Дисертації з теми "Edward the Black Prince"
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Green, David S. "The household and military retinue of Edward the Black Prince." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10912/.
Повний текст джерелаTidwell, Ashley K. Hamilton Jeffrey S. "The military and administrative leadership of the Black Prince." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5249.
Повний текст джерелаMcGuire, Mary R. "Tobacco Culture and Environmental Consciousness: Ecological Change, Race, and Gender, Prince Edward County, Virginia, 1850--1870." VCU Scholars Compass, 2007. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1515.
Повний текст джерелаDouglas, Sarah K. "The Price of Pestilence: England’s response to the Black Death in the face of the Hundred Years War." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1436982201.
Повний текст джерелаLeard, Jeffrey H. "Economic development in Prince Edward Island, 1969-1997." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ36490.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаAllan, Elizabeth Louise. "Trophodynamics of the benthic and hyperbenthic communities inhabiting the Sub-Antarctic Prince Edward Islands : stable isotope and fatty acid signatures." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006350.
Повний текст джерелаPorter, Dianne. "Women in fishing households in Prince Edward Island, 1998." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0001/MQ43323.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаMurphy, Samantha J. "Rural planning and community development in Prince Edward Island." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ63543.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаPorter, Dianne (Dianne Lynn) Carleton University Dissertation Canadian Studies. "Women in fishing households in Prince Edward Island - 1998." Ottawa, 1999.
Знайти повний текст джерелаMcCabe, Shauna. "Representing islandness : myth, memory, and modernisation in Prince Edward Island." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ61141.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаGurney, Leigh Josephine. "An ecosystem study of the Prince Edward Archipelago (Southern Ocean)." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45694.
Повний текст джерелаParker, Llewellyn Derek. "A contribution to the oceanology of the Prince Edward Islands." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002055.
Повний текст джерелаHugo, Elizabeth Aletta. "Spatial patterns in the microarthropod community associated with Azorella selago (Apiaceae) on the sub-Antarctic Prince Edward Islands." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21743.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: The spatial distribution of animals and plants at different scales is a central theme in ecology. Knowledge of biodiversity distribution is essential, especially with the current threat of climate change and invasion by alien species. Since the impact of climate change and alien species will be, and has already been pronounced in polar regions, information on the current spatial distributions of biota in these regions is critical to predict the consequences of climate change and alien species on the future survival, distribution and abundance of indigenous biota. This study was conducted on the sub- Antarctic Prince Edward Islands (consisting of Marion Island and Prince Edward Island), which have experienced rapid climate changes over the past 50 years. Additionally, a number of alien plant, vertebrate and invertebrate (also microarthropod) species have been introduced to these islands. Since microarthropods (mites and springtails) play an essential role in decomposition and mineralization of plant material on the islands, the loss of microarthropods from decomposer communities might have disastrous results for ecosystem processes. Therefore it is essential to know the current distributions of microarthropods in order to predict future distributions patterns in reaction to climate change and invasive species. In this study, the spatial distribution of mites and springtails inhabiting the cushion plant Azorella selago Hook, were examined at different scales of observation. Firstly, the microarthropod community was examined at a fine scale. The relationship between microarthropod species richness and abundance and plant size, isolation, within-plant variability, grass cover and microclimate variables were investigated. Thereafter, the spatial variability of microarthropod abundances was examined within stands of plants, with statistical methods using varying degrees of locational information to determine if microarthropod abundance is random, regular or aggregated at this scale. Further, the spatial variability of microarthropod communities in A. selago at different altitudes and on different sides of Marion Island, i.e. island-wide scale, was examined. The last scale of observation was the island-wide scale, in which microarthropod assemblages were compared between Marion Island and Prince Edward Island, as well as in different plant species. Microarthropods showed spatial heterogeneity within A. selago plants (higher abundances in eastern and southern sides of plants), island-wide (lower springtail abundance on the eastern side of the island and at high altitudes) and between islands (more alien species on Marion Island). In contrast, microarthropod abundance was not spatially heterogeneous within a stand of plants, i.e. mostly randomly distributed. The possible mechanisms responsible for these patterns differ between scales, and range from temperature and nutrient availability at the within plant and island wide scale to alien species between islands. Climate change is likely to alter these distribution patterns of microarthropods, either directly (unfavourable climate for indigenous species growth, development and dispersal) or indirectly (favouring alien microarthropod species; increase in grass cover on A. selago plants may alter community structure). The information presented here, is essential for predicting the possible impacts of climate change on microarthropods in fellfield ecosystems on sub-Antarctic islands.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die ruimtelike verspreiding van diere en plante op verskillende skale is ‘n sentrale tema in ekologie. Kennis van die verspreiding van biodiversiteit is belangrik, veral met die huidige bedreiging van klimaatsverandering en indringerspesies. Omdat die impak van klimaatsverandering en indringerspesies in die poolstreke alreeds duidelik is en nog meer so sal word, is inligting oor die huidige ruimtelike verspreiding van biota in hierdie streke noodsaaklik. Hierdie studie is op die sub-Antarktiese Prins Edward-eilande (bestaande uit Marion Eiland en Prins Edward Eiland) uitgevoer, waar die klimaat vinnig verander het oor die afeglope 50 jaar. Bykomend is ‘n aantal indringer plant, vertebraat en invertebraat (ook mikroartropood) spesies op die eilande ingebring. Omdat mikroartropoda (myte en springsterte) ‘n baie belangrike rol in ontbinding en mineralisering van plantmateriaal op hierdie eilande speel, sal die verlies van mikroartropoda uit die ontbindingsgemeenskap rampspoedige gevolge vir die prosesse in die ekosisteem hê. Kennis van die huidige verpreiding van mikroartropoda is dus noodsaaklik om die toekomstige verspreidingspatrone, asook oorlewing en volopheid van inheemse spesies in reaksie op klimaatsveranding en indringerspesies, te voorspel. In hierdie studie is die ruimtelike verspreiding van myte en springsterte wat in die kussingplant Azorella selago Hook voorkom, op verskillende ruimtelike skale ondersoek. Eerstens is die mikroartropood gemeenskap op ‘n klein skaal ondersoek. Die verwantskap tussen mikroartropood spesies rykheid en volopheid en plantgrootte, isolasie, binne-plant variasie, gras bedekking en mikroklimaat faktore is ondersoek. Daarna is die ruimtelike variasie van mikroartropood volopheid binne in ‘n plantstand ondersoek deur gebruik te maak van metodes wat verskillende grade van ligging data gebruik. Dit is gedoen om uit te vind of mikroartropood volopheid lukraak, reëlmatig of versameld verspreid is. Verder is die ruimtelike verspreiding van mikroartropood gemeenskappe in A. selago op verskillende hoogtes bo seespieël en op verskillende kante van Marion Eiland ondersoek. Laastens is die mikroartropood gemeenskap op Marion Eiland en Prins Edward Eiland, asook die gemeenskap in verskillende plant spesies vergelyk. Mikroartropoda is ruimtelik heterogeen verspreid binne-in A. selago (meer individue in die oostelike en suidelike kante van plante), asook regoor Marion Eiland (minder springstert individue aan die ooste kant van die eiland asook minder op hoë hoogtes bo seespieël) en tussen eilande (meer indringerspesies op Marion Eiland). In teenstelling hiermee is mikroartropood volopheid ruimtelik homogeen oor ‘n plantstand, dus meestal lukraak verspreid. Die meganismes wat moontlik vir hierdie patrone verantwoordelik is wissel van temperatuur en voedselbeskikbaarheid op die binne-plant en oor die eiland skaal tot indringerspesies op die tussen-eiland skaal. Klimaatsverandering mag waarskynlik mikroartropood verspreidingspatrone direk (ongunstige klimaat vir inheemse spesies se groei, ontwikkeling en verspreiding), of indirek verander (indringer spesies word begunstig; toename in grasbedekking bo-op A. selago mag die gemeenskapstruktuur van mikroartropoda verander). Hierdie inligting is belangrik vir die voorspelling van die moontlike impak van klimaatsverandering op mikroartropoda in klipveld ekosisteme op sub-Antarktiese eilande.
Zilindile, Mphumzi Brooklyn. "An assessment of needle ice, snowfall and the zero-curtain effect and its relationship with soil frost dynamics on sub-Antartic Marion Island." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006908.
Повний текст джерелаBranch, Margo L. "The benthic invertebrate fauna of subantarctic Marion and Prince Edward Islands." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9675.
Повний текст джерелаThere have been several expeditions to Marion and Prince Edward Islands (MPE) which have sampled the marine fauna and flora, including those of the British ships Challenger (1873-1876) and Discovery (1935), and subsequent surveys by the French ship Marion-Dufresne (Arnaud and Hureae, 1979). South African research began with land-based surveys that concentrated on the intertidal and shallow-water benthos and included work by Fuller (1967), Van Zinderen Bakker et al 1971 ), De Villiers (1976) and Blankley & Grindley (1985). More recently this research was extended offshore by the University of Cape Town, with dredging being undertaken from the SA Agulhas over the period 1984-1989 (GM Branch, Attwood, Gianakouras and ML Branch, 1993) and a quantitative SCUBA survey at depths of 5, 10 and 15m at Bullards Bay, Transvaal Cove and Trypot Point (Beckley and Branch, 1992). The identification of benthic species posed a major problem during each of the recent surveys, despite the fact that the material from earlier expeditions has been referred to international taxonomic authorities. Reference specimens are not available or are housed in European collections. The number of species from the area has also increased considerably. Previous work in the subantarctic has been undertaken by scientists from a large number of countries and over a protracted period of time. Isolated detailed monographs reviewing particular groups have appeared, but these remain largely inaccessible to the more generalist worker. Furthermore many are now out-of-date in terms of the nomenclature employed. This situation prompted the compilation of the present series of identification guides, which are intended to synthesise information on the benthic invertebrate fauna of Marion and Prince Edward Islands and to present it in a manner that will allow relatively easy identification by the non-specialist.
Kuun, Patrick John. "Morphometrics and preliminary biology of the caridean shrimp Nauticaris marionis Bate, 1888, at the Prince Edward Islands (South Ocean), 37° 50'E, 46° 45'S." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005419.
Повний текст джерелаGreenan, Mark. "Electoral reform in Prince Edward Island: A case study in deliberative democracy." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27765.
Повний текст джерелаLipiwattanakarn, Surachai. "Application of SWRRBWQ model to Upper Wilmont Watershed in Prince Edward Island." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/MQ31612.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаMaxson, Brian Jeffrey. "Book Review of The Black Prince of Florence." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2679.
Повний текст джерелаDeere, Jacques Andries. "Acclimation effects on thermal tolerance in ameronothrid mites at sub-Antarctic Marion Island." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50236.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: Evidence for widespread ecological impacts due to rapid climate change is on the increase, with further warming predicted over the next century. This increase in warming has lead to organisms adjusting their distribution range and where this is not possible organisms must cope with the stressful environments in a different way. One potential way to handle environmental stress is via a mechanism known as phenotypic plasticity, which allows an organism to express different phenotypes depending on the biotic or abiotic environment in a way that may alter that organism's fitness. Acclimation temperatures can potentially cause plastic (reversible and irreversible) changes in the response of individuals to stressful experimental conditions that could increase their survival. The issue of whether this acclimation will be beneficial to the organism or not remains contentious, with support offered both for and against the idea of beneficial acclimation. The aims of the investigation were to determine the thermal limits of five ameronothrid mite species (Halozetes marinus, H marionensis, H belgicae, H. fulvus and Podacarus auberti) from varying terrestrial habitats and to test whether there is beneficial acclimation on the thermal traits. Along with the beneficial acclimation hypothesis several alternative hypotheses were also tested. In addition, locomotor performance was determined as it has been suggested that locomotion performance is a reliable and practical measure of potential fitness of animals. The same hypotheses testing the effects of acclimation temperature on the thermal limits were tested on three performance traits; performance breadth, optimum speed and optimum temperature. Support for beneficial acclimation was found in the performance breadth and optimum speed traits for all species except for Halozetes marinus. For the optimum temperature trait the prediction for the compensation hypothesis was met and that of the beneficial acclimation hypothesis rejected, with the only exception again being that of H marinus. In the case of the locomotor performance traits the prediction for the beneficial acclimation hypothesis in the performance breadth and optimum speed traits are the same for that of the compensation hypothesis, therefore the overall response of the more terrestrial mite species is one of compensation. However, support for beneficial acclimation was not found in the thermal limit traits of all five species, with the higher acclimation temperatures (specifically 150 C) resulting in negative responses in LLT in H. marinus and H. belgicae, and in ULT in H. fulvus. Phenotypic flexibility varied between marine and terrestrial species. The less variable marine environment showed lower flexibility than that of terrestrial species in the performance breadth trait and optimum temperature trait, but there was a lack of variation between the marine and terrestrial species in the temperature tolerance traits. These results show that the effects of acclimation on various traits, especially fitness related traits, are complex and require more attention if the consequences are to be fully explained. This study therefore provides insight into the effects of acclimation on performance traits and thermal limit traits and has implications for the evolution of plastic responses in terrestrial arthropods.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Bewys vir wye ekologiese impakte as gevolg van vinnige klimaatsverandering is aan die toeneem, met verdere verwarming wat voorspel word gedurende die volgende eeu. Dié toename in verwarming het alreeds veroorsaak dat organismes hulle verspreidings verander, of waar dit nie moontlik is nie, moet hulle stresvolle omgewingstoestande op 'n ander wyse hanteer. Een moontlike manier om omgewingsstres te hanteer is deur gebruik te maak van 'n meganisme wat bekend staan as fenotipiese plastisiteit, wat dit vir 'n organisme moontlik maak om ander fenotipes te toon afhangende van die biotiese of abiotiese omgewing in 'n wyse wat die organisme se fiksheid beinvloed. Temperatuur akklimasie kan moontlik plastisiteit (omkeerbaar of onomkeerbaar) veranderinge in die reaksie van individue tot stresvolle eksperimentele toestande tot gevolg hé, wat gevolglik hulle oorlewing kan verhoog. Die kwessie of hierdie akklimasie wel voordelig vir die organisme is of nie is steeds betwisbaar, met beide steun vir en teen die idee van voordelige akklimasie. Die doel van hierdie ondersoek was om vas te stel wat die termiese limiete van vyf ameronothrid myt spesies (Halozetes marinus, H marionensis, H belgicae, H fulvus en Podacarus auberti) van verskeie terrestriële habitatte is, en om te toets of daar voordelige akklimasie in die termiese eienskappe voorkom. Tesame met die voordelige akklimasie hipotese is daar verskeie alternatiewe hipoteses ook getoets. Verder, is bewegings prestasie vasgestelomdat dit al voorgestel is dat bewegings prestasie 'n betroubare en praktiese mate van die potensiële fiksheid van 'n dier aantoon. Dieselfde hipotese wat die effek van akklimasie temperatuur op die termiese limiete toets, is op drie prestasie eienskappe getoets; prestasie wydte, optimale spoed en optimale temperatuur. Bewyse vir voordelige akklimasie is gevind in die prestasie wydte en optimale spoed eienskappe vir alle spesies behalwe Halozetes marinus. Vir die optimale temperatuur eienskap was die voorspelling vir die kompensasie hipotese korrek maar dié van die voordelige akklimasie verkeerd, met H. marin us die enigste uitsondering. In die geval van die bewegings prestasie eienskappe is die voorspelling vir die voordelige akklimasie hipotese in die prestasie wydte en optimale spoed eienskappe die selfde as vir die kompensasie hipotese. Daarom is die algemene reaksie vir die meer terrestriële spesies een van kompensasie. Bewyse vir voordelige akklimasie is egter nie gevind in die termiese limiet eienskappe van die vyf spesies nie, met die hoér akklimasie temperature (spesifiek 15° C) wat 'n negatiewe reaksie in LLT in H. marin us en H. belgicae, en in UL T in H. fulvus veroorsaak het. Fenotipiese buigsaamheid het verskil tussen mariene en terrestriële spesies. Die minder variërende mariene omgewing het 'n laer buigsaamheid in die prestasie wydte en optimale temperatuur eienskappe getoon as die van terrestriële spesies, maar daar was geen variasie tussen mariene en terrestriële spesies in die temperatuur toleransie eienskappe nie. Die resultate wat hier voorgelê word wys dat die gevolge van akklimasie op verskeie eienskappe, veral fiksheids verwante eienskappe, ingewikkeld is en vereis meer aandag om die gevolge volledig te verduidelik. Hierdie studie verskaf dus insig in die gevolge van akklimasie vir prestasie eienskappe en termiese limiet eienskappe en het gevolge vir die evolusie van plastiese reaksies in terrestriële arthropoda.
Mellish, Teresa Mary. "Factors which influence Prince Edward Island potato producers' implementation of soil conservation practices." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0009/MQ31854.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаStairs, Michèle Elaine. "An independent and incomplete existence?, spinsters in late nineteenth-century Prince Edward Island." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1995. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/MQ35553.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаMacDonald, Heidi. "The Sisters of St. Martha and Prince Edward Island social institutions, 1916-1982." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ68169.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаBrisson, Geneviève. "Branding Prince Edward County as a Gastronomic Niche Tourism Destination: A Case Study." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23345.
Повний текст джерелаWhitehead, Thomas Otto. "Comparative foraging ecology of macaroni and rockhopper penguins at the Prince Edward Islands." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27338.
Повний текст джерелаLee, Brian. "A Matter of National Concern: The Kennedy Administration and Prince Edward County, Virginia." VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1877.
Повний текст джерелаSquire, Shelagh Jennifer Carleton University Dissertation Geography. "L.M. Montgomery's Prince Edward Island: a study of literary landscapes and tourist development." Ottawa, 1988.
Знайти повний текст джерелаSlabber, Sarette. "Physiological plasticity in arthropods from Marion Island : indigenous and alien species." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50417.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: Climate sets range limits in many taxa, and as climate changes, the ranges that plants and animals occupy are altered. The responses of species to climate change involve either migration or local adaptation. An investigation of the local physiological adaptation shown by indigenous and alien arthropods to temperature acclimation formed the primary focus of this study. Increased environmental temperatures favour the establishment of alien species on Southern Ocean Islands. The first records of Porce/lio scaber Latreille, 1804 (Isopoda, Porcellionidae) and an Aphidius wasp species from Marion Island were documented here. The alien wasp was discovered in 2003 and had a current known distribution along the east coast of Marion Island. Both isopods and wasps were reproducing successfully on Marion Island. The wasp species is an aphid parasitoid and had been found mummifying the alien aphid Rhopalosiphum padi. These introductions highlighted the ongoing conflict between use and conservation on the Southern Ocean Islands. Despite considerable work on the upper and lower lethal limits of insects, several major taxa have received little attention. Here this issue was addressed and the lower and upper thermal tolerances and cold hardiness strategy of Antarciopsocus jeanneli Badonnel (Psocoptera: Elipsocidae) from sub-Antarctic Marion Island was investigated. A. jeanneli is freeze intolerant, and more specifically, moderately chill tolerant. Field fresh A. jeanne li had a mean supercooling point (SCP) of -11.1oC, whereas LTSO was -7.7°C, indicating pre-freeze mortality. A. jeanneli responded to acclimation: mean SCP increased from -IS.8°C at a treatment temperature ofO°C, to -7.3°C at ISOC. Investigations of the responses to acclimation of upper and lower lethal limits and limits to activity in insects have focussed primarily on Drosophila. Halmaeusa atriceps (Staphylinidae) was examined for thermal tolerance responses to acclimation, and seasonal acclimatization. In summer and winter, lower lethal temperatures of adults and larvae were c. -7.6 ± 0.03 and -11.1 ± 0.06 °C, respectively. Supercooling points (SCPs) were more variable, with winter SCPs of -S.4 ± 0.4 °C in larvae and -6.3 ± 0.8 °C in adults. The species appeared to be chill susceptible in summer and moderately freeze tolerant in winter, thus showing seasonal acclimatization. Critical thermal minima varied between -3.6 ± 0.2 and -0.6 ± 0.2 °C in larvae, and from -4.1 ± 0.1 to -0.8 ± 0.2 °C in adults. These findings were in keeping with the general pattern found in insects, although this species differed in several respects from others found on Marion Island. In this study the differential responses of indigenous and invasive springtails to temperature were explicitly examined in the context of the beneficial acclimation hypothesis (BAH) and its alternatives. In particular, the thermal acclimation responses of desiccation resistance, supercooling ability, lower and upper thermal limits were compared. Invasive springtails (Pogonognathellus jlavescens, Isotomurus palustris and Ceratophysella denticulata) did not display greater phenotypic flexibility than indigenous springtails (Cryptopygus antarcticus and Tullbergia bisetosa), but did perform better under high temperature conditions. Indigenous species, however, performed better under low temperature conditions. In most cases the BAH was not supported, or could not be distinguished from its alternatives. The prediction that invasive species will outperform indigenous species as climates on Southern Ocean Islands warm was supported. Because temperature plays such a large role in the distribution, abundance and physiological tolerances of invertebrates, microhabitat temperatures along an altitudinal gradient (0 to 800 m above sea level (asi)) were investigated over a two-year period on Marion Island. Mean microhabitat temperatures were comparable to those from previous studies for Southern Ocean Islands, and declined with increasing altitude. The 800 m asl site had the most severe microclimate (highest absolute maximum, lowest absolute minimum and the highest frequency of freeze-thaw cycles). Year one was substantially colder than year two, indicating that interannual variation in microclimate conditions could be responsible for substantial mortality amongst. invertebrate populations. Indeed, indigenous species were best able to tolerate the high incidence of low temperatures at high altitudes, whereas alien species appeared to be confined to lower altitudinal sites on Marion Island, possibly as a consequence of extreme low temperatures at higher altitudes.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Klimaat is een van die grootste faktore wat die verpreiding en digthede van dier en plantspesies bepaal. Soos wat klimaatsverandering plaasvind, kan spesies migreer om stresvolle klimaatstoestande te vermy, of hulle kan aanpas by plaaslike omstandighede. Dit is die laasgenoemde opsie wat in hierdie tesis ondersoek was. Die opsporing van Porcellio scaber Latreille, 1804 (Isopoda Porcellionidae) en 'n Aphidius wesp van Marion Eiland word hier aangeteken. Die huidige verspreiding van houtluise in die omgewing van die Navorsingstasie dui daarop dat hulle die eiland waarskynlik vanaf Kaapstad in bou-materiaal bereik het. Die wesp is gedurende 2003 ontdek en is tans versprei langs die oostelike kuslyn van Marion Eiland. Beide hierdie spesies plant suksesvol voort op Marion Eiland. Die wesp spesie parasiteer die uitheemse plantluis Rhopalosiphum padi. Uitheemse muise en die inheemse kleinskedebek weier tot dusver om P. scaber te eet. Die ontdekking van twee nuwe uitheemse spesies dui weereens op die konflik tussen bewaring en benutting van die Suidsee Eilande. Ten spyte daarvan dat aansienlike aandag gewy is aan die hoë- en lae temperatuur toleransies van insekte, is daar talle taksa wat selde nagevors word. Dié toleransies is dus nagevors vir die boekluis Antarctopsocus jeanneli Badennel (Psocoptera: Elipsocidae) van Marion Eiland. Die spesie is vries vermydend, en meer spesifiek, matig verkoelingsbestand. Veldvars A. jeanneli het 'n gemiddelde superverkoelingspunt van - 11.1 °C gehad, en letale temperature (LTSO) van -7.7 °C, wat aandui dat individue vrek voordat hulle vnes, Hierdie spesie reageer op akklimasie: gemiddelde superverkoelingspunt het toegeneem van -15.8 °C na akklimasie by 0 °C tot -7.3 °C na akklimasie by 15 oe. Die effek van akklimasie op temperatuur toleransie in insekte het dusver meestalop Drosophila gefokus. Hier vors ons die effek van akklimasie op die temperatuur toleransie van Halmaeusa atriceps (Styphylynidae) na. In die somer en winter was die lae letale temperature van kewers en larwes onderskeidelik -7.6 ± 0.03 en -11.1 ± 0.06 °C. Superverkoelingspunte (SVP) het meer gevarieer, met SVP van -5.4 ± 0.4 °C in larwes en -6.3 ± 0.8 oe in kewers. Die spesie IS verkoelingsvatbaar in die somer en matig vriesbestand in die winter, wat dui op akklimatisasie in hierdie spesie. Kritiese termale minima het tussen -3.6 ± 0.2 en -0.6 ± 0.2 oe in larwes, en tussen -4.1 ± 0.1 tot -0.8 ± 0.2 oe in kewers gewissel. Hierdie spesie blyk dieselfde fisiologiese tendense wat in insekte te vinde is uit te beeld, maar verskil in verskeie opsigte van ander insekte op Marion Eiland. Hierdie studie het ook die verskillende reaksies van inheemse en uitheemse springsterte met betrekking tot temperatuur akklimasie bestudeer. Die voordelige-akklimasie hipotese en sy alternatiewe hipoteses is in terme van akklimasiereaksies tot desikkasie weerstand, superverkoeling en lae- en hoë temperatuur bestandheid in Marion Eiland springsterte getoets. Die uitheemse springsterte (Pogonognathellus jlavescens, Isotomurus cf palustris en Ceratophysella denticulata) het nie beter fenotipiese plastisiteit getoon as die inheemse spesies (Cryptopygus antarcticus en Tullbergia bisetosa) nie. Die inheemse spesies het egter beter gevaar onder lae-temperatuur toestande. Die voordeligeakklimasie hipotese ontvang nie veelondersteuning in die huidige studie nie, maar kon in sommige gevalle nie van die alternatiewe hipoteses onderskei word nie. Klimaatsverandering mag uitheemse spesies bevoordeel. Die rol wat temperatuur in die verspreiding en fisiologiese toleransies van invertebrate speel word lank reeds waardeer. Daarom vors hierdie studie die mikrohabitat temperature teen 'n gradient tussen seespieël en 800 m bo seespieël (m bs) oor 'n tydperk van twee jaar op Marion Eiland na. Gemiddelde temperature is vergelykbaar met die van vorige studies op Marion Eiland, en neem af soos wat hoogte bo seespieël toeneem. Die 800 m bs studie-gebied het die mees stresvolle mikrohabitat-toestande ondervind (die hoogste absolute maksimum, laagste absolute minimum temperature, en die meeste vries-ontdooi siklusse). Inheemse spesies op Marion Eiland toon hoër.toleransies tot lae temperature as uiheemse spesies, laasgenoemde kom slegs voor by laer hoogtes bo seespieël, waar ekstreme ternperatuur-toestande dalk minder volop is. Klimaatsverwarming mag egter tot 'n toename in ekstreme weerstoestande lei op Marion Eiland, wat aansienlike mortaliteit in invertebraat populasies kan veroorsaak.
Myburgh, Marike. "Comparative phylogeographic patterns among selected indigenous and introduced Collembola on Marion Island." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21686.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: Marion Island is situated approximately 2600 km southeast of Cape Town and is the larger of the two islands that comprise the Prince Edward Island group. During past glaciation events, Marion was partially covered by ice with fauna and flora confined to isolated refugia across the island. As a result of these long-term isolation events, it is postulated that species predating these glaciation events might show geographic partitioning of genetic variation. Subsequently, the majority of Southern Oceanic islands have a history of sealing activities with vessels frequenting various islands in their hunt for seals. These combined visits to several islands could have facilitated the introduction of alien species, or the reintroduction of species already present on islands. These incidents, combined with more recent scientific voyages, have led to the establishment of several exotic species on Marion Island. Two indigenous Collembola species (Cryptopygus antarcticus (Willem, 1901) and Tullbergia bisetosa (Börner, 1903)) were chosen as model species to investigate the possible effects of glaciation on the spatial distribution of genetic variation on indigenous species. Given the negative impact that alien taxa have on indigenous species and ecosystems, the phylogeographic population structure of the recently introduced Isotomurus cf. palustris (Müller, 1876) was determined and compared to those described for the two indigenous species. To address these questions, two mitochondrial DNA genes were targeted: cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome oxidase subunit II (COII). These genes were sequenced (GENBANK accession numbers DQ147289-DQ147558) and analysed using, amongst others, AMOVA (Analysis of Molecular Variance), SAMOVA (Spatial Analysis of Molecular Variance) and NCA (Nested Clade Analysis). As expected, the two indigenous species showed distinct signs of population expansion, whilst the recently introduced species exhibits little genetic variance across its range. The life histories of species have an influence on their resultant genetic signature; therefore life history parameters were incorporated to explain differences in the phylogeographic patterns observed for these three species.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Marion Eiland is die groter van twee eilande wat die Prins Edward eilandgroep vorm, ongeveer 2600 km suid-oos vanaf Kaapstad. Gedurende glasiasie episodes in die verlede, was Marion gedeeltelik met ys bedek en fauna en flora was geisoleer in klein gedeeltes van die eiland wat beskut was. As gevolg van hierdie langtermyn isolasie word daar voorgestel dat spesies wat op die eiland was voor hierdie gebeurtenisse plaasgevind het, ‘n geografiese verdeling van genetiese variasie sal toon. Sedertdien het die meerderheid van die eilande in die Suidelike Oseaan ook ‘n geskiedenis van skepe wat op een of meer van die eilande aangedoen het in die jag op robbe. Hierdie besoeke deur die robjagters aan die eilande het meegebring dat daar eksotiese spesies op die eiland aangekom het of dat spesies wat reeds op die eiland voorgekom het, opnuut daar geland het. Hierdie, tesame met die onlangse wetenskaplike reise na Marion Eiland, het daartoe gelei dat baie eksotiese spesies ingevoer is na die eiland. Twee inheemse spesies, naamlik Cryptopygus antarcticus (Willem, 1901) en Tullbergia bisetosa (Börner, 1903) is gekies om as model spesies te dien om die moontlike gevolge van glasiasie op die geografiese verspreiding van genetiese variasie te toets. In ag geneem die moontlike negatiewe impak wat eksotiese spesies op die inheemse spesies mag hê, is die filogeografie van ‘n uitheemse spesie, Isotomurus cf. palustris (Müller, 1876) ook bepaal en vergelyk met díe van die bogenoemde inheemse spesies. Dit is gedoen deur twee gene, sitokroom oksidase I (COI) en sitokroom oksidase II (COII) te analiseer. Hierdie gene se basispaarvolgordes is bepaal (GENBANK toetreenommers DQ147289-DQ147558), en hulle is ge-analiseer deur gebruik te maak van AMOVA (Analise van Molekulêre Variasie), SAMOVA (Ruimtelike Analises van Molekulêre Variasie) en NCA (geseteldegroepsanalises). Net soos verwag, het die twee inheemse spesies albei duidelike tekens getoon van ‘n bevolkingstoename terwyl die uitheemse spesie amper geen variasie oor sy verspreidingsgebied getoon het nie. Die lewensstyle van spesies het ‘n beduidende invloed op hulle genetiese bevolkingstruktuur. As sulks is díe in ag geneem om die verskille tussen hulle genetiese strukture te verduidelik.
Beck, Callum Vere. "The Protestant-Catholic divide on Prince Edward Island, Canada : its creation, growth and resolution." Thesis, Open University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.543859.
Повний текст джерелаAnsorge, I. J., Pierre William Froneman, J. R. E. Lutjeharms, K. S. Bernard, L. Lange, D. Lukáč, B. Backburg, et al. "An interdisciplinary cruise dedicated to understanding ocean eddies upstream of the Prince Edward Islands." South African Journal of Science, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007566.
Повний текст джерелаAnsorge, Isabelle Jane. "The hydrography and dynamics of the general oceanic environment of the Prince Edward Islands." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6457.
Повний текст джерелаThe Southern Ocean is the name given to the oceanic region that surrounds the entire Antarctic continent. It comprises the southern extents of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. The Antarctic continent forms the southern boundary of the Southern Ocean, while the northern border is not physiographically fixed, but is usually considered to coincide with the geographic location of the Subtropical Convergence (STC) (Lutjeharms 1985). The unique geography of the Southern Ocean makes it the only place where ocean currents run completely around the globe.
Asdar, Sarah. "Climate change impact on ecosystems of Prince Edward Islands: role of oceanic mesoscale processes." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Science, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30330.
Повний текст джерелаHaley, Craig. "Habitat association and distribution of Nauticaris marionis at the Sub-Antarctic Prince Edward Islands." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20471.
Повний текст джерелаAsdar, Sarah. "Climate change impact on ecosystems of Prince Edward Islands : role of oceanic mesoscale processes." Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0037/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe subantarctic Prince Edward Islands lie in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, between the Subantarctic Front (SAF) and the Polar Front (PF). These fronts positions were found to be highly variable at interannual and monthly time scales and revealed a significant long-term southward trend in the region. The intense mesoscale activity, observed upstream the islands at the South West Indian Ridge, also showed an interannual and intra-annual variability as well a decrease in eddy kinetic energy over 24 years. At a more local scale, we highlighted that the archipelago’s environment was impacted by the mesoscale features produced upstream.Tides appeared to be another important driver of variability of the circulation in between the two islands.An idealised model configuration was designed for the Prince Edward Islands region to study the mesoscale eddy properties and the physical mechanisms of their formation at the ridge. The Eddy Available Potential Energy revealed a maximum of energy around 800 m depth, confirming the deep reaching characteristic of the eddy originated in the region and suggested the presence of a local energy source at this depth. This eddies activity was shown to be the result of a combination of barotropic and baroclinic instabilities occurring at the ridge.Finally, we investigated on the potential consequences of a southward shift of the SAF in the region of the islands.Because the model was idealised, it allowed us to simulate an SAF southward shift by shifting the initial and boundary conditions. The main result was the clear decrease of mesoscale activity in the region which could potentially impact the ecosystems of the Prince Edward Islands
Buwa, Ziphokazi Siyasanga. "The interaction between a keystone plant species and its dominant epiphyte on Marion Island : climate change implications." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17743.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: Climate has shown some remarkable changes over the past century, especially at the polar and sub-polar regions. Southern Ocean Islands provide good models for studies related to climate change effects, since effects may be evident in the short term and may also be clearer. Marion Island is an example of such a system with a harsh abiotic environment, and low species richness often vulnerable to change. Climate change is predicted, and also reported, to have biological consequences on plant communities, affecting the phenology, morphology, and the interaction between individuals and species. This study examines the association between the keystone plant species, Azorella selago Hook. (Apiaceace), and its dominant epiphyte Agrostis magellanica Lam. (Poaceae). Two complimentary approaches were used, one observational and the other experimental. The main objective for the observational study was to quantify bioticallyrelevant microclimate temperature, as well as the morphology, epiphyte load and phenology of A. selago at three different altitude sites on Marion Island. This provided information on baseline variation for understanding specific variability in plant response to the experimental part of this study, against which future patterns arising from biological monitoring can be compared. Studying plants at different altitudes provides a possible analogue for temperature-related climate change consequences for the ecology of A. selago, and its interaction with A. magellanica. The microclimate temperature associated with A. selago differed between the three sites examined. This difference was related to local topographic conditions and altitude differences. Cushion size differed distinctively between the three altitude sites, with this difference related to environmental heterogeneity such as differences in age and substrate structure. Azorella selago annual growth rate was estimated through stem length and the number of leaves on both exposed and shaded stems. Within-site variability, as well as epiphyte cover were found to be the contributing factors on A. selago annual growth rate. This highlights the importance of site-specificity when estimating growth rate within and between different altitude sites. Leaf characteristics differed between the sites, with this attributed to local habitat conditions, such as topography, as well as epiphyte cover. As expected, the difference in leaf size between exposed and shaded leaves demonstrated a larger specific leaf area on leaves shaded by A. magellanica. Agrostis magellanica abundance and density were altitudinally related, with A. selago demonstrating facilitation effects on A. magellanica. The trend shown in this study suggests that in spite of general facilitative effect of A. selago on A. magellanica towards higher altitudes, the abiotic environmental threshold for A. magellanica occurs at lower altitudes than it does for A. selago. Phenological differences were also apparent between the three sites. The objectives of the experimental part of this study were to quantify the effect of the dominant epiphyte, A. magellanica on biotically-relevant microclimatic temperatures, as well as on the phenology and physical condition of A. selago. Different treatments were applied to cushions at the three altitude sites to examine the shading effect of epiphytic A. magellanica on cushion plants, as well as the effect of treatment-related disturbance. Azorella selago microclimate temperature showed no significant difference between treatments, suggesting that on average epiphytic A. magellanica cover has no effect on cushion microclimate temperature. The percentage of flower budding and flowering of A. selago was negatively related to epiphyte cover. Cushion vitality was also responsive to epiphyte cover, with higher vitality scores on low grass covered cushions than on high grass cushions. This shows that A. magellanica competes with A. selago, while A. selago facilitates A. magellanica. Heavy epiphyte numbers impose negative effects on A. selago vegetative and reproductive performance, as well as cushion vitality. Therefore, the results of this research show that the vegetative and reproductive performance of A. selago and cushion vitality are likely to be negatively affected under ongoing climate change on Marion Island if this brings about heavier epiphyte loads on this keystone cushion plant species.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die afgelope eeu het die klimaat in die Antarktiese en sub-Antarktiese gebiede merkwaardige verandering getoon. Die Suidelike See Eilande dien as goeie modelle vir studies verwant aan die gevolge van klimaatsverandering, aangesien die kort termyn effekte in die gebiede duideliker mag wees in die toekoms. Marion Eiland is ‘n voorbeeld van so ‘n sisteem, met ‘n ruwe abiotiese omgewing en lae spesies rykheid, wat vatbaar is vir verandering. Daar word voorspel, en is reeds bevind dat klimaatsverandering biologiese gevolge op plant gemeenskappe het, in terme van morfologie, fenologie en die interaksie tussen individue en spesies. Hierdie studie ondersoek die assosiasie tussen die hoeksteen plant spesie, Azorella selago (Apiaceace), en sy dominante epifietiese gras, Agrostis magellanica Lam. (Poaceae). Die studie is op twee komplimentêre maniere benader, naamlik deur waarneming en eksperiment. Die hoof doel van die studie was om die biotiese belang van mikroklimaat temperatuur te kwantifiseer, en die hoeveelheid epifiete, die morfologie en die fenologie van A. selago te bepaal by drie verskillende hoogtes op Marion Eiland. Laasgenoemde het inligting verskaf oor die variasie in die reaksie van plante tot die eksperimentele aspek van die studie, waarteen patrone vanaf toekomstige biologiese beheer vergelyk kon word. Deur plante te bestudeer by verskillende hoogtes bo seespieël word ‘n moontlike analoog vir die gevolge van temperatuur-verwante klimaatverandering in terme van die ekologie van A. selago, en laasgenoemde se interaksie met A. magellanica verskaf. Die mikroklimaat temperatuur geassosieer met A. selago verskil tussen dié drie liggings. Die versil was verwant aan die plaaslike topografiese toestande en die verskillende hoogtes bo seespieël. Die grootte van die kussingplante het duidelik versil tussen die drie liggings, met die verskille verwant aan die omgewing se heterogeneïteit, byvoorbeeld die verskille in ouderdom en substraat struktuur. Azorella selago se jaarlikse groeitempo was bepaal deur die stingel lengte en die aantal blare, op beide die wat oorskadu is deur die gras, en die was nie oorskadu is nie. Daar is gevind dat die faktore wat bygedra het tot die jaarlikse groeitempo van A. selago, varieër binne die verskillende liggings, en bedekking deur epifiete. Dit beklemtoon die belang van spesifisiteit van ligging wanneer groeitempo in en tussen die liggings van verskillende hoogtes bepaal word. Die blaar eienskappe het verskil tussen verskillende liggings, as gevolg van plaaslike habitat toestande, soos topografie en bedekking deur epifiete. Soos verwag, het die blare wat oorskadu was deur A. magellanica ‘n groter spesifieke blaar area getoon as blare wat blootgestel was. Die hoeveelheid en digtheid van Agrosits magellanica was verwant aan hoogte bo seespieël, met A. selago wat fasiliterende effekte toon op A. magellanica. Die tendens waargeneem in hierdie studie is dat ten spyte van die algemene fasiliterende effek van A. selago op A. magellanica, die abiotiese omgewingsdrempel op ‘n laer hoogte is vir A. magellanica as vir A. selago. Fenologiese verskille was ook duidelik tussen die drie liggings. Die doel van die eksperimentele deel van die studie was om die effek van die dominante epifiet, A. magellanica, te bepaal op bioties relevante mikroklimaat temperature, asook op die fenologie en fiesiese toestand van A. selago. Verskeie behandelings is aangewend op die kussingplante by die drie liggings om die effek van skaduwee van die epifietiese A. magellanica op die plante te bepaal, asook die effek van versteurings versoorsaak deur die behandelings. Azorella selago se mikroklimaat temperatuur het geen betekenisvolle verskille tussen behandelings getoon nie, wat voorstel dat epifitiese A. magellanica oor die algemeen geen effek op die kussingplante se mikroklimaat temperatuur het nie. Daar was ‘n negatiewe verwantskap tussen die hoeveelheid epifiete op A. selago en die persentasie blomme en blomknoppe op die kussingplante. Die plante se vitaliteit was ook afhanklik van epifiet bedekking, met ‘n hoër vitaliteit telling vir kussingplante bedek met lae gras as die bedek met hoë gras. Dit toon dat A. magellanica met A. selago wedywer, terwyl A. selago vir A. magellanica fasiliteer. Hoë epifiet getalle het negatiewe effekte op A. selago se vegetatiewe en reproproduktiewe nakoming, asook die kussingplante se vitaliteit. Die resultate van hierdie studie toon dus dat die vegetatiewe en reproduktiewe nakoming van A. selago en kussingplant vitaliteit heel moontlik negatief geaffekteer sal word indien klimaatsverandering op Marion Eiland hoër epifiet getalle op die sleutel kussingplant spesie tot gevolg sal hê.
MacFarlane, Rosanne E. "An evaluation of the potential impacts of some Prince Edward Island impoundments on salmonid habitat." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ37802.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаSouthwick, Leslie. "Knightly armour in England in the age of the black prince." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325983.
Повний текст джерелаDunbar, Paul Lawrence. "Prince Hall Freemasonry: The other invisible institution of the black community." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5325/.
Повний текст джерелаRussell, Shaun. "Production ecology of bryophyte vegetation at Marion Island (Sub-Antarctic)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003793.
Повний текст джерелаJanse, van Rensburg Lindie. "A morphological analysis of weevils from sub-Antarctic Prince Edward Islands an assessment of ecological influences /." Pretoria : Db [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08242006-125130.
Повний текст джерелаAbouzeed, Yousef Mohammed. "Characterization of Salmonella isolates from beef cattle, broiler chickens and human sources on Prince Edward Island." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ35459.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаHovingh, Ernest Peter. "The summer-fall slump, seasonal variation in average daily milk production in Prince Edward Island, Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ47512.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаGurney, Leigh Josephine. "Feeding biology of three euphausiid species in the vicinity of the Prince Edward Archipelago (Southern Ocean)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005381.
Повний текст джерелаAttwood, Colin Graham. "Investigations into the functioning of phytoplankton, zooplankton, kelp and benthic communities at the Prince Edward Islands." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21843.
Повний текст джерелаSchaefer, Heidi Laura. "A survey of Greenwich, Prince Edward Island National Park flora and suggestions for managing rare plant species." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0018/MQ49438.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаNyakatya, Mawethu Justice. "Patterns of variability in Azorella selago Hook. (Apiaceae) on sub-Antarctic Marion Island : climate change implications." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21696.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: Understanding the responses of species to climate change is a scientific problem that requires urgent attention, especially under current conditions of global climate change. The large and rapid rates of climate change reported for sub-Antarctic Marion Island makes the island highly suitable for studying the biotic consequences of climate change. Furthermore, the extreme environments on the island result in a close coupling of the biotic (e.g. population dynamics) and abiotic (e.g. climate) factors. Therefore, examining the response of the dominant and keystone plant species on the island, Azorella selago Hook. (Apiaceae), to climate-associated environmental change (e.g. temperature) may provide insight into how A. selago and the associated species communities will be affected by climate change. This study described the variability in microclimate temperatures associated with A. selago across altitudinal gradient and between the eastern and western sides of Marion Island. Microclimate temperatures were also compared to the island’s Meteorological data to determine variation between temperatures experienced by A. selago cushion-plants in the field and those recorded at the island’s Meteorological Station. Temperature variation inside and outside A. selago cushions was also examined. Azorella selago cushions were found to have a buffering effect on temperature, such that species occurring epiphytically on A. selago experience more moderate temperatures than the surrounding environment. However, A. selago were found to experience more extreme temperatures than temperatures recorded at the Meteorological Station. Therefore, A. selago may possibly experience greater environmental warming than recorded by the Meteorological Station. While temperatures decline with altitude, temperature conditions on the western side of the island were more temperate than the eastern side. This presents the first record of temperature conditions on the western side of the island. This study also quantified fine-scale (e.g. within-site) and broad-scale (e.g. island-wide) variability patterns of A. selago (morphology, phenology, and epiphyte load) across Marion Island. Altitudinal gradient and climatic exposure at different sides of the island were used to understand the likely effects of climate associated environmental change on this dominant component of the fellfield habitat. Site-specific processes were found to determine the spatial structure of A. selago characteristics at fine-scales. However, broad-scale observations established strong responses of A. selago characteristics to altitudinal gradients and different sides of the island. Azorella selago morphological features (e.g. plant size and leaf size) were found to be more responsive to differences between the eastern and western sides of the island than to altitudinal gradient. Azorella selago micro-morphological features (e.g. leaf trichomes and stomatal densities) were also found to be more responsive to climatic exposure at different sides of the island than to altitudinal gradient. However, differences in A. selago epiphyte density (e.g. Agrostis magellanica) and phenology resembled microclimate temperatures in that they were more responsive to altitudinal gradient than to side of the island differences. From these results it can therefore be predicted that the A. selago of Marion Island is likely to be morphologically fairly resilient to moderate climatic shifts, although at lower altitudes and on the eastern side of the island, it may be outcompeted by the epiphytic grass, Agrostis magellanica. The results also suggest that the warming climate of Marion Island may result in an early occurrence of phenological processes particularly at lower altitudes and the eastern side. Azorella selago at lower altitudes and on the eastern side of Marion Island are therefore expected to largely show more symptoms of climate change (e.g. warming) on this species. Azorella selago is also predicted to move up altitudinal gradients in response to warming.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ’n Begrip van hoe spesies reageer op klimaatsverandering is ’n wetenskaplike vraag wat onmiddellike aandag benodig, veral onder huidige globale klimaatsverandering. Die groot en snelle tempo waarteen klimaatsverandering waargeneem word op sub-Antarktiese Marion Eiland, maak die eiland hoogs geskik om die biotiese gevolge van klimaatsverandering te bestudeer. Verder veroorsaak die uiterste omgewing van die eiland tot ’n nabye koppeling tussen die biotiese (bv. populasie dinamika) en abiotiese (bv. klimaat) faktore. Dus, deur die reaksies van ’n dominante- en sleutel-spesie op die eiland, Azorella selago Hook. (Apiaceae), op klimaat-geassosieerde omgewings verandering (bv. temperatuur) te bestudeer, mag insig verskaf hoe A. selago en geassosieerde spesie gemeenskappe geaffekteer sal word deur klimaatsverandering. Hierdie studie beskryf die wispelturigheid in mikroklimaat temperature geassosieer met A. selago oor ’n hoogte gradiënt asook tussen die oostelike en westelik dele van Marion Eiland. Mikroklimaat temperature was ook vergelyk met die eiland se Meteorologiese data met die doel om die mate van variasie tussen temperature verduur deur A. selago kussing-plante in die natuurlike omgewing met die van die eiland se Meteorologiese stasie te vergelyk. Temperatuur variasie binne en buite A. selago kussing-plante is ook vasgestel. Dit was gevind dat Azorella selago kussing-plante die temperatuur buffer, met die gevolg dat spesies wat epifities op A. selago voorkom, meer gematigde temperature ondervind as die onmiddellike omgewing om die plant. Daar is egter gevind dat A. selago meer uiterste temperature ondervind as temperature gemeet by die Meteorologiese stasie. Dus mag A. selago groter omgewings verwarming ervaar as wat temperature gemeet by die Meteorologiese stasie dui. Terwyl temperatuur afneem met ’n toename in hoogte, was temperatuur aan die westekant van die eiland mere gematig as die oostekant. Dit verskaf die eerste rekord van temperatuur toestande aan die westekant van die eiland. Hierdie studie bepaal ook die fyn-skaal (e.g. binne-terrein) en groot-skaal (e.g. oor die eiland) variasie patrone van A. selago (morfologie, fenologie, en epifiet lading) oor Marion Eiland. Die hoogte gradiënt en klimaat blootstelling aan verskillende kante van die eiland is gebruik om die waarskynlike effekte van klimaats-geassosieerde omgewings verandering op die dominante deel van die felfield habitat te verstaan. Daar is gevind dat terrein spesifieke prosesse die ruimtelike struktuur van A. selago se klein-skaal eienskappe bepaal. Groot-skaalse waarnemings dui egter ’n sterk antwoord van A. selago eienskappe op die hoogte gradiënt en aan verskillende kante van die eiland. Azorella selago morfologiese eienskappe (e.g. plant- en blaar grootte) is gevind om meer te reageer op verskille tussen oostelike en westelike kante van die eiland as op die hoogte gradiënt. Azorella selago mikromorfologiese eienskappe (e.g. blaar trigome en stomata digtheid) is ook gevind om meer te reageer op omgewings blootstelling tussen verskillende kante van die eiland as op die hoogte gradiënt. Verskille in A. selago epifiet digtheid (e.g. Agrostis magellanica) en fenologie het egter mikroklimaat temperature gevolg, in dat beide meer gereageer het op die hoogte gradiënt as eiland-kant verskille. Hierdie resultate voorspel dus dat dit waarskynlik is dat A. selago van Marion Eiland morfologies redelik terugspringend sal wees ten opsigte van matige klimaatsverandering, al mag dit uitgekompeteer word deur die epifitiese gras, Agrostis magellanica by lae hoogtes en aan die oostekant van die eiland. Hierdie resultate dui ook dat verwarming van Marion Eiland se klimaat ’n vervroeging van fenologiese prosesse mag hê, veral by lae hoogtes en aan die oostekant van die eiland. Dus word dit verwag dat Azorella selago by lae hoogtes en aan die oostekant van Marion Eiland om meer simptome van klimaatsverandering (e.g. verwarming) te dui. Dit word ook voorspel dat Azorella selago opwaarts teen die hoogte gradiënt sal beweeg in reaksie tot verwarming.
Knight, M. Joy. "Development and application of a food frequency questionnaire for use in breast cancer research in Prince Edward Island." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0021/MQ48800.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаAndres, Brad A. "Consequences of The Exxon Valdez Spill of Black Oystercatchers Inhabiting Prince William Sound, Alaska /." The Ohio State University, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487933245538695.
Повний текст джерелаPhelan, Reg. "Islanders and the land, a multi-disciplinary approach to the culture of the land struggle in Prince Edward Island." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22806.pdf.
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