Дисертації з теми "Ecosystem perturbation"
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Roy, Eric Daniel. "Modeling Interactions Between Environmental Management and Ecosystem Services in a Dynamic Freshwater Ecosystem." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1218487995.
Повний текст джерелаPeter, Hannes. "Diversity and Ecosystem Functioning : Redundancy and Resilience in Freshwater Bacterial Communities." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Limnologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-160780.
Повний текст джерелаZha, Yinghua. "Effects of diversity and dispersal on the response of bacterial community to starvation perturbation." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Limnologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-166049.
Повний текст джерелаCorradini, Andrea. "Ecological connectivity in the Alpine anthropic matrix. Natural reserves and corridors for the conservation of brown bear in the Alps (ABC - AlpBearConnect)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/321014.
Повний текст джерелаROCCHI, Marta. "Ecosystem response to perturbations: insight from qualitative analysis." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2488077.
Повний текст джерелаI cambiamenti ambientali in atto richiedono un miglioramento delle conoscenze su struttura e funzionamento dei sistemi naturali attraverso un approccio olistico. Una visione d’insieme potrebbe aiutare a comprendere meglio la risposta degli ecosistemi alle perturbazioni. E’ stato provato che lo studio dei network ecologici è utile per comprendere la struttura e le dinamiche degli ecosistemi. In questa tesi presento due tecniche modellistiche: l’analisi topologica di food web (capitolo 2) e la loop analysis (capitolo 3 e 4). Entrambi gli studi privilegiano l’analisi qualitativa a quella quantitativa per superare la mancanza di dati. Nel capitolo 2 ho considerato alcune caratteristiche topologiche per lo studio del funzionamento dell’ecosistema di Baja California Sur. Ho identificato, attraverso gli indici di centralità, le specie chiave e analizzato la resilienza del sistema alla rimozione delle specie definite più vulnerabili (es. precedente classificazione di alto, medio e basso rischio). Gli effetti sono stati valutati attraverso indici globali. I risultati evidenziano la resilienza strutturale della food web alle rimozioni, ma anche che la rimozione delle specie più vulnerabili cambia significatamente alcuni attributi del sistema rispetto alle rimozioni random. Nel capitolo 3 ho valutato l’evoluzione dell’ecosistema del Mar Nero nel periodo 1960-1990 attraverso la loop analysis. I modelli qualitativi indagati ricostruiscono la struttura dei legami dell’intera comunità. Ho validato i risultati emersi con indagini statistiche sulle serie temporali di biomasse per capire come la struttura delle interazioni può spiegare le variazioni nei livelli di biomassa delle variabili e quali ipotesi possono essere fatte sui drivers e i meccanismi responsabili dei cambiamenti. Nel capitolo 4 ho costruito un database di food web reali e random, che ho studiato attraverso la loop analysis, per capire come un input positivo sulle specie basali e apicali si ripercuote rispettivamente sulle specie apicali e basali. Lo scopo era quello di identificare possibili differenze nella propagazione degli effetti indiretti in risposta a input positivi che si verificano agli estremi delle food web. Ho confrontato sistemi reali (marini, terrestri e di acqua dolce) con networks random. Ho trovato una sovrarappresentazione di predizioni positive (aumento dell’abbondanza delle specie) e una sottorappresentazione di predizione negative per le specie apicali a seguito di un input positivo sulle specie basali, sia nei sistemi reali che in quelli random. Considerando questi ultimi lo stesso trend (sovrarappresentazione di segni positivi e sottorappresentazione di segni negativi) è stato trovato nelle predizioni riguardanti la risposta delle specie basali a seguito di un input sulle specie apicali. Ho mostrato che questi risultati sono dovuti alla struttura topologica delle food web (es. il numero e la lunghezza dei percorsi trofici) piuttosto che alla forza delle interazioni. Sembra che le risposte delle specie apicali a seguito di perturbazioni delle specie basali siano prevedibili, al contrario delle risposte delle specie basali a seguito di un input sulle apicali. Questi risultati sono particolarmente rilevanti e interessanti considerando l’importanza delle specie basali e apicali come target degli impatti antropici. Questa tesi contribuisce allo sviluppo di un percorso verso: 1)la comprensione degli effetti di disturbo sulle comunità ecologiche e sugli ecosistemi; 2)una migliore comprensione delle interazioni di controllo top-down e bottom-up; 3)la capacità di affrontare l'incertezza per valutare la risposta delle comunità e degli ecosistemi di fronte al disturbo. Nonostante l’uso di metodologie relativamente semplici che si concentrano sulla disposizione qualitativa delle interazioni trofiche, ho dimostrato che vi sono casi in cui anche lo studio di dati qualitativi può essere di cruciale importanza in termini di gestione.
Muller, Isabelle. "Restauration de marais temporaires et de pelouses méso-xériques à partir d’anciennes rizières : Rôle respectif des filtres dans l'assemblage des communautés." Thesis, Avignon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AVIG0329/document.
Повний текст джерелаEcological restoration is considered as one approach to slow down the loss of biodiversity. Changes in land-uses may be an opportunity to restore ecosystems degraded by agricultural activities. This is the case of the participatory project of the Cassaïre site, located in the Rhône delta, which aims at recreating Mediterranean ecosystems favorable to hunting on former ricefields. Two ecosystems are targeted, temporary wetlands and meso-xeric grasslands. The aims of the thesis are to highlight the main drivers of plant community establishment, to test restoration techniques and to evaluate their effects on plant communities but also on other compartments of the ecosystem. In the absence of target species in the regional species pool, the introduction of these species is necessary in addition to the restoration of abiotic conditions. Topsoil removal and soil transfer for wetland communities allow an increase of target species and of similarity with the reference community. This technique appears to be less relevant for aquatic invertebrate community. The contrasted successful of soil transfer highlights the risks of favoring some indicators of restoration success, as they may not reflect the entire ecosystem. Topsoil removal and hay transfer seem to be a relevant combination to recreate grassland plant community, although the results obtained are less convincing than for temporary wetland, probably due to high competition. Our results, obtained in mesocosms, even if they relate only to the early stages of recovery, provide restoration techniques that seem relevant to establish some components of the two reference ecosystems. These results, by their limitations, however, suggest focusing on in situ conservation of natural habitats rather than trying to restore them after they were destroyed.Keywords: Biodiversity, Community ecology, Restoration
Barros, Ceres. "Etude de la stabilité des écosystèmes à plusieurs échelles spatiales et trophiques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV013/document.
Повний текст джерелаAs global change threatens ecosystems worldwide with biodiversity loss, studying ecosystem stability has never been so important. Most ecosystem stability studies have heretofore focused on single ecosystems and disturbances, usually following the behaviour of particular ecosystem properties, such as productivity and diversity indices. However, ecosystems are subjected to multiple disturbances simultaneously and at large spatial scales different ecosystems co-occur, each responding specifically to any given disturbance. Hence, the study of ecosystem stability needs to move towards approaches that can be informative at broad scales that are relevant for ecosystem management. This thesis is a step forward in this direction. Here, I used several approaches to assess how multiple global change drivers, such as climate change, extreme whether events, and land-use changes, affect ecosystem stability at landscape and larger spatial scales, and from single to multi-trophic level perspectives.I begin by highlighting the importance of considering the interactions between gradual and extreme climate changes, in conjunction with land-use changes, for the management of highly diverse landscapes, such as the European Alps. Using a spatially explicit dynamic vegetation model, I show that increasing drought frequency and intensity will likely change the trends of treeline movement expected under future gradual climate warming scenarios. I then investigated whether drought and gradual climate warming caused plant communities to shift in different ways, using n-dimensional hypervolumes to describe community states in multidimensional space. Drought effects on forest and grassland structure did not greatly change the long-term trajectories caused by gradual climate warming alone, but showed that forest communities became more unstable than grasslands in the future. However, focusing on vegetation dynamics remains limited to a single trophic level. Because trophic networks represent energy flows in an ecosystem, studying their stability to disturbances should provide more accurate information on overall ecosystem stability. Hence, I also investigated trophic network stability in European protected areas to future scenarios of land-use and climate changes. My results show that these trophic networks may be highly sensitive to climate changes, even if no land-use changes occur. Importantly, I show that considering different dispersal limitations will greatly impact network robustness, and stress the importance of accounting for these processes in ecosystem management.In my thesis, I demonstrate that ecosystem stability concepts can and should be applied at scales that are relevant for management, while embracing the multidimensional nature of ecosystems
Loiret, Richard. "Le Bilan écologique. Mesurer la perturbation anthropogénique de l’Ecosphère et de la Biosphère (un bilan de l'Anthropocène). Caractériser les voies du Développement écologique des territoires." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV001/document.
Повний текст джерела(Abstract of the thesis) Having noted the failure of its 2010 targets for biodiversity, including, among others, the inability of the Ecological Footprint to account for biodiversity, the Convention on Biological Diversity adopted in 2011 "The 2011-2020 Aichi Targets for biodiversity". Among these, objectives 1 and 2 concern awareness of the values of biodiversity, their integration into national and local development planning process, and their incorporation into national accounts. This how these objectives of the CBD converge now with those of the United Nations for the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA). This thesis lie within this unified questioning framework. It has the double purpose : (a) of searching for, founding and developing a biophysical measurement unit of biodiversity, characterizing just as well the natural order as the anthropogenic disorder, and (b) to incorporate it into a new physical accounting system, the Ecological balance sheet. The latter is likely to compare, for all territorial scales, the Ecological liability of urban communities, seen as the biophysical reflection of their monetary accounting, to the Ecological asset of their natural spaces, in order to reveal the relationships of cause and effect, and to signify the cumulative impacts of anthropogenic disturbance on the Ecosphere and the Biosphere. In the end, it would have so vocation to enable us to characterize the ways of a truly ecological development of the territories
Bush, Timothy. "Response to environmental perturbations in microbial nutrient-cycling ecosystems." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15789.
Повний текст джерелаVincent, Florian. "Fonctionnement et structure des écosystèmes aquatiques en réponse aux perturbations anthropiques de type bottom-up et top-down." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS472.
Повний текст джерелаHuman activities regularly amplify or interfere with top-down and bottom-up forcing on ecosystems. However, the communities' response to these disruptions remains poorly understood. My thesis aims to measure the effects of top-predators and nutrients on the structure and functioning of experimental aquatic ecosystems. I studied in 9.5 m³ pelagic mesocosms the effect of top-down forcing induced by two fish species. I show that these changes in top-predators are accompanied by a profound reorganization of the structure of the planktonic food web. Reorganizations depend in part on the size of organisms and their anti-predatory behaviour, but phylogeny is the most effective way to predict zooplankton response to fish and the resulting cascading effects. I also studied the response to bottom-up forcing by adding phosphorus and nitrogen in 750 m³ macrocosms including a vegetated littoral area. I show that the addition of nutrients has had a significant effect on the biomass of primary producers (biofilm, littoral macrophytes), that the additions induce a higher abundance of juveniles perch but the zooplankton biomass is not modified. The stoichiometry of organisms and bacterial activity were only slightly changed by enrichment. These results suggest that the effects of bottom-up forcings in pelagic environments are well predicted by food chain theory, but at the scale of complex ecosystems, macrophytes and biofilm can strongly reduce the response to enrichment
Díaz, Guerra Laura. "Climate change and Mediterranean ecosystems: plant and soil responses to UV radiation and water availability before and after a perturbation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/457150.
Повний текст джерелаConsiderando los cambios esperados en los niveles de UV solar, precipitación y régimen de incendios en la región mediterránea, esta tesis evalúa los posibles efectos de la radiación UV (UV-A y UV-B) y la disminución de la disponibilidad hídrica sobre parámetros bioquímicos, morfológicos, fisiológicos y de crecimiento de especies rebrotadoras mediterráneas (Arbutus unedo y Quercus suber), así como sobre los niveles de C y N de un matorral mediterráneo, antes y después de una perturbación. Como resultados principales, A. unedo respondió al aumento en UV-B reforzando la maquinaria antioxidante, mientras que Q. suber aumentó su capacidad para bloquear esta radiación. En el ecosistema, la UV-A y la UV-B tuvieron efectos opuestos sobre procesos del suelo relacionados con los ciclos del C y el N, efectos que fueron enfatizados por una disminución de la precipitación. Además, las respuestas observadas en plantas y suelo fueron diferentes antes y después de la perturbación
Zambettakis, Catherine. "Evaluation des consequences d'une perturbation sur la vegetation et le fonctionnement d'un ecosysteme : impact de la fermeture partielle du havre de geffosses (manche)." Caen, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CAEN2050.
Повний текст джерелаCAVALHEIRO, LIYENNE. "MESOZOIC EPISODES OF C-CYCLE AND CLIMATE PERTURBATIONS: GEOCHEMICAL SIGNATURES OF THE OCEANIC ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS ACROSS THE TOARCIAN OCEANIC ANOXIC EVENT AND THE VALANGINIAN WEISSERT EVENT." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/925212.
Повний текст джерелаGayet, Guillaume. "COLONISATION D'UN ECOSYSTEME D'EAU DOUCE HETEROGENE PAR UN OISEAU D'EAU HERBIVORE : LE CYGNE TUBERCULE (CYGNUS OLOR) DANS LES ETANGS PISCICOLES DE DOMBES." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00723066.
Повний текст джерелаScelo, Anne-Laure. "Etude de perturbations physiologiques induites par des polluants d’origine agricole ou industrielle chez la truite arc-en-ciel (Onchorynchus mykiss) en mésocosmes." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13980.
Повний текст джерелаIn the aquatic ecosystems, anthropic activity, but also natural environment induce several kind of stress in aquatic organisms. Among the potential sources of stress, three chemicals were studied here: a metal, a bipyridylium herbicide, a mixture of nonylphenol polyethoxylate and an oil product exposure. This study enters within the framework of the European directive REACh (Registration Evaluation Authorization of CHemicals) but also of the Directive Cadre Eau, DCE (directive 2000/60/CE) of the European Parliament. The aim is to evaluate the relevance of an early pollution indicator pool (biomarkers) in order to predict chemical substance effects during chronic exposure or after specific contaminations of the aquatic compartment. An integrated approach of the substance effects on the genetic, proteinic, cellular, histological and individual answers in the rainbow trout, Onchorynchus mykiss, were undertaken in open and dynamic mesocosms and also laboratory. In vivo, a multibiomarker study on female juvenile trout was done at each exposure, over 21 or 28 days, followed by a period of “recovery». The mixture of nonylphenol polyethoxylate and the gasoline used for the exposures thus show effects which perdurent until the end of this period of “recovery. The mesocosms used in this study offer favorable conditions for juvenile survival and growth. (...) In addition to the assessment of the measurement robustness and the biomarker relevance, we compared the data obtained in this study with the in vivo tests and those obtained using in vitro tests. This approach made possible to highlight coherent answers between in vitro the tests and in vivo markers. But in vitro tests are only one preliminary approach to quickly seek a specific toxic action. The modulation monitoring of key genes in the fish reproduction function, during a gasoline exposure, offers complementary informationabout the pollutant mode of action. We noted that the effects of the contamination on the hormonal rates were differed in time compared to the modulation of the gene transcription. In order to bring new tools for the monitoring, in a model species, of the aquatic environment,transposing this work in male and female fish at different developmental stages would enableisolating still most relevant parameters
Lecerf, Antoine. "Perturbations anthropiques et fonctionnement écologique des cours d'eau de tête de bassin : étude du processus de décomposition des litières." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30263.
Повний текст джерелаBreakdown of allochtonous leaf litter governs the functioning of headwater streams. These streams are exposed to multiple anthropogenic stresses whose consequences were examined in field (23 streams in South-Western France) and laboratory experiments. Leaf litter breakdown rate responded to alterations of physical and chemical characteristics of stream water and diversity of the riparian vegetation which affect the activity of leaf decomposers. Loss in riparian tree species noticeably lowered trophic dynamics in detritus food webs by modifying interactions among two consumer guilds (leaf-shredding invertebrates and saprophyte aquatic fungi) and the basal resource (leaf litter). Proliferation of an exotic species (Japanese Knotweed) within the riparian vegetation enhanced indigenous leaf litter breakdown as a result of changes in shredder assemblages. The relationship between shredder diversity and leaf litter breakdown rate was also highlighted in streams representative of a gradient of eutrophication (enrichment in dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus). This indicates the limitations of functional assessment schemes only based on invertebrate traits. Overall, the present results showed the sensitivity of leaf litter breakdown and associated decomposers, to anthropogenic disturbance of streams and associated riparian zones. In this respect, this ecological process appears to be an excellent multimetric indicator of headwater stream health which can discriminate among various types and levels of anthropogenic stress
Muller, Isabelle. "Restauration de marais temporaires et de pelouses méso-xériques à partir d'anciennes rizières : Rôle respectif des filtres dans l'assemblage des communautés." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00981348.
Повний текст джерелаLe, Yannou-Cateine Maureen. "La myrmécochorie en nouvelle-Calédonie : importance du contexte et impact des fourmis introduites sur ce service." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NCAL0007/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe biosphere is experiencing a biodiversity crisis, which for islands are the epicenter. Biological invasions are there, one of the main drivers, especially regarding the alteration of mutualistic relationships for the functioning and the maintenance of ecosystems. Thus, during our work in New Caledonia, we focused on a key group for ecosystem functions: ants, and their involvement in seed dispersal (myrmecochory). We carried out the first assessment of this mutualism in New Caledonia with the identification of indigenous myrmechorous plants, with a preponderance of species on ultramafic soils. Then, we evaluated the magnitude of seed dispersal by ants on these soils. After the characterisation of ant communities across an anthropic disturbance gradient, we evaluated seed dispersal capabilities of exotic ant compared to native ones. Solenopsis geminata appears to offer a more efficient seed dispersal than natives. On the other hand, Wasmannia auropunctata excludes native species without ensuring effective dispersal. In the context of an intense disturbance regime, our work illustrates a neo-assembled community of ants, dominated by exotic ones, some of which could provide a function relay with respect to maintaining the dynamic of maquis. Our work illustrates the “context dependency” of invasive species’ impacts as a function of anthropogenic disturbance’s level. It also discusses the possible contribution of these ants in a context of restoration after disturbance of habitats on ultramafic substrates, or even their use in ecological engineering program
Robert, Alexandre. "Effets combinés des facteurs naturels et anthropiques sur la diversité fonctionnellle des vasières à langoustines (Nephrops norvegicus) du golfe de Gascogne." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NSARH101/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis PhD thesis aims at increasing the knowledge on factors influencing the benthic community structures of the « Grande Vasière » (GV) of the Bay of Biscay. Particular attention has been paid to the role of bottom trawling whose intensity has been estimated using VMS data. At the scale of the GV, our results suggest that bottom-trawling is the main driver of the megabenthic community structure (> 10mm). However, this hypothesis has not been formally demonstrated due to the co-variations between the trawling intensity and certain environmental characteristics. Hence, works continued on a restricted part of the GV that displayed minimal variations of environmental characteristics while exhibiting a wide gradient of trawling intensityResults suggest that bottom-trawling induces seasonnal and transient modifications on the mega and macrobenthic (> 1mm) communities. These changes could be due to an increase of food availability for the megabenthic predator-scavengers and to changes of sedimentary characteristics for macrofauna. However, investigation about functional diversity showed that these changes did not have major consequences on ecosystem functioning. We concluded that decades of bottom trawling may have shaped the benthic ecosystem of the GV and that it is currently adapted to frequent disruptions
Genries, Aurélie. "Incendies, dynamique et structure des communautés forestières subalpines à pin cembro (Pinus cembra L. ) dans les Alpes." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20127.
Повний текст джерелаIn the Alps, the climate change may lead to a decrease in precipitations and an increase in disturbance frequency during the next decades. However, fire is rare in these mountains and subalpine forests are particularly sensitive to disturbances. The aim of this thesis is to study the mechanisms of fire and fire frequency on the structure and the dynamics of these forests. First, the paleoecological of two lakes of the Maurienne valley (France), has shown the occurrence of asynchronous high fire frequencies in the valley during the Holocene, but having triggered similar vegetation dynamics. Those trajectories are characterized by the opening of cembra pine forests, favourable to maples and/or alders. These fires, mainly surface fires, seem to never have endangered the cembra pine population, except during a high frequency period. Second, the comparative study of a stand burned 3 times during the past 180 years with a not burned stand, in a mixed subalpine forest of the Maurienne valley, reveals that those fires have lead to an increase in tree density, and that regeneration is more important in the burned stand. Nevertheless, grazing would have been the main factor controlling the vegetation structure, and the abandonment of farming in the 1950's would have induced the present cembra pine regeneration at the expense of larch. Consequently, only an increase in fire frequency or a reactivation of grazing in the next decades seem to be able to limit the transformation of mixed subalpine forests in pure cembra pine forests
Moulin, Thibault. "Modélisation mathématique de la dynamique des communautés herbacées des écosystèmes prairiaux." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCD075/document.
Повний текст джерелаDynamic modelling of ecological systems is an essential method to understand, predict and control thedynamics of semi-natural ecosystems, which involves complex processes. The main objective of this PhDthesis is to develop a simulation model of the medium- and long-term dynamics of the herbaceous vegetationin permanent grasslands, taking into account both biodiversity and productivity. Grasslandecosystems are often hot spots of biodiversity, which contributes to the temporal stability of their services.On an agricultural perspective, this important biodiversity contributes to the forage quality, andbesides, it induces a higher ability of the vegetation cover to resist to different climatic scenarios (globalwarming, heat and drought waves).However, this key aspect of biodiversity is only poorly included in grassland models : often absent ofmodelling or included in a very simple form. Building on those considerations, this PhD work exposes thewriting of a process-based succession model, described by a system of Ordinary Differential Equationsthat simulates the aboveground vegetation dynamics of a temperate grassland. This model implementedthe main ecological factors involved in growth and competition processes of herbaceous species, and couldbe adjust to any level of diversity, by varying the number and the identity of species in the initial plantcommunity. This formalism of mechanistic models allows us to analyse relationships that link diversity,productivity and stability, in response to different climatic conditions and agricultural management.In mathematical grassland models, plant communities may be represented by a various number of statevariables, describing biomass compartments of some dominant species or plant functional types. The sizeof the initial species pool could have consequences on the outcome of the simulated ecosystem dynamicsin terms of grassland productivity, diversity, and stability. This choice could also influence the modelsensitivity to forcing parameters. To address these issues, we developed a method, based on sensitivityanalysis tools, to compare behaviour of alternative versions of the model that only differ by the identityand number of state variables describing the green biomass, here plant species. This method shows aninnovative aspect, by performing this model sensitivity analysis by using multivariate regression trees. Weassessed and compared the sensitivity of each instance of the model to key forcing parameters for climate,soil fertility, and defoliation disturbances. We established that the sensitivity to forcing parameters ofcommunity structure and species evenness differed markedly among alternative models, according tothe diversity level. We show a progressive shift from high importance of soil fertility (fertilisation level,mineralization rate) to high importance of defoliation (mowing frequency, grazing intensity) as the sizeof the species pool increased.These results highlight the need to take into account the role of species diversity to explain the behaviourof grassland models. Besides, to properly take into account those interactions in the grassland cover, theconsidered species pool size considered in the model needs to be high enough. Finally, we compare modelsimulations of the aboveground vegetation to measures from two experimental sites, the mowing grasslandof Oensingen, and the grazing grassland of Laqueuille. Results of these comparison are promising andhighlight the relevance of the choice and the representation of the different ecological processes includedin this mechanistic model.Thus, this PhD work offers a model, perfectly fitting with current needs on grassland modelling, whichcontribute to a better understanding of the herbaceous vegetation dynamics and interactions betweenproductivity, diversity and stability
Fedele, Giacomo. "Stratégies de gestion des terres dans les réponses aux aléas climatiques en Indonésie." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IAVF0021.
Повний текст джерелаEcosystems play an important role in strategies for facing climate change because they address both its causes and effects through the delivery of ecosystem services. Ecosystems act as safety nets for rural livelihoods and as buffers against damages by supplying provisioning services (e.g., food and timber) and regulating services (e.g., water regulation and erosion control). In addition, carbon sequestration by ecosystems contributes to mitigate climate change. Land management affects ecosystem services in diverse ways and, because of trade-offs, can enhance the supply of one ecosystem service of interest at the expense of others. For example, the conversion of forests to agriculture to increase food production may degrade water regulation. Although trade-offs are recognized, knowledge on how changes in land management affect ecosystem services and their beneficiaries is still limited. This research aims to increase our understanding of how land management changes impact the resilience of local communities to climate hazards and the provision of ecosystem services at regional and global level. We combined multi-disciplinary and participatory methods to analyze changes in the management of forests and trees in the responses of local communities to climate hazards. Across four rural communities affected by floods and droughts in tropical forest landscapes in Indonesia, we inventoried forests, surveyed households, discussed with focus groups, and analysed satellite images. To analyse how ecosystem services are affected by changes in land management, we developed a conceptual framework to account for the multiple human contributions in the delivery of ecosystem services. The findings showed how communities used ecosystems in their responses to climatic impacts and how changes in land management affected the supply of ecosystem services. In the study sites with least forests, communities had the highest needs for forest ecosystem services to help them adapt to drought. Between 5 and 45% of the households reported at least one coping strategy based on products from forests and trees, for example harvesting timber or collecting leaves, rubber, and wild vegetables. Several anticipatory strategies at the community level aimed to protect or restore forests to reduce the impacts of droughts and floods on soil and water. Communities were not passive beneficiaries of ecosystem services but actively contributed to their delivery in multiple ways. They managed land, mobilized human and human-made assets (e.g. skills, fertilizers), allocated benefits, and appreciated their contribution to well-being. Such actions determined who benefited from ecosystems and how. The human contributions in the delivery of ecosystem services depended on community rules (e.g. logging restrictions or taxes), assets (e.g. access to transportation or irrigation systems), values (e.g. perception of environmental degradation), and spatial factors (e.g., location of houses and crops in disaster prone areas). The land management strategies of local communities in response to climate hazards also affected the delivery of ecosystem services at regional and global scales, through changes in biodiversity, water regulation, and carbon sequestration. An improved understanding of human inputs and trade-offs in the delivery of ecosystem services can inform the design of sound ecosystem-based solutions for strengthening the resilience of local people to climate hazards while providing other global benefits for sustainable development
Coiffait-Gombault, Clémentine. "Règles d’assemblages et restauration écologique des communautés végétales herbacées méditerranéennes : le cas de la Plaine de La Crau (Bouches-du-Rhône, France)." Thesis, Avignon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AVIG0322/document.
Повний текст джерелаMediterranean herbaceous ecosystems which are characterized by a high biodiversity have been submitted to a lot of changes in use. Their conservation is not sufficient enough and ecological restoration seems to be an adapted solution to improve conservation efforts as it can mitigate damages induced by human activities. To develop restoration methods adapted to these ecosystems, preliminary researches on the different communities composing an ecosystem and the filters which are responsible for community assemblage before and after disturbance are necessary. Representative of numerous Mediterranean steppe ecosystems, the “Coussouls de Crau” and their ex-arable-fields (Bouches-du-Rhône, France) are the biological models used to identify and study the principal filters potentially responsible for organizing the plant communities. Sheep grazing, trophic changes, competition and reproduction and /or species dispersal, were identified in a first study on steppe regeneration; these filters were then the core of the following three research experiments. We carried out two in-situ restoration protocols (hay transfer and sowing foundation species) and one ex-situ experiment testing interactions between a selection of steppe species. The main results show that reproduction, seed dispersal, soil trophic level, competition, extensive sheep grazing are filters which have a determinant role in structuring the communities, in determining plant composition and partly in explaining the slow dynamics towards the reference steppe. Also, we show that filters interact between them. For applied restoration, the tested methods promote steppe vegetation come back, but in the short term (two or three years after restoration), the composition of restored areas remains different to the reference ecosystem. Even if we understand better the different factors which explain community organization, these results demonstrate that it is difficult to restore it integrally because it is not easy to manipulate and find an equilibrium between the different filters actions. Now it is necessary to continue these fundamental and applied researches, in particular on the maturation and structure of the old herbaceous plant communities
Healey, Katherine Margaret. "Perturbation dynamics of a planktonic ecosystem." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/1028.
Повний текст джерелаKaplan, Roleen Sandra. "The influence of hypnosis in the context of sports-injuries : an ecosystemic perspective." Diss., 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17051.
Повний текст джерелаPsychology
M.A. (Psychology)
Muller, Gene. "Sports coaching as an ecology of ideas." Diss., 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1543.
Повний текст джерелаPsychology
M.A. (Clinical psychology)