Дисертації з теми "Écosystèmes – Teneur en métaux lourds"
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Pena, Geneviève. "Sels nutritifs et micropolluants métalliques dans un écosystème lagunaire, l'étang de Thau." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20244.
Повний текст джерелаCatinon, Mickaël. "Détermination de la pollution atmosphérique métallique : étude critique de l’utilisation des écorces d’arbres." Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00554894.
Повний текст джерелаHuman activities are responsible for the atmospheric transfer of several types of compounds among which elements are present. One of the secondary effects of such transfer may be to affect human health and the functionality of ecosystems. After atmospheric transfer, a complex deposition of the elements occurs on the earth surface, with very unequal distribution, accumulation or dilution inducing quite different effects on water and soil composition and on the functionalities of living beings. The deposition process has been studied for approximately half a century on tree trunks. These organs constitute a very common vertical matrix on which quantitative or biomonitoring studies can be efficiently carried out, thus offering widely used routine tests. However, for a better exploitation of the information contained in such deposits, a much better understanding of this type of deposition was required. Such is the purpose of this report. A single tree species was chosen for this study: Fraxinus excelsior L. , a very common tree for our region, which was cultivated in the campus station and which could be found at several altitudes between 200 and 1700 m. Our methodological approach consisted in mixing two types of analytical techniques: ICP-MS and SEM-EDX which allowed to obtain an accurate concentration measurement of trace elements, a determination of their location or distribution at a microscopic scale and a chemical determination of the composition of crystallized or precipitated compounds. The time-scale of our studies on deposits ranged from 3 months to 40 years. Two types of fractions were analysed separately: a superficial one, on the stems, and another one, integrated inside the suber tissue and also inside other tissues. It was demonstrated that the superficial deposit was in fact a component of a specific small ecosystem characterized by a non-negligible photosynthetic rate and by a reviviscent ability. The superficial deposit is submitted to a partial lixiviation by rain. The suber tissue is a waterproof, apoplastic layer able to tightly retain most of the elements over long periods of time. It seems to be the best tissue for retaining atmospheric components over several decades. The deposit has several possible origins geogenic, biogenic or anthropogenic. In order to focus on this last fraction, a new system of calculation was conceived, which allows to determine the composition of an atmospheric anthropic elements fraction (AAEF). Moreover, this AAEF was fractionated into two parts, a dispersed one inside the deposit and a pattern of solid particles which were found either in the superficial deposit or inside the suber but not in the other tissues. A purification of the solid particles fraction was carried out, separating the water-soluble elements, the HNO3 2N-soluble ones and the solid residue. This last fraction contains most of the geogenic components, and of the Pb and Mn contents. The HNO3 fraction concentrates the elements such as Zn and Cu. The main purification steps are associated to the presence of the whole stock of dispersed K and Na inside the water phase and of Ca in the HNO3 fraction. This fractionation probably allows interesting speciation studies. With all these new experimental approaches, it seems possible to obtain realistic analyses of the historical and geographical distributions of elements deposits on different spatial scales
Dubé, Jean-Sébastien. "Modifications hydrodynamiques du comportement des métaux lourds dans un sol hétérogène présentant une contamination résiduelle en NAPL : étude sur la contamination mixte des sols." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ65448.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаMétian, Marc. "Écotoxicologie des métaux chez les pectinidés : bioaccumulation, variabilité zoogéographique et évaluation des risques sanitaires." La Rochelle, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LAROS198.
Повний текст джерелаMetal bioaccumulation is very important in Pectinidae. This work studied this phenomenon in 3 species of this bivalve’s family (Chlamys varia, Comptopallium radula & Pecten maximus) in order to better understand biological processes which govern it. This study combining datas from the field and measurements in laboratory investigated 3 levels of biological levels (individuals, organs and cells). The zoogeographical variability of the bioaccumulation capacities as well as a consumer risk assessment were also investigated in this work in reason of the various source of the studied species (C. Radula - tropical zone and the 2 other species - temperate zone) and the important consumption of pectinids tissues. The field approach indicated, amongst other things, the biomonitoring capacities of C. Radula and P. Maximus during Ag contamination. In addition, the metal levels in the tropical species was comparable with other pectinids excepting the very low Zn concentration in their kidneys because of their presumed low contents in granules. The laboratory approach aimed at defining the kinetic parameters of the bioaccumulation in the organisms via sea water, food and the sediment using the techniques of radiotraçage (γ emitters). In addition to the comprehension of accumulation and the retention of metals in simple conditions, this approach allowed indicated considerable role of the particulate pathway on the global bioaccumulation using a model. Finally, both complementary approaches together highlighted the important roles of kidneys and the digestive gland in the accumulation and the storage of the metals. But also, subcellular detoxification mechanisms set up by Pectinidae
Gabelle, Cédric. "Étude de la contamination des sédiments par les métaux dans les canaux et rivières du Nord de la France." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2006/50376_2006_90.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаCosson, Richard P. "Influences des pratiques agricoles sur la contamination des écosystèmes aquatiques par les métaux lourds : approche écotoxicologique." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112209.
Повний текст джерелаDenayer, Franck-Olivier. "Écotoxicité des éléments traces métalliques chez les bryophytes : mise au point d'un bryocapteur des retombées atmosphériques à l'aide de Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid." Metz, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2000/Denayer.Franck_Olivier.SMZ0051.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаMuñoz, Juarez Sergio Rolando. "Mesure et modélisation du potentiel de migration de métaux lourds lors de leur transfert dans le réservoir hydrogéochimique sous-jacent de la ville de Guatemala." Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA112166.
Повний текст джерелаReynal, Preud'homme Caroline. "Comportement du chrome et de l'arsenic dans une nappe libre sous un site industriel." Pau, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PAUU3025.
Повний текст джерелаThe main goal of this work is to identify the geochemical mechanisms controlling the solubility and mobility of As and Cr in a superficial aquifer under an industrial plant (production of sulphuric acid and copper sulphate. In this context, we used three approaches: water and solids sampling campaigns, laboratory experiments (batch and column experiments) and geochemical modelling (software PHREEQC). The contaminated zone is characterised by high concentrations of Cu, As and Cr and a strong acidic water. The unpolluted area is characterised by neutral to basic pH and low concentrations of elements. This neutral pH is probably due to carbonate dissolution. The buffer capacity of the solids induce the As and Cr sorption in the medium (especially in lack of chelating agent). The As and Cr solubility seems to be controlled by precipitation and adsorption onto iron hydroxides. Cr seems to precipitate in form of hydroxide and As in form of coprecipitate with Fe(III) and copper arsenates
Blaudez, Damien. "Etude des interactions entre métaux lourds et champignons ectomycorhiziens : capacités d'accumulation, mécanismes d'absorption, et influence sur la physiologie de plantes hôtes." Nancy 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NAN10097.
Повний текст джерелаDavranche, Mélanie. "Evaluation du potentiel de remobilisation de la charge en métaux lourds de solides pollués en milieu réducteur." Limoges, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LIMO0028.
Повний текст джерелаDeredjian, Amélie. "Les métaux lourds dans les écosystèmes anthropisés : une pression favorisant la sélection de pathogènes opportunistes résistants à des antibiotiques ?" Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00834182.
Повний текст джерелаAsanthi, Hewa Bandulage. "Etude des assemblages ichtyologiques et accumulation de métaux dans des écosystèmes lagunaires au Sri Lanka." Montpellier 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON13506.
Повний текст джерелаSeptier, François. "Étude de la bioconcentration de métaux lourds chez une annélide polychète estuarienne endobenthique (Nereis diversicolor) : utilisation des plans factoriels pour une meilleure évaluation des risques écotoxicologiques liés aux interactions métalliques." Lille 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIL10165.
Повний текст джерелаFuentes, Perez Edwar. "Méthodologies analytiques pour la détermination de l'antimoine total dans les sols et les végétaux et pour sa spéciation dans les sols." Pau, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PAUU3004.
Повний текст джерелаAntimony is an element of environmental concern due to its toxicity and biological effects. This element is non-essential for plants and animals, and its action depend on the oxidation state, being Sb(III) compounds more toxic than Sb(V) ones. This work presents the optimization of analytical methodologies for the total antimony determination in soils and vegetables and its redox speciation in soils. The analytical techniques optimized were the electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET-AAS), and the hydride generation coupled to atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-AAS) or to atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS). This last technique shows the best analytical performances (LOD 0. 01 mg l-1). The methodologies were validated by analyzing appropriates certified reference materials and then applied to the antimony determination in soils and alfalfa samples from sites contaminated and non-contaminated by copper mining activities from three regions in Chile. The redox speciation of antimony was based on the selective determination of Sb(III) by HG-AFS. Sb(V) was evaluated as the difference between total antimony and Sb(III) determinations. This methodology was applied to the redox speciation of antimony in soils extracts obtained by simple and sequential extraction procedures. Significantly difference between the antimony concentration in samples collected from contaminated and non-contaminated sites were obtained. The soluble and available antimony fractions in soils were low; it was mostly associated to the residual fraction. Furthermore, in all fraction Sb(V) was the predominant species. It was concluded that antimony in these soils has a relatively low mobility and availability
Rossi, Nadège. "Écologie des communautés planctoniques méditerranéennes et étude des métaux lourds (Cuivre, Plomb, Cadmium) dans différents compartiments de deux écosystèmes côtiers (Toulon, France)." Phd thesis, Université du Sud Toulon Var, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00439972.
Повний текст джерелаRossi, Nadège. "Ecologie des communautés planctoniques méditerranéennes et étude des métaux lourds (Cuivre, Plomb, Cadmium) dans différents compartiments de deux écosystèmes côtiers (Toulon, France)." Toulon, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00439972/fr/.
Повний текст джерелаEcological studies of bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton are of major interest because these organisms constitute the food web basis. In coastal ecosystems, plankton communities are subjected to anthropogenic inputs which could influence their ecology. The framework of this study is plankton ecology and measurments of metal concentrations in different compartments of coastal ecosystems. An annual study (sampling twice a month) and a diel cycle were made in two neighbouring ecosystems differently affected by anthropogenic inputs, Little Bay and Large Bay of Toulon (France, north-west Mediterranean Sea), considering bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton communities. During the annual cycle, copper, lead and cadmium concentrations were measured in seawater, suspended particulate matter, bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton. Results showed that plankton ecology was principally influenced by meteorological conditions, both bays showing a different functioning because of their geomorphology. Plankton density was higher in Little Bay than in Large Bay, whereas diversity was higher in Large Bay than in Little Bay. Concerning metals, the in situ study showed metal concentrations higher in Little Bay than in Large Bay whatever the compartment studied. Some biological factors as density, taxonomic composition and the place where organisms live, showed an influence on the metal composition of plankton communities. Bacteria and phytoplankton showed great capacities to concentrate metals, in particular for copper and lead. In contrast, zooplankton constituted a break in the metal bioaccumulation along the food web. Finally, the important role of the suspended particulate matter as a metal trap was confirmed, showing the importance of working on pure plankton samples to have a good estimation of metal concentrations in the different plankton compartments
Asmeta, Ahmed-Fayez. "Comportement hydrodynamique et ohysico-chimique des métaux lourds dans les sols." Reims, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987REIMS014.
Повний текст джерелаSuleiman, Hanine. "Évaluer la performance du lombricompostage des boues d'épuration en fonction des caractéristiques physico-chimiques de la boue et des espèces de vers de terre." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10183.
Повний текст джерелаLarge sewage sludge quantities are produced in wastewater plants, worldwide. Sewage sludge is rich in organic matter and its use as soil conditioner might be of interest. However, pollutants and especially non-biodegradable contaminants such as metallic trace elements (MTEs) are present in sludge. This may prevent the use of sewage sludge in agriculture and constitutes a challenge for environmental protection. Vermicomposting is an eco-friendly process in which earthworms are used to accelerate the degradation of organic wastes. Moreover, earthworms have shown an ability to accumulate MTEs and change the bioavailability of MTEs in compost. The main aim of this thesis was to evaluate the vermicomposting process applied to urban sewage sludge. After a bibliographic synthesis, experiments in controlled conditions have been performed in order to assess the effectiveness of vermicomposting applied to different sewage sludge (exhibiting contrasted contamination levels) and using different earthworm species. The mixing of different sewage sludge with other organic wastes has also been analyzed. The capacity of earthworms to accumulate several metals and their resistance to different contamination levels were also examined. Compost agronomic quality was assessed as well as the tolerance capabilities of three earthworm species and their ability to accumulate several MTEs. Vermicomposting treatment led to a significant reduction of the treated mixture weight and has significantly changed the content of several metals in the final product. Overall, vermicomposts were acceptable according to agronomic parameters and to compost quality norms in France and in Poland
Dauga, Christine. "Impact de l'épandage d'une boue residuaire industrielle, riche en Mg, Mn, Cu, Pb et Zn sur une couverture ferralitique en climat tropical (SP, Brésil) : minéralogie, pétrologie et transferts géochimiques." Aix-Marseille 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX30027.
Повний текст джерелаDuquesne, Sabine. "Bioaccumulation métallique et métallothionéines chez trois espèces de poissons provenant du littoral Nord-Pas-de-Calais." Lille 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIL10089.
Повний текст джерелаRigollet, Virginie. "Evolution saisonnière des concentrations en métaux lourds dans les herbiers à "Zostera marina L. " de l'étang de Thau (France) et de la lagune de Venise (Italie) : relation plante-sédiment." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20046.
Повний текст джерелаHeimbürger, Lars-Éric. "Dynamics of chemical contaminants in the open ocean : the Mediterranean sea as an example." Nice, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NICE4014.
Повний текст джерелаCe travail est une investigation de la dynamique des transports, transferts et transformations de contaminants chimiques (CCs) dans un système océanique ouvert via une approche intégrative des sources vers les réservoirs, nommément de l’atmosphère jusqu’au sédiment. La stratégie d’observation a été construite de manière à tenir compte de variations saisonnières conditionnant la pompe biologique. Les apports atmosphériques, qui constituent la source principale des CCs pour les eaux marines en Mer Ligure ont été suivis au site de référence de Cap Ferrat (SE France). Parallèlement, des échantillonnages mensuels ont été effectués dans la colonne d’eau (site DYFAMED, entre Nice et la Corse) afin de suivre l’évolution des CCs et des paramètres physiques et biogéochimiques en phase dissoute et particulaire pendant près de 2 ans. Des mouillages de pièges à particules ont permis d’étudier le flux exportés. Une carotte de sédiment a été prélevée afin d’estimer le niveau d’anthropisation. Des métaux traces (Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, MeHg, Ni and Pb) et contaminants organiques persistants (PBDEs, PCBs and PAHs) ont été déterminés dans chaque matrice afin d’observer les variations saisonnières et d’élucider les relations entre les apports atmosphériques et la réponse environnementale. Une attention particulière a été portée à la définition des sources, aux tendances, au transfert vertical, au recyclage et au devenir ultime des CCs. Nous concluons que la dynamique des CCs dans un tel milieu est fortement influencée par le forçage physique. Ceci a pour conséquence que toute altération du climat aura, via la production biologique, des conséquences sur la dynamique des CCs
Territo, Claudio. "I suoli della area forestale di mustigarufi : contributo mineralogico allo studio della pedogenesi." Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POIT2255.
Повний текст джерелаSoils of Mustigarufi wood are representative of the Sicily interior. Based on a spatial variability survey of chemical and physical properties (electric conductivity, apparent electric conductivity, pH, grain size distribution) of soils situated on along slope, the study of clay mineralogy and geochemistry was emphasized. Elemental analysis of major and trace elements composition was carried out. Total content and its spatial variability both in the profile and in the whole study area was investigated. The final part of this thesis deals with properties of fine clay mineral fraction. Origin, thermodynamic stability and distribution in the study area and their relationships with the pedological Environment were taken into account
Barthet, Lucile. "Contribution à l'évaluation de l'impact sur les écosystèmes de la valorisation de résidus de procédés thermiques en BTP." Lyon, INSA, 2003. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2003ISAL0090/these.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаFor several years, Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) bottom ash and coal fly ash have been reused in civil engineering. Although their physicochemical characteristics are very studied, the toxicity of these materials is the issue of few works. This study aims at contributing to the evaluation of the impact on the ecosystems of the valorisation of these residues of thermal processes (RTP) in road engineering. We have compared the potential toxicity of MSWI bottom ash resulting from traditional collection and MSWI bottom ash resulting from selective collection. Since physicochemical parameters of MSWI bottom ash weathering is quite important, we will see the effect of artificial carbonation on the potential toxicity. We have chosen to work with whole-cell microorganisms from the compartment of the producers (algae: Chlorella vulgaris) and from the compartment of the decomposers (yeasts: Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The use of tests using global metabolism (algae growth) and more specific tests (enzymatic activities) have allowed to compare the potential toxicity of MSWI bottom ash resulting from traditional collection and MSWI bottom ash resulting from selective collection. These bioassays have shown that artificial carbonation may decrease the potential toxicity of these MSWI bottom ash. The behavior of coal fly ash used in various scenarios of pilots of road has also been revealed. The developemnt of an optical biosensor with immobilized whole cells will enable on line and in-situ monitoring of pollutants salting out MSWI bottom ash and coal fly-ash from pilots of roads
Etchebers, Olivier. "Etude pluricontextuelle et pluridimensionnelle de la mobilité des métaux lourds (Cd, Ni, Pb) dans les sols." Pau, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PAUU3004.
Повний текст джерелаThe mobility of heavy metals is studied on three cases of contamination, each one at a different scale. The first one deals with spreading of sewage sludge on forest soils. Processes are accelerated under centrifugation, at microcosm scale. Despite several months of simulated evolution, migration of heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Pb) is quite limited, probably by affinity with organic matter accumulated at the surface. The second one is run at mesocosm scale, using an agricultural soil spiked with Pb. After several months outdoor, Pb is retained within the solid. It is adsorbed on organic and clay (montmorillonite) particles, but remains under a potentially soluble form. The third one corresponds to an aquifer underlying an industrial site (macrocosm) polluted by Cu and H2SO4. Acidity enhances the solubility of Cd and Pb. However, the buffer capacity of the solid induces the precipitation of Cu and Fe; and the fixation of Cd and Pb by adsorption or coprecipitation
Flores, Velez Luisa Maria. "Essai de spéciation des métaux dans les sols : cas du Cu dans les vignobles." Paris 12, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA120027.
Повний текст джерелаMaréchal-Abram, Nicolas. "Evaluation d'un proxy de métaux lourds dans l'environnement marin, basé sur les coefficients de partition des éléments dans la calcite de foraminifère : étude du Cd, Cu et Cr avec l'espèce Ammonia beccarii." Angers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ANGE0002.
Повний текст джерелаThese researches are a contribution to the development of a heavy metal proxy in marine environment based on the element partition coefficient DMe between sea water and foraminiferal calcite. DCd was measured from benthic foraminifera Ammonia beccarii (Linné) grown in sediment free microcosms. Culture experiments were prepared at 2. 3 and 5. 3 nmol l-1 (13°C) and at 4. 3, 6. 4 and 9. 0 nmol l-1 (18°C). DCd values were 2. 80. 6 (n=6), 1. 80. 2 (n=7), 1. 00. 2 (n=10), 1. 00. 1 (n=8) and 1. 20. 2 (n=19), respectively. A new hypothesis of a diffusion limited uptake of ions during the mineralization process could explain DCd =1. The carbonate diffusion time calculations are consistent with the chamber formation time but could not show that calcium uptake is limited. The model oversees that DCd would be also dependent of ion diffusion coefficients. DCd values > 1 are not consistent with the limited uptake hypothesis. The assumption of food contamination or a mixture of sea water during experiment could explain these partitioning values. DCu is measured for the first time from alive specimens. DCd was estimated at 0. 06–0. 07 and suggest a control of the free ion model. DCr is less than 0. 003. Comparison with dead foraminifera revealed the difficulty of the decontamination process. Results showed three different partition mechanisms and showed the vital role of physico-chemical parameters in biological partitioning mechanisms. They underlines the need to understand each element partitioning mechanism, in order to ensure the reliability of a paleo-ecological proxy
Elsamrani, Antoine. "Traitement des eaux pluviales par coagulation-floculation : speciation des éléments traces, influence des anions complexants, et recherche sur le devenir des boues à partir du système de silice-phosphate-FeCl[indice]3." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2003. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_2003_ELSAMRANI_A.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаHa, Thi Minh Huong. "Nouvelles architectures supramoléculaires à base de ligands phosphorés fluorescents : synthèse, études photophysiques et applications." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00254039/fr/.
Повний текст джерелаThis work deals with the engineering of new fluorescent supramolecular systems containing phosphorus ligands in order to explore new optical materials and the detection of polluting heavy metals. Two new series of push-pull chromophores containing polyphenylethynyl units and an oxide or a sulfide of phosphane were successfully synthesized by using the Sonogashira coupling as a key reaction. These molecules showed a high fluorescence quantum yield as well as an effective character of charge transfer at the excited state. More interestingly, they exhibited good properties in two-photon absorption and nonlinear optics. Another class of bidentate ligands containing a phosphane oxide or a phosphane sulfide was also prepared for the detection of heavy metal ions. The phosphane oxide chelates strongly complexed lead and cadmium in CH3CN/CHCl3 mixture. These ligands offer a possibility of detection by using fluorescence induced by two-photon absorption. The phosphane sulfide chelates have excellent sensitivity and selectivity for mercury in a partially aqueous medium. Moreover, on the addition of the lanthanide ions, the fluorescence of the phosphane oxide chelates is quenched and a sensitized emission of the lanthanide ions was observed. The mechanism of the energy transfer from the ligands to the europium ion has been studied
Garaudée, Sandrine. "Polyphénols : propriétés de complexation et activité antioxydante." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004STR13005.
Повний текст джерелаThis phd manuscript presents an original and highly collaborative research work on norbadione a, a fungal pigment which was isolated from pisolithus arhizus. This study was undertaken in order to gain insight into complexation, exchange and accumulation of radionuclides (137cs) or heavy metals (cd(ii), ni(ii), pb(ii)). This subject required interdisciplinary expertise (mycology, natural products extraction and characterisation, organic traces analysis, physicochemistry) and was using the most recent developments of analytical methods (spectrophotometry, nmr, mass spectrometry, potentiometry, cyclic voltammetry). Our results were published in chemical communications, highlighted in nature and emphasised in different press articles (l'express, the guardian,. . . ). Our results revealed that in the p[h] range (between 6. 0 and 6. 5) which is typical for mushrooms, the major species of free norbadione a is the dienolate form. We showed that norbadione a was able to accumulate monovalent cations (cs+, k+, tl(i)) due to allosteric properties which favors the formation of bimetallic complexes. On the other hand, norbadione a forms mononuclear complexes with heavy metals like cd(ii), ni(ii) and pb(ii), the corresponding dinuclear analogs being less stable for electrostatic reasons. The natural dipotassic norbadione a complex exchanges its potassium cations with caesium or thallium(i), as shown by electrospray mass spectrometry. Finally, we determined for norbadione a an antiradicalar power comparable with that of the most abundant polyphenols present in fruits and vegetables and a moderate antioxidant activity
Boularbah, Ali. "Interactions entre le cadmium et bacillus brevis isolé d'un sol pollué par les métaux lourds." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPL025N.
Повний текст джерелаFeller, Olivier (1970. "Analyse des métaux lourds dans les eaux de mer par spectrophotométrie d'absorption atomique électrothermique." Aix-Marseille 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX11089.
Повний текст джерелаFloch, Carine. "Les enzymes du sol : étude de leurs potentialités bioindicatrices de contaminations par des métaux et des polluants organiques." Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX30070.
Повний текст джерелаThe main objective of this research was to determine the potential bioindicator of certain enzymatic activities to characterize the functioning and quality of soil in the context of metal and organic pollutions (i. E. Pesticides and conventional, organic or biological, and integrated management strategies). In a first step, a methodology for the quantification in soils of phenol oxidase activities has been developed, and further study on its sensitivity towards certain metals has been performed. Thereafter, different approaches have been apprehended through incubation under controlled laboratory conditions and field observations, made at scales ranging from plot to landscape. The enzymes studied are involved in the functioning of the major biogeochemical cycles of C (cellulase, fluorescein diacetate hydrolase, β-galactosidase, β-glucosidase and phenol oxidase), N (arylamidase), P (acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterases, phosphodiesterase and phosphotriesterase) and S (arylsulfatase). The results have clearly demonstrated the variability of response patterns of enzyme activities, with the type of contamination and physical and chemical characteristics of soils. This underlines the difficulty for selecting universal enzymatic bioindicators of soil quality for a wide range of perturbations. However, some enzymes, such as arylamidases and phenol oxidases, proved repeatedly to be indicators especially sensitive to disturbance applied to the different soils of this study. An interesting continuation of this work would be to integrate such kind of study of these potential bioindicators in networks of soil quality measurement. Finally, other microbial parameters were also studied, the functional diversity of bacterial communities (Biolog® Eco) and bacterial and fungal densities, but they have proved to be less relevant as soil quality indicators with regards to enzyme activities
Kauffmann, Anne. "Etude physico-chimique du devenir de certains métaux lourds lors de la valorisation énergétique de résidus de broyage de l'industrie automobile." Mulhouse, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MULH0334.
Повний текст джерелаBaron, Jean. "Etude sur les interactions des métaux lourds avec des boues d'épuration et les sols : Complexation de Cu et Cd par des boues et spéciation dans des solutions de sols." Pau, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PAUU3008.
Повний текст джерелаPianelli, Katia. "Recherche des déterminants moléculaires de la tolérance aux métaux lourds dans la plante hyperaccumulatrice Thlaspi caerulescens : Analyse du rôle de la nicotianamine dans la tolérance au nickel." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20203.
Повний текст джерелаGossart, Pascal. "Contribution à l'étude des interactions de la matière organique des sols avec les métaux lourds : étude structurale et analytique de molécules modèles." Lille 1, 2001. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2001/50376-2001-187-188.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаDayras, Paul. "Paracyclopina nana : un petit copépode à fort intérêt en écotoxicologie et en aquaculture." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R074.
Повний текст джерелаThe cyclopoid copepod Paracyclopina nana plays a key role in the trophic chains of the aquatic environments of Eastern Asia. It has a small adult size (600 μm), a short life cycle, a high fecundity, and can be easily cultured under medium salinity (15 psu) and a wide range of temperatures. Its whole genome has also been recently sequenced, assembled and annotated. All these assets give it a very interesting double potential for current research: as a test organism for risk assessment associated with aquatic pollutants (bioindicator), and as a live prey in mass culture for the feeding of fish larvae in aquaculture.In the framework of this PhD project, we aimed: (i) to test the productive and qualitative potential of P. nana in aquaculture in relation to the nature of the ingested microalgae diet; (ii) to establish the profile of P. nana as an ecotoxicological model through metal contaminant exposure tests.The effects of seven different microalgal diets constituted by Rhodomonas salina (R), Tisochrysis lutea (T), and Pavlova lutheri (P) on P. nana productivity in culture were explored. The R+T and R diets induced the highest population growth and the greatest reproductive investment in ovigerous females. Those same diets also generated the highest total fatty acid content in copepods, and the highest total monosaccharide content has been found in copepods fed R+T+P. Overall results demonstrated that all the diets including R. salina lead to an increasing productivity of P. nana, and particularly when combined with T. lutea in a mixed diet.Another study examined the effects of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni), on two subpopulations of P. nana. A first experiment conducted on a regular P. nana culture showed a decreasing population growth but an increasing metal bioaccumulation in copepods. Cd was also more accumulated when it was alone than in the mixture with Cu and Ni, confirming the hypothesis of metal competition recently demonstrated in a calanoid copepod. A second experiment performed on a P. nana culture already exposed to a higher Cu concentration for several generations revealed a lesser impact on population growth and a lower metal accumulation in copepods. Increasing metal concentrations in the experimental water reflected the depuration happening in this metal-loaded population already acclimated to metal exposure.Overall results are the first ones showing that R. salina is a suitable microalga for productive mass culture of P. nana for use as live food for marine fish larval aquaculture, and to investigate the parameters influencing the bioaccumulation capacity of P. nana in response to metals in contaminated aquatic ecosystems
Martin-Dupont, Fabienne. "Valorisation chimique d'un co-produit de la filière bois : Approche théorique des capacités fixatrices en métaux lourds par les écorces forestières." Compiègne, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003COMP1475.
Повний текст джерелаTisserand, Pierre. "Mesure en continu et in situ des pollutions dans les milieux aqueux : conception et réalisation d'une instrumentation adaptée à la détection de métaux lourds par potentiométrie sélective." Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10308.
Повний текст джерелаMastering the quality of water demands that industrialised countries develop and improve facilities for the sanitising of water rejected back into the environment. Sewage sometimes contains micropollutants such as heavy metals which, in excess, can be noxious and alter ecosystems. Measuring them accurately is possible - with polarography or spectrometry - yet these techniques can hardly be used for non-stop monitoring. Within this framework, we have developed a detecting device for heavy metals Cu(II) and Pb(Ii). The principle cop. Sists in measuring potentials with two ion selective electrodes (ISE), which - by fusing varied data such as temperature, conductivity, pH, Redox - allows the gauging of free or hydroxylic metal. In order to lest the device, we have conceived a testbench reproducing the physical and chemical condition of sewage. The principle consists in injecting specific solutions into a reactor fitted with a measuring set containing sepsors which will carry out the aforementioned measures. Thanks to a system sampling and processing the data, aIl parameters can be measured non-stop. To characterise our tool, we have 'used two modelling methods. On the one hand, we have considered the output from the ISEs as a polynomial combination of all parameters (external models). On the other hand, we have assumed that hydroxylic forms can be parameterised in Nernst's equation (internaI models). Where the copper ISE is, concerned, internal models provide very interesting levels of detection, while extemal models fit the lead ISE best. Still using our test-bench, we have determined our models' limits, especially regarding the measure of Cu (II), in typical cases of reconstituted pollutions. To this end, we have elaborated different tests demonstrating that the internal model - which does not take the Redox potential into account - provides more accuracy than external models. In conclusion, we have shown that, in laboratory conditions, the potentiometric method with ISE is adapted to non-stop detection of heavy metal ions, by correcting the measures of relevant variables. The methodology we have developed can be extended to other heavy metals
Pigeot, Jacques. "Approche écosystémique de la contamination métallique du compartiment biologique benthique des littoraux charentais : exemple du bassin de Marennes-Oléron." La Rochelle, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LAROS072.
Повний текст джерелаUn ensemble de plus de 130 espèces végétales et animales, benthiques, macroscopiques et intertidales appartenant à un même écosystème, le bassin conchylicole de Marennes-Oléron (côte atlantique de la France) a été analysé en cadmium (Cd), cuivre (Cu), plomb (Pb) et zinc (Zn). Il est constaté pour toutes ces espèces soumises aux mêmes contraintes écologiques : (i) que la bioaccumulation dépend du site et du degré d'immersion pour le Cd, de la saison (en relation avec les cycles sexuels) et de l'espèce pour le Cd et le Pb, (ii) qu'il existe un effet taxon au niveau de l'ordre chez les mollusques pour le Cd et (iii) qu'il y a un effet régime alimentaire pour le plomb. Ainsi, il n'est pas possible de globaliser les processus de bioaccumulation pour un métal considéré pour toutes ces espèces végétales et animales appartenant à 12 phylums différents. De plus, il est montré qu'il existe une bioamplification du Cd le long des chaînes trophiques benthiques courtes du type mollusque bivalve suspensivore (Crassostrea gigas) - mollusque néogastéropode prédateur (Ocenebra erinacea ou Ocinebrellus inornatus). L'approche écosystémique de la contamination métallique en Cd, Cu, Pb et Zn du compartiment benthique intertidal du bassin de Marennes-Oléron (surface : environ 100 km2) fait apparaître : (i) des quantités fixées très variables selon le métal considéré (7,5 kg en Cd, 65 kg en Pb, 450 kg en Cu et plus de 6 t en Zn), (ii) qu'en termes de quantités fixées et mobilisées, ce sont essentiellement les producteurs primaires (Microphytobenthos et Zostera noltii pour l'essentiel) et les consommateurs de premier ordre (Crassostrea gigas, Mytilus edulis et les principaux mollusques liés aux substrats meubles surtout) qui sont les principaux acteurs. En terme de santé humaine, par rapport aux espèces benthiques pêchées, aucune inquiétude n'est de mise à la fois au plan des teneurs et au plan des quantités pouvant être ingérées même par les forts consommateurs relativement à la dose hebdomadaire tolérable (DHT) en Cd et en Pb
Sivry, Yann. "Utilisation des isotopes stables de Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni et Pb pour quantifier le compartiment échangeable des éléments trace métalliques et de delta66Zn pour tracer les pollutions polymétalliques." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/471/.
Повний текст джерелаA multi-elementary spiking method has been is developpeddeveloped in order to simultaneously quantify and caracterizecharacterize simultaneously the labile pools fraction of Cd, Zn, Ni, Cu and Pb in contaminated soils. This method is has been validated by comparison with 1) radioactive Cd spiking data,g Cd and of2) chemical extractions results. In additionFurthermore, an integrated study of Zn isotopic signatures (d66Zn) in various compartments pools of two contaminated ecosystems (zinc smelting sites of Viviez-Decazeville, S. -W. Of France and of Kempen, N. -E of Belgium) has been performed allowing the identification of various allows to assume a coherent scheme of Zn isotopic fractionations during associated to the metallurgical processes. The differents d66Zn ratio observed in between "enriched" and "residual" zinc would be a powerfull tool to identify the metallurgical contaminations origins. These results demonstrate the efficiency of stable isotopes as tracers for contamination processes and sourcescontaminations tracers
Brohon, Bertrand. "Utilisation d'indicateurs d'activités microbiennes telluriques et de biotests pour l'évaluation du niveau de pollution d'un sol : application à un sol pollué par des hydrocarbures et à un sol agricole soumis à l'épandage de boues et déchets de nature variée." Lyon, INSA, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ISAL0114.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this present study is to evaluate whether the information given by the measures in eco-toxicology could be used in diagnosis of sail pollution. The sail bio-indicators (sail respiration measurement, enzyme activities measurements represented by Dehydrogenase activity, Phosphatase activity, Esterase activity and Urease activity) and the bio-essays used require a great care about handling and storage of the sail samples. Preliminary investigations have therefore focused on the laboratory practices to be used in order to minimize the bias introduced by handling and storage of the sail samples. One case of chronic pollution represented by an industrial site polluted by hydrocarbons and one case of a punctual pollution represented by sail polluted by different sludges and wastes have been analysed. We have shown the pertinence of bath bio-indicators and bio-essays simultaneously used. The followed processes help to reduce the probability of « false negative results » and provide useful information for the diagnosis of sail pollution. However, the use of microbial activity measurements on sail polluted by sludges and wastes showed a greater sensibility than the Microtox bio-essay. From our study, the results demonstrated the advantages and inconvenient of the eco-toxical measurements. Notably, on slightly polluted soils, the phosphatase activity didn't seem sensitive enough to the level of sail pollution
Roussel, Hélène. "Les effets du cuivre sur la structure et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes aquatiques : une étude en mésocosmes lotiques." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30235.
Повний текст джерелаCopper is known to be a nonspecific toxicant and is frequently used as an algicide, fungicide, bactericide, plant herbicide and molluscicide in the aquatic environment. The aim of this project was to evaluate the effects of copper on the structure and function of freshwater ecosystems. To achieve this goal, the use of experimental streams called mesocosms allowed to realize ecologically realistic study while controlling many parameters. During 18 months, environmentally realistic concentrations of copper (0, 5, 25 and 75 µg/L) where applied on 12 outdoor mesocosms of 20 m long. Results showed an effect on both structure and function of the ecosystem and considering all those results, a NOECecosystem was set up at 5 µg/L for fresh water ecosystems
Fichet, Denis. "Etude de la biodisponibilité des métaux lourds dans les sédiments portuaires avant et après dragage : recherche de bio-indicateurs de leur toxicité." La Rochelle, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LAROS015.
Повний текст джерелаRorat, Agnieszka. "Assessment of the vermicomposting process applied to sewage sludge by monitoring of the compost quality and immune responses of three earthworm species : Eisenia fetida, Eisenia andrei and Dendrobaena veneta." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10165.
Повний текст джерелаVermicomposting is a relatively new eco-biotechnology using earthworms as natural bioreactors in the process of decomposition of organic matter. Eisenia andrei, Eisenia fetida and Dendrobaena veneta are detrivorous organisms that enhance the decomposition of complex organic compounds and influence circulation of organic matter. This eco-technique is a non-expensive method of biodegradation of organic wastes, inter alia sewage sludge. Due to the high content of various pollutants, including heavy metals, chemicals and pathogenic microorganisms, sewage sludge cannot be directly used in agriculture. The quality of the product can be assessed using agronomic parameters, while immune and defense parameters can be measured as stress biomarkers. Aims of this work were: 1) to determine the influence of earthworms on the quality of the product obtained in vermicomposting process, 2) to investigate the molecular and immunological mechanisms occurring in earthworms during vermicomposting of municipal sewage sludge, 3) to develop the combined composting – vermicomposting process. Earthworms were segragated into three separate groups basing on DNA barcoding and selected fluorophores were tested as non-invasively retrieved biomarkers allowing distinction between morphologically similar composting earthworm species. Riboflavin, coelomocytes (amoebocytes/eleocytes) composition and particular gene expression levels were selected as biomarkers of stress useful in biomonitoring of the vermicomposting process. Applied technique has led to assess the possibilities of valorization of sewage sludge
Diop, Cheikh. "Étude de la contamination, de la spéciation et de la biodisponibilité des éléments traces métalliques dans les eaux et sédiments côtiers et estuariens au Sénégal : évaluation de la toxicité potentielle." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10034/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this study was to assess the trace metals contamination level, chemical speciation, bioavailability and toxicity in sediments and water column from Dakar coast and Saint Louis estuary in Senegal. For water column, the results show that the pollution of the estuary was more serious than in Dakar coast for Co, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn; while, Cd and Cu were higher in Dakar coast. A strong affinity between metals and suspended particles has been revealed and the mobility of trace metals in estuary is controlled by dissolved organic carbon, while in coast it depends on chlorides. This study has assessed the metals trace contamination level in sediments and to examine their bioavailability and toxicity. Toxicity indexes are exceeded one in several sites suggesting the potential effects on sediment-dwelling organisms. However, seasonal variability of metal bioavailability was noted, revealing the best period to monitor metal contamination. From an ecotoxicological point of view, concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb were above the effects range low (ERL) threshold limit of the sediment quality guidelines for adverse biological effects. The accumulated trace metals in sediment can be released into the water column due to sediments resuspension caused by tide, flood effects or dredging activities which increases the risk to aquatic ecosystem. Thus, this work is interested in the behavior of metals during these phenomena. The results showed an important mobility of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd and their mobility is strongly correlated to their speciation and bioavailability
Kuad, Paul. "Etude des propriétés conformationnelles et acido-basiques de la norbadione A et de dérivés pulviniques : Conséquences sur leurs propriétés complexantes de cations alcalins et alcalino-terreux." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/KUAD_Paul_2006.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаGendre, Delphine. "Caractérisation physiologique et moléculaire des transporteurs YSL de "Thlaspi caerulescens" : rôle dans l'hyperaccumulation polymétallique." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20119.
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