure. In Los Angeles and Mexico City, ozone concentrations commonly reach levels which are associated with adverse respiratory effects in normal and asthmatic subjects. Ozone directly affects the airways, causing reduced inspiratory capacity. This effect is more marked in patients with asthma and is clinically important, since epidemiological studies have found linear associations between ozone concentrations and admission rates for asthma and related respiratory diseases. Ozone induces an acute neutrophilic inflammatory response in both human and animal airways, together with release of chemokines (e.g. interleukin 8 and growth-related oncogene-alpha). Nitrogen oxides have less direct effect on human airways, but they increase the response to allergen challenge in patients with atopic asthma. Nitrogen oxide exposure also increases the risk of becoming ill after exposure to influenza. Alveolar macrophages are less able to inactivate influenza viruses and this leads to an increased probability of infection after experimental exposure to influenza. In the last two decades, major concerns have been raised about the effects of fine particulates. An association between fine particulate levels and cardiovascular and respiratory mortality and morbidity was first reported in 1993 and has since been confirmed in several other countries. Globally, about 90% of airborne particles are formed naturally, from sea spray, dust storms, volcanoes, and burning grass and forests. Human activity accounts for about 10% of aerosols (in terms of mass). This comes from transport, power stations, and various industrial processes. Diesel exhaust is the principal source of fine particulate pollution in Europe, while sea spray is the principal source in California, and agricultural activity is a major contributor in inland areas of the US. Dust storms are important sources in the Sahara, the Middle East, and parts of China. The mechanism of adverse health effects remains unclear but, unlike the case for ozone and nitrogen oxides, there is no safe threshold for the health effects of particulates. Since the 1990s, tax measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions have led to a rapid rise in the proportion of new cars with diesel engines. In the UK, this rose from 4% in 1990 to one-third of new cars in 2004 while, in France, over half of new vehicles have diesel engines. Diesel exhaust particles may increase the risk of sensitization to airborne allergens and cause airways inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. Extensive epidemiological work has confirmed that there is an association between increased exposure to environmental fine particulates and death from cardiovascular causes. Various mechanisms have been proposed: cardiac rhythm disturbance seems the most likely at present. It has also been proposed that high numbers of ultrafine particles may cause alveolar inflammation which then exacerbates preexisting cardiac and pulmonary disease. In support of this hypothesis, the metal content of ultrafine particles induces oxidative stress when alveolar macrophages are exposed to particles in vitro. While this is a plausible mechanism, in epidemiological studies it is difficult to separate the effects of ultrafine particles from those of other traffic-related pollutants.