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1
McKenney, Dan. "Economies of scale for a national research organization: Looking for opportunities beyond the nose hairs on bears." Forestry Chronicle 77, no. 5 (October 1, 2001): 860–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc77860-5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Some scientists study nose hairs on bears. There is nothing wrong with that. But scientists in a national research organization with local and national clients need to continually search for what could be termed economies of scale in their research. This paper reviews some concepts that could help capture economies of scale in research. Key strategies are undertaking activities that cross local to regional and national scales and working on generic problems that have a reasonable potential for wide adoptability. The economics of adoption should be considered during the planning phase—not when the project is over. Another important consideration is gathering, compiling and collating primary data and making it available with good metadata. Efficiencies may also be captured with problem-oriented, cohesive multi-disciplinary teams. Key words: research policy and planning, generic problems and processes, primary data, teams, economies of scale
2
Stanziani, Alessandro. "Scales of Inequality: Nation, Region, Empire." Annales (English ed.) 70, no. 01 (March 2015): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398568200000996.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This article discusses the specificity of Western economies and, within this framework, of inequality as envisaged by Thomas Piketty. To this end, it considers the relevance of national, regional, trans-regional, and above all imperial scales of analysis, particularly in regard to the historical dynamics of development (the “Great Divergence”), the fiscal state, and welfare.
3
Jayasinghe, Maneka Savithri, Christine Smith, Andreas Chai, and Shyama Ratnasiri. "The implications of income dependent equivalence scales for measuring poverty in Sri Lanka." International Journal of Social Economics 43, no. 12 (December 5, 2016): 1300–1314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-03-2015-0061.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test whether household preferences satisfy the assumption of base-independence, to examine the effects of household income on equivalence scales and thereby food consumption economies of scale and to examine how far conventional poverty rates require adjustment when scale economies in food consumption are taken into consideration. Design/methodology/approach To achieve these aims, the authors use a Pendakur (1999) adaptation of the test of base-independence, and income dependent Engel (1895) equivalence scales. Findings In Sri Lanka, the hypothesis of base-independence is rejected: the equivalence scales increase with household income both at the national and the sectoral level, that is urban, rural and estate sectors. This suggests that low-income households enjoy greater scale economies. After adjusting for scale economies, urban, rural and estate poverty headcount ratios decline by 3.2, 8.8 and 13.7, respectively, while at the national level the decline is about 8.3. Research limitations/implications The results are based on the assumption that all of the adults in the households have identical tastes, irrespective of their gender and age. Furthermore, the survey data exclude three districts in the northern province of Sri Lanka due to resettlement activities took place after the civil war. Practical implications Higher scale economies among the poor imply that poverty among low-income households is overstated when using traditional measures of poverty rates. Originality/value The novelty of this paper is that it provides insights on the effect of income on food consumption economies of scale and implications of this phenomenon on poverty estimates in the context of a developing country like Sri Lanka.
4
Islam, Tanweer Ul, and Dajeeha Ahmed. "Inflation targeting: A time-frequency causal investigation." PLOS ONE 18, no. 12 (December 11, 2023): e0295453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295453.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The enduring discourse regarding the effectiveness of interest rate policy in mitigating inflation within developing economies is characterized by the interplay of structural and supply-side determinants. Moreover, extant academic literature fails to resolve the direction of causality between inflation and interest rates. Nevertheless, the prevalent adoption of interest rate-based monetary policies in numerous developing economies raises a fundamental inquiry: What motivates central banks in these nations to consistently espouse this strategy? To address this inquiry, our study leverages wavelet transformation to dissect interest rate and inflation data across a spectrum of frequency scales. This innovative methodology paves the way for a meticulous exploration of the intricate causal interplay between these pivotal macroeconomic variables for twenty-two developing economies using monthly data from 1992 to 2022. Traditional literature on causality tends to focus on short- and long-run timescales, yet our study posits that numerous uncharted time and frequency scales exist between these extremes. These intermediate scales may wield substantial influence over the causal relationship and its direction. Our research thus extends the boundaries of existing causality literature and presents fresh insights into the complexities of monetary policy in developing economies. Traditional wisdom suggests that central banks should raise interest rates to combat inflation. However, our study uncovers a contrasting reality in developing economies. It demonstrates a positive causal link between the policy rate and inflation, where an increase in the central bank’s interest rates leads to an upsurge in price levels. Paradoxically, in response to escalating prices, the central bank continues to heighten the policy rate, thereby perpetuating this cyclical pattern. Given this observed positive causal relationship in developing economies, central banks must explore structural and supply-side factors to break this cycle and regain control over inflation.
5
Rosenthal, Stuart S., and William C. Strange. "How Close Is Close? The Spatial Reach of Agglomeration Economies." Journal of Economic Perspectives 34, no. 3 (August 1, 2020): 27–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.34.3.27.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper considers the attenuation of agglomeration economies. Put another way: how close is close? The paper presents evidence of agglomeration effects operating at various levels of spatial aggregation, including the regional, metropolitan, and neighborhood scales. In fact, agglomeration effects also seem to operate below the neighborhood level, including within buildings and organizations. These effects attenuate, with nearby activity exerting the strongest effects. The attenuation of agglomeration economies has implications for urban spatial structure, the microfoundations of agglomeration economies, and commercial real estate. It also affects the ability of governments and businesses to internalize agglomeration economies.
6
Browning, M., P. A. Chiappori, and A. Lewbel. "Estimating Consumption Economies of Scale, Adult Equivalence Scales, and Household Bargaining Power." Review of Economic Studies 80, no. 4 (July 5, 2013): 1267–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdt019.
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7
Lopes, António M., and José A. Tenreiro Machado. "Symmetry in Complex Systems." Symmetry 12, no. 6 (June 8, 2020): 982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12060982.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Complex systems with symmetry arise in many fields, at various length scales, including financial markets, social, transportation, telecommunication and power grid networks, world and country economies, ecosystems, molecular dynamics, immunology, living organisms, computational systems, and celestial and continuum mechanics [...]
8
Kot, Stanisław Maciej. "Equivalence scales for continuous distributions of expenditure." Equilibrium 18, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 185–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.2023.006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Research background: In the actual sizable populations of households, the standard microeconomic concept of equivalence scales is intractable since its necessary condition of equality of household welfare levels is unlikely to be fulfilled. Purpose of the article: This paper aims to develop a concept of an equivalence scale, which can be suitable for continuous distributions of expenditures in the population. Methods: Using household welfare intervals, we get the random equivalence scale (RES) as the ratio of expenditure distributions of the compared populations of households. Findings & value added: We derive the parametric distribution of RES for the lognormal distributions of expenditures. The truncated distribution of RES is applied to account for possible economies of scale in the household size. A society?s inequality aversion can be helpful when selecting a single equivalence scale. We estimate RES for Poland using microdata on expenditures and subjective assessments of household welfare intervals. The estimated equivalence scales turned out to be very flat and dependent on welfare.
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Agyei, Samuel Kwaku, and Ahmed Bossman. "Investor sentiment and the interdependence structure of GIIPS stock market returns: A multiscale approach." Quantitative Finance and Economics 7, no. 1 (2023): 87–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/qfe.2023005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<abstract> <p>The GIIPS economies are noted to suffer the most consequences of systemic crises. Regardless of their bad performance in crisis periods, their role(s) in asset allocation and portfolio management cannot go unnoticed. For effective portfolio management across divergent timescales, cross-market interdependencies cannot be side-lined. This study examines the conditional and unconditional co-movements of stock market returns of GIIPS economies incorporating investor fear in their time-frequency connectedness. As a result, the bi-, partial, and multiple wavelet approaches are employed. Our findings explicate that the high interdependencies between the stock market returns of GIIPS across all time scales are partly driven by investor fear, implying that extreme investor sentiment could influence stock market prices in GIIPS. The lagging role of Spanish stock market returns manifests at zero lags at high (lower) and medium frequencies (scales). At lower frequencies (higher scales), particularly quarterly-to-biannual and biannual-to-annual, Spanish and Irish stock markets, respectively, lag all other markets. Although portfolio diversification and safe haven benefits are minimal with GIIPS stocks, their volatilities could be hedged against by investing in the US VIX. Intriguing inferences for international portfolio and risk management are offered by our findings.</p> </abstract>
10
Mencuccini, M. "Temporal scales for the coordination of tree carbon and water economies during droughts." Tree Physiology 34, no. 5 (May 1, 2014): 439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpu029.
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Cherchye, Laurens, Bram De Rock, Khushboo Surana, and Frederic Vermeulen. "Marital Matching, Economies of Scale, and Intrahousehold Allocations." Review of Economics and Statistics 102, no. 4 (October 2020): 823–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00829.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We propose a novel nonparametric method to empirically identify economies of scale in multiperson household consumption. We assume consumption technologies that define the public and private nature of expenditures through Barten scales. Our method (solely) exploits preference information revealed by a cross-section of household observations while accounting for fully unobserved preference heterogeneity. An application to data drawn from the US Panel Study of Income Dynamics shows that the method yields informative results on scale economies and intrahousehold allocation patterns. In addition, it allows us to define individual compensation schemes required to preserve the same consumption level in case of marriage dissolution or spousal death.
12
Özker, Ahmet Niyazi. "Sensitivity of Debt Flows to Fiscal External Shocks in Emerging Market and Capital Market Correlations." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.85.10229.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this study, we attempted to reveal the reasons for possible debt changes regarding the sensitivity of capital change indices in emerging economies to global financial risks and the meaning of possible correlation effects at the global level. Overcoming to Global economic and financial instabilities in emerging economies have required to take different fiscal measure have been aimed at balancing the rising interest rates and global financial change costs, which are caused by rising global priority costs. The external effects of global financial shocks in emerging economies led to a significant increase in global borrowing in these economies. In other words, in these countries representing emerging economies at different levels of development, they have also provided a reason for the inclusion of different financial and monetary policies in the process. Sensitivity to global financial shocks in emerging economies is related to the structural characteristics of countries and structural impact scales and correlations regarding which markets are affected by the needs. In this respect, it appears that the developments regarding the sectors, especially the capital flow, are meaningful in terms of indexes created by the periodic changes in the values of the current change. In this respect, in emerging economies, these shocks mostly emerge with effects giving different correlation results in countries that differ according to global crises and have other capital accumulations. The remarkable point in terms of the correlations determined here is that debt ratios and capital accumulation variations in emerging economies have put forth a significant correlation in a period of global financial shocks.
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Keane, Catherine T. "Ecclesiastical Economies: The Integration of Sacred and Maritime Topographies of Late Antique Cyprus." Religions 12, no. 11 (November 11, 2021): 989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12110989.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article focusses on the relationship of the church with productive landscapes and coastal topographies within numerous Cypriot contexts of the 4th–8th centuries. Through synthesising the archaeological research and architectural remains of these aspects and categories, the coastal settlements of the island are recontextualised in terms of their mercantile, religious, and cultural networks, on inter- and intraregional scales. The advantages of researching late antique insular societies on local, individual scales and within economic contexts are therefore highlighted. These integrative approaches can illuminate the constructions of religious identity across many coastal contexts, particularly in larger islands with micro-regions and trans-Mediterranean connectivity, like Cyprus. By considering the importance of the administrative and economic roles of the late antique church within these maritime topographies, future archaeological research can integrate both the monumentality and pragmatic aspects of sacred landscapes.
14
Hong, Jay H., and José-Víctor Ríos-Rull. "Life Insurance and Household Consumption." American Economic Review 102, no. 7 (December 1, 2012): 3701–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.7.3701.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Using life insurance holdings by age, sex, and marital status, we infer how individuals value consumption in different demographic stages. We estimate equivalence scales and bequest motives simultaneously within a fully specified model where agents face US demographics and save and purchase life insurance. Our findings indicate that individuals are very caring for dependents, that economies of scale are large, that children are very costly (or yield very high marginal utility), that wives with children produce lots of home goods, and that females display habits from marriage, while men do not. These findings contrast sharply with standard equivalence scales.
15
Balli, Fabrizio, and Silvia Tiezzi. "Declining Equivalence Scales and Cost of Children: Evidence and Implications for Inequality Measurement." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 13, no. 2 (August 6, 2013): 761–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2013-0016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This article estimates expenditure-dependent equivalence scales for Italian couples with and without children. Following Donaldson and Pendakur (2006), the generalised absolute equivalence-scale exactness (GAESE) restrictions are incorporated into a translated quadratic almost ideal demand system. We obtain declining-with-expenditure equivalence scales, a pattern that tends to strengthen when the number of children increases. Thus, scale economies in current consumption are lower for families with poor expenditure capacities. We also show that families living in the South bear a substantial additional cost to achieve the same well-being of those living in the North. Finally, we find that ignoring the declining with expenditure pattern may involve a relevant understatement of measured inequality.
16
Saiti, Buerhan. "The Lead-Lag Relationship among East Asian Economies: A Wavelet Analysis." International Business Research 10, no. 3 (February 8, 2017): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v10n3p57.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recently, the issue of market linkages (and price discovery) between stock indices and the lead-lag relationship is a topic of interest to financial economists, financial managers and analysts, especially that involves the East Asian countries. In this study, to investigate the financial market leader in East Asian countries after the US financial crisis, we employ several conventional time-series techniques and a newly introduced method – wavelet analysis - to economics and finance. Daily return data covering the period from 15th September 2008 to 1st March 2016 for five major international stock price indices in East Asia are analyzed. Our findings tend to, more or less, suggest that the Shanghai stock exchange composite index is the only exogenous variable, whereas the remaining variables are endogenous. Such finding implies that the Shanghai stock exchange composite index is the financial market leader whereas the rest of variables are follower, which includes Nikkei 225 (Japan). In order to check the robustness of our results, we also employed wavelet correlation and cross-correlation techniques. Interestingly, based on the results, the leading role of Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite Index is very clear at short scales; whereas, the leading role disappears at the long scales. This study shows that wavelet analysis can provide a valuable alternative to the existing conventional methodologies in identifying lead-lag (causality) relationship between financial/economic variables, since wavelets considered heterogeneous agents who making decisions over different time horizons.
17
Armenise, Massimo, Federico Benassi, Marica D’Elia, Marianna Mantuano, and Francesca Petrei. "The Exposure Geography of Italian Local Economies to Major Foreign Ones. Evidences from a Multiscale Spatial Experiment Based on Granularity." Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 242, no. 1 (October 4, 2021): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2020-0064.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract An original approach to spatial economic analysis is here proposed with reference to Italy. A granularity approach is applied on microdata related to a panel of firms that have been active during 2007–2017. At each firm is therefore associated a coefficient of exposure to the economic cycle of four major foreign economies: Germany, UK, USA, and China. This information is then linked to territorial level and analyzed at two geographical scales: regional and sub-regional. The autocorrelation spatial analysis carried out lead us to appreciate geography of exposure to positive or negative shocks coming from each of the four foreign economies. This geography is very different from the administrative one and can represent a tool for planning future strategies of economic investments and territorial planning.
18
Hicks, Christina C. "How Do We Value Our Reefs? Risks and Tradeoffs Across Scales in “Biomass-Based” Economies." Coastal Management 39, no. 4 (July 2011): 358–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2011.589219.
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Ripa, M., L. J. Di Felice, and M. Giampietro. "The energy metabolism of post-industrial economies. A framework to account for externalization across scales." Energy 214 (January 2021): 118943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118943.
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Morawski, Leszek, Małgorzata Kalbarczyk-Stęclik, and Rafał Miśta. "Subjective equivalence scales using EU-SILC panel data for Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary." Acta Oeconomica 67, no. 4 (December 2017): 585–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2017.67.4.5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Equivalence scales are commonly employed in income analysis to compare the wealth of households of various compositions (e.g., 0-child, 1-child). The choice of weights for this type of analysis is not self-evident. In this paper, subjective equivalence scales for households in Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary are estimated. We use longitudinal EU-SILC data for 2005–2012 following the approach of Goedhart et al. (1977) as employed by Bishop et al. (2014). The use of longitudinal data shows that previous results on the subjective minimum income that were based on the OLS estimates for cross-section data overestimated the impact from current income and underestimated the role of economies of scale. Subjective equivalence scales imply a decreasing marginal cost of children in the three countries, which makes them distinct from the OECD scale. The marginal cost of a first child is similar to the values assumed in the OECD scale, but the cost of a second child is much lower.
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Lamour, Christian. "The Growth Coalition in the (Post)-Fordist City: The Multi-Scalar and Dissonant Narratives of Mediated Urban Economies." Urban Affairs Review 54, no. 6 (December 26, 2016): 1053–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087416684038.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
One of the ongoing debates of late modern capitalism is the role played by global networks, state territories, and localized urban places in the shaping of urban economies. The objective of the article is to explore the narratives associated with these different spatial economic scales during a press conference organized to celebrate the success of the knowledge economy in the post-Fordist metropolis of Lille in Northern France. The discourse analysis of leaders reveals the strong and differentiated interconnections between scales but also a series of verbal dissonances due to the fact that stakeholders are placed in different and potentially conflictual contexts. The media are at the basis of the multi-scalar and polyphonic promotional discourse but also at the root of the dissonances.
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Asafo-Adjei, Emmanuel, Ebenezer Boateng, Zangina Isshaq, Anthony Adu-Asare Idun, Peterson Owusu Junior, and Anokye M. Adam. "Financial sector and economic growth amid external uncertainty shocks: Insights into emerging economies." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 11, 2021): e0259303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259303.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The study aims to shed new lights on the lead-lag relationships between the financial sector (RFSI) and economic growth (GDP) in the midst of global economic policy uncertainty (GEPU) shocks for BRICS economies. Hence, the bivariate, partial, and wavelet multiple correlations techniques are employed. From the bivariate analysis, we document positive bi-directional causality between the RFSI and economic growth over the sample period. The partial wavelet reveals that GEPU shocks distort the significance and directional comovements between the RFSI and GDP. Moreover, the outcome from the wavelet multiple cross correlations (WMCC) indicates that the RFSI is a first mover at most time scales for the BRICS economies. This is followed by GEPU which either leads or lags for most scales, especially for South Africa. The impact of GEPU on RFSI and GDP is worst for South Africa in about four cases in the medium-, and long-terms. This signifies that South Africa’s financial markets and economic growth are vulnerable to GEPU. However, the impetus for GEPU to drive the comovements between the financial sector and economic activity was less pronounced in the pre-COVID analysis conducted with the WMCC. The study supports both the supply-leading and demand-following hypotheses. Our findings also underscore the need for policymakers, investors and academics alike to incessantly observe the dynamics between finance and growth across time and periodicity while considering adverse shocks from global economic policy uncertainty in tandem.
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Amoroso, Donald, Ricardo Lim, and Francisco L. Roman. "Developing and Testing a Smartphone Dependency Scale Assessing Addiction Risk." International Journal of Risk and Contingency Management 10, no. 4 (October 2021): 14–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrcm.2021100102.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A 2019 Pew study of emerging economies revealed citizen concerns over smartphone use as risky behavior and their ill effects, such as addiction and overdependency, among many factors. In response, the authors developed a smartphone dependency scale (SDS) of factors that contribute to smartphone addiction, particularly for emerging economies like the Philippines. The instrument was developed from previously validated constructs. They propose that social influence, convenience, affective (anxiety), physiological (maladjustment), and cognitive (mindfulness) factors separately drive smartphone dependency. To test the SDS, the authors surveyed 901 Philippine participants. The scales showed excellent internal consistency and reliability and adequate concurrent and criterion-related validities. A confirmatory factor analysis showed that SDS factors had good data fit. This instrument is a first step in (1) exploring why individuals become dependent (addicted) on mobile devices and (2) stimulating further research concerning smartphone dependency for emerging market settings.
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Vijay, T. Sai, Sanjeev Prashar, and Chandan Parsad. "Online Shoppers' Satisfaction." International Journal of Strategic Decision Sciences 8, no. 2 (April 2017): 52–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsds.2017040104.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The present study examines the impact of two shopping values and three website characteristics and e-trust on shoppers' e-satisfaction. Earlier studies have identified various factors that affect shoppers' online satisfaction. It is pertinent to validate those factors in the developing economies and none of the earlier studies have explored this. To fill this gap, the study validates the scales of these constructs in the Indian context. The results reveal a positive and significant impact of utilitarian shopping value, web entertainment, effectiveness of information content, web informativeness and e-trust on shoppers' satisfaction. This paper did not find any impact of hedonic shopping values on shoppers' satisfaction. From managerial perspectives, the study can be used as a guide for online retailers in encouraging e-shopping by creating conducive websites that attract shoppers. For future researchers, this has validated scales in Indian context.
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Tiwari, Aviral Kumar, Emmanuel Joel Aikins Abakah, Luis A. Gil-Alana, and Moses Kenneth Abakah. "Inflation Co-Movement Dynamics: A Cross-Country Investigation Using a Continuous Wavelet Approach." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 12 (December 18, 2021): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14120613.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The economic literature provides evidence that inflation rates can co-move across nations because of a host of reasons, ranging from low frequency changes in monetary policy to similar high frequency shocks. Hence, this paper investigates inflation rate co-movements between nine (9) African countries and their bilateral linkages with five (5) developed economies using continuous wavelets at different time scales or frequencies. Specifically, we examine the coherency and the phase relationship in time-frequency space in inflation rates of the selected countries. Several findings are documented. First, inflation rates co-movements in the nine African countries are time varying, multi-scale, and characterized by structural breaks. In addition, we find that inflation co-movements across countries in the Africa sub-region is weak at low frequencies. Furthermore, we find evidence of inflation co-movement between Africa and developed economies, suggesting that central banks and policy-makers in Africa need to monitor international price developments, and analyze their implications for their domestic economies. Second, we find that inflation rates in the selected African countries explain, on average, almost 80% of their own inflation variance over the whole sample period. Spillover analysis reveals that China and Canada account for a greater percentage of inflation variation in Africa.
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Biju and R.Ramki. "A STUDY ON MULTILATERAL TRADE AND INVESTMENTS AMONG BRICS COUNTRIES." international journal of engineering technology and management sciences 7, no. 1 (2023): 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.46647/ijetms.2023.v07i01.041.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper analyzes the importance of the BRICS group as representatives of emerging countries in the global economy. It is worth noting that the financial crisis had no strong effect on the BRICS group and it had a much better economic performance than developed countries. The main factors that led to the economic expansion of the group were an increased input of factors, and enormous scales of population and resources. The study says that positive for the important relationship between economic growths for exports of BRICS countries. Export is an increase in the foreign exchange value of our country. In 2016-17, India’s overall exports USD 348.49 billion from April-December 2020-21. Thus, this research paper's purpose has based on India's export to BRICS countries. i.e Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The study concluded that though these economies have many challenges to sustain and maintain the trend. FDI will facilitate these economies to enhance large scale production, employment and sustainability.
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Marín-Rodríguez, Nini Johana, Juan David González-Ruíz, and Sergio Botero. "Dynamic Spillovers of Economic Policy Uncertainty: A TVP-VAR Analysis of Latin American and Global EPU Indices." Economies 13, no. 1 (January 7, 2025): 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13010011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study examines the dynamic interconnectedness of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) among Latin American economies—Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico—and significant international regions, including the United States, Europe, and Japan, as well as a global EPU index. Using a Time-Varying Parameter Vector Autoregressive (TVP-VAR) model with monthly data, this study reveals the evolving spillover effects and dependencies capturing how uncertainty in one market can transmit across others on both regional and global scales. The findings highlight the significant impact of external EPU, particularly from the U.S. and global EPU sources on Latin America, positioning it as a primary recipient of international uncertainty. These results underscore the need for Latin American economies to adopt resilience strategies—such as trade diversification and regional cooperation—to mitigate vulnerabilities to global shocks. This study offers valuable insights into the mechanisms of economic uncertainty transmission, guiding policymakers in developing coordinated responses to reduce the effects of external volatility and foster regional economic stability.
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Giersch, C. Patterson. "Across Zomia with merchants, monks, and musk: process geographies, trade networks, and the Inner-East–Southeast Asian borderlands." Journal of Global History 5, no. 2 (June 15, 2010): 215–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022810000069.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractFor several decades, theorists have challenged notions of geographical space as fixed, instead arguing that spatial scales and regional configurations respond to transformations in politics and economies. This has raised questions about permanent regional studies configurations (such as Southeast Asia), sparking the proposal of ‘Zomia’, an alternative region focusing on Asia’s highland borderlands. Building on these developments, this article employs ‘process geography’ methodologies to reconstruct trading networks through the mountains and river valleys of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Inner Asia’s Kham, East Asia’s Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces, and Southeast Asia. In doing so, it reveals who traded commodities, on what scales they operated, and how their increasingly complex networks were imbricated with state and local power. These networks linked Zomian communities to Chinese and global transformations and influenced local cultural and political changes, suggesting that studies of mobility can uncover hidden geographies of social, political, and cultural change.
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Palys, Matthew, Alon McCormick, E. Cussler, and Prodromos Daoutidis. "Modeling and Optimal Design of Absorbent Enhanced Ammonia Synthesis." Processes 6, no. 7 (July 18, 2018): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr6070091.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Synthetic ammonia produced from fossil fuels is essential for agriculture. However, the emissions-intensive nature of the Haber–Bosch process, as well as a depleting supply of these fossil fuels have motivated the production of ammonia using renewable sources of energy. Small-scale, distributed processes may better enable the use of renewables, but also result in a loss of economies of scale, so the high capital cost of the Haber–Bosch process may inhibit this paradigm shift. A process that operates at lower pressure and uses absorption rather than condensation to remove ammonia from unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen has been proposed as an alternative. In this work, a dynamic model of this absorbent-enhanced process is proposed and implemented in gPROMS ModelBuilder. This dynamic model is used to determine optimal designs of this process that minimize the 20-year net present cost at small scales of 100 kg/h to 10,000 kg/h when powered by wind energy. The capital cost of this process scales with a 0.77 capacity exponent, and at production scales below 6075 kg/h, it is less expensive than the conventional Haber–Bosch process.
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Patino, Marco Tulio Ospina, Fernando Rodrigues de Amorim, Alequexandre Galvez de Andrade, Mohammad Jahangir Alam, and Federico Del Giorgio Solfa. "Costs of Agronomic Practices: Profitability at Different Scales of Sugarcane Production in Brazil." International Journal of Business Administration 13, no. 5 (September 27, 2022): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v13n5p32.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The diversity in agronomic practices being used by sugarcane producers in Brazil determines differences in economic performance and cost structure. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the cost of six systems of agronomic practices using fixed or variable rates for soil amendment, fertilizer, and defensive applications and assess the profitability of these systems at three scales of sugarcane production. We then describe the data sample related to the 2019–2020 harvest season and collected from fifty-five sugarcane producers in the central-south region of Brazil. Thereafter, using a quantitative approach, a cost analysis was performed, and the cumulative frequency of the net revenue for the three scales of production (small, medium, and large), was calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation. The cost analysis indicated that fertilizer had the highest cost considering the agronomic practices adopted at the three scales of production analyzed. The cumulative frequency analysis results from the Monte Carlo simulation showed the highest net revenue per hectare for medium sugarcane producers. In addition, the presence of economies of scale was not confirmed because the lowest cost was found in small-scale sugarcane producers and the highest net revenue was obtained by medium-scale sugarcane producers.
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Horváth, Csilla, Feray Adigüzel, and Hester Van Herk. "Cultural Aspects of Compulsive Buying in Emerging and Developed Economies: a Cross Cultural Study in Compulsive Buying." Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2013): 8–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/omee.2013.4.2.14247.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although several studies focused on understanding of compulsive buying in developed countries, this phenomenon remains understudied in other parts of the world. This is rather surprising since there is an increasing interest in understanding shopping behavior of consumers in emergent markets due to the growing importance of these markets. The main reason for the limited attention to compulsive buying in emerging countries is the lack of cross-culturally validated scales.
In response to these calls, this paper tests measurement invariance of two prominent compulsive buying scales – the Compulsive Buying Scale (CBS) and the Compulsive Buying Index (CBI) in Western (Spain and the Netherlands) and emerging (Russia and Turkey) economies. In case of lack of invariance the reasons in terms of socio-cultural factors and country conditions are explained.
The results establish the partial measurement invariance of the CBI but not the CBS. So, to study the antecedents and consequences of compulsive buying in cross-cultural contexts, the CBI is sufficient. The varying credit card ownership and usage, and different gender roles of women across countries appear to be the main reasons for lack of measurement invariance of the CBS. The percentages of compulsive buyers in emerging countries are lower than those in developed countries.
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Awwad, Fuad A., Suzan Abdel-Rahman, and Mohamed R. Abonazel. "Estimating equivalence scales and non-food needs in Egypt: Parametric and semiparametric regression modeling." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): e0256017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper investigated the appropriate specifications of Engel curves for non-food expenditure categories and estimated the deprivation indices of non-food needs in rural areas using a semi parametric examination of the presence of saturation points. The study used the extended partial linear model (EPLM) and adopted two estimation methods—the double residual estimator and differencing estimator—to obtain flexible shapes across different expenditure categories and estimate equivalence scales. We drew on data of the Egyptian Household Income, Expenditure, and Consumption Survey (HIEC). Our paper provides empirical evidence that the rankings of most non-food expenditure categories is of rank three at most. Rural households showed high economies of scale in non-food consumption, with child’s needs accounting for only 10% of adult’s non-food needs. Based on semi-parametrically estimated consumption behavior, the tendency of non-food expenditure categories to saturate did not emerge. While based on parametrically estimated consumption behavior, rural areas exhibited higher deprivation indices in terms of health and education expenditure categories, which indicates the need to design specific programs economically targeting such vulnerable households.
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Kaplancalı, Uğur Tevfik, and Murat Akyol. "Analysis of Cloud Computing Usage on Performance: The Case of Turkish SMEs." Proceedings 74, no. 1 (March 4, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2021074011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Small and mid-size enterprises (SME) are considered the backbone of developing economies in terms of reducing poverty and unemployment. Although most SMEs are still reluctant in new technology adoption, such as cloud computing, some benefited from the services provided by cloud technology. This study aims to assess the performance evaluation of small and mid-sized enterprises (SMEs) regarding the usage of cloud computing in their activities. The quantitative study was conducted on a sample of 112 respondents employed in Turkish SMEs. A research model is utilized based on performance specific scales. Results signified cloud technology’s positive impact on business performance.
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Fargher, J. D., B. M. Howard, D. G. Burnside, and M. H. Andrew. "The economy of Australian rangelands — myth or mystery?" Rangeland Journal 25, no. 2 (2003): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj03012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Australian rangelands have been perceived as supporting mainly a pastoral economy for more than 150 years. This perception originated from colonial expansion in a frontier economy, with State and Commonwealth institutions established to support rangeland pastoralism. As Australia's economy shifts in focus towards sustainable development within a free and unprotected market, a new economic and social paradigm is needed for the rangelands. This is essential for strengthening regional economies in the rangelands that can survive in a globalised economy, preservation of environmental values in Australian rangelands, development of new land-use opportunities, as well as to facilitate a dignified change for those enterprises that are increasingly marginalised from the mainstream Australian and global economies. This paper explores the significance of rangelands in the Australian economy at national and regional scales, and the significance of grazing in the rangeland economy. It then considers how the grazing industry should be viewed within an alternative economic and social paradigm for rangelands in the 21st century – a paradigm that focuses on regional instead of sectoral economic opportunities and constraints.
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Ballard, Dana H., Mary M. Hayhoe, Polly K. Pook, and Rajesh P. N. Rao. "Deictic codes for the embodiment of cognition." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20, no. 4 (December 1997): 723–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x97001611.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To describe phenomena that occur at different time scales, computational models of the brain must incorporate different levels of abstraction. At time scales of approximately 1/3 of a second, orienting movements of the body play a crucial role in cognition and form a useful computational level – more abstract than that used to capture natural phenomena but less abstract than what is traditionally used to study high-level cognitive processes such as reasoning. At this “embodiment level,” the constraints of the physical system determine the nature of cognitive operations. The key synergy is that at time scales of about 1/3 of a second, the natural sequentiality of body movements can be matched to the natural computational economies of sequential decision systems through a system of implicit reference called deictic in which pointing movements are used to bind objects in the world to cognitive programs. This target article focuses on how deictic bindings make it possible to perform natural tasks. Deictic computation provides a mechanism for representing the essential features that link external sensory data with internal cognitive programs and motor actions. One of the central features of cognition, working memory, can be related to moment-by-moment dispositions of body features such as eye movements and hand movements.
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Vogel, Coleen, Ingrid Koch, and Koos Van Zyl. "“A Persistent Truth”—Reflections on Drought Risk Management in Southern Africa." Weather, Climate, and Society 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009wcas1017.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Severe droughts in southern Africa are associated with livelihood impacts, a strain on local economies, and other hardships. Extensive effort has been spent in the past trying to improve responses to periods of extensive drought. There have also been renewed calls for improvements to climate change adaptation by adopting more proactive governance and disaster risk reduction approaches. Few efforts, however, have been made to assess how to learn more from past drought efforts so as to enhance overall resilience to future drought risks. Few have examined the role and contributions of institutions and drought governance, either across spatial scales [from regional (i.e., Southern African Development Community) to national scales (e.g., South Africa) to the very local scale (e.g., Limpopo Province, South Africa)] or across temporal scales (over at least 100 yr). Despite calls for better risk management approaches at all levels, this paper illustrates two points. First, a failure to fully understand, integrate, and learn from past efforts may undermine current and future drought response. Second, state-led drought risk reduction, which remains focused on a financial “bail-out” mentality, with little follow-through on proactive rather than reactive drought responses, is also seriously contributing to the vulnerability of the region to future drought impacts.
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Turner, Sean W. D., and Nathalie Voisin. "Simulation of hydropower at subcontinental to global scales: a state-of-the-art review." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 023002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac4e38.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Hydroelectric power is playing a new and often expanded role in the world’s major power grids, offering low carbon generating capacity in industrializing, dam-building economies while providing reserve and flexibility to co-manage fledgling wind and solar resources in high income countries. Driven by river flows, conventional hydropower is exposed to the vagaries of weather and climate, motivating drought and climate change hydropower impact studies at large spatial scales. Here we review methods of climate-driven hydropower simulation at large spatial scales, specifically multi-basin regions to global. We identify four types of approach based on complexity of tools and richness of data applied to the problem. Since the earliest attempts to model climate-driven hydropower at continental scale almost two decades ago, the field has transitioned from one of scientific curiosity to practical application, with studies increasingly motivated by the need to inform power grid expansion planning and operation. As the hydrological and water management models used in large-scale hydropower studies become more sophisticated, new opportunities will emerge to study the impacts of changing hydropower on power system reliability and performance at large power grid scale. To grasp these opportunities, the water resources community must continue to enhance data and models for representing river flows and anthropogenic water use and management at subcontinental to global scales.
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Liow, KimHiang, Xiaoxia Zhou, Qiang Li, and Yuting Huang. "Dynamic interdependence between the US and the securitized real estate markets of the Asian-Pacific economies." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 37, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 92–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-07-2018-0048.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to revisit the dynamic linkages between the US and the national securitized real estate markets of each of the nine Asian-Pacific (APAC) economies in time-frequency domain. Design/methodology/approach Wavelet decomposition via multi-resolution analysis is employed as an empirical methodology to consider time-scale issue in studying the dynamic changes of the US–APAC cross-real estate interdependence. Findings The strength and direction of return correlation, return exogeneity, shock impulse response, market connectivity and causality interactions change when specific time-scales are involved. The US market correlates with the APAC markets weakly or moderately in the three investment horizons with increasing strength of lead-lag interdependence in the long-run. Moreover, there are shifts in the net total directional volatility connectivity effects at the five scales among the markets. Research limitations/implications Given the focus of the five approaches and associated indicators, the picture that emerges from the empirical results may not completely uniform. However, long-term investors and financial institutions should evaluate the time-scale based dynamics to derive a well-informed portfolio decision. Practical implications Future research is needed to ascertain whether the time-frequency findings can be generalizable to the regional and global context. Additional studies are required to identify the factors that contribute to the changes in the global and regional connectivity across the markets over the three investment horizons. Originality/value This study has successfully decomposed the various market linkage indicators into scale-dependent sub-components. As such, market integration in the Asia-Pacific real estate markets is a “multi-scale” phenomenon.
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Eckert, Julia, and Laura Knöpfel. "Legal responsibility in an entangled world." Journal of Legal Anthropology 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/jla.2020.040201.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Responsibility and accountability in entangled global relations are negotiated across jurisdictional boundaries, localities and scales of legality. In this special issue, we trace struggles for corporate accountability from extraction sites in Ecuador, Colombia and Peru to an abandoned asbestos factory in Italy. We enquire into the gap between the legal institutions which govern attributions of responsibility in procedural, tort and corporate laws, lived experiences of harm connected to transnational business activities and moral expectations of responsibility in global relations. In the struggles for justice discussed in this special issue, we detect potential ways of rethinking ascriptions of responsibility to reflect the deep entanglements of our economies.
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Baum-Snow, Nathaniel. "Urban Transport Expansions and Changes in the Spatial Structure of U.S. Cities: Implications for Productivity and Welfare." Review of Economics and Statistics 102, no. 5 (December 2020): 929–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00855.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Each new radial highway serving large U.S. metropolitan areas decentralized 14% to 16% of central city working residents and 4% to 6% of jobs in the 1960–2000 period. Model calibrations yield implied elasticities of central city total factor productivity to central city employment relative to suburban employment of 0.04 to 0.09, meaning a large fraction of agglomeration economies operates at submetropolitan-area spatial scales. Each additional highway causes central city income net of commuting costs to increase by up to 2.4% and housing cost to decline by up to 1.3%. Factor reallocation toward land in housing production generates the plurality of the population decentralization caused by new highways.
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Shi, Shuai, Yu Jing, and Cuixia Li. "Mitigation Effect of Carbon Emission Tax in Dairy Farming: An Empirical Study of Heilongjiang Province in China." Sustainability 11, no. 2 (January 10, 2019): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11020333.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
From a production perspective, this study evaluates the mitigation effect of a carbon emission tax (CET) on dairy farming in Heilongjiang Province. The marginal analysis method is used in the paper. The total cost and operation cost are respectively considered in the long and short run. We have five types of CETs and four scales of dairy farming. A CET is levied on milk, the main dairy product. We investigate the marginal costs and benefits of different scales and simulate the exit rates and mitigations. We conclude that 30 yuan/t CO2e is the suitable CET, leading to the mitigation of 0.79% with the cost of 0.17% revenue loss. The heterogeneity of marginal cost (MC) of each scale is a major factor affecting the exit rate, rather than the average MC. We also find there is a larger mitigation response in long run, and economies of scale are effective in resisting the CET. The revenue of CET can subsidize low-carbon dairy farms and silage, which will promote biogas digester engineering and harmless treatment of manure.
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Liow, Kim Hiang, Xiaoxia Zhou, Qiang Li, and Yuting Huang. "Comovement of Greater China Real Estate Markets: Some Time Scale Evidence." Journal of Real Estate Research 41, no. 3 (July 2019): 473–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.22300/0896-5803.41.3.473.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The novelty of this study is the use of wavelets, which make it possible to assess simultaneously how the Greater China (GC) and international securitized real estate markets comove at various frequencies. From the wavelet analysis, investors can extract the time scale that most interests them. We apply both continuous wavelet coherency modeling and discrete decompositions to unveil the multi-horizon nature of the co-movement relationship. We find that the examined real estate market co-movement is a “multi-scale” phenomenon. The strength of the return linkage increases with scales. The co-movement within and across the three GC markets is unstable and the pattern of the relationship is non-uniform across various time scales. The strongest degree of cross-market connection occurs during the global financial crisis period and at the longest investment horizon of 256–512 days. Moreover, the real estate-stock returns of the three GC economies are less correlated in the long run, implying potential opportunities for both time and scale in GC real estate-stock portfolio diversification activities.
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Ali, Asif, Ashok Aima, Jaya Bhasin, and Robert D. Hisrich. "Measuring Entrepreneurial Orientation in Developing Economies: Scale Development and Validation." Jindal Journal of Business Research 10, no. 2 (September 27, 2021): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/22786821211045178.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) refers to entrepreneurial activities of established and existing firms. It is different from individual entrepreneurial orientation (Popov et al., 2019, Education + Training, vol. 61, pp. 65–78). EO refers to the processes, practices, and decision-making activities that lead to new venture creation (Walter et al., 2006, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 21, pp. 541–567). The EO scale by Lumpkin and Dess (1996, Academy of Management Review, vol. 21, pp. 135–172) consists of innovativeness, proactiveness, risk-taking, competitive aggressiveness, and autonomy. This scale is widely used in literature with major drawback of it being developed and evaluated in a developed economy (the USA) on large corporations. Very little literature is available with reference to validation of EO scales in developing economies, particularly India where firms are generally small. New Comprehensive Entrepreneurial Orientation Scale (CENTORES) has been developed and validated by adding additional dimension of strategic flexibility, which is the novelty of the present study. Data were collected using a survey instrument comprising of 19 items. The scientific scale development procedure as suggested by Schwab, (1980) was followed, first an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was done to explore factors and later confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was done to confirm factors (using SPSS and Amos). Six stable factors emerged from EFA which were subsequently confirmed through CFA. The measurement model confirmed the factors with good model fit indices as suggested by Hair et al. (2014). The model has CMIN/df = 2.237, CFI = 0.917, GFI = 0.928, NFI = 0.882, and RMSEA = 0.052.
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MbaUkweni and Sunday Adelani. "Fourth industrial revolution and Human Resources Management: Evidence from developing economies." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 21, no. 3 (March 30, 2024): 442–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.21.3.0551.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There is no gainsaying that Industry 4.0 further scales up human resources management capability and enable upper hand to organization, such that the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), characterizes the integration of digital, physical, and biological systems, with profound influence on HRM through the utilization of machine learning (ML) and the Internet of Things (IoT) from recruitment and selection, employee training and development, performance management, employee engagement and satisfaction, workforce planning and optimization, and data-driven decision making. It was against this background that this study engaged the Resource-based view to explain internet of things (IoT) and machine learning (ML) as constructs of human resource management to measure influence of Industry 4.0. Survey research design was adopted, and census sampling technique was used in the study. Sixty six (66) respondents were administered structured questionnaire that underwent validity and reliability test to ascertain survey validity, accuracy and consistency. The findings showed that there is significant effect of internet of things and machine learning on human resource management. Hence this study recommends that existing software, IoT, and sensors should be taken delivery of by the institution for the ICT unit to optimize her IoT interface. The study also recommends that ICT staff should be trained and re-trained on trending machine learning algorithms so they can build and use computer systems that are able to learn and adapt without explicit instructions.
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Flanagan, Frances, and Ben Huf. "Putting Capitalism in Its Place: Economies of Worth and the Practice of Australian History." Labour History: Volume 121, Issue 1 121, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 195–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/jlh.2021.24.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Writing histories of capitalism involves making decisions about how to contextualise the wider non-capitalist formations that underpin and sustain capitalist processes. This article introduces Boltanski and Thévenot’s economies of worth (EW) framework as a tool and stimulus for historians to historicise capitalism as a social order while simultaneously avoiding the determinism of concepts such as commodification and capitalist accumulation. The article identifies four dominant approaches to contextualisation of capitalism in Australia in the past: economic history, radical nationalism, the New Left and settler capitalism. It then introduces EW, a repertoire of competing conceptions of the common good that, we argue, offers a framework for systematically drawing contested, hybrid and co-existent forms of capitalist and non-capitalist value, or “worth,” into view across multiple temporal and spatial scales. The potential usefulness of this framework is illustrated through a discussion of recent scholarship in the history of capitalism in Australia.
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Hoang, Dung Phuong, and Thong Huy Vu. "A transaction cost explanation of the card-or-cash decision among Vietnamese debit card holders." International Journal of Bank Marketing 38, no. 7 (March 6, 2020): 1635–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-05-2019-0191.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PurposeThis research provides a new perspective in explaining cardholders' willingness to use debit cards instead of cash by applying the transaction costs economic theory. This study also expands the adaptation of transaction cost economics theory in explaining consumer behaviour by investigating the moderating effects of income and education level on the relationship between perceived transaction costs and willingness to use debit cards.Design/methodology/approachThe conceptual framework was developed primarily from the transaction cost economics theory. An in-depth interview method was employed to further support hypothesis development and the development of measurement scales. A structural equation model linking asset specificity, behavioural uncertainty, environmental uncertainty, frequency of payment, perceived monitoring costs, perceived adaptation costs and willingness to use debit cards was tested using data from a sample of 384 Vietnamese debit card holders.FindingsThis study's results support the transaction cost economics theory that asset specificity, uncertainty and frequency of payment all positively contribute to the perceived transaction costs associated with debit card usage. However, only environmental uncertainty and perceived adaptation costs have significant negative impact on willingness to use debit cards, with the relationship between environmental uncertainty and willingness to use debit cards being totally mediated by perceived adaptation costs. Moreover, the relationship between perceived adaptation costs and willingness to use debit cards becomes less negative among richer and better-educated cardholders.Practical implicationsThe research provides insights into the hidden obstacles for developing cashless economies, thereby supporting policy makers in designing more effective and comprehensive strategies to make debit cards more widely used as a true substitute for cash.Originality/valueThis study provides a new lens in explaining customer willingness to use debit cards, while expanding the transaction costs economics theory by incorporating demographic factors as moderators in the relationship between transaction costs and the card-or-cash choice.
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Chlala, Robert. "Misfit medicine and queer geographies: The diverse economy and politics of cannabis in carceral Los Angeles." Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 38, no. 7-8 (November 4, 2019): 1180–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399654419884074.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fundamentally shaped by queer and trans activism and labor, Los Angeles’ cannabis markets offer an opportunity to understand how “diverse economies,” as defined by Gibson-Graham, are dynamic, contingent political projects that require contending with power and difference. With data from nearly four years of ethnographic observation and 70-plus interviews, I analyze how numerous Black, Latinx, Native, and Asian and Pacific Islander queer women and transgender economic actors in cannabis have developed labor relations, collective institutional forms, and reciprocal exchange to make cannabis dispensaries a space of care and solidarity. Starting with AIDS crisis-era medical marijuana activism, queer economic actors have built affective relations at the scale of the body with patients, owners, and each other in ways that transcend profit imperatives and bridge across difference. More recently, in the face of economic exclusion and the pervasive gendered division of intimate labor, queer and trans workers of color have turned to the body as a scaffolding for collective action across scales. Drawing from resurgent social movement unionism in the region, they have led intersectional campaigns to protect more-than-capitalist elements of the industry and challenge the carceral state’s drug war. Bridging feminist economic and political geography allows insight to the spatially and temporally contingent nature of diverse, queer economies and their embedding in broader relations of racial, carceral, and homonormative capitalism. At the same time, such an approach centering the active politics of diverse economies surfaces the potentialities for multi-scalar movements to develop and sustain alternatives to capitalism.
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Евгения Базинян. "ПОСТРОЕНИЕ ШКАЛ ЭКВИВАЛЕНТНОСТИ ДЛЯ ОТДЕЛЬНЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИАЛЬНЫХ ЕДИНИЦ АРМЕНИИ". International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Economy, № 1(21) (31 січня 2019): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ijite/31012019/6333.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An important indicator of the welfare and living standards of the population is the level of the poor population in the given country. As practice shows, in economically developed countries the policy in the population income sphere is one of the key elements of economic management. In countries with transforming economies such as Armenia, the problem of population income regulation is extremely topical. In resolving many of social policy issues the need to compare the living standards of families with different structures arises. The work is devoted to the construction of equivalence scales which take into account the actual purchasing power differences of similar incomes in different size households.
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Chang, Jekuk. "Changing the Context of Education through the Concept of an Assembly University." Asian Higher Education Chronicles 1, no. 1 (November 5, 2018): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/ahec.1.1.7-9.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Technological development is proceeding at a greater pace across broader scales and with deeper human impacts than at any previous time. It is a primary driver forboth economic globalization and disruptive innovation. Undoubtedly, technological development has brought importantsocial benefits. However, it has also presented significant challenges. This paper introduces three such challenges within the context of the academia. Next, it examines how lessonsregarding the disruptive potential of sharing economies in the broader marketplace might be applied in transforming the context of higher education. To this end, the paper defines the concept of an Assembly University. Finally, it outlines certain steps taken by Dongseo University (DSU) toward implementing the Assembly University concept as a benchmark of best practices.
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Callon, Emma. "Unbalanced Scales of Global Capitalism: Analyzing Temporary Foreign Worker Programs in Canada." Canadian Graduate Journal of Sociology and Criminology 5, no. 1 (August 2, 2016): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cgjsc.v5i1.3742.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article analyzes several characteristics of two of Canada’s Temporary Foreign Worker Programs (TFWPs): The Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP) and the Live-in Caregiver Program (LCP). First, I consider the social and economic contexts in which these programs have emerged. Second, I discuss how these programs maintain racial and gendered hierarchies. Third, I problematize the relationship TFWPs have with citizenship status, as well as critique TFWPs as a long-term solution to Canadian labour shortages. Last, I discuss the potential benefits of these TFWPs and suggest alternatives and potential improvements to the programs. Using a Marxist framework, this analysis situates Canada’s TFWPs within the broader political economy and argues that global capitalism and the state interact to serve the people and economies of the Global North at the expense of migrant workers from the Global South. Cet article examine deux programmes des travailleurs étrangers temporaires (PTET) du Canada: le Programme des travailleurs agricoles saisonniers (PTAS) et le Programme concernant les aides familiaux résidants (PAFR). Cet essai examine plusieurs aspects des PTET. Premièrement, je tiens compte du contexte social et économique dans lequel ces programmes sont apparus. Deuxièmement, j’explique comment ces programmes maintiennent une hiérarchie basée sur la race et le sexe. Troisièmement, je pose le problème des relations entre les PTET et le statut de citoyen, et je formule également une critique du PTET comme solution à long terme à la pénurie de main-d’œuvre canadienne. Enfin, je discute des avantages potentiels de ces PTET et propose des solutions de rechange et des façons d’améliorer les programmes. À l’aide d’un cadre d’analyse marxiste, les PTET du Canada sont évalués globalement dans le contexte de l’économie politique et il est proposé que le capitalisme mondial et l’État interagissent au service des citoyens et des économies de l’hémisphère nord, au détriment des travailleurs migrants en provenance de l’hémisphère sud.