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1
Berger, Ilana. "Shipping strategies in multimodal networks exhibiting economies of scales." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14556.
Повний текст джерела
2
Vil, Anderson. "Trois essais sur la mesure du coût des enfants." Electronic Thesis or Diss., CY Cergy Paris Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024CYUN1335.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cette thèse contient trois chapitres, chacun consacré à un aspect spécifique de l'étude du coût des enfants. Le premier chapitre, principalement empirique, examine l'allocation des ressources au sein des familles monoparentales en utilisant des données britanniques. Les deux chapitres suivants adoptent une approche théorique tout en intégrant des éléments empiriques. Le deuxième chapitre modélise l'impact des enfants sur l'offre de travail des femmes, en s'appuyant sur la méthodologie des échelles d'équivalence. Le troisième chapitre se concentre sur le coût total des enfants (tant monétaire et temporel) et sur la valeur du temps parental, en appliquant le modèle théorique à des données américaines.Le premier chapitre analyse le coût des enfants dans les familles monoparentales. Plus précisément, il étend le modèle collectif de Bargain, Donni, and Hentati (2022) aux ménages monoparentaux et aborde les questions d'identification spécifiques à ce contexte. Il estime ensuite les parts de consommation allouées aux parents célibataires et à leurs enfants. En utilisant trois ensembles d'enquêtes sur les dépenses au Royaume-Uni, deux conclusions majeures émergent : premièrement, les modèles basés sur les couples ont tendance à sous-estimer le coût des enfants dans les ménages monoparentaux en raison de différences structurelles ; deuxièmement, la taille de la famille affecte significativement les ressources allouées aux enfants dans les familles à faibles revenus, un effet moins marqué dans les familles à hauts revenus.Le deuxième chapitre présente un cadre théorique basé sur des échelles d'équivalence adaptées à l'offre de travail. Il propose une fonction générale qui intègre les coûts financiers et temporels des enfants, sans utiliser de données spécifiques sur la consommation. Les résultats empiriques d'un échantillon de femmes célibataires aux États-Unis indiquent que, pour les mères célibataires, les effets monétaires dominent les effets temporels. De plus, le coût total médian par enfant est d'environ 17 060 dollars.Le troisième chapitre propose un cadre structurel pour mesurer le coût total des enfants, prenant en compte à la fois le temps parental et les dépenses monétaires. Ce modèle différencie les activités de garde d'enfants perçues comme du travail de celles considérées comme du loisir. Un aspect clé de notre approche est que le prix du temps parental n'est pas simplement égal au salaire, mais est déterminé par la substituabilité entre le temps parental et les services de garde d'enfants achetés. L'analyse empirique basée sur les données de couples américains qui travaillent montre que les mères perçoivent 68% de ce temps comme du travail, contre 53% pour les pères. En outre, une part importante du coût des enfants supporté par les parents est non monétaire, soulignant l'importance d'intégrer les dimensions temporelles dans l'évaluation des coûts parentauxThis thesis consists of three chapters, each dedicated to a specific aspect of the study of the cost of children. The first chapter, primarily empirical, examines the allocation of resources within single-parent households using British data. The following two chapters adopt a theoretical approach while integrating empirical elements. The second chapter models the impact of children on women's labor supply, relying on the equivalence scale methodology. The third chapter focuses on the full cost of children (both monetary and time-related) and the value of parental time, applying the theoretical model to American data.The first chapter analyzes the cost of children in single-parent households. Specifically, it extends the collective model of Bargain, Donni, and Hentati (2022) to single-adult households and addresses identification issues specific to this context. It then estimates the consumption shares allocated to single parents and their children. Using three sets of UK Expenditure Surveys, two major findings emerge: first, models based on couples tend to underestimate the cost of children in single-parent households due to structural differences; second, family size significantly affects the resources allocated to children in low-income families, a less pronounced effect in high-income families.The second chapter develops a theoretical framework using equivalence scales adapted to labor supply, proposing a general technological function that integrates both the financial and time costs of children without specific consumption data. Empirical results from a sample of single women in the U.S. indicate that, for single mothers, monetary effects dominate time effects. Additionally, the median total cost per child is approximately 17,060.The third chapter proposes a structural framework to measure children's full cost, accounting for both parental time and monetary expenditures. This model differentiates between childcare activities perceived as work and those considered as leisure. A key aspect of our approach is that the price of parental time is not simply equal to the wage but is determined by the substitutability between parental time and purchased childcare services. Empirical analysis based on U.S. working couples' data shows that mothers perceive 68% of this time as work, compared to 53% for fathers. Furthermore, a significant portion of the cost of children borne by parents is non-monetary, underscoring the importance of incorporating time dimensions into the evaluation of parental costs
3
Oyofo, Philip A. "Economies of scale in selected Nigerian industrial aggregate." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1985. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/3058.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study was designed to measure the firm's capacity to produce more output from a given bundle of inputs. That is, the nature of economies of scale that obtains in the manufacturing industrial aggregate. The data on which this study is based was obtained primarily from two sources: (1) The Fourth National Development Plan (1981-85) of Nigerian Publication; and (2) The 1979 issue of the Yearbook of Industrial Statistics published by the United Nations.
4
Brandt, Nicola. "Market power, economies of scale and the role of knowledge for economic growth." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=96536660X.
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5
SAIDI, Aurélien. "Increasing returns to scale, (in)determinacy and welfare : investigating the role of economic policy." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/7009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Defence date: 31 May 2007Examining Board: Prof. Omar Licandro, (EUI); Prof. Morten Ravn, (EUI); Prof. Alain Venditti, (GREQAM); Prof. Mark Weder, (University of Adelaide)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
no abstract available
6
Parman, Bryon James. "Economies of scale for data envelopment analysis with a Kansas farm application." Diss., Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Vincent Amanor-Boadu
Allen M. Featherstone
Estimation of cost functions can provide useful economic information to producers, economists, and policy makers. From the estimation of a cost function, it is possible to calculate cost efficiency, economies of scope, and economies of scale. Economic theory specifies the cost function as a frontier since firms cannot operate at lower cost than the cost minimizing input/output bundle. However, traditional parametric estimation techniques often violate economic theory using two sided-error systems. The stochastic frontier method has allowed the estimation of a frontier but continues to restrict the technology through functional assumption. Nonparametric frontier estimation is an alternative approach to estimate a cost frontier by enveloping the data which by its construct, conforms to economic theory. This research expands the economic information available by deriving multi-product scale economies and product-specific scale economies from the nonparametric approach. It also tests its ability to accurately recover these important economic measures under different assumptions of the cost function, and cost inefficiency distributions. Next, this new method is compared to other methods used to estimate cost functions and associated economic measures including a two-sided error system, stochastic frontier method, and an OLS model restricting the errors to take on only positive values. Finally, the nonparametric approach with the new measures is applied to a sample of Kansas farms. The nonparametric approach is able to closely estimate economies of scale and scope from estimation of a cost frontier. Comparison reveals that the nonparametric approach is closer to the “true” economic measures than some parametric methods and that it is better able to extrapolate out of sample when there are no zero output firms. Finally, the nonparametric approach shows that potential cost savings from economies of scale and economies of scope exist for small Kansas farms. However, cost savings from economies of scale become exhausted when farms exceed gross annual revenues of $500k, while economies of scope also diminish as farms grow larger. Results also show from annual frontier estimations that estimates of economies of scale, scope, and cost efficiency have remained relatively stable from 2002 to 2011.
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Chakraborty, Kalyan. "Essays on Scale Economies and Efficiency in Public Education." DigitalCommons@USU, 1998. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3983.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Efficiency in public education is a significant issue in the United States. Nationwide, real expenditure per student increased 8% per year between 1960 and 1993, but output as measured by standardized test scores has not increased and in some cases (i.e., the verbal SAT [Scholastic Achievement Test] score) has declined. One explanation is that resources are not being utilized efficiently either in the technical or allocative sense. Also, the issue is important because substantial savings are possible by consolidation of schools and/or districts.
This dissertation explores efficiency by measuring technical efficiency at the school district level from four perspectives. The first essay (Chapter 2) explores whether the cost efficient production units are the bigger schools or the bigger districts, using the concept of a standard education cost function (the dual of neoclassical production function). The empirical analysis uses panel data from Utah school districts and estimates the cost and expenditure functions using the covariance and error component models after making corrections for heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation. The evidence indicates scale economies associated with school size but not district size.
In the second essay (chapter 3), technical efficiency of individual school districts is measured using an educational production function and stochastic frontier methodology. The empirical analysis shows substantial variation in efficiency among school districts.
An extension of the second essay (Appendix B) estimates technical efficiency and total factor productivity using school districts as multi-output producing units. A deterministic nonparametric approach, known as data envelopment analysis (DEA), is applied to a panel data. The empirical results provide provide pure technical efficiency disaggregating the components of scale, congestion, and technical innovation.
Most studies of technical efficiency using a stochastic production function are estimated using cross-section data. Technical inefficiency effects are assumed (1) to be a function of the district-specific variables (i.e., dropout rate, socioeconomic status of the students, etc.) and time, and (2) to be independently distributed as truncated normal with constant variance and with means dependent on the firm-specific variables and time. The empirical results suggest that technical inefficiency increased over time for Utah school districts, and that inefficiency effects are stochastic.
8
Clayton, Blake Carman. "A behavioural finance approach to commodity supply scares." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:89a8f042-33f0-4da7-b0b6-e3f9c06c8db3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study aims to generate a more robust understanding of public attitudes regarding non-renewable natural resource markets. Employing a comparative-historical case study method, it analyzes three waves of widespread fear that swept the United States over the course of the twentieth century regarding an imminent, irreversible shortage of oil. Each of these periods of fear over oil supply availability coincided with a significant rise in the price of crude oil, only to be followed by a sudden collapse as new production came onstream in response to higher prices. The study utilizes process tracing and pattern matching techniques to examine the linkages between fundamental supply-demand conditions in the crude oil market, oil price movements, and expert predictions of and other public expressions of belief that oil in the United States would become scarcer and more expensive in the future. This dissertation’s core arguments contribute to existing theoretical debates in three ways. First, by providing a comparative historical portrait of cyclical patterns in public and expert beliefs regarding non-renewable resource availability and long-term price behavior, the study puts contemporary debates over the future of oil supply in historical perspective. It allows the rampant claims of, and widespread belief in, a global shortage of oil that have gained popularity over the last decade—most notably, in the so-called “peak oil” movement—to be situated within a broader chronological context. It also extends and deepens earlier historical work analyzing oil shortage scares in the United States, both in terms of their underlying dynamics and their effect on federal government policy relative to the oil industry. Second, the study establishes the link between fundamental supply-demand conditions in the oil market, generally reflected in oil prices, and the degree of media attention given to, and apparent public belief in, an imminent, irreversible shortage of oil in the United States over the course of the twentieth century. In so doing, it demonstrates the applicability of Shiller’s (2000, 2005) conceptualization of new era economic theory formation and popularization to observed phenomena in the oil market, but with a crucial difference. Rather than new era economic thinking taking the form of unbounded optimism about the future, in the case of the oil market new era thinking has tended to be manifested as the pessimistic belief that an impending, irreversible shortage of oil would lead to a long-term, even perpetual, rise in oil prices. The study suggests two modifications to the concept that enhance its greater explanatory leverage with regard to exhaustible resource markets: one, that often the new era predictions most widely cited during shortage scares were actually made prior to the boom in prices, to little fanfare, but subsequently deemed prophetic by new era proponents; and two, that the new era narratives often contained normative elements. Moral judgments—in particular, condemnation of the oil economy’s degradation of the natural environment—have often intertwined with predictions that the oil supply was more limited than widely believed and that prices were destined to continue rising. Third, the study demonstrates that the concept of narratives of decline, as described by Bennett (2001) and Lieber (2008), constitutes a powerful theoretical lens through which to understand trends in popular opinion with regard to non-renewable resource availability, and to asset prices more generally—a link that has heretofore gone unrecognized. It finds that a positive feedback loop tended to exist between popular fears of a new era of oil shortages, marked by a long-term rise in prices, and related narratives of the environmental and relative political-economic decline of the United States.
9
Maldoom, Daniel. "Dynamics and coordination in models of economic growth with economies of scale and scope." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386526.
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10
Jung, Se Chang. "Scale and scope economies in the UK life assurance industry." Thesis, City University London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287646.
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11
Hardwick, P. "Economies of scale in the United Kingdom building society industry." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383625.
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12
Haraldsson, Mattias. "Distributionsekonomisk optimering av dagligvaruhandelns lokalisering : förstudie till ett forskningsprojekt." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-703.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The structure and performance of grocery distribution in Sweden has changed profoundly since the second world war. Increasing access and usage of the private car, in combination with an accommodating town planning has enhanced the exploitation of scale economies within distribution firms. There is, however, some ambiguity concerning the overall efficiency of the distribution system when the costs associated with travelling and purchasing performed by households are treated as an integrated part of the total distribution cost function. The purpose of this master thesis is to develop the foundation of a spatial optimisation model, which defines the most efficient distribution system. The underlying idea is that the optimal localisation and size of grocery stores is a function of economies of scale within the firms weighed against distributions costs within the households, such as transportation costs. The optimal system, i.e. the solution of the model, minimises the overall distribution cost. Each store in the model has a hexagonal market area and the optimisation is carried out within the boundaries of four systems of store structures, representing different combinations of store size and location. The transportation cost function includes parameters representing distance, parking, time usage and differences between taxed and non-taxed labour costs. The model can be described as basic and is a first step to a more realistic and comprehensive model, which incorporates all relevant cost components. The aim is to tackle this development in future research projects.
13
Andersson, Martin. "Studies of Knowledge, Location and Growth." Licentiate thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-986.
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14
Bell, John (John E. ). 1964. "Economies of scale in rental housing." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/64550.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1999.Includes bibliographical references (leaf 63).
People believe that if there are economies of scale at the firm level, then there must also be economies at the asset level. But despite interest, there is no published research on the subject of asset level economies of scale. The Property Owners & Managers Survey, sponsored by HUD, is a national survey that for the first time allows a cross-sectional study of apartments. The survey provides data on geographic location, revenues, costs and management. Other surveys have focused on high end apartment complexes or low income housing. This survey looks at all levels of housing services and allows a study of property-level economies of scale that cover all levels of the apartment industry. Economic theory of the firm and its application to housing services is reviewed. The concept and theory of economies of scale are then applied to the apartment complex. Once the theory is reviewed, we look at empirical evidence from POMS to look at the relationship between operating costs and number of apartment units. The theory is empirically tested vis-a-vis a regression analysis using operating costs per apartment unit as the dependent variable and number of apartments as well as other variables as the independent variables. The regression is held constant to allow for a change in units. If economies of scale are present, then the operating costs per unit must decrease as units increase. A graphic representation of the equation demonstrates economies of scale over a limited data range.
by John Bell.
S.M.
15
Hu, Guohua. "The state (re)production of scale : a case study of Shenshan Special Cooperation Zone, China." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2020. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/854.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The scale is a fundamental yet controversial concept in human geography. Among diverse views over scale, this thesis draws insights from the process-based approach of scale jumping. It is a key notion to understand scale as a process, yet few explorations have been made on making use of its methodological values. Thus this thesis seeks to elaborate the notion by redeveloping it as an analytical framework. Four key elements are therefore concerned: (a) actors and their purposes; (b) directions; (c) approaches; and (d) outcomes. These elements form a framework to investigate the rescaling process of economic space in China. Conventional studies suggest that in the context of global competition, the role of state in scale (re)production has changed from a passive to an active actor. In China, where the state plays an active role in facilitating the economy, different levels of state actors, such as government officials and institutions, are involved in the (re)production of scale. Using the production of Shenshan Special Cooperation Zone (SSCZ) as a case study, the abovementioned four elements are investigated. Specifically, there are three research questions: (a) why do local governments rescale their economy? (b) How do local governments build SSCZ? And (c) what is the outcome of rescaling through SSCZ? The qualitative research method is used to collect data and other information for this research. This includes desktop searches and interviews of businessmen, planners, government officials, and local residents. Through a detailed investigation of the production of SSCZ, this research reveals the role of local governments, their intentions for rescaling, the approaches they used, and the outcomes of the rescaling
16
Turner, Sarah Elizabeth. "An applicable paradigm? : flexible specialisation and small scale enterprise in Ujung Pandang, Indonesia." Thesis, University of Hull, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301026.
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Lima, Neto Antonio Francisco de. "Economias de escala no sistema financeiro brasileiro no período pós-estabilização." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/17851.
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This work aims to analyze economies of scale in the Brazilian Financial System after the introduction of Plano Real (2001 – 2009), which led to a significant expansion of local bank portfolio. To do so, this paper compares results obtained from a minimum cost function, with Transcendental Logarithmic (TRANSLOG) specification, and administrators’ preferred cost function, which maximizes management utility, derived with the aid of Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS). The results show economies of scale for the chosen set of Financial Conglomerates when the AIDS technique is applied in contrast to the diseconomies of scale evidenced with the aid of TRANSLOG technique. The results come in line with the findings of international research, pointing out the benefits of application of the AIDS technique in the field of banking efficiency, given the multiplicity of objectives bank administrators must currently pursue.
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar economias de escala no Sistema Financeiro Brasileiro (SFN) no período 2001 a 2009 (pós implementação do Plano Real), quando ocorreu significativa expansão do portfólio dos bancos brasileiros. Para tanto, vale-se de técnicas de estimação de uma função de custo mínimo, com especificação Transcendental Logarithmic (TRANSLOG), e de uma função custo preferida pela administração bancária, que maximiza sua utilidade, derivada com a técnica Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS).Os resultados apontam economias de escala para o conjunto dos conglomerados financeiros analisados, quando se utiliza a técnica AIDS, em oposição aos resultados obtidos com a técnica TRANSLOG, que aponta retornos decrescentes de escala para os mesmos conglomerados. Os resultados confirmam achados de pesquisas internacionais, ressaltando-se os potenciais benefícios da aplicação da técnica AIDS no campo de eficiência bancária, dada a multiplicidade de objetivos que a administração bancária tem que perseguir nos dias atuais.
18
Spangenberg, Johny Ferdinand Alexander. "Economies of atmosphere the joint impact of scale, scope, and atmosphere on scientific performance in clinical medicine and economics /." [Maastricht : Maastricht : Rijksuniversiteit Limburg] ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1989. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=5514.
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Kapya, David. "Technical and scale efficiency in Zambia's agro-progressing industry: a firm level data envelope analysis of the 2011/2012 manufacturing census." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23415.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The implementation of privatization and Structural Adjustment Programs in Zambia saw the contribution of manufacturing in GDP significantly reduce from 37.2 percent in 1992 to 8.2 percent in 2013. Efforts to revamp manufacturing have not delivered to expectations and the industrial base has continued to be smaller than it used to be in the 1970s and 1980s. This has raised serious questions about suitable industrialization policies not only for Zambia but for other African countries as well. This study examines the agro-processing industry with a view to establish whether it can drive the development of Zambia's manufacturing. We start by exploring the growth opportunities and highlighting the key sectors of comparative advantage. Thereafter, we apply the Data Envelopment Analysis algorithm to construct measures of technical and scale efficiency for a sample of 115 firms using the 2011/2012 Economic Census data. Finally, we examine the effect of firm attributes on the firm's technical and scale efficiency using the Tobit regression model. The results reveal that there are sufficient growth opportunities in Zambia's agro-processing industry, but the industry is highly inefficient. The average technical efficiency was 42.5 percent while scale efficiency was 81.7 percent. The study also shows that firm efficiency is affected by firm size, the size of the firm's market share, labour costs, and location of the firm.
20
Jordan, Benjamin Raines. "Sustainability at multiple scales: interactions between environment, economic and social indicators at the country, city and manufacturing facility scale." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/43717.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The simplicity of the Environmental Kuznets (EKC) curve concept motivated this study of the relationships between environmental, economic and social indicators at the country, city/regional and manufacturing facility scale. The study builds on almost 20 years of research on the EKC, which has shown conflicting results for confirmation of the EKC hypothesis that the environment first degrades, then improves, with increasing economic wealth.
Most EKC studies use country-scale income or GDP as the primary economic indicator of interest; this study experiments with city/regional GDP at the local scale and a country-scale "market maturity" indicator commonly used by the corporation studied.
The manufacturing facility scale analysis is new territory in the EKC literature. Firm-scale studies in the past have been just that, evaluating firm environmental performance across a specific industry. This effort evaluates manufacturing facility performance within the same firm across a set of 21 countries of interest to the corporation.
This study is unique in a few other ways. Including multiple scales in the same study is not common in the EKC literature. Typically, a study would focus on one or a few indicators at one specific scale. The actual environmental and social outcome variables used here are also somewhat unique. Generally speaking, the results reported here will fall into the "mixed" bucket relative to the 20 years of existing EKC literature; however, a possible research platform is established based on the possible nesting of multiple scales within the same research effort.
21
Aftab, Khalid. "The development of small-scale enterprises : a study of the agriculture-related engineering industry in Pakistan Punjab." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1985. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28872.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study seeks to explain the emergence, survival and growth (or decline) of the small-scale sector of the Agriculture-Related Engineering Industry (producing irrigation and cultivation products) in Pakistan Punjab during 1950-83. The two sectors of the industry (viz.,the irrigation and cultivation) are separately studied. We have identified four factors to explain the emergence, survival and growth (or decline) of small firms. These are: historical, technological, demand and economic policy. The first factor relates to a reservoir of labour with metal working experience in the Punjab, and the second to the technical possibility of separation of various processes in the manufacturing of agricultural engineering products, particularly tubewells. The other two factors, expansion of demand for agricultural engineering products and public policy, offered investment opportunities to small enterprises, and created a favourable environment which permitted diffusion of skills and technical know-how. An expanding market and the emergence of extensive vertical specialisation among small firms combined to help the enterprises overcome barriers to entry presented by integrated production. The survival of the small-scale firms among the large firms was possible because of the segmentation of the private tubewell market: the former operated in the lower end, while the later dominated the upper end. The decline of the irrigation sector small-scale enterprises in the 1970s is attributable to (1) sudden fall in demand for private tubewells and (2) the inability of small enterprises to diversify into technically superior or similar products. The cultivation sector comprised of three segments: (1) the lower segment (made up of traditional simple products) into which small-scale firms could easily enter because of the low level of technology required; (2) the middle segment which was occupied by a limited number of medium-sized firms produced simpler modern cultivation equipment; and (3) the upper segment dominated by a few large firms which produced sophisticated products. This resulted in the emergence of a pyramid like structure of the cultivation sector which was determined by the nature of the market and the technological requirements of production for different products.
22
Bairam, Erkin. "Returns to scale, technical progress and industrial growth in the USSR and Eastern Europe : An empirical study, 1961-75." Thesis, University of Hull, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376232.
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Tisato, P. M. "User economies of scale and optimal bus subsidy /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pht598.pdf.
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Comstock, Craig. "Economies and diseconomies of scale in software engineering." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.596090.
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A software development manager will often need to make decisions about the allocation of resources across a number of different development projects. These projects may vary in size, in importance, and in the potential value to the organisation of the software that is to be produced. Based upon these and other considerations, a manager might consider an increase in the resource allocation for a particular project. They might also consider changing the size of a planned software release by including or excluding a number of features. In doing this, the manager will need to consider economies, or diseconomies, of scale: if a project is given twice the resources, will the software be delivered in half the time? Will a particular project remain on schedule, despite a headcount reduction of 50%, if the size of the next deliverable is reduced also by 50%? If a software product would earn the company a certaiD amount if delivered in one month, and a lesser amount if delivered after that time, how much resource should be allocated to its development? Existing effort prediction models provide some guidance, but fail to agree about the extent, or even the existence, of economies and diseconomies of scale. The models are also limited to effort and scheduling predictions for a single project; there is no provision for the optimization of resource allocation, release sizing, and release scheduling across a portfolio of projects. This dissertation uses a new prediction model, derived from a large database of empirical results, to show the existence of an economy of scale with respect to project size, and a diseconomy of scale with respect to team size. It uses this model as a basis for the comparison and validation of the two leading prediction models, and shows that a failure to address the diseconomy of scale to team size can lead to significant errors. Drawing upon the tools and techniques of financial portfolio management, the model is used as the basis of an "economic framework" for software development optimization, a set of tools for optimizing resource allocation and release sizing across a portfolio of projects, in terms of the net value obtained from the software produced. This framework is extended to address declining marginal value and to provide an indication of risk and variability across a project portfolio.
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Benarroch, M. (Michael) Carleton University Dissertation Economics. "Scale economies, wage differentials and north-south trade." Ottawa, 1992.
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Zhang, Liang-Cheng. "Economies of Scale and Scope in Higher Education." Thesis, Griffith University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366522.
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This thesis investigates economies of scale and scope in higher education. In a period of tighter budget constraints, declining government funding, and increasing competition for students, staff and non-commercial and commercial research funding, understanding the nature of any scale and scope economies in higher education is critically important for both policy change and ongoing institutional and structural reform. The thesis presents three separate but related research objectives to provide insights into this important area: first, an examination of new output sources of cost economies (including scale and scope) as they exist in the Australian higher education sector, second, an analysis of the link between university performance and cost economies, and finally, an evaluation of the factors affecting the estimated economies of scale and scope.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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Ramachandran, K. "Appropriateness of incentives for small scale enterprise location in less developed areas : The experiences of the United Kingdom, Japan and India." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373996.
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Bosley, Hugh Patrick. "Levels of Burnout and Job Satisfaction in Large-Scale Agribusiness." TopSCHOLAR®, 2004. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1106.
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LEVELS OF BURNOUT AND JOB SATISFACTION IN LARGE-SCALE AGRIBUSINESS Hugh Patrick Bosley August, 2004 39 pages Directed by: Richard Miller, Reagan Brown, and Steve Haggbloom Department of Psychology Western Kentucky University Abstract This research examined organizational sources and levels of Burnout and Job Satisfaction of a large scale agribusiness (n=300) by administering the Maslach Burnout Inventory – General Survey, the Hoppock Job Satisfaction Blank, the Areas of Work Life Survey, and demographic questions. This study provided normative sample data for the agribusiness sector, found a good degree of fit between the agribusiness sample data and existing industry norms, and determined the relationships between burnout and job satisfaction for the agribusiness sector followed known patterns of other industries. Recommendations are made for future normative research to be conducted on a larger and more diverse sample size, in order to better draw conclusions for the industry as a whole.
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Dryl, Monika. "Calculus of variations on time scales and applications to economics." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/12869.
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Doutoramento em MatemáticaWe consider some problems of the calculus of variations on time scales. On the beginning our attention is paid on two inverse extremal problems on arbitrary time scales. Firstly, using the Euler-Lagrange equation and the strengthened Legendre condition, we derive a general form for a variation functional that attains a local minimum at a given point of the vector space. Furthermore, we prove a necessary condition for a dynamic integro-differential equation to be an Euler-Lagrange equation. New and interesting results for the discrete and quantum calculus are obtained as particular cases. Afterwards, we prove Euler-Lagrange type equations and transversality conditions for generalized infinite horizon problems. Next we investigate the composition of a certain scalar function with delta and nabla integrals of a vector valued field. Euler-Lagrange equations in integral form, transversality conditions, and necessary optimality conditions for isoperimetric problems, on an arbitrary time scale, are proved. In the end, two main issues of application of time scales in economic, with interesting results, are presented. In the former case we consider a firm that wants to program its production and investment policies to reach a given production rate and to maximize its future market competitiveness. The model which describes firm activities is studied in two different ways: using classical discretizations; and applying discrete versions of our result on time scales. In the end we compare the cost functional values obtained from those two approaches. The latter problem is more complex and relates to rate of inflation, p, and rate of unemployment, u, which inflict a social loss. Using known relations between p, u, and the expected rate of inflation π, we rewrite the social loss function as a function of π. We present this model in the time scale framework and find an optimal path π that minimizes the total social loss over a given time interval.
Consideramos alguns problemas do cálculo das variações em escalas temporais. Primeiramente, demonstramos equações do tipo de Euler-Lagrange e condições de transversalidade para problemas de horizonte infinito generalizados. De seguida, consideramos a composição de uma certa função escalar com os integrais delta e nabla de um campo vetorial. Presta-se atenção a problemas extremais inversos para funcionais variacionais em escalas de tempo arbitrárias. Começamos por demonstrar uma condição necessária para uma equação dinâmica integro-diferencial ser uma equação de Euler-Lagrange. Resultados novos e interessantes para o cálculo discreto e quantum são obtidos como casos particulares. Além disso, usando a equação de Euler-Lagrange e a condição de Legendre fortalecida, obtemos uma forma geral para uma funcional variacional atingir um mínimo local, num determinado ponto do espaço vetorial. No final, duas aplicações interessantes em termos económicos são apresentadas. No primeiro caso, consideramos uma empresa que quer programar as suas políticas de produção e de investimento para alcançar uma determinada taxa de produção e maximizar a sua competitividade no mercado futuro. O outro problema é mais complexo e relaciona a inflação e o desemprego, que inflige uma perda social. A perda social é escrita como uma função da taxa de inflação p e a taxa de desemprego u, com diferentes pesos. Em seguida, usando as relações conhecidas entre p, u, e a taxa de inflação esperada π, reescrevemos a função de perda social como uma função de π. A resposta é obtida através da aplicação do cálculo das variações, a fim de encontrar a curva ótima π que minimiza a perda social total ao longo de um determinado intervalo de tempo.
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Matunhire, I. "The economics of small-scale mining : Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373814.
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Katsaros, G. "Dynamic economies of scale and trade involvement as explanations of productivity growth : A disaggregated study of the UK industries based on the Verdoorn Law." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370949.
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Chávez-Presa, Jorge A. "Economies of scale, economies of scope and structural change in the Mexican commercial banking system /." The Ohio State University, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu14875882498246.
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Sio, Ut Sim. "Economies of scale and scope in Macau's banking sector." Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2147730.
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Monteiro, Marta Sofia Rodrigues. "Bank-Branch Location and Sizing Under Economies of Scale." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Economia da Universidade do Porto, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/7581.
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Análise de Dados e Sistemas de Apoio à DecisãoMaster in Data Analysis and Decision Support Systems
The bank-branch restructuring problem seeks to locate bank-branches, main- taining or closing existing branches, in order to provide the service required by its clients, at minimum total cost. This problem has not been the subject of much study, nonetheless it is a common problem that banks are faced with from time to time. We address this nonlinear problem, since economies of scale exist, by formulating it as a mixed binary, integer linear model. The model obtained can be solved by a ready-available software, such as CPLEX. However, the dimensionality problem soon becomes the issue and thus, we also propose a heuristic to solve, approximately, this problem. We have developed a local search heuristic to solve the bank-branch location and sizing problem with concave cost functions. In order to do so, we have modelled this problem as a mixed integer and binary programming model. The heuristic is based on the solution to a related linear integer programming problem. This solution is subsequently improved by iteratively applying drop and swap operations. The computational experiments performed show the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed heuristic.
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Bryan, Deborah Lynn. "Flow economies of scale and the hub location problem /." The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487945744574312.
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Zhang, Qiang. "Risk aversion, scale economies and tests of risk sharing." Connect to resource, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1261325262.
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Monteiro, Marta Sofia Rodrigues. "Bank-Branch Location and Sizing Under Economies of Scale." Dissertação, Faculdade de Economia da Universidade do Porto, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/7581.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Análise de Dados e Sistemas de Apoio à DecisãoMaster in Data Analysis and Decision Support Systems
The bank-branch restructuring problem seeks to locate bank-branches, main- taining or closing existing branches, in order to provide the service required by its clients, at minimum total cost. This problem has not been the subject of much study, nonetheless it is a common problem that banks are faced with from time to time. We address this nonlinear problem, since economies of scale exist, by formulating it as a mixed binary, integer linear model. The model obtained can be solved by a ready-available software, such as CPLEX. However, the dimensionality problem soon becomes the issue and thus, we also propose a heuristic to solve, approximately, this problem. We have developed a local search heuristic to solve the bank-branch location and sizing problem with concave cost functions. In order to do so, we have modelled this problem as a mixed integer and binary programming model. The heuristic is based on the solution to a related linear integer programming problem. This solution is subsequently improved by iteratively applying drop and swap operations. The computational experiments performed show the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed heuristic.
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McMahon, Chris. "Calculus of Variations on Time Scales and Its Applications to Economics." TopSCHOLAR®, 2008. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/370.
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The goal of time scale research is to progress the development of a harmonized theory that is all encompassing of the more commonly known specialized forms. The main results of this paper is the presentation of the Ramsey model which can be written using both the A and V operators, and solved using the two separate theories of the calculus of variations on time scales. The next presentation will be of the solution of an adjustment model, for a specific form of a time scale, whose functional can only be optimized, using the existing theory, when written with the A operator. We will also develop certain elements of stochastic time scale calculus, in order to lay the groundwork necessary to develop the theory of stochastic calculus of variations on time scales.
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Avelino, Gisela Maria Prata. "O comÃrcio intra-setorial e suas implicaÃÃes para a economia cearense." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2006. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1555.
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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgicoNeste trabalho, procurou-se analisar a participaÃÃo do comÃrcio intra-setorial nas exportaÃÃes e os seus impactos sobre as principais variÃveis econÃmicas do estado do Cearà durante o perÃodo de 1996 a 2004. Inicialmente, foi identificada a intensidade desse tipo de transaÃÃes comerciais com base no Ãndice proposto por Grubel e Lloyd (1975). A seguir, foi analisada a sua contribuiÃÃo para o fluxo total de mercadorias comercializadas internacionalmente com base na metodologia proposta por Menon e Dixon (1996). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o comÃrcio intra-setorial tem uma pequena participaÃÃo no comÃrcio local e que, embora alguns produtos primÃrios e minerais participem desse tipo de comÃrcio, os principais produtos comercializados a partir do comÃrcio intra-setorial sÃo as manufaturas. Em relaÃÃo aos seus impactos sobre as principais variÃveis econÃmicas, verificou-se que o comÃrcio intra-setorial tem efeitos positivos sobre o emprego; porÃm, sua intensificaÃÃo pode provocar aumentos no grau de concentraÃÃo da pauta de exportaÃÃes e no nÃvel de concentraÃÃo de renda enquanto reduz o grau de abertura comercial do Estado. Verificou-se, tambÃm, que esse tipo de comÃrcio nÃo apresentou efeitos estatisticamente significativos para o grau de industrializaÃÃo do CearÃ.
This study aimed to evaluate the participation of intra-sectorial commerce in the state of Ceara exportation results, and its impacts on the main economic variables, from 1996 to 2004. The intensity of this type of commercial transactions were identified, based on the index considered for Grubel end Lloyd (1975). Then, its contribution on the total flow of internacionally commercialized merchandises was evaluated, based on the methodology proposed for Menon and Dixon (1996). The analyses of the data shows that intra-sectorial commerce have a small contribution on total commerce results and, despite some primary products and minerals participate, the main commercialized products from the intra-sectorial commerce are manufactures. In relation to its impacts on the main economic variable, it was verified that intra-sectorial commerce has positive effect on the generation of new jobs, however its intensification can provoke increases in the concentration of exportation guideline and in the level of income, while reduces the degree of commercial aperture of the State. It was also verified that, statistically, this type of commerce did not show significant effect in the industrialization degree of the state of Ceara.
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Deelchand, Tara. "Scale economies, risk and income smoothing in Japanese cooperative banking." Thesis, University of Reading, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.541968.
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Frank, Edward Todd Duffy Patricia Ann. "Selected topics in peanut production Economic feasibility of an energy crop on a South Alabama cotton-peanut farm, and, Do economies of scale exist on peanut farms in the Southeast? /." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Fall/Thesis/FRANK_EDWARD_47.pdf.
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Peças, José Manuel de Almeida Passos. "Economias de escala no sector das águas em Portugal : uma reflexão crítica." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6116.
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Mestrado em Ciências EmpresariaisO tema central desta tese é objeto atual de debate político e de discussão da sociedade civil, que procura um desenvolvimento sustentável de dois serviços públicos essenciais. Os mercados da água e da drenagem de águas residuais merecem ser pensados e estudados aos mais diferentes níveis. Na elaboração desta tese procurar-se-á enquadrar modelos teóricos e observações já existentes de outros autores com o tema em análise, de uma forma sistemática, procurando-se aliar o conhecimento já existente com a constatação da situação atual. O objetivo é o de identificar potenciais economias de escala e de gama, com ganhos advindos da eliminação ou aproveitamento de excessos de capacidade. Este setor sofreu profundas alterações após a integração de Portugal na Comunidade Económica Europeia (CEE), mas foi num passado mais recente, mais concretamente após 1993 que se começa a redesenhar a evolução em escala deste setor. A criação de um novo quadro legislativo, a abertura do setor a capitais privados e a criação da empresa Águas de Portugal em 1993, conduziram a que se começasse a preconizar o desenvolvimento dos sistemas multimunicipais de abastecimento de água e de saneamento de águas residuais, no sentido de ultrapassar a fragmentação que caracterizava aqueles setores, sob a alçada predominante do poder local dos municípios. Neste tempo vivia-se uma necessidade premente de criação de infraestruturas no país que permitissem renovar e ganhar capacidade num serviço público, essencial ao desenvolvimento social e económico. Estes serviços, muitas vezes desvalorizados pela sociedade civil no seu dia-a-dia, são essenciais ao bem-estar social que é fortemente condicionado com um perigo da ausência destes serviços. Era fundamental melhorar a qualidade da água, aumentar a taxa de atendimento na rede de água e minimizar os problemas existentes aquando de aumentos de consumos em períodos estivais, que condicionavam o normal abastecimento de água. Em simultâneo era premente aumentar a baixa taxa de atendimento da rede de saneamento e tratar os efluentes de forma adequada. O foco do desenvolvimento estava na criação de infraestruturas e na criação de sistemas multimunicipais que permitissem equilibrar dissimetrias entre regiões. Este desenvolvimento estava assente num quadro de financiamento forte, em parte a fundo perdido por parte da União Europeia (UE) aproveitando o âmbito do Quadro Comunitário de Apoio (QCAII) e noutra parte com recurso a financiamento com capitais alheios, num contexto favorável com facilidade de crédito e com um custo de capital razoável. Eram tempos de investimento, cuja sustentabilidade económica dos sistemas e a gestão pelos retornos do investimento não eram preocupações prementes no tempo, dado que seriam alcançáveis em futuros vindouros, explanados nos diversos projetos de investimento. Os projetos de investimento que suportavam a sustentabilidade destas infraestruturas estavam assentes em contextos evolutivos favoráveis ao crescimento em todas as vertentes, tanto na área demográfica como ao nível do crescimento das capitações de água, ou seja dos consumos água per capita. Procuravam-se desenvolver novos sistemas como os da única infraestrutura com âmbito regional existente até à época, como era o exemplo da EPAL, que abastecia os municípios da Grande Lisboa. O objetivo era abranger outras áreas do país e proporcionar o abastecimento de água a áreas com algumas similitudes entre si e outras com mais dissimetrias sociais e menor desenvolvimento socioeconómico. No contexto atual e após decorridos alguns anos, observaram-se que algumas evoluções dos sistemas não foram as esperadas. A redução forte do input de alguns cash-flows previstos nos projetos, a que se acresceu a descida dos apoios dos fundos de investimento europeu, conduziu a que se entrasse num novo paradigma de sustentabilidade dos sistemas de abastecimento de água e de drenagem e tratamento de águas residuais. Nesta nova conjuntura, a sustentabilidade dos sistemas deixou de ser algo a projetar no futuro, mas passou a ser essencial no presente imediato e no futuro de muito curto prazo. É por este motivo que no presente momento se reequacionam os modelos de gestão, mas sobretudo a sustentabilidade de algumas organizações e empresas do mercado da água em Portugal. A discussão da sustentabilidade das empresas proporcionou o debate dos ganhos de economias de escala e de gama, quer por via de fusão de empresas iguais com atuações em áreas geográficas contiguas proporcionando economias de escala, quer por via da integração a montante com a verticalização dos sistemas, uniformizando os sistemas em alta e em baixa num só negócio, proporcionando economias de gama. É neste contexto que se enquadra o presente estudo, procurando analisar a evolução dos sistemas atuais e refletindo sobre os ganhos de escala e de gama que estas opções poderão desencadear, à luz de outros estudos internacionais já desenvolvidos para estes setores.
The main theme of this thesis is the current subject of political debate and discussion within civil society, which seeks sustainable development of two essential public services. These are the cases of both water and sewerage public services, which deserve to be studied and analyzed in various aspects and at different levels. The purpose of this thesis is to combine theoretical models with different views on the matter from other authors, in a systematic way, therefore trying to approach knowledge already acquired with the analysis and discovery of nowadays situations. I intend to present a perspective of identifying potential economies of scale and scope, and gains on disposal or a recovery of excess capacity. These sectors have undergone profound changes after the integration of Portugal in the European Economic Community (EEC). However, in a more recent past, specifically after 1993 a redraw of the scale evolution of this sector has begun. The creation of a new legal framework introducing new laws, opened the sector to private investors and also the establishment of the state-owned company Águas de Portugal in 1993 led to an increasing development of municipal systems of water supply and wastewater treatment in order to overcome fragmentation that afflicted these sectors in the past, predominantly under the purview of local municipalities. At that time we lived in a pressing and urgent need to develop the country infrastructures and facilities which allowed to renew and regain capacities in a public service essential to the social and economic development. These services are often undervalued by society, but which are essentials to the social welfare strongly conditioned by the absence of this service. It was essential to improve the water quality, to increase the attendance rate and to minimize the problems of increased consumption during periods, in which normal water supply was conditioned, for example during the summer. Simultaneously, it was imperative to increase the low attendance rate of the sewerage and treat wastewater adequately. Development was mainly focused on the creation of both infrastructures and municipal systems which could balance asymmetries among several regions, based on a strong financial framework, partly coming from European Union (EU) funds, taking advantage of Community Support Programs (CSFII) and also from private capital in a favorable financing context, which provided easy funding at low interests rates. There were times when the economic sustainability of investment, systems and management or investment returns were not conditioned by time, since they would be reached in a near future depicted in various investment projects in evolving contexts favorable to growth in all areas, both in the demographic area as well as in the growth of capitations water, or in other words, of the water consumption per capita. There was a strong need to develop new systems, as the example of EPAL in Lisbon which supplied the municipalities of the Lisbon metropolitan area. The goal was to cover other areas within Portugal, enclosing some similarities and some other more minor asymmetries and social socio-economic development. In the current context after observing the economic changes, some evolutions of the systems were not expected. The strong reducing of the operational cash flows of the projects, compounded with the decline of the support of European investment funds, set a new paradigm of sustainability of the water and wastewater systems, including the wastewaters treatment. In this new context and after some years from the beginning of the investments, the sustainability of the systems stopped being something to project into the future, but it has become essential in the immediate present and future in a very short term. To this end, in this moment there is a need of questioning the present management models, but especially the sustainability of some companies from the water market in Portugal. The discussion of the sustainability of companies provided the debate of the gains from economies of scale and scope, either through merger with equal performers in contiguous geographic areas working economies of scale, either upstream integration with standardized systems between retail and wholesale market, working economies of scope. It is in this context that the present study seeks to analyze the evolution of the actual systems, reflecting on the economies of scale and scope that these options may trigger, in the perspective of a theoretical analysis of some international studies already existents to these sectors.
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Altunbas, Yener. "Economies of scale, economies of scope and the cost implications of hypothetical bank mergers in European banking." Thesis, Bangor University, 1994. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/economies-of-scale-economies-of-scope-and-the-cost-implications-of-hypothetical-bank-mergers-in-european-banking(0547cd98-0d6e-4c95-8a93-301d40b7b7ac).html.
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The purpose of this thesis has been to investigate evidence of economies of scale and scope in various European banking markets. The thesis has also examined the cost implications from hypothetical bank mergers both within the French, German, Italian and Spanish banking markets and cross-border in the EU. The analysis has been prompted by claims that substantial cost savings could be expected as the result of the EU's single market programme in the banking area. Economies of scale and scope, a substantial part of industrial organisations literature, have been widely examined in the US banking system, although little empirical work to date has been undertaken on European banking markets. This thesis aimed to rectify this imbalance in the literature by providing a detailed, in-depth and original analysis of scale and scope economies as well as investigating the cost implications of hypothetical bank mergers. Overall, the results suggest noticeable differences in cost characteristics across European banking markets and strong evidence of economies of scale and scope at the plant (or branch) level in all but the Spanish market. Cost savings appear to occur mainly through the increased average size of established banks' branches rather than through adding new branches. The findings appear to indicate that scale and scope economies will be important in generating economic gains to EU banking markets under the Single Market programme. The evidence from hypothetical mergers within the individual domestic banking markets appears to be that mergers between large banks can generate substantial cost savings or increases depending on the particular merger partners. In general, the results indicate that opportunities for cost saving mergers seem to be greater in Germany and Spain than in the French and Italian banking markets. The prospects for cost saving big-bank mergers in Italy, appear to be limited. The selective results for the hypothetical mergers between the 20 largest banks within domestic banking markets imply that substantial cost savings can be generated from mergers between top commercial banks in Germany. For the Italian banking market, the analyses shows that the majority of hypothetical mergers indicate an increase in predicted total costs. Moreover, the findings from Spain and France are less clear-cut. The evidence from our analysis of hypothetical cross-border mergers in the EU indicates only limited opportunities for costs saving from big bank mergers and that such mergers are more likely to result in an increase in total costs.
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Antony, Jürgen. "Scale effects and labor productivity." kostenfrei, 2006. http://d-nb.info/990047865/34.
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Holland, Timothy. "Economic inequality and biodiversity loss: an examination at two scales." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18712.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Human activity is causing rapid loss of biodiversity. Although the direct drivers of this are well understood, the indirect socio-economic drivers are not. This thesis examines the role of economic inequality in predicting rates of biodiversity loss at two different scales. First, I perform a cross-national analysis of the proportion of plant and vertebrate species that are threatened, as defined by the IUCN (World Conservation Union) red lists. Second, I examine the role of land cover and socio- economic variables in determining trends in bird species richness in the USA. At the international scale, inequality is consistently an important predictor: the proportion of species threatened is higher in countries that have higher inequality, all else being equal. At the smaller scale of the US, socio-economic variables can explain up to 20% of the variation in species richness. However, inequality does not significantly improve this prediction.Présentement, l'activité humaine cause une perte rapide de la biodiversité. Alors que les causes directes de cela sont bien comprises, les causes socio-économiques indirectes ne le sont pas. Le rôle des inégalités économiques dans la prédiction des taux de perte de biodiversité sera examiné à deux échelles différentes dans la présente étude. D'abord, il sera question d'une analyse transnationale de la proportion d'espèces végétales et d'espèces vertébrées qui sont menacées, tel que définit par la liste rouge de l'UICN (Union mondiale pour la nature). Ensuite, le rôle de la couverture terrestre ainsi que celui des variables socio-économiques seront examinés afin de déterminer les tendances de l'abondance des espèces aviennes aux États-Unis. À l'échelle internationale et de façon constante, les inégalités sont un prédicteur. À toute autre qualité égale, la proportion d'espèces menacées est plus élevée dans les pays qui ont de plus grandes inégalités. À la plus petite échelle de l'étude, les variables socio-économiques peuvent expliquer près de 20% de la variation. Cependant, l'inégalité économique n'améliore pas considérablement la prédiction.
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Ngobese, Peter Thembinkosi. "The economics of large scale wheat production in Zimbabwe /." This resource online, 1987. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02272007-092406/.
Повний текст джерела
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Ngobese, Peter. "The economics of large scale wheat production in Zimbabwe." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41296.
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Zhang, Runsen. "Integrated Land Use and Transport Modeling with Computable Urban Economic Model : A Case of Changzhou, China." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/202691.
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Peruzzo, Laura <1990>. "Economies of Scale and Structural Settings as Key Determinants for Economic Sustainability in the Agricultural Sector: A Comparative Analysis between Italy and Germany." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/5975.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this paper is to Investigate the role of Economies of Scale in Agriculture,
through a comparative analysis between Italy and Germany. Agriculture is a
fascinating field to be studied: it still constitutes the basis for the economic development and competitiveness of many countries and, although being depicted
as a relatively stable sector, structural changes and organizational innovations still
have a great magnitude of action. We will thus investigate the impact of scale on the functioning of agricultural holdings, their structural change along time and the
potential effects of different control variables on the economic-structural features
of the agricultural sector. We will introduce the concepts of Network Economies of Scale and Multifunctionality, through which we will interpret the logics of pure Economies of Scale in a broader perspective, entailing organizational settings and networking effects.
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Mok, Thai Yoong. "Poverty lines, household economies of scale and urban poverty in Malaysia." Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1788.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis presents three essays on Malaysia’s poverty profile based on the Household Expenditure Survey (HES). The first and second studies were motivated by the shortcomings of the official poverty lines and poverty measurements. There are several conceptual and measurement problems related to evaluating the extent of poverty in Malaysia. The first study offers several alternative regional poverty analyses based on the consumption expenditure approach with varying underlying assumptions. The poverty lines are estimated using Ravallion-Bidani and Kakwani-Sajaia approaches and the consumption pattern of the 10th and 20th percentile per capita expenditure (PCE) households. Regional poverty lines based on Kakwani-Sajaia and Ravallion-Bidani lower bounds produced robust poverty measurement rankings across regions in the country for both the 10th and 20th percentile PCE households. However, for the 10th percentile PCE, Ravallion’s upper bound poverty lines do not produce robust poverty rankings. In relation to the shortcomings of the official poverty measurements, the second study analyses the economies of scale in consumption, specifically amongst poor households. Using the 10th and 20th percentile PCE households, the household size economies are estimated using specifications proposed by Deaton-Paxson and Kakwani-Son. The findings show that the economies of scale indices are sensitive to the selection of methods and sample groups. Economies of scale in poor household consumption are present for food, housing, clothing, furnishing, personal goods and miscellaneous goods. This study further suggests that these indices be used as complementary to the existing national poverty measurements. The final study provides new insights into the limited urban poverty studies and to the new dimension of urban poverty. Using logistic regression, the determinants are analysed using the new poverty lines estimated in the earlier essay. The test of robustness of the determinants is conducted through re-estimating the logistic regression using a range of poverty lines. The findings show that education, locational dimension, foreign migrant workers and household size are significant determinants of poverty in the urban areas.