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Статті в журналах з теми "Edge-ground axe"
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Hiscock, Peter, Sue O’Connor, Jane Balme, and Tim Maloney. "World’s earliest ground-edge axe production coincides with human colonisation of Australia." Australian Archaeology 82, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03122417.2016.1164379.
Повний текст джерела
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Geneste, Jean-Michel, Bruno David, Hugues Plisson, Jean-Jacques Delannoy, and Fiona Petchey. "The Origins of Ground-edge Axes: New Findings from Nawarla Gabarnmang, Arnhem Land (Australia) and Global Implications for the Evolution of Fully Modern Humans." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 22, no. 1 (February 2012): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774312000017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The grinding of stone to make sharp cutting edges did not evolve with the emergence of biologically modern humans in Africa, but late in the Pleistocene at the completion or nearcompletion of the Out-of-Africa 2 migration. Here we discuss the earliest securely-dated fragment of ground-edge axe from Australia, dated at 35,500 cal. bp, an age slightly older or comparable to the earliest ages for edge-grinding from the Pacific Ocean's western seaboard. In this region ground-edge axes did not evolve with the emergence of agriculture, nor for the clearance of forests, but, rather, as socially mediated technology, part of the development of symbolic storage that is the hallmark of the evolution of cognitively modern humans at the geographical end, during, or following, Out-of-Africa 2.
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Maloney, Tim Ryan, Sue O’Connor, India Ella Dilkes-Hall, and Michelle C. Langley. "Late Holocene edge-ground axe production and marine shell beads from Brooking Gorge 1 rockshelter, southern Kimberley." Australian Archaeology 84, no. 2 (May 4, 2018): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03122417.2018.1522484.
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Durakov, I. A., and V. I. Molodin. "Casting Mold for Producing Socketed Bronze Axe of the Late Krotovo (Cherno-Ozerye) Culture." Problems of Archaeology, Ethnography, Anthropology of Siberia and Neighboring Territories 27 (2021): 408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/2658-6193.2021.27.0408-0413.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article presents a ceramic casting mold for producing socketed bronze axe, found in the burial of the Late Krotovo (Cherno-Ozerye) caster at the Sopka-2/5 burial ground located in the Baraba forest-steppe. The mold included the fragments of two halves, aligned along the dividing line. A part of working chamber with cavities for fastening the core has survived. The mold was made of a mixture of clay, fine calibrated sand, and organic matter. The axe had an L-shape, rhomboid crosssection of the working part, and round socket with straight upper edge. The working chamber shows traces of thermal impact from repeated use. It could have become destroyed during its use and was placed in the grave as a replacement for a whole object, as a necessary tool of a caster. This type of axe is considered to be imported for the Late Krotovo (Cherno-Ozerye) culture, manifesting the Andronovo (Fedorovo) influence. Thus, socketed axes which significantly changed the capacity of the syncretic culture, should be added to previously identified set of bronze objects introduced into autochthonous Krotovo environment by the carriers of the Andronovo (Fedorovo) culture, who migrated from the west. This set also includes daggers of the Srubno-Andronovo type and bracelets with spiral ends. In the meantime, a casting mold for producing axes from the Late Krotovo burial is indisputable proof that such axes were manufactured by the local casters. There was a large amount of metal implements accompanying the deceased caster, and the presence of weapons (dagger and celt axe) indicated his privileged position. Apparently, the Late Krotovo (Cherno-Ozerye) society had a large property differentiation, and casters might have had a special status.
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Wallis, Lynley A., Iain Davidson, Heather Burke, Scott Mitchell, Bryce Barker, Elizabeth Hatte, Noelene Cole, and Kelsey M. Lowe. "Aboriginal stone huts along the Georgina River, southwest Queensland." Queensland Archaeological Research 20 (August 8, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25120/qar.20.2017.3584.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper reports on the recording of previously unpublished Aboriginal stone hut structures in southwestern Queensland. Located along the Georgina River, these 15 structures are typical of the region, being generally circular in plan view, with an average diameter of 5m and a 1m-wide opening consistently positioned to afford protection from prevailing winds. Evidence suggests these structures were roofed with vegetation and, while they pre-date the contact period, appear also to have been used into at least the late 1800s. Artefacts associated with them include stone flakes, cores and edge-ground axe fragments, freshwater mussel shells, rifle cartridge cases, fragments of glass, and metal objects. A comparison of these stone hut structures is made with similar features from elsewhere in Australia, demonstrating that there was a widespread but consistent use of stone for construction. This short report contributes to an increasing awareness of, and literature about, built structures in traditional Aboriginal societies.
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Harper, Sam, Ian Waina, Ambrose Chalarimeri, Sven Ouzman, Martin Porr, Pauline Heaney, Peter Veth, and Kim Akerman. "Metal burial: Understanding caching behaviour and contact material culture in Australia's NE Kimberley." Journal of Social Archaeology 21, no. 1 (February 2021): 28–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469605321993277.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper explores identity and the recursive impacts of cross-cultural colonial encounters on individuals, cultural materials, and cultural practices in 20th-century northern Australia. We focus on an assemblage of cached metal objects and associated cultural materials that embody both Aboriginal tradition and innovation. These cultural materials were wrapped in paperbark and placed within a ring of stones, a bundling practice also seen in human burials in this region. This ‘cache' is located in close proximity to rockshelters with rich, superimposed Aboriginal rock art compositions. However, the cache shelter has no visible art, despite available wall space. The site shows the utilisation of metal objects as new raw materials that use traditional techniques to manufacture a ground edge metal axe and to sharpen metal rods into spears. We contextualise these objects and their hypothesised owner(s) within narratives of invasion/contact and the ensuing pastoral history of this region. Assemblage theory affords us an appropriate theoretical lens through which to bring people, places, objects, and time into conversation.
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Woodman, P. C. "Excavations at Mad Mans Window, Glenarm, Co. Antrim: Problems of Flint Exploitation in East Antrim." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 58, no. 1 (1992): 77–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00004102.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study examines the archaeological significance of the material from a group of Neolithic chipping floors rescued during the rebuilding of the Antrim coast road, at Mad Mans Window, south of Glenarm, Co. Antrim. It shows that the lithic production strategies vary significantly between assemblages although it is presumed that they are all Neolithic in date and come from the same area of coast. It is apparent that flint axe production was of limited importance on these sites and that in spite of the abundance of flint available along the Antrim coast, relatively few polished flint axes were manufactured. Instead the numerous flint caches found in adjacent parts of the north-east of Ireland tend to produce scrapers and blades. Hoards containing arrowheads may be confined to the Bronze Age.Around 300 polished flint axes and roughouts are known from Ireland. These are frequently small and only partially polished. A limited number of highly polished axes with ground flat side facets have been designated sub-type A. The tendency to use porcellanite rather than flint for axe manufacture may be due to its ability to withstand robust shock.During the last 100 years, the role of flint as a key resource in the stone age of north-eastern Ireland has always been recognized but this has usually led to an uncritical assumption as to the paramount importance of flint. Work in recent years has shown that its significance in attracting and retaining Mesolithic settlement may have been over-emphasized.The role of the flint industries in the Irish Neolithic in this region has never been properly assessed, either in relation to older Mesolithic manufacturing traditions or in the broader context of supply to the Neolithic communities of this part of Ireland.In particular, good or even reasonable quality flint is usually only exposed in Cretaceous outcrops along a narrow strip on the edge of the basalt plateau and, therefore, has a very limited availability in parts of Co. Antrim as well as parts of Counties Down and Deny. As a contrast, erratic and beach flint is available in some quantity down the east coast of Ireland from Co. Down to Wexford. A second potential constraining factor is that unlike Britain, where flint was exploited for axe manufacture in the east and other rocks in the west, flint sources and porcellanite for axe manufacturing are both found adjacent to each other in the same corner of Co. Antrim. In particular, a number of more substantial chipping floors of Neolithic age are known, e.g. the opencast quarry sites at Ballygalley Head. The purpose of this study is to assess the role of flint production on the Antrim coast with particular reference to its significance in the Neolithic. This topic will be developed in the context of an analysis of the material found at Mad Mans Window near Glenarm.
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Yahner, Richard H., and Anthony L. Wright. "Depredation on Artificial Ground Nests: Effects of Edge and Plot Age." Journal of Wildlife Management 49, no. 2 (April 1985): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3801563.
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Brooks, Joseph, Anka Davila, and Akul Satish. "Inter-Edge Grouping: Are many figure-ground principles actually perceptual grouping?" Journal of Vision 17, no. 10 (August 31, 2017): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/17.10.163.
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Baker, Sue, Leon Barmuta, Simon Grove, and Alastair Richardson. "Are streamside buffers edge-affected habitat for ground-dwelling forest beetle assemblages?" Biodiversity and Conservation 18, no. 13 (May 30, 2009): 3467–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-009-9655-x.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Edge-ground axe"
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Mountain, Mary-Jane. "Highland New Guinea hunter-gatherers : the evidence of Nombe Rockshelter, Simbu, with emphasis on the Pleistocene." Phd thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/9440.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nombe rockshelter was excavated by M-J. Mountain between 1971 and 1980. Human activity is first documented at the site at about 25,000 bp and continues through to the present. Four extinct Pleistocene herbivores, Protemnodon nombe,Protemnodon tumbuna,Dendrolagus noibano and a diprotodontid,occur in late Pleistocene strata together with human artefacts. Large quantities of animal bone were recovered and the analysis of these supplies the major data for the research.
Three main issues are addressed:
1. The nature of the relationship between the early humans and their environment through the period that covers the late glacial maximum at about 18,000 bp.
2. The relationship between humans and the extinct species, including the thylacine, Thylacinus cynocephalus, which was a major predator at the site, contributing bone to the deposits during the Pleistocene.
3.The use of faunal evidence as an indicator of economic and subsistence activities as well as local environmental changes.
The data show that the human activity during the late Pleistocene at Nombe was sporadic over the period from about 25,000 bp to about 15,000 bp. Hunters were probably targeting the large herbivores living in high altitude forest and other species adapted to high altitude cold environments. Humans and large herbivores coexisted for about 10,000 years before the animals disappeared from the record. This coexistence does not suggest a rapid demise through human overkill.
Palynological evidence suggests that people were deliberately firing small patches of highland forest as early as 30,000 bp. Such clearing could have been used to promote forest-edge plants especially Pandanus, which has rich oily nuts. These small clearings could also have been used as an aid to hunting.
By the end of the Pleistocene, human hunting had switched to emphasise medium and smaller forest animals, especially fruitbats, macropodids, phalangers and possums. Bat hunting was especially important at Nombe, which is in a limestone area with many caves.
In the early Holocene the temperatures rose and sub-alpine grasslands were greatly reduced as forest spread to higher altitudes. The archaeological evidence shows that more sites were occupied by 10,000 bp than before and the faunal
data at Nombe indicate a steep rise in the grassland wallaby, Thylogale brunii. This species adapts easily to forest disturbance and may indicate that forest clearance was increasing in the locality. The early Holocene was the period of intense human settlement of the site.
The faunal analysis employed in this study is designed to test the broad questions about human:...environment relationships rather than to supply detailed information about the size and sex representation in the species present. Species are often dealt with as a group and no individual bone measurements have been taken. The computer database has been designed to produce a flexible data set that can easily be adapted to taxonomic change. The success of the approach suggests that faunal evidence can be a sensitive indicator of environmental change and can be used to examine human predation strategies and changes in economic subsistence.
Книги з теми "Edge-ground axe"
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Epstein, Charles M. TMS stimulation coils. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The simplest transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coil is a circular one. The induced current is maximum near the outer edge of the coil while the magnetic field is the maximum under the center of the coil. TMS coils have good penetration to the cerebral cortex. They are commonly placed at the cranial vertex, where they can stimulate both hemispheres simultaneously. The main drawback of circular coils is their lack of focality. Several complex designs for multiloop coils have been proposed to increase the focality or improve the penetration to deep brain structures. This article describes factors of TMS coil design such as mechanical forces and coil lead wires, cooling systems, materials of construction of coil windings, etc. To reduce the risk of lethal electrical shock the entire high-voltage power system, including the lead wires and stimulation coil, must be isolated from earth ground.
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Zamir, Eyal, and Doron Teichman, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Behavioral Economics and the Law. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199945474.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The past twenty years have witnessed a surge in behavioral studies of law and law-related issues. These studies have challenged the application of the rational-choice model to legal analysis and introduced a more accurate and empirically grounded model of human behavior. This integration of economics, psychology, and law is breaking exciting ground in legal theory and the social sciences, shedding a new light on age-old legal questions as well as cutting-edge policy issues. The Oxford Handbook of Behavioral Economics and Law brings together leading scholars of law, psychology, and economics to provide an up-to-date and comprehensive analysis of this field of research, including its strengths and limitations as well as a forecast of its future development. Its twenty-nine chapters are organized into four parts. The first part provides a general overview of behavioral economics. The second part comprises four chapters introducing and criticizing the contribution of behavioral economics to legal theory. The third part discusses specific behavioral phenomena, their ramifications for legal policymaking, and their reflection in extant law. Finally, the fourth part analyzes the contribution of behavioral economics to fifteen legal spheres ranging from core doctrinal areas such as contracts, torts, and property to areas such as taxation and antitrust policy.
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Rank, Mark Robert, Lawrence M. Eppard, and Heather E. Bullock. Poorly Understood. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190881382.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Few topics are surrounded by as many myths, stereotypes, and misperceptions as that of poverty in America. The poor have been badly misunderstood since the beginnings of the country, with the rhetoric intensifying in recent times. Our current era of fake news, alternative facts, and media partisanship has led to a breeding ground for all types of myths gaining traction and legitimacy. The time appears right to set the record straight. Poorly Understood is the first book to systematically address and confront many of the most widespread myths pertaining to poverty. It powerfully demonstrates that the realities of poverty are much different than the myths. In many ways, they are more disturbing. The book is divided into six sections. The first five sections examine a wide range of poverty myths, including who is at risk of poverty, why poverty exists, the costs of poverty, issues surrounding the welfare system, and the wider topic of economic inequality. Armed with the latest cutting edge research, Poorly Understood not only challenges the myths of poverty and inequality but also explains in the final section why these myths continue to exist, as well as providing an innovative blueprint for how the nation can move forward to effectively alleviate American poverty.
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Armstrong, Lynzi, and Gillian Abel, eds. Sex Work and the New Zealand Model. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529205763.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sex work law and policy is subject to intense global debate with different countries pursuing divergent approaches to the regulation of the sex industry. While the decriminalisation of sex work has been endorsed by several international organisations, it remains an uncommon legislative approach. New Zealand is the only country in the world to have decriminalised sex work. New Zealand’s model of decriminalisation is widely promoted as best practice for occupational health and safety, a reputation that is well-supported by evidence. However, in some corners, speculation is ongoing regarding its impacts on the ground, and gaps remain in understanding how this approach impacts different groups of sex workers, and what has changed since the legislation was passed in 2003. This edited collection provides cutting-edge insights into how different groups of sex workers are experiencing decriminalisation, along with documenting ongoing challenges and tensions in this environment. In doing so, this collection provides critical evidence in the context of international debates on sex work laws and the global struggle to realise sex worker’s rights, and problematises widespread speculation regarding the impacts of the decriminalised model.
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Lozada, María Cecilia, ed. Andean Ontologies. University Press of Florida, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056371.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Andean Ontologies is a fascinating interdisciplinary investigation of how ancient Andean people understood their world and the nature of being. Exploring pre-Hispanic ideas of time, space, and the human body, these essays highlight a range of beliefs across the region’s different cultures, emphasizing the relational aspects of identity in Andean worldviews. Studies included here show that Andeans physically interacted with their pasts through recurring ceremonies in their ritual calendar and that Andean bodies were believed to be changeable entities with the ability to interact with nonhuman and spiritual worlds. A survey of rock art describes Andeans’ changing relationships with places and things over time. Archaeological and ethnographic evidence reveals head hair was believed to be a conduit for the flow of spiritual power, and bioarchaeological remains offer evidence of Andean perceptions of age and wellness. Andean Ontologies breaks new ground by bringing together an array of renowned specialists including anthropologists, bioarchaeologists, historians, linguists, ethnohistorians, and art historians to evaluate ancient Amerindian ideologies through different interpretive lenses. Many are local researchers from South American countries such as Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina, and this volume makes their work available to North American readers for the first time. Their essays are highly contextualized according to the territories and time periods studied. Instead of taking an external, outside-in approach, they prioritize internal and localized views that incorporate insights from today’s indigenous societies. This cutting-edge collection demonstrates the value of a multifaceted, holistic, inside-out approach to studying the pre-Columbian world.
Частини книг з теми "Edge-ground axe"
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Copei, Sebastian, Manuel Wickert, and Albert Zündorf. "Implementation of a Microservice-Based Certification Platform." In Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming – Workshops, 186–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88583-0_18.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractInteroperability between edge devices and backend systems plays an important role for a successful digital transformation of the energy system. To provide interoperability, edge devices as well as backend systems use standardized communication protocols. Vendors of such systems often certify their products to verify compatibility to a certain version of communication protocol standard. Since standardization and certification processes are classically very time consuming, they seem to be incompatible with agile software development. Therefore we proposed an agile standardization and certification approach. Here we will present a basic implementation of a microservice based certification platform that supports certification as a service. The platform allows software vendors to integrate certification of their products directly in their continuous delivery pipeline. This will lay the ground for the evaluation of certification as a service in a concrete scenario.
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Yan, Yatuan, Chen Chen, Yufei Xu, Shoufu Li, Teng Wang, and Di Ding. "Application Analysis of Several Basement Exterior Wall Construction Schemes in Compacted Pile Foundation Treatment Engineering." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 338–46. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1260-3_31.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractCollapsible loess exists in a large area in Northwestern China. When collapsible loess exists in the ground, it is usually necessary to treat it to eliminate the collapsibility before placing the building foundation. When compacting piles are used to treat the collapsible loess foundation, there are three different construction schemes for the construction of the basement exterior wall, which are the conventional excavation scheme, the outer frame edge excavation scheme, and the unilateral support form excavation scheme. Through the detailed description of the three construction schemes, and the comparative analysis from the aspects of construction difficulty, economy, construction period, etc. It can be concluded that the conventional excavation scheme has the highest cost, the highest construction efficiency, the longest construction period, and other aspects. The frame edge excavation scheme has the lowest construction efficiency, and the unilateral formwork excavation scheme has the lowest cost and the shortest construction period.
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Loke, Andrew. "Causation and Laws of Nature." In The Teleological and Kalam Cosmological Arguments Revisited, 37–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94403-2_2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractI define the key terms of the Causal Principle, namely ‘whatever’, ‘begins to exist’, and ‘cause’, and the related terms ‘time’, ‘eternal’, ‘event’, ‘change’, ‘perdurantism’, and ‘uncaused’. In particular, something has a beginning if it has a temporal extension, the extension is finite, and it has temporal edges/boundaries, that is, it does not have a static closed loop or a changeless/timeless phase that avoids an edge. This definition is compatible with both dynamic and static theories of time. While causal eliminativists and causal reductionists have claimed that causation has no basis in fundamental physics others have replied that fundamental physics does not provide a complete description of reality, and that it does not exclude causation and causal properties which operate at a more fundamental level as the ground of the regularities described by fundamental physics (Weaver, Fundamental Causation: Physics, Metaphysics, and the Deep Structure of the World. London: Routledge, 2019). Quantum physics has not shown that the Causal Principle is violated given that (1) quantum particles emerge from the quantum vacuum which is not non-being but something with vacuum fields, (2) radioactive disintegration of atomic nuclei exhibit statistical regularities that strongly indicate the existence of more fundamental ordered causes, and (3) many different interpretations of quantum physics exist, and some are perfectly deterministic.
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Bruening, Michael W. "Introduction." In Refusing to Kiss the Slipper, 1–8. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197566954.003.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
At the edge of this carpet they go down on both knees. There the ambassador, who was presenting them, knelt on one knee and pulled back the Pope’s robe from his right foot, on which there is a red slipper with a white cross on it. Those who are on their knees drag themselves in this position up to his foot and lean down to the ground to kiss it....
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Ilchenko, Mikhail, Teodor Narytnyk, Vladimir Prisyazhny, Segii Kapshtyk, and Sergey Matvienko. "The Internet of Things Space Infrastructure. Current State and Development Prospects." In Internet of Things. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96924.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter presents an overview of possibilities for existing Satellite Communication Systems utilization to provide Internet of Things Services. It is shown that existing Satellite Communication Systems provide traffic transmission for Internet of Things Systems with Cloud Architecture. The propositions on possibility of Fog and Edge computing implementation in Satellite Communication Systems are proposed. The ways for Low-Earth Orbit and Geostationary Orbit Satellite Communication Systems modernization for Fog and Edge computing implementation for the Internet of Things Systems are presented. To increase the efficiency of IoT data processing and the reliability of Internet of Things Data Storage, it is proposed to generate an Orbital Cloud Data Storage in Geostationary Orbit, which consists of several Geostationary Orbit Satellites - Cloud Computing Data Centers. Methods for access provision to the Orbital Cloud Data Storage using Geostationary Orbit High-Throughput Satellites and satellites from the structure of Low-Earth Orbit Satellite Communication Systems are proposed. The issues of interaction between Orbital Cloud Data Storage and ground-based Cloud Data Processing and Storage Infrastructure are briefly considered. The orbital slots in Geostationary Orbit are proposed for location of Geostationary Orbit Satellites - Cloud Computing Data Centers.
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McLaughlin, Anne Collins, Makenzie Pryor, and Jing Feng. "Design the Technological Society for an Aging Population." In Critical Issues Impacting Science, Technology, Society (STS), and Our Future, 218–50. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7949-6.ch010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Inclusivity of design for an aging population will be one of the most critical problems to address in the near and far future. With advancing age comes new needs, goals, and unique issues – all of which may be ameliorated through well-designed systems and technologies. But what does it mean to be “well-designed”? In this chapter, the authors discuss the background research supporting design principles that take into account age-related changes in cognition, movement, and behavior. These are then applied in a worked example of a “car of the future,” partly constructed with current technologies, but also imagining near and far future advances. They conclude with a discussion of how to employ these principles in practice, both when designing new and cutting-edge technologies from the ground-up and revising systems and technologies already in place.
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McLaughlin, Anne Collins, Makenzie Pryor, and Jing Feng. "Design the Technological Society for an Aging Population." In Research Anthology on Supporting Healthy Aging in a Digital Society, 391–415. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5295-0.ch023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Inclusivity of design for an aging population will be one of the most critical problems to address in the near and far future. With advancing age comes new needs, goals, and unique issues – all of which may be ameliorated through well-designed systems and technologies. But what does it mean to be “well-designed”? In this chapter, the authors discuss the background research supporting design principles that take into account age-related changes in cognition, movement, and behavior. These are then applied in a worked example of a “car of the future,” partly constructed with current technologies, but also imagining near and far future advances. They conclude with a discussion of how to employ these principles in practice, both when designing new and cutting-edge technologies from the ground-up and revising systems and technologies already in place.
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Nawrocki, Miroslaw, Krzysztof Kurowski, and Radoslaw Gorzenski. "Cyber Space and Aviation 4.0 – New Testing Facilities for Next Generation of Cyber-Physical, Autonomous and Air Traffic Control Systems." In Modern Technologies Enabling Safe and Secure UAV Operation in Urban Airspace. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/nicsp210008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Transforming basic multi-disciplinary research into applied research in the area of a new generation of networks, sensors, cyber-physical, and edge-cloud systems used for cyber space is a difficult task. However, moving even a step forward by providing advanced field and testing facilities for ground-air demonstrations for appearing Aviation 4.0 scenarios is a real challenge. In our opinion, such a rapid and dynamic process should be powered by many research and infrastructure projects. New development strategies are needed in the upcoming future to link emerging trends in information and communications technologies together with increased competitiveness and users expectations from fully autonomous drones, robots, cars, etc. This paper aims to share our early experiences in setting and providing distributed testbeds to cross different hardware, software, and cyber-physical components and pave the way for air-ground demonstrations of the new emerging IT paradigm – digital continuum. We also share our vision of implementing virtual and digital spaces at a large scale by the gradual transition towards higher levels of cyber-physical systems automation and autonomy. Finally, we promote dynamic, data-driven, service-oriented approaches and network-centric platforms for a new generation of air and ground control systems which will be validated in real conditions established thanks to our new airfield-based laboratories used in many ongoing and future R&D projects.
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Francis X. Clooney, S. J. "Difficult Remainders." In How to Do Comparative Theology. Fordham University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823278404.003.0011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Francis X. Clooney, S.J., aims to break new ground in his ongoing series of instances of a Christian comparative theology engaging Hinduism, by showing how comparative theology, done in the particular and by way of example, can be fruitful even when difference trumps similarity and a common ground is hard to find. To accentuate these valuable difficulties, he undertakes to engage Hinduism’s Mīmāṃsā school of ritual analysis, a distinctive mode of ritual thinking that is clear and rational, but that also resistant to any easy borrowing by Christian comparativists. A particular set of Mīmāṃsā cases pertaining to the seemingly abstruse matter of ritual remainders exposes the possibilities and problems arising when we engage a religious other that is clear and logical, but at every step unfamiliar, its tenets articulated by a vocabulary novel (to us) even if quite rational, and its integral coherence nonetheless obscure to Christian theologians. Failure is a possible characteristic of difficult comparison. Yet we are still doing our theology well and constructively, even when the comparative project, grounded in reading rather than concern for doctrines, reaches its limits and remains incomplete, thwarted, on edge.
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Wohl, Ellen. "July: Of Fish and Frogs and Flying Things." In Saving the Dammed. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190943523.003.0010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
By mid-July, abundant water continues to move in all directions within the beaver meadow. Water flows noisily down the main channel, creating deep pools where it mixes with water entering from secondary channels. Deeper waters well up from beneath overhung banks and the willow stems along the banks remain partly submerged. Pieces of driftwood collect where the channel bends, floating in perpetual circles atop the shadowed water. The water is clear of suspended sediment but stained slightly brown. Flow is noticeably lower in the secondary channels, where algae and bacteria stain the cobbles reddish-brown. Shallow water runs down a beaver trail toward the main channel, and I can easily imagine the trail eroding into a small canal over a period of years. The fern-like stems of rust red that grew beneath the pond waters earlier in the season have now emerged and bloomed, revealing a row of pink flowers of elephant’s head. Diminutive white twinflowers bloom near the conifers at the edge of the meadow. Stalks of pink and white Pyrola flowers rise above their ground-hugging leaves, which have been green since April. Mountain bluebells form clusters of indigo among the green hues of the grasses and sedges. Broad white blossoms of cow parsnip create a canopy above the other herbaceous plants. Aptly named shooting stars resemble tiny bursts of yellow and white trailing spiraling pink petals as they lean over the ground. The songbirds are less vocal than in June now that they are busy tending to nestlings weak at flying, but I can still hear the notes of chickadees, sparrows, and warblers, underlain by the distant croaks of ravens. Hummingbirds continue their mating displays, diving toward the ground as though intent on suicide, only to pull up at the last moment. The red blazes on their throats flash like fragments of momentary flame amidst the thick greenery. Mosquitoes are more noticeable now, despite the damselflies and dragonflies busily hunting back and forth across the openings among the willows. Beds of matted grass lie dispersed across the meadow.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Edge-ground axe"
1
Porubov, A. "TECHNICAL SOLUTION FOR LAYING FIRE-FIGHTING MINERALIZED STRIPS AND EXTINGUISHING LOW FOREST FIRES." In Ecological and resource-saving technologies in science and technology. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/erstst2021_164-168.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
. the article provides satellite monitoring of the fire situation in the Russian Federation and in the Republic of Mari El. The methods of fighting forest fires are indicated. Particular attention is paid to the use of soil for the direct fight against forest fires by throwing it with special devices (ground gun), which are promising, especially when extinguishing ground fires. The design of a fire-based soil gun for extinguishing forest fires by creating (laying) mineralized strips and filling the edge of a moving fire with soil (ground fires) is proposed.
2
Brickman, Dennis B. "Commercial Tree Chipper: The Leg Pull-In Hypothesis." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32459.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper addresses a commercial mobile tree chipper with a mechanical infeed system that is manually fed. The purpose of this paper is to show that tree branches and brush presented to a disc chipper through the infeed hopper will not pull an erectly standing operator’s leg off the ground and into the feed wheels given the conditions set forth in this test program. In order for an erectly standing operator’s leg to contact the feed wheels, it is necessary for the leg to be pulled off the ground and over the bottom leading edge of the infeed hopper. Experiments demonstrate that the operator’s leg is pulled up against the lower leading edge of the infeed hopper and lodges there during pull-in scenarios using a winch, cable, and rope attached to the operator’s ankle. Two safety devices, an infeed extension pan and a safety control bar are explored in this paper.
3
Ahmed, M. R., G. M. Imran, and S. D. Sharma. "Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Camber on the Aerodynamic Characteristics of Airfoils in Ground Effect." In ASME/JSME 2003 4th Joint Fluids Summer Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2003-45573.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the present paper, results from an experimental investigation of aerodynamic ground effect on two airfoils are presented. The flow characteristics over a symmetrical airfoil (NACA 0015) and a cambered airfoil (NACA 4415) were studied in a low speed wind tunnel. Experiments were carried out by varying the angle of attack from 0° to 10° and ground clearance from zero to one chord length. Pressure distribution on the surface of the airfoil was obtained with the help of pressure tappings. Mean velocity distributions were obtained over the surface of the airfoil. Profiles of mean velocity and turbulence intensity were obtained in the wake region at 0.5 and 1.0 chord length downstream of the trailing edge. It is found that pressure increases on the lower surface as the ground is approached. The flow accelerates over the airfoil, and a considerably higher mean velocity is observed near the suction peak location. For the symmetrical airfoil, the mean velocity over the surface was found to increase by nearly 30%, while for the cambered airfoil, an increase of nearly 60% was recorded for an angle of attack of 7.5°. The flow was found to separate almost near the trailing edge for angles of attack upto 10°, resulting in a thinner wake region and lower turbulence intensities for the symmetrical airfoil; while for the cambered airfoil, an early separation for an angle of attack of 10° was observed. Measurements in the wake region showed a defect in mean velocity profile at the corresponding values of ground clearance. For lower angles of attack, turbulence levels were higher in the wake region for the symmetrical airfoil, while for an angle of attack of 10°, very large defect in velocity was observed for the cambered airfoil model and the minimum velocity reduced to 20% of the freestream velocity.
4
Liu, Hangxin, Yi Tian, and Tomonari Furukawa. "Design of Highly Reliable Infrastructural Traffic Monitoring Using Laser and Vision Sensors." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-60421.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents a novel design of infrastructural traffic monitoring that performs vehicle counts, speed estimation, and vehicles classification by deploying three different approaches using two types of sensor, infrared (IR) cameras and laser range finders (LRFs). The first approach identifies passing vehicles by using LRFs and measuring the time-of-flight to the ground, which changes when vehicles pass. In the second approach, LRFs are used only to project a dotted line onto ground, and an IR camera identifies passing vehicles by recognizing the change of location of these laser dots in its images. The third approach utilizes an IR camera only and recognizes passing vehicles in each frame using background subtraction and edge detection algorithms. The design achieves high reliability because each approach has different strengths. A prototype system has been built and the field tests at a public road show promising results by achieving high reliability by having 95% accuracy in traffic counting and speed estimation.
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Zhang, Bin, Min Yu, Huayong Yang, and Haocen Hong. "Research on Sealing Structure and Ground Test of Lunar Sample Return Devices." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-62747.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article is in the background of lunar exploration program, which requires unmanned operation in the environment of ultra high vacuum, extreme temperature, strong radiation and lunar dust. Seal reliability of lunar sample return devices should be guaranteed as well. Principal prototype devices of explosive welding seal and brazing seal are analyzed separately when applied to lunar program, both of their advantages and disadvantages are indicated, and improved schemes are given as well. Besides, a redundant seal combined with o type rubber ring and knife edge indium alloy is put forward, to validate its reliability, a mathematical model based on Roth theory has been developed to describe sealing mechanism and predict the variable leakage, and the ground tests on leak detection for rubber seal and knife edge seal have been set up separately through helium mass spectrometer. According to the test results, nitrile rubber is proved to be better because of its resilience in alternative temperature, lower leakage and permeation. The knife edge indium seal has lower leak rate, and the welding joint quality of indium alloy itself can be guaranteed as well. The redundant seal is considered to have preliminary feasibility while the test environment for leak detection is required to simulate lunar surface still further.
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Yin, Bo, and Guowei Yang. "Investigation of Obstacle Effects on the Aerodynamic Performance of Flapping Wings." In ASME 2017 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2017-69264.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The study of highly unsteady wing flapping includes the large scale vortices, complicated locomotion/dynamics and deformable wing structures. When flapping insects/birds approach or perch on some objects, such as ground, wall or obstacle, the solid boundary dissipates, absorbs and bounces the leading edge, trailing edge and wing tip vortices, which are generated and shed during the flapping flight. Such phenomenon creates a high pressure area, leads to cushion effect and influences the aerodynamics, stability and maneuverability significantly. This paper uses immersed boundary method (IBM) to numerically study the aerodynamic performance of flapping wing in proximity of obstacles, investigate the distance, flapping motion and wing flexibility effects and relevant symmetric/asymmetric flow patterns, research the influence of vortex generating and shedding to the lift/drag change, explore the key distance and reveal the mechanism how insects/birds adjust the flapping motion to achieve ideal flight. Such research could theoretically support the development of micro-bionic flapping wing vehicle.
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Kingery, J. E., and F. E. Ames. "Stagnation Region Heat Transfer Augmentation at Very High Turbulence Levels." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-42420.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A database for stagnation region heat transfer has been extended to include heat transfer measurements acquired downstream from a new high intensity turbulence generator. This work was motivated by gas turbine industry heat transfer designers who deal with heat transfer environments with increasing Reynolds numbers and very high turbulence levels. The new mock aero-combustor turbulence generator produces turbulence levels which average 17.4%, which is 37% higher than the older turbulence generator. The increased level of turbulence is caused by the reduced contraction ratio from the liner to the exit. Heat transfer measurements were acquired on two large cylindrical leading edge test surfaces having a four to one range in leading edge diameter (40.64 cm and 10.16 cm). Gandvarapu and Ames [1] previously acquired heat transfer measurements for six turbulence conditions including three grid conditions, two lower turbulence aero-combustor conditions, and a low turbulence condition. The data are documented and tabulated for an eight to one range in Reynolds numbers for each test surface with Reynolds numbers ranging from 62,500 to 500,000 for the large leading edge and 15,625 to 125,000 for the smaller leading edge. The data show augmentation levels of up to 136% in the stagnation region for the large leading edge. This heat transfer rate is an increase over the previous aero-combustor turbulence generator which had augmentation levels up to 110%. Note, the rate of increase in heat transfer augmentation decreases for the large cylindrical leading edge inferring only a limited level of turbulence intensification in the stagnation region. The smaller cylindrical leading edge shows more consistency with earlier stagnation region heat transfer results correlated on the TRL (Turbulence, Reynolds number, Length scale) parameter. The downstream regions of both test surfaces continue to accelerate the flow but at a much lower rate than the leading edge. Bypass transition occurs in these regions providing a useful set of data to ground the prediction of transition onset and length over a wide range of Reynolds numbers and turbulence intensity and scales.
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Park, Jack, Lisa Wheeler, Katherine Johnston, and Mike Statters. "Geotechnical Lessons Learned From Nineteen Railway Trenchless Crossings During Construction of a Transmission Pipeline." In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9702.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract When new pipelines are constructed, they often cross existing major infrastructure, such as railways. To reduce potential service disruption, it is a common practice to complete these crossings using trenchless technologies. Without proper methods and oversight in planning and construction, there may be serious safety and financial implications to the operators of the railways and the public due to unacceptable settlement or heave. If movement tolerances are exceeded, the schedule and financial loss to the railway operators could be in the millions of dollars per day. Recent construction of a new pipeline across the Canadian prairies implemented ground movement monitoring plans at 19 trenchless railway crossings in order to reduce the potential for impact to the track and railway operations. The specifics of the plan varied for each site and were based on the expected ground conditions, as well as permit requirements from the various railway operators, but typically included ground movement monitoring surveys, observation of the cuttings, recommendations for a soil plug at the leading edge of the bore casing, and frequent communication with both the railway operators and the contractors. For all crossings, the expected soil and groundwater conditions were obtained from pre-construction boreholes and confirmed during excavation of the bore bays. Based on the expected ground conditions, appropriate soil plug lengths, if required, were recommended. In general, fine-grained clay/silt-dominated soils needed minimal to no soil plug in order to minimize the potential for ground heave, while coarser-grained sand-dominated soils needed a longer soil plug in order to reduce the potential for “flowing soil” which would cause over excavation along the bore path. Prior to boring, surface monitoring points were established along the tracks to monitor for changes in the ground surface elevation. Additional subsurface points were installed for crossings where the potential for over excavation was higher. These monitoring points were surveyed before, throughout, and following completion of construction, and the frequency of the surveys was increased when the movement was nearing or exceeding specified tolerances. The effort to monitor and reduce the potential for ground movement was a coordinated effort between the geotechnical engineers, railway operators, and construction contractors. The purpose of this paper is to present the lessons learned from the 19 trenchless railway crossings, including the challenges and successes. Recommendations for ground movement monitoring are also provided to help guide railway operators, design and geotechnical engineers, and contractors during the construction of future trenchless pipeline crossings of railway infrastructure.
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Bell, James R., David Burton, Damien McArthur, and John Sheridan. "Flow Characteristics of a Three Dimensional Bluff Body With a Single Rotating Cylinder." In ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2012 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2012-72428.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This work investigated the application of a rotating cylinder to the upper leeward edge of a three dimensional bluff body in ground proximity. Aerodynamic drag measurements, base pressure contours and wake velocity profiles were obtained in a closed jet wind tunnel for Reynolds Numbers in the range of approximately 220,000 to 660,000. The cylinder of diameter 0.1H was mounted on the upper edge of the leeward face of the body. The ratio of cylinder surface velocity to freestream velocity was varied from 0 to 2.0. A computational model of the geometry was developed and results are presented for various velocity ratios and cylinder diameters. The results of this work demonstrated that, even at low velocity ratios, the cylinder rotation has a large effect on the flow structures in the body wake region. A large downwash is observed that creates two large counter-rotating vortices and a resultant significant increase in drag. The aerodynamic drag changes are presented as a function of velocity ratio and are shown to be Reynolds Number insensitive over the range tested. Aerodynamic drag was shown to increase with increasing velocity ratio over the velocity ratio range 0.25 to 2.0.
10
Sie, Astrini, Jonathan Realmuto, and Eric Rombokas. "A Lower Limb Prosthesis Haptic Feedback System for Stair Descent." In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3409.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Though there are a variety of prosthetic limbs that address the motor deficits associated with amputation, there has been relatively little progress in restoring sensation. Prosthetic limbs provide little direct sensory feedback of the forces they encounter in the environment, but “closing the loop” between sensation and action can make a great difference in performance [1]. For users of lower limb prostheses, stair descent is a difficult and dangerous task. The difficulty in stair descent can be attributed to three different factors: 1) Absence of tactile and haptic sensations at the bottom of the foot. Although force on the prosthetic socket provides some haptic feedback of the terrain being stepped on, this feedback does not provide information on the location of the staircase edge. 2) Insufficient ankle flexion of lower limb prostheses. Dorsiflexion of the physiological ankle during stair descent is about 27°. Even prostheses that provide active dorsiflexion provide less than this number, and regular prostheses provide almost no ankle dorsiflexion. The first two factors are analogous to the sensation of stair descent for someone without amputation wearing ski boots. 3) Prosthetic feet are optimized for flat-ground walking, offering undesirable energy storage at ankle flexion and energy return at toe-off. This can result in unwanted extra energy at the end of stance phase, propelling the user forward down the stairs. Most lower limb prosthesis designs focus on flat ground walking, but there has been less progress in addressing the challenges of stair descent. One technique that users of prosthetic lower limbs can use for addressing these challenges is to employ an “overhanging toe” foot placement strategy. Under this strategy, the edge of the staircase is used as a pivot point for the foot to roll over the stair. This reduces the need for ankle flexion by allowing the knee and hip to compensate, and avoids storing energy in the prosthetic spring. This strategy is dynamic, and requires the user to know the amount of toe overhang to adjust the movement of the rest of the body. Most haptic devices built to assist individuals wearing prostheses focus on upper extremity tasks [2–4] or standing and walking [5,6]. Whereas previous lower limb sensory replacement systems have targeted standing measures, here we focus on stair descent. The system provides cues of the stair edge location via vibrotactile stimulations on the thigh.
Звіти організацій з теми "Edge-ground axe"
1
Beiker, Sven. Unsettled Issues Regarding Communication of Automated Vehicles with Other Road Users. SAE International, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2020023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The focus of this SAE EDGE™ Research Report is to address a topic overlooked by many who choose to view automated driving systems and AVs from a “10,000-foot” perspective: how automated vehicles (AVs) will actually communicate with other road users. Conventional (human-driven) vehicles, bicyclists, and pedestrians already have a functioning system of understating each other while on the move. Adding automated vehicles to the mix requires assessing the spectrum of existing modes of communication – both implicit and explicit, biological and technological, and how they will interact with each other in the real world. The impending deployment of AVs represents a major shift in the traditional approach to ground transportation; its effects will inevitably be felt by parties directly involved with the vehicle manufacturing and use and those that play roles in the mobility ecosystem (e.g., aftermarket and maintenance industries, infrastructure and planning organizations, automotive insurance providers, marketers, telecommunication companies). Unsettled Issues Regarding Communication of Automated Vehicles with Other Road Users brings together the multiple scenarios we are likely to see in a future not too far away and how they are likely to play out in practical ways.
2
Bonfil, David J., Daniel S. Long, and Yafit Cohen. Remote Sensing of Crop Physiological Parameters for Improved Nitrogen Management in Semi-Arid Wheat Production Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696531.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To reduce financial risk and N losses to the environment, fertilization methods are needed that improve NUE and increase the quality of wheat. In the literature, ample attention is given to grid-based and zone-based soil testing to determine the soil N available early in the growing season. Plus, information is available on in-season N topdressing applications as a means of improving GPC. However, the vast majority of research has focused on wheat that is grown under N limiting conditions in sub-humid regions and irrigated fields. Less attention has been given to wheat in dryland that is water limited. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine accuracy in determining GPC of HRSW in Israel and SWWW in Oregon using on-combine optical sensors under field conditions; (2) develop a quantitative relationship between image spectral reflectance and effective crop physiological parameters; (3) develop an operational precision N management procedure that combines variable-rate N recommendations at planting as derived from maps of grain yield, GPC, and test weight; and at mid-season as derived from quantitative relationships, remote sensing, and the DSS; and (4) address the economic and technology-transfer aspects of producers’ needs. Results from the research suggest that optical sensing and the DSS can be used for estimating the N status of dryland wheat and deciding whether additional N is needed to improve GPC. Significant findings include: 1. In-line NIR reflectance spectroscopy can be used to rapidly and accurately (SEP <5.0 mg g⁻¹) measure GPC of a grain stream conveyed by an auger. 2. On-combine NIR spectroscopy can be used to accurately estimate (R² < 0.88) grain test weight across fields. 3. Precision N management based on N removal increases GPC, grain yield, and profitability in rainfed wheat. 4. Hyperspectral SI and partial least squares (PLS) models have excellent potential for estimation of biomass, and water and N contents of wheat. 5. A novel heading index can be used to monitor spike emergence of wheat with classification accuracy between 53 and 83%. 6. Index MCARI/MTVI2 promises to improve remote sensing of wheat N status where water- not soil N fertility, is the main driver of plant growth. Important features include: (a) computable from commercial aerospace imagery that include the red edge waveband, (b) sensitive to Chl and resistant to variation in crop biomass, and (c) accommodates variation in soil reflectance. Findings #1 and #2 above enable growers to further implement an efficient, low cost PNM approach using commercially available on-combine optical sensors. Finding #3 suggests that profit opportunities may exist from PNM based on information from on-combine sensing and aerospace remote sensing. Finding #4, with its emphasis on data retrieval and accuracy, enhances the potential usefulness of a DSS as a tool for field crop management. Finding #5 enables land managers to use a DSS to ascertain at mid-season whether a wheat crop should be harvested for grain or forage. Finding #6a expands potential commercial opportunities of MS imagery and thus has special importance to a majority of aerospace imaging firms specializing in the acquisition and utilization of these data. Finding #6b on index MCARI/MVTI2 has great potential to expand use of ground-based sensing and in-season N management to millions of hectares of land in semiarid environments where water- not N, is the main determinant of grain yield. Finding #6c demonstrates that MCARI/MTVI2 may alleviate the requirement of multiple N-rich reference strips to account for soil differences within farm fields. This simplicity will be less demanding of grower resources, promising substantially greater acceptance of sensing technologies for in-season N management.