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1
Huang, Maurine. "Sacramento Learns from Bangladesh: A New Twist on Economic Development." Practicing Anthropology 18, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.18.1.088650075116p171.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Church bulletins often carry inserts describing various development projects in Third World nations which church members can assist. Favored projects include cooperative ventures such as village-owned wells or farms in sub-Saharan Africa or craft co-ops for oppressed women in South Asia. By making generous contributions to special denominational offerings, church members, sitting in their pews in this most developed of countries, can help poor unfortunate individuals in some backward Third World country.
2
Shafiqul, Islam Md, and Tanvir Hassan Bhuiyan. "Assessment of costs of nuclear power in Bangladesh." Nuclear Energy and Technology 6, no. 3 (November 6, 2020): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nucet.6.54003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Financing and economic risks are two of the major challenges facing by the nuclear industry today for the construction of a new build Gen III+ or an advanced Gen IV nuclear power plant (NPP). Prediction of economics and financial aspects of an NPP always remains uncertain as these are heavily dependent on investment costs, construction time, licensing and regulation, operation and maintenance (O&M) costs, fuel costs, financing costs, plant capacity factor (PCF), etc. Such uncertainty in accurately predicting the risk of financing and economics limits the growth of the nuclear industry. Furthermore, global high-trend construction costs of NPPs lack confidence amongst manufacturers and builders. This paper attempts for modeling the costs of the twin under construction VVER-1200 model Gen III+ reactors at Rooppur in Bangladesh based on techno-economic and financial data, and some assumptions. To calculate the levelized unit electricity cost (LUEC), net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and payback period (PBP), nine scenarios are modeled in the FINPLAN modeling tool given the plant technical data, investment costs, financial terms & conditions, global benchmarked operation & maintenance (O&M) costs and fuel costs, PCFs of 50–90%, and a fixed discount rate of 10%. The study finds that the estimations of LUECs of the Rooppur NPP project are in the range of 43.8–82.5 $/MWh of which are lower than for coal, oil, and renewable energy sources. The annual rate of return of the project is found in the range of 13–20%. The PBP is within 7–8 years after the start of commercial operation. Cost sensitivity analysis is performed by taking a large variation of O&M costs, fuel costs, and PCFs. The results show favorable economic situations with regard to the country’s other power sources and are expected to be competitive with global NPPs projects. Only the competitive NPP projects can contribute to a sustainable economic, social, environmental, scientific, and technological developments for both NPP importing and exporting countries.
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Rahaman, Muhammad Mizanur, and Abdullah - Al - Mamun. "Hydropower development along Teesta river basin: opportunities for cooperation." Water Policy 22, no. 4 (June 16, 2020): 641–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.136.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The aim of this research is to examine the hydropower development potentials and identifying major hydropower projects along the Teesta river basin that is shared by Bangladesh and India. The upstream of Teesta river basin is located mostly in hilly areas of Sikkim where India plans to produce electricity of over 6,500 MW by developing the hydropower potential of the basin. The downstream basin is densely populated, mostly flat land and has no hydropower potential. As of today, Bangladesh and India have been unable to agree on an integrated development plan for the Teesta river basin. Previous negotiations on Teesta river basin management have focused only on sharing water rather than sharing the wide range of benefits from water resources including hydropower. This paper identified the existing, ongoing and upcoming hydropower development projects. The hydropower sharing opportunity exists between the two riparian countries and this type of natural resource development could reduce economic tensions and provide a platform for sustainable agreements.
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Islam, Md Sayemul, Nishat Sultana Ema, Sudipto Chakrobortty, Hasneen Jahan, and Md Emran Hossain. "Tea export competitiveness and the nexus between tea export and economic growth: The cases of Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka." Studies in Agricultural Economics 123, no. 2 (August 14, 2021): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7896/j.2125.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Tea export competitiveness and the nexus between tea export and economic growth: The cases of Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka Long since the end of the British India regime, Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka have produced a signifi cant volume of tea which continues to bring them invaluable foreign currency earnings through exports. Our paper explores the tea export competitiveness of these countries by employing the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) index, and analyses the nexus between tea export and economic growth over the period from 1980 to 2018 using several dynamic econometric approaches. Results suggest that Bangladesh has lost its tea export competitiveness over the last decade. India posted moderate performance, while Sri Lanka consistently kept its dominant position. Further, the Johansen Cointegration test outcomes report no long-run relationship between tea export and economic growth across all the countries. The Granger Causality outcomes illustrate that only in Sri Lanka is it the case that tea export causes short-run economic growth. Lastly, the impulse response function projects tea export and economic growth, taking into consideration the response of each to a shock from the other. Extrapolation from the results indicate that, in contrast to the cases of Bangladesh and India (where no direct relationship was found), tea export and economic growth are intimately interconnected in Sri Lanka. This article further recommends eff ective policies so that economic growth in these countries can remain steady and that their tea industries can thrive.
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Bari, Md Saiful. "21st CENTURY INDIA AND BANGLADESH BETWEEN CONSIDERING TRADE RELATION OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES." JBFEM 4, no. 1 (May 19, 2021): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32770/jbfem.vol419-26.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
India Bangladesh Trade Relations, Perspectives E-Commerce both India and Bangladesh can benefit greatly from the development of trade and commerce by harnessing their position and creating a business-friendly environment. The economic and trade activities of the two countries will create employment opportunities and improve the living standards of the people of the region. In addition, the development of infrastructure for commercial purposes positively impacts the communication of people in the region and on the overall human resources. Bangladesh has the opportunity to enter such a large market in India with its products; In the same way, India and Bangladesh can benefit by investing in various large-scale development projects. The two countries will stand on a strong foundation in the economic structure through mutual understanding, trust and common business solutions. Bilateral alternate and funding furnish massive possibilities for accelerating enlargement and reducing poverty. Bangladesh can moreover, in addition, choose out to export some distance more, for example, to India‘s big market, and Indian firms ought to make investments in Bangladesh, benefiting from significant and as a substitute a pinnacle notch deal heaps plenty much less immoderate priced labor, and re-export to India as excellent as high-quality countries Relation between India and Bangladesh considering trade opportunities in E-commerce age and there are enough possibilities for alternate in services.
6
Tarik-ul-Islam, Md, and Sara Ferdousi. "Renewable Energy Development – Challenges for Bangladesh." Energy & Environment 18, no. 3-4 (July 2007): 421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/095830507781076149.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In Bangladesh, annual per capita energy consumption is approximately 200 KgOE3, which is among the lowest in the world. Presently, 70% of the population does not have access to electricity in Bangladesh (GoB, 2004). The average system loss is 20.97% (GoB, 2006). The demand for power is estimated to increase 300 MW annually (GoB, 1996a). In contrast, concerns have been raised about the conventional energy production from fossil fuels that significantly contributes to environmental degradation at the local, regional and global levels. This situation calls for adoption of sustainable energy strategies that permeate every level of the economy and can provide rural dwellers with the services that they want and need. With this backdrop, Bangladesh has been experiencing a gradual shift towards exploring renewable energy resources as a means to fuel rural development in the off-grid areas. The country is endowed with abundant renewable energy resources. The Local Government Engineering Department (LGED), with its mandate for sustainable rural development has embarked on a program for demonstration and transfer of renewable energy technologies in the off-grid rural areas. The project “Sustainable Rural Energy (SRE)‘ has been conceived within the overall framework of ‘Sustainable Environment Management Programme (SEMP)’ with financial support from United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). This project has already completed a number of renewable energy installations demonstrating diversified community applications of these technologies for livelihood and socio-economic improvement of the people living in the remote off-grid villages. The lessons learned from these demonstration plants reveal that, with careful forward planning, renewable energy can provide far-reaching economic and social benefits to people living in remote rural areas in Bangladesh. The private sectors and NGOs (Non-government organizations) have started to take part in the process of renewable energy development with great promise and enthusiasm. However, the process encounters policy, institutional and technological barriers, which are critical for continued development in this sector.
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Rahman, MM, MR Rahman, and M. Asaduzzaman. "Establishment of Dams and Embankments of Frontier River of North East Part of India: Impact on North-Western Region of Bangladesh." Journal of Science Foundation 8, no. 1-2 (April 16, 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v8i1-2.14614.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
India has built barrages on 17 more rivers in the east and northeast border with Bangladesh. Most of these dams and embankments act as the main barrier to flow water towards downstream like Bangladesh. As a result the rivers of Bangladesh that comes from India are falling in crisis of proper water. A study showed about 30 rivers of north-western part of Bangladesh gets very few water only due to dams and embankment made by India at the upstream of those rivers. Such massive water control projects of India are clearly a threat for a state that lies down of those. Unfortunately, and often ironically, national leaders of our country prefer to negotiate this sensitive matter rather than to make a strong protect of this inhuman and unethical activities. What is more astonishing news is that some time our state policy makers like to keep silent and avoid about it. India is always ready to controlling nature to serve economic development rather than addressing issues of trans-boundary and socio-environmental responsibilities. In fact, Indian plan to divert the water of Frontier Rivers is increasing at an alarming rate for Bangladesh. Here one thing is mentionable that is this types of project even harmful for India also. And peoples of north western state of India are in against of such harmful and high ambitious unnecessary project. Some time they also make a protest against it. Recently China and India are going to establish a large dam at the up Stream of Brahmaputra River. It would impair Indias own plan to link approximately thirty of its own rivers, a project that is bound to affect the downstream riparian state of Bangladesh. As a result drastic fall in the water flow of Teesta during the lean season, especially in February and March will occur in more frequent and will seriously hampers irrigation in Bangladesh. Such international trans-boundary river development projects raise many important issues. They never consider the impact that will impose upon the down stream part like Bangladesh. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v8i1-2.14614 J. Sci. Foundation, 8(1&2): 1-12, June-December 2010
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Sarma, PK, and SK Raha. "An empirical impact analysis of Agribusiness Development Project of Bangladesh." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 15, no. 1 (August 11, 2017): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v15i1.33531.
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The aim of the study was to identify the extent of the project objectives are implemented and the impact of the project. The sample size was determinate by using cluster sampling techniques with considering the design effect which was covered 1281 sample from ASA 518, BRAC 347and TMSS 415. Data was collected by pre-determine interview schedule, FGD, KII and observation methods in the year 2016. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and econometric model using the SPSS software. The result revealed that the project beneficiaries homestead, garden ponds and land on the amount of positive and negative impact on the amount of agricultural land and created employment of 2320 person in the beneficiary entrepreneurs 2104 people full-time and part-time jobs have been created. According to both the groups jobs have been created due to project activities in project area. The project has created 33432 agribusiness entrepreneurs and about three times a job was generated by them and 90524 persons employment in rural and semi-urban areas. It help to increase monthly income on an average 30.07% which contribute to socio-economic development of the area and economy through providing support to rural poor people and creation rural entrepreneurs. The credit diversion of producers, processors, marketers and input suppliers of beneficiary group was less by 8.09%, 29.01%, 20.37% and 17.80%, respectively. This study has been undertaken as an examining to assess the role and significance of agribusiness in Bangladesh along with the present situation and future prospective. Agribusiness plays a vital role to the increased income realized by the farmers. The study recommended that the agribusiness has positive impact on income of the farmers, increased commercialization and economic development in Bangladesh.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 15(1): 62-72, January 2017
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I. Guseva, Anna, and Matvey V. Koptelov. "Risk assessment of prospective investment projects for the construction of nuclear power plants abroad." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.23 (April 20, 2018): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.23.11953.
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The article deals with the development of nuclear energy, classification of risks, approaches to risk assessment of investment projects of NPP construction abroad. Presented integrated methodology for assessing the risks of nuclear investment projects is based on the recommendations of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the sectoral methodological recommendations of the State corporation Rosatom. A way of accounting for risks in the calculation of economic efficiency is proposed. Calculations have been made for several real NPP construction projects (Rooppur NPP in Bangladesh, Astravets NPP in Belarus, Hanhikivi NPP in Finland). Analysis of the results of these projects shows that, taking into account all types of risks, its investment attractiveness has significantly decreased.
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Erling, Elizabeth J., Philip Seargeant, and Mike Solly. "English in rural Bangladesh." English Today 30, no. 4 (November 11, 2014): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078414000352.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
English's elevated status within a global economy of languages means that English-language education is increasingly promoted in international development initiatives in countries such as Bangladesh. This is partly due to a growing conviction that English is able to play an important role in helping people participate in global economic markets from which they have previously been excluded (Seargeant & Erling, 2011). Despite the strong associations made between English-language ability and development, there is at present only limited evidence showing a causal relationship between the two (Erling, forthcoming), while a complex of other issues surrounding the cultural politics of the language also play a role in the social implications of its promotion in such contexts. The aim of this article is to examine how English is perceived in rural Bangladesh by the people at whom such international development programmes are targeted. A broad assumption of such programmes is that English is a positive and, in some sense, necessary resource for development. The article investigates whether this matches the perception of those at whom such projects are aimed, and what it is that these communities feel the language can offer both in practical and in socio-cultural terms for the developmental challenges they face. In order to examine these questions the article draws on results from an ethnographical survey of two rural areas in Bangladesh which investigated the attitudes and aspirations of local community members to the potential impact of English-language education on their social prospects and cultural identities.
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Krupoff, Matthew, Ahmed Mushfiq Mobarak, and Alexander van Geen. "Evaluating Strategies to Reduce Arsenic Poisoning in South Asia: A View from the Social Sciences." Asian Development Review 37, no. 2 (September 2020): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00148.
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The World Health Organization has labeled the problem of arsenic contamination of groundwater in South Asia as “the largest mass poisoning in human history.” Various technical solutions to the problem fall into one of two broad categories: (i) cleaning contaminated water before human consumption and (ii) encouraging people to switch to less contaminated water sources. In this paper, we review research on the behavioral, social, political, and economic factors that determine the field-level effectiveness of the suite of technical solutions and the complexities that arise when scaling such solutions to reach large numbers of people. We highlight the conceptual links between arsenic-mitigation policy interventions and other development projects in Bangladesh and elsewhere, as analyzed by development economists, that can shed light on the key social and behavioral mechanisms at play. We conclude by identifying the most promising policy interventions to counter the arsenic crisis in Bangladesh. We support a national well-testing program combined with interventions that address the key market failures (affordability, coordination failures, and elite and political capture of public funds) that currently prevent more deep-well construction in Bangladesh.
12
Islam, Md Mynul. "Co-Management Approach And Its Impact On Women’s Livelihood Strategies: Lawachara Protected Forest Area Perspective." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 11, no. 1 (September 8, 2015): 59–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v11i1.213.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Women’s position has not changed greatly in the patriarchal society of Bangladesh. The cultural interpretation of social practices creates a lot of obstacles for women to survive properly. Most of the time conventional development projects and policies prefer men’s issue to ensure their rights and opportunities rather than women’s as human being. Today’s socio-economic political situation has also affected poor people’s livelihood improvement especially for the poorest of the poor group. Among them, forest areas women are living in the most vulnerable situation to meet their livelihood. They have to face unthinkable problem to maintain their livelihood strategies as they do not have enough food, education, voice, power to exercise their capacity to bring some changes in both public and private places. To improve forest areas people’s livelihood strategy USAID/Bangladesh is playing a very significant role in association with states initiatives. They identified some areas as protected areas to take innovative development projects named co-management approach to development local people’s sustainable development. Lawachara is one of the oldest protected forest areas, under co-management approach in Bangladesh and USAID/Bangladesh has already launched different types of strategy to improve local people’s livelihood and as well as natural resource development. Through comanagement approach women in Lawachara are now really having some positive changes regarding their livelihood improvement but still there are some problems regarding policies, implementation strategies, monitoring and evaluation strategies. Greater recognition of this problem will be helpful for women in Lawachara to improve their livelihood strategies by incorporating gender issues into different mechanisms. In this regard this study examines the co-management approach from gender perspective to analyze the improvement of women’s livelihood strategy.
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Nijhum, Farzana Quader, Sk Towhidur Rahaman, Mohd Jamal Hossain, and Ishrat Islam. "Participatory Democracy or State-Induced Violence? Resettling the Displaced People of Hatirjheel in Dhaka." South Asia Research 39, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 202–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0262728019843715.
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This article discusses the trajectory of project implementation in the development of the Hatirjheel lake area in Dhaka, which involved forced relocation and socio-economic deprivation for most project-affected people. It raises questions over the extent to which such processes need to be seen as state-induced violations of basic justice, asking whether more justice-focused management of such projects is becoming an unrealistic expectation in an increasingly crowded Bangladesh. The article discusses the socio-political dynamics and community-related issues affecting different stakeholders during the implementation of the project. Despite the official presence of participatory planning techniques, the forceful imposition of the development plans and the drastic ramifications of forced land acquisition are shown to have violated basic principles of good governance. It is suggested that less violent and more inclusive approaches are possible despite resource scarcities and that lessons can be learned from such experiences for the future.
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Ahmed Sinthia, Sanjida. "Development measures for slums of Dhaka city." Iraqi Journal of Architecture and Planning 20, no. 1 (June 24, 2021): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36041/iqjap.v20i1.534.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh is extremely populated, unhygienic and environmentally degraded city. The growing number of population and environmental degradation are due to natural disaster and economic depression. As a result, the rate of urban poor is and producing huge pressure on urban lands, housing and infrastructure. Due to limited resources these poor people encroached open spaces, wetlands, vacant plots or even footpath for shelter. They don’t have any access to proper job market, healthcare facilities, education and sanitation either. These constraints are mostly resulted from the failures of the government in initiation proper policies and measures. Past policies of slum clearance, modernist apartment projects, housing provision, self-help, sites and services, and in-situ upgrading have not been effective at solving the crisis. This is now prime time to established planning and environmental management policy and sustainable development of the city area. Urban land management, rehabilitation and socio-economic development of the slum dwellers are also very important issues. The key focus of this paper is to find out sustainable development process for urban slum dwellers and build sustainable living place for them which are free from eviction, criminals, rent seekers and other miscreants.
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Nayak, Arun Kumar. "Involuntary Displacement and Human Security: A Study of the Kaptai Dam in Bangladesh." Jadavpur Journal of International Relations 23, no. 2 (September 9, 2019): 199–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973598419863234.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Involuntary displacement caused by development projects has become a great concern in the present era of the free market economy across the globe. There has been extensive research on involuntary displacement; however, it was confined to subjects like anthropology, sociology, and development studies earlier. However, after the 1990s, a very useful theoretical approach to human security is evolving in analyzing the effects of involuntary displacement caused by a number of reasons. Studying the case of the Kaptai Dam of Bangladesh, the study shows that it has brought a broad range of human insecurities into focus—like economic insecurity, food insecurity, health insecurity, environmental insecurity, community insecurity, personal insecurity, and political insecurity. Hence, the paper has suggested for the application of human security approach as a useful tool for researchers while studying the global problems of involuntary displacement.
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Rahman, Mohammad Mafizur, Rasheda Khanam, and Son Nghiem. "The effects of microfinance on women’s empowerment: new evidence from Bangladesh." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 12 (December 4, 2017): 1745–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-02-2016-0070.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of microcredit on women’s empowerment in rural Bangladesh using the latest primary data. Design/methodology/approach Primary data have been collected by a household survey in the four districts of Bangladesh. Logistic regression is used to estimate the odd of improving women empowerment after participating in microfinance. Findings The results show positive impacts of microfinance on most of the selected indicators for women’s empowerment. Research limitations/implications Lack of control groups and baseline data are the main limitation of this research. Future research can address this issue by selecting institutions with baseline data or control groups. Practical implications The findings of the study can help policy makers to adopt appropriate policies that integrate empowerment in development projects with women. Social implications The results of this research could encourage more women to participate in microfinance activities and development projects. Originality/value This research provides the most updated data from a primary survey in Bangladesh. The authors also mitigate the possible selection biases by using a fixed-effects estimator.
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Niloy, Ahnaf Chowdhury. "Jute: Solution to Global Challenges and Opportunities of Bangladesh." SEISENSE Business Review 1, no. 2 (May 12, 2021): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33215/sbr.v1i2.633.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose- The purpose of this paper is to identify possible diversifications of jute to create more sustainable businesses for economic development. Design/Methodology-The paper is prepared using secondary sources of data including published journals, data from research database, news, periodicals, books and websites. The paper is prepared in an exploratory manner, describes several data through graphical representations, and is focused on Bangladesh only. Findings- The study finds that jute’s economic and ecological benefit can make it a cash cow for Bangladesh. Its immense ability of diversification makes it a sustainable solution. Practical Implications- The study shows the feasibility of the project from a government perspective. The study can be practically applicable at economic scale that can be highly beneficial for jute producing countries like Bangladesh.
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Makarewicz-Marcinkiewicz, Agnieszka, and Hussin Alam. "Rola biznesu społecznego w procesie upodmiotowienia kobiet w Bangladeszu na przykładzie działalności organizacji BRAC w dystrykcie Magura." Wrocławskie Studia Politologiczne 25 (October 31, 2018): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1643-0328.25.5.
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The role of social business in the process of women’s empowerment in Bangladesh on the example of BRAC organization’s activities in Magura districtWomen’s empowerment is a process of gradual growth of the spiritual, political, social and economic strength of individuals, communities or entire societies. Strengthening the social position often entails strengthening confidence in one’s own abilities. It is also connected with full participation of women in economic life in all sectors, which is very important in the context of strengthening economies and achieving desirable goals of sustainable development. Social business introduces a completely revolutionary dimension to a free market economy. This does not interfere with the profit-generating mechanism, on the contrary, it promotes investment, management and competitiveness. Satisfaction obtained in achieving specific social goals is the only motive for the investment, and the resulting business is assessed in accordance with this standard. The article presents the process of empowering poor women from the rural district of Magura in Bangladesh, possible to carry out through the activities of the BRAC Bangladesh Rehabilitation Assistance Committee. The work refers to the eff ectiveness of activities in the field of social business, first in the context of changing the awareness of rights and the self-worth of women taking part in such projects, and secondly in the context of improving their socio-economic status and exiting poverty.
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Razzaque, Jona. "Payments for Ecosystem Services in Sustainable Mangrove Forest Management in Bangladesh." Transnational Environmental Law 6, no. 2 (February 2, 2017): 309–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102516000376.
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AbstractIn the context of sustainable development, both developed and developing countries are implementing policies that encourage economic growth, environmental protection and social well-being in resource decisions. According to the 2012 Rio+20 Declaration, market-based instruments that complement regulations can offer an economically efficient push to sustainable growth. Market-based instruments, such as payments for ecosystem services (PES) and other market incentives, may play a crucial role in enhancing the livelihoods and wider well-being of poor people. However, for economic tools such as PES to prove valuable in managing natural resources, the decision-making and implementation processes must integrate adequate rights allocation and participatory mechanisms. This article examines forest ecosystem services in the context of the mangrove reserve forest of the Sundarbans in Bangladesh. It is a UNESCO World Heritage site and one of the largest remaining areas of mangroves in the world with an exceptional level of biodiversity. The article argues for a more realistic and equitable approach to PES projects in Bangladesh. It underscores the need for effective participatory tools, third-party monitoring and multi-service PES schemes to improve multiple mangrove ecosystem services in the Sundarbans.
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Chowdhury, HU. "Making infrastructure work for the poor: Development benefits of PV systems in two Bangladesh communities." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 17, no. 2 (May 1, 2006): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2006/v17i2a3264.
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Bangladesh has been suffering from acute shortages of energy and the gap between demand and supply of energy has been gradually increasing. As the country has very limited natural resources, except natural gas, it largely depends on imported fuel. But due to financial and technical inability, it is almost impossible for Bangladesh to extend fossil fuel based power distribution networks to the rural community. Moreover, the low purchasing power is also a limiting factor for the rural population to have access to the formal energy market. As a result, rural society is in a most vulnerable situation from the side of energy consumption. Against this background, this study aims to examine the link between energy and economic development by collecting primary data from two Bangladesh communities which use solar energy. The study made an attempt to find out the economic and social impacts of sustainable rural energy on poor people and governance and management of these infrastructure projects. The study found that providing electricity through solar energy has a multidimensional affect on rural livelihood. It not only improves the living standard of the rural people but also improves access to information, better health for women and children and an extension of indoor income generating activities. However, poor maintenance, lack of technical knowledge, and training hampered the operation and repairing functions of solar energy technology in the rural community. For improving effective management of solar energy technologies, there is a need to increase end user awareness of system use, end-user capacity to troubleshoot problems, and level of service, quality and timeliness of repairs. The local government should come forward to increase awareness among beneficiaries and ensure the effective functioning of these systems.
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Yasmin, Sabina, Ruhi Begum, and Muhammad Mustofa Kamal. "Governance in Land Acquisition Process: A Study on Shreehatta Economic Zone, Moulovibazar." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 10, no. 2 (May 12, 2020): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v10i2.17015.
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Land acquisition in Bangladesh for development activities is considered a critical issue. This study attempts to explore the existing scenario of the governance in the land acquisition process at Shreehatta Economic Zone, Moulovibazar, Bangladesh. This study is based on both the primary and secondary sources of data. The primary data was collected from 55 respondents which include both administrative officials and the project affected people and the secondary data was collected from different renowned journals, official documents of the administration, newspapers, and other relevant sources. The study reveals that there exists malpractices in the land acquisition process, where project-affected people do not get fair compensation and they are forced to pay bribe for getting compensation. In spite of having national and international guidelines for land acquisition, officials unethically acquire the agricultural land by misusing their discretionary power which leads the project affected people to more vulnerability.
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Sharmin, Sajia, M. Harun Ar Rashid, Ratna Begum, and Sadia Sharmin Hoque. "Relative profitability of farming systems research and development (FSRD) project farmers and non-project farmers of integrated farming systems in Tangail district of Bangladesh." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 16, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v16i1.36492.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Integrated farming system modifies the commercial farming system which ensures higher food production to equate the demand, environmental protection through effective recycling of waste and increased farm income. The present study was undertaken to examine the relative profitability of FSRD project farmers and non-project farmers of integrated farming system. Eighty (80) farmers (40 from FSRD project and 40 from non-project farmers) were selected from Kalihati Upazila under Tangail district of Bangladesh. In the study area, vegetables, fish and poultry enterprises were integrated under technological intervention. The waste of poultry farm was used in fish production and the soil of the pond was used in vegetables cultivation. Per hectare net returns from integrated farming were estimated at Tk513458.10 and Tk256511.90for FSRD project farmers and non-project farmers, respectively. Benefit cost ratio (BCR) was 1.66 for FSRD project farmers and1.37 for non-project farmers. In functional analysis, human labor, fingerling, feed, fertilizer, insecticides costs in case of FSRD project farmers and human labor, feed, salt and lime costs in case of non-project farmers had significant impact on per hectare return of integrated farming. FSRD project farmers were more profitable than the non-project farmers. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is great scope to improve the overall economic condition of farmers through introducing integrated farming system in Tangail District of Bangladesh.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 16(1): 117-122, April 2018
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Quisumbing, Agnes, Akhter Ahmed, John Hoddinott, Audrey Pereira, and Shalini Roy. "Designing for empowerment impact in agricultural development projects: Experimental evidence from the Agriculture, Nutrition, and Gender Linkages (ANGeL) project in Bangladesh." World Development 146 (October 2021): 105622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105622.
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Genilo, Jude William R., and M. Rizwan Sharif. "Tobacco industry governance and responsibility discourses in Bangladesh." South East Asia Journal of Public Health 5, no. 2 (July 25, 2016): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v5i2.28308.
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During the past decade, academics, bloggers, media practitioners and civil society groups in Bangladesh have criticized the tobacco industry for bringing about negative effects on societal health, environment, agriculture and education. Moreover, several newspaper reports have suggested these companies to be corrupt engaging in bribery, breaking of government regulations and laundering of money. In reply to these criticisms, tobacco firms have propagated discourses through the art of rhetoric in the public domain and initiated corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities to project themselves as caring and responsible entities. In light of this, the paper studied and evaluated the discourses on governance, transparency and responsibility as well as the CSR undertakings of the leading tobacco firms in the country British American Tobacco Bangladesh (BATB), Dhaka Tobacco Industries (DTI), Akij Group and Nasir Tobacco Industries. We searched related electronic and/or printed documents using a snowball technique and discourse analysis approach to review the documents. Findings indicated that tobacco companies highlighted in their communication materials (websites, annual reports, news releases, brochures, etc.) the following: ethical business practices, social responsibility, sound corporate governance, quality management and economic success. They likewise made it a point to associate themselves with important events in the nations history, particularly the 1971 Liberation War. More importantly, these companies conducted CSR activities in the areas stakeholders criticized them the most environmental protection (afforestation, biodiversity conservation and renewable energy), health (hospitals), education (primary education, youth development and scholarships) and agriculture (extension services). In so doing, these firms have managed to divert criticisms and instead, create a buzz regarding their social initiatives and governance practices. In this sense, the tobacco industry had succeeded in placing itself at a high moral ground in the country. In this light, it is recommended that further studies should be conducted regarding the CSR projects of tobacco companies in the country analyzing whether these fit to the relevant criteria and acceptable standards of a CSR.South East Asia Journal of Public Health Vol.5(2) 2015: 13-22
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Miklian, Jason, and Kristian Hoelscher. "Entrepreneurial Strategies to Address Rural-Urban Climate-Induced Vulnerabilities: Assessing Adaptation and Innovation Measures in Dhaka, Bangladesh." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (November 2, 2020): 9115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219115.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Climate change amplifies social, political, economic, infrastructural and environmental challenges in many Global South cities, and perhaps no city is more vulnerable than Bangladesh’s capital of Dhaka. Climate-induced rural–urban migration is a profound concern, and Dhaka’s political leaders have embraced technology-based innovation as one solution pathway. This article explores the societal impact of Dhaka’s innovation environment strategies for climate change adaptation and mitigation. Employing a case study qualitative methodology, our three findings expand knowledge about innovation for urban climate adaptation and mitigation as understood by Dhaka-based entrepreneurs. First, the most effective innovations were not the most technologically advanced, but those with the highest degree of participant ownership. Second, gaps between recipient, corporate and governmental understandings of effective mitigation and adaptation harmed projects were driven by different definitions of risk and competing understandings of vulnerability. Third, even the most technical climate adaptation measures were inherently political in their application. We discuss how to better position urban climate innovation infrastructures in Bangladesh and beyond, including developing a better recognition of innovation lifecycles for urban climate adaptation and widening our definitions of “innovation” to better incorporate more effective and inclusive climate adaptation solutions.
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Yasmin, F., M. Hossain, MS Islam, and MHA Rashid. "Economics of Fresh Water Prawn Farming in Southwest Region of Bangladesh." Progressive Agriculture 21, no. 1-2 (November 2, 2013): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v21i1-2.16779.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study was designed to assess the profitability of freshwater prawn farming in gher systems in southwest Bangladesh. Four Upazilas namely: Bagerhat Sadar, Fakirhat, Mollahat and Chitalmari were purposely selected from Bagerhat district. Primary data were collected from randomly selected 100 gher owners. Results of the financial analyses indicate that investment in all the selected golda farming projects is profitable. On an average, total cost of FPF was Tk. 80,301.00 per hectare and average gross return per hectare per year stood at Tk. 216,400.00 and the gross margin per hectare per year was Tk. 205,278.00. The net return per hectare per year was Tk. 136,099.00. Although farmers in the study areas were facing different problems, it was concluded that the freshwater prawn farming is sustainable and it did not have any deleterious effect on environment. Finally, based on the findings of the study, some recommendations were made for the development of sound freshwater prawn farming in Bangladesh.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v21i1-2.16779 Progress. Agric. 21(1 & 2): 223 - 231, 2010
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Rezaul Karim, A. N. M., Mohammed Nizam Uddin, Masud Rana, Mayeen Uddin Khandaker, M. R. I. Faruque, and Sofi Mahmud Parvez. "Modeling on population growth and its adaptation: A comparative analysis between Bangladesh and India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 12, no. 4 (December 13, 2020): 688–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v12i4.2396.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The biggest challenge in the world is population growth and determining how society and the state adapt to it as it directly affects the fundamental human rights such as food, clothing, housing, education, medical care, etc. The population estimates of any country play an important role in making the right decision about socio-economic and population development projects. Unpredictable population growth can be a curse. The purpose of this research article is to compare the accuracy process and proximity of three mathematical model such as Malthusian or exponential growth model, Logistic growth model and Least Square model to make predictions about the population growth of Bangladesh and India at the end of 21st century. Based on the results, it has been observed that the population is expected to be 429.32(in million) in Bangladesh and 3768.53 (in million) in India by exponential model, 211.70(in million) in Bangladesh and 1712.94(in million) in India by logistic model and 309.28 (in million) in Bangladesh and 2686.30 (in million) in India by least square method at the end of 2100. It was found that the projection data from 2000 to 2020 using the Logistic Growth Model was very close to the actual data. From that point of view, it can be predicted that the population will be 212 million in Bangladesh and 1713 million in India at the end of the 21st century. Although transgender people are recognized as the third sex but their accurate statistics data is not available. The work also provides a comparative scenario of how the state has adapted to the growing population in the past and how they will adapt in the future.
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Nasrin, Taskina, and Mohammad Mohiuddin Uzzal. "An Economic and sustainable planning of Bhasan Char as an Exclusive tourism spot with off-grid SMART Green Energy System." AIUB Journal of Science and Engineering (AJSE) 19, no. 1 (April 29, 2020): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53799/ajse.v19i1.47.
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Bhasan char is a coastal island at Hatiya Upzilla of Noakhali District. It is a single char which has been uncovered from the Bay of Bengal a few years back. An emergency humanitarian project implemented by the Bangladesh government at this coastal island “Bhasan Char”, from September 2017, to temporarily rehabilitate a portion of incoming Rohingya refugees before they can repatriate to their homeland, Myanmar. Under this project, Government of Bangladesh (GoB) carried out land development, construction of embankment as well as other infrastructures. Upon repatriation of Rohingya's to Myanmar, we can use the developed land & surroundings as exclusive tourist zone. This paper is an outline to establish Bhasan Char as an exclusive tourist spot and a feasibility analysis of an off-grid hybrid energy generation system for this proposed tourism spot. Here, we had conducted a hypothetical zonal design, energy estimation, off-grid energy distribution, energy generation and a sustainable tariff plan for this exclusive zone in modular basis.
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Stillman, Larry, Mauro Sarrica, Misita Anwar, Anindita Sarker, and Manuela Farinosi. "Sociotechnical Transformative Effects of an ICT Project in Rural Bangladesh." American Behavioral Scientist 64, no. 13 (September 4, 2020): 1871–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764220952126.
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The purpose of this article is to provide lessons from the field about an Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D) project (Participatory Research and Ownership With Technology, Information and Change [PROTIC]) concerned with the use of mobile phones by women in remote villages in Bangladesh. The Bangladeshi government considers that the role of ICT in social and economic transformation is significant for the country’s development. International nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) also regard ICT as important but are challenged as how to use them effectively for their programs and how to deal with long-term sustainability, digital divides, gender, and cultural issues. This article considers the PROTIC project as a modeling force for innovation and pressure on established sociotechnical structures. In this analysis, we follow what Donner defines as the “interrelationship” perspective, as applied to ICT4D. In particular, the notions of niche, regime, and landscape will be used to frame the changes that a village-level project may activate or respond to at the micro, meso, and macro levels of sociotechnical interaction. A mixed methods approach has been implemented during the 4 years of the project to monitor its outcomes, including interviews with project participants, reports of monthly consultations and training with villagers, extensive surveys, analysis of the Facebook profile of the project, and field notes and interviews with local NGOs and international NGO staff. Results show that the women villagers have undergone a transformation in attitudes, skills, and practices associated with mobile phone use. Transformations at individual and community niche levels have in turn influenced the conceptual framework of local and international NGOs and have also contributed to the reorientation of other regime actors, such as universities, major NGOs, and the government. Methodological constraints as well as the complexity of conducting international fieldwork with multiple actors will also be discussed.
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Liza, Zafrin Ahmed, Hajera Aktar, and Mohammad Rakibul Islam. "Solar Energy Development and Social Sustainability: A Case Study on the Teknaf Solar Power Plant in Bangladesh." Journal of Asian Energy Studies 4 (2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/jaes.040001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Due to Bangladesh’s rapid development and fast-growing economy, the Government has placed an emphasis on ensuring a reliable and quality supply of electricity, to permit sustainable and financial development. The state’s policy on private sector involvement and the release of marginal lands for energy plantations is intended to enhance access to energy, through diversifying the energy supply. The country’s first solar park, with a capacity of 28 megawatts (MW), was established on 116 acres of land in Knila, Teknaf of Cox’s Bazar. This facility started producing electricity in September 2018, which is currently being added to the national grid. Solar power is one of the cleanest energy sources, but this does not guarantee that it will be sustainable for all societies. Sustainability is determined by three different parameters: environmental sustainability, social sustainability, and economic sustainability. This paper critically discusses the impact of the project on the socio-economic and agro-ecological conditions of the local people. Using the empirical research method, here the effects have been understood and analyzed from the perspective of the political economy.
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Jeuland, Marc, Nagaraja Harshadeep, Jorge Escurra, Don Blackmore, and Claudia Sadoff. "Implications of climate change for water resources development in the Ganges basin." Water Policy 15, S1 (March 1, 2013): 26–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.107.
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This paper presents the first basin-wide assessment of the potential impact of climate change on the hydrology and production of the Ganges system, undertaken as part of the World Bank's Ganges Strategic Basin Assessment. A series of modeling efforts – downscaling of climate projections, water balance calculations, hydrological simulation and economic optimization – inform the assessment. We find that projections of precipitation across the basin, obtained from 16 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change-recognized General Circulation Models are highly variable, and lead to considerable differences in predictions of mean flows in the main stem of the Ganges and its tributaries. Despite uncertainties in predicted future flows, they are not, however, outside the range of natural variability in this basin, except perhaps at the tributary or sub-catchment levels. We also find that the hydropower potential associated with a set of 23 large dams in Nepal remains high across climate models, largely because annual flow in the tributary rivers greatly exceeds the storage capacities of these projects even in dry scenarios. The additional storage and smoothing of flows provided by these infrastructures translates into enhanced water availability in the dry season, but the relative value of this water for the purposes of irrigation in the Gangetic plain, and for low flow augmentation to Bangladesh under climate change, is unclear.
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hossain, mian b. "analysing the relationship between family planning workers’ contact and contraceptive switching in rural bangladesh using multilevel modelling." Journal of Biosocial Science 37, no. 5 (January 25, 2005): 529–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932004007096.
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with a population of over 131 million and a fertility rate of 29·9 per 1000, population growth constitutes a primary threat to continued economic growth and development in bangladesh. one strategy that has been used to cease further increases in fertility in bangladesh involves using family planning outreach workers who travel throughout rural and urban areas educating women regarding contraceptive alternatives. this study uses a longitudinal database to assess the impact of family planning outreach workers’ contact upon contraceptive switching and upon the risk of an unintended pregnancy. using longitudinal data on contraceptive use from the operations research project (orp) of the international centre for diarrhoeal disease research (icddr,b) in bangladesh, multiple decrement life table analysis and multilevel, discrete-time competing risk hazards models were used to estimate the cumulative probabilities of switching to an alternative form of contraceptive use after a woman engaged in a discussion with an outreach worker. after controlling for the effects of socio-demographic and economic characteristics, the analysis revealed that family planning outreach workers’ contact with women significantly decreases the risk of transitioning to the non-use of contraceptives. this contact also reduces the risk of an unintended pregnancy. family planning workers’ contact with women is associated with the increased risk of a woman switching from one modern method to another modern method. the study results indicate that side-effects and other method-related reasons are the two primary reasons for contraceptive discontinuation in rural bangladesh.
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Tejativaddhana, Phudit, David Briggs, Orapin Singhadej, and Reggie Hinoguin. "Developing primary health care in Thailand." Public Administration and Policy 21, no. 1 (July 2, 2018): 36–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pap-06-2018-005.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe progress in an across sectorial approach to primary health care at the district health service (DHS) level in Thailand in response to recent innovative national public policy directions which have been enshrined in constitutional doctrine and publicly endorsed by the Prime Minister. This paper describes one response to the Prime Minister’s challenge for Thailand to become the centre of learning in the sub-region in health management. Design/methodology/approach The authors utilised a descriptive case study approach utilising an analysis of the Naresuan University initiative of establishing the College of Health Systems Management (NUCHSM). Within that case study, there is a focus on challenges relevant to the socio-economic determinants of health (SOED) and an emphasis on utilising Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) within the DHS structure. Findings The findings describe the establishment of the NUCHSM. A Master of Science (Health Systems Management) by research and a PhD degree have been created and supported by an international faculty. The Thailand International Cooperation Agency recognised NUCHSM by providing scholarships. International students are from Bangladesh, Bhutan, Kenya, Malawi and Timor Leste. Research consultancy projects include two in Lao People’s Democratic Republic; plus, a prototype DHS management system responsive to SDG attainment; and a project to establish a sustainable Ageing Society philosophy for a Thai municipality. Originality/value The case study on NUCHSM and its antecedents in its development have demonstrated originality in a long-standing international collaboration, and it has been recognised by the national government to provide scholarships to citizens of the countries in the sub-region to undertake postgraduate studies in health management. The concept of learning from each other and together, simultaneously as a group, through action research projects funded to enhance the evolution of DHSs is innovative.
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Uddin, Tanvir Ahmed, and Md Fazla Mohiuddin. "Islamic Social Finance in Bangladesh: Challenges and Opportunities of the Institutional and Regulatory Landscape." Law and Development Review 13, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 265–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2019-0072.
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AbstractFrom the end of World War Two, the core methodology of law and development projects has been to transplant the best legal institutions of Western capitalism to poor and emerging economies. In many post-colonial contemporary Muslim-majority countries, such programs have not adequately engaged with local legal systems, cultures and traditions. Contrary to the restrictive modernist approach to law and development, and inspired by the Sharia, there are numerous Islamic social finance mechanisms that can be utilised for poverty alleviation and their existence is evident across Bangladesh. These cover the full spectrum of philanthropic to financing, investments and insurance built upon Sharia norms and principles. Unfortunately, the true potential of Islamic social finance is considerably constrained by the weak regulatory and policy environment. Islamic social finance does not feature in national development plans, is regulated through a patchwork framework, and operates at a negligible scale. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the existing regulatory and institutional landscape of Zakah (obligatory almsgiving), awqaf (perpetual endowments), Islamic microfinance and microtakaful (microinsurance) in Bangladesh and examines the potential and challenges for Islamic social finance to reduce poverty. Thereafter, several pertinent policy and institutional recommendations are provided to effectively modernise and advance the effectiveness of Islamic social finance institutions. The methodology employed is a mixed approach incorporating literature review, legal analysis of laws and regulation and contextual analysis and field interviews among industry stakeholders. Ultimately, while private investment and initiatives are always able to support the Islamic social finance sector, this paper focuses on the extent to which the regulatory and policy environment is a crucial enabler for widespread and sustained development impact.
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Uddin, MT, MM Islam, and M. Nasrin. "Impact study on model livestock community development programme in some selected areas of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Livestock Research 20, no. 1-2 (May 10, 2020): 88–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjlr.v20i1-2.47023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With a view to increase the productivity of existing backyard livestock and poultry production systems and thereby to improve the socio-economic status of the rural people, BLRI in collaboration with the Department of Livestock Services (DLS) initiated the study since April 2010. The specific objectives of the study were to disseminate the livestock technologies for increasing productivity through training and demonstration and to assess the impact of technological interventions on livestock productivity, socioeconomic improvement and changing livelihood status of rural farm families. The study was implemented initially at Kadamtoli under Belkuchi Upazila under Serajganj district and Chakpara and Bichamara villages under Naikhongchari Upazila under Banderban district which was later extended to Talukhabu village of Gongachara Upazila under Rangpur district. Through this project, technological support was provided to a total of 321, 218 and 780 farm households in Belkuchi, Naikhongchari and Gangachara upazila, respectively. In order to conduct the impact study, 90 farmers taking 30 from each Upazila were selected through simple random sampling technique. The ‘before’ and ‘after’ comparison was followed for assessing the impact. The t-statistic was applied to test the significance of relevant parameters. It was revealed that technological intervention has resulted to increase in livestock and poultry population and increase in productivity of milk (19-40%), duck and chicken eggs (22-36%) both horizontally and vertically. There was no occurrence of death of cattle, goat and poultry birds. Farmer’s overall income was boosted up which has contributed to possession of new household assets and addition of the already available assets. The consumption of all food items was increased as well. It was recommended that the programme may be replicated to other locations with new interventions.
Bangladesh J. of Livestock Res. 20(1-2): 88-100, Jan-Dec 2013
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Hasan, Irteja, Milton Shaha, Md Shafiqul Islam, Md Sirajul Islam, Md Solayman, Miraz Hossen, and Md Humayun Kabir. "Environmental Impact Assessment: Integrated Evaluation of Bridge Construction Project in Bangladesh." International Journal of Advanced Geosciences 6, no. 1 (June 5, 2018): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v6i1.11633.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) may provide a mechanism for executing sustainable development and it is also becoming a very significance revision before authorizing of any project plan. EIA helps to decision making process whether the project is beneficial or harmful effects for the environment. Both on site and off site environmental impacts can be reduced through undertaking EIA for any bridge construction activities. This paper mainly concentrates on to find out potential environmental impact during the construction, operation and maintenance phase of the project using different matrix method. It also finds out the effective mitigation measures of the adverse impacts that will be helpful for the surrounding environment. Primary data were collected from field survey, focus group discussion. Most of the impacts and other consequences are identified based on public perception and the interview of the key personnel’s. Secondary data were also collected for conducting the research. The study found that the bridge is connecting three regions (Bauphal, Patuakhali and Barisal) and it will be a great achievement for the local coastal community. This new bridge project will not only increase the communication facilities but also other facilities such as economic flow, medical facilities etc. The EIA study founds some major negative Impacts such as loss of land and resettlement, loss of aquatic habitat, loss of local trees varieties, loss of agricultural lands, loss of vegetation, potential impact on ecological resources, impact on fish migration etc. But analyzing the overall impact of the environment, the EIA study found that that the possible negative impact is not so high and the project can be implemented. Different environmental management plans are suggested for reducing the potential negative impact of the bridge construction project.
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Mantovan, Claudia. "Bangladeshi immigrants’ self-organization and associationism in Venice (Italy)." Migration Letters 18, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v18i1.1063.
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In Italy, most of the studies on immigrants’ associationism and participation have concentrated on the more formal andstructured aspects. Little research has been done on forms of immigrant self-organization not oriented towards the society in the country of adoption. Drawing on these considerations, this article analyzes the self-organization of Bangladeshi residents in the municipality of Venice considering both their infra-political and their politico-organizational mobilization, seeking relationships between these two spheres of action, identifying transnational bonds, and dynamics linked to the social and political context of their home country. At the same time, the study considers the influence of other factors, such as the social, political and economic context found in the country of immigration (at both national and local level), and also the personal variables that can influence people’s participation, such as gender, generation, social class, amount of time spent in the adopted country, legal status, formal education, human capital, attitudes and personal projects in general.
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Islam, M. T., and M. A. Samad . "Mortality in Chicks Associated with Economic Impact and Prospect of Layer Chick Rearer Package Programme of the Participatory Livestock Development Project in Bangladesh." International Journal of Poultry Science 3, no. 2 (January 15, 2004): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2004.119.123.
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Rasul, Golam. "Why Eastern Himalayan countries should cooperate in transboundary water resource management." Water Policy 16, no. 1 (August 27, 2013): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.190.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal in the Eastern Himalayas are interconnected by the common river systems of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna (GBM). The GBM basin is home to approximately 700 million people, comprising over 10% of the world's population. The economy and environment of the region depend on water, but while the need for water is increasing, poor management and climate-related effects are making water supplies erratic. Upstream–downstream interdependencies necessitate developing a shared river system in an integrated manner through collaboration of the riparian countries. This paper examines the opportunities for, and potential benefits of, regional cooperation in water resource management. It suggests that the benefits can increase considerably when a regional (river basin) perspective is adopted that promotes optimum use of water resources for consumptive and non-consumptive use. Regional cooperation can bring additional economic, environmental, social, and political benefits through multi-purpose river projects, which help by storing monsoon water, mitigating the effects of floods and droughts, augmenting dry season river flows, expanding irrigation and navigation facilities, generating hydropower, and enhancing energy and environmental security. A broader framework to facilitate regional cooperation in transboundary rivers in the Eastern Himalayan region is suggested.
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Quamruzzaman, AKM. "The first GM crop in Bangladesh – Bt Eggplant." European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 3, no. 2 (April 14, 2021): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejfood.2021.3.2.237.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Eggplant (Solanum melongena) commonly called Brinjal is the most popular vegetable in Bangladesh. It is extensively cultivated around homesteads and in commercial fields throughout the year. It is estimated that nearly 67 percent of the eggplant crop yield in Bangladesh is lost due to the damage caused by Leucinodes orbonalis also known as eggplant fruit and shoot borer (EFSB). EFSB is reportedly the most serious pest of eggplant. To overcome this EFSB problem Bt eggplant project has been initiated in 2004. The Agricultural Biotechnology Support Project II (ABSPII) is a USAID-supported project that has funded the development of Bt eggplant in Bangladesh under the Public Private Partnership (PPP) mode. Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) received the Event EE-1 eggplant in Mahyco and backcrossed into nine popular eggplant varieties of Bangladesh selected based on the regional consumer preference. The efficacy of cry1Ac gene in providing effective resistance to the target pest was also assessed in terms of productively (fruit yield increase) which was studied in 9 Bt eggplant lines for a period of 7 years from 2008 to 2015. To launch the best 4 varieties, BARI applied to the National Technical Committee on Crop Biotechnology (NTCCB). For release of GM crop variety, first of all follow the recommendation of NTCCB, then submitted to the National Technical Committee on Crop Biotechnology (NTCCB) Core Committee and then to the National Committee on Biosafety (NCB). The Bangladesh government approved four varieties namely, BARI Bt Begun-1 (Uttara), BARI Bt Begun-2 (Kazla), BARI Bt Begun-3 (Nayantara) and BARI Bt Begun-4 (BARI Begun-6 or ISD006) on 30 October 2013 and these got momentum countrywide. On 22 January 2014, Bt seedlings were distributed among 20 farmers in four districts of Bangladesh as the first genetically modified (GM) crops. After the government of Bangladesh approved the cultivation of Bt eggplant in 2013, its popularity is increasing day by day and the socio-economic condition of the farmers is also improving. Bt eggplant started its journey in 2014 with only 20 farmers, in seven years it has grown to about 27012 farmers and from 8 acres to about 5,000 acres. This advancement of Bt eggplant has also faced opposition from different quarters at different times. Today, the progress of Bt eggplant continues by overcoming all obstacles. Field days, trainings, various publications, documentary making, use of mass and social media, observations, workshops, stewardship activities are acting as important regulators of this progress.
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Rahman, K. M. Mustafizur, and Md Ismail Tareque. "Determinants of cigarette/bidi smoking among youth male in rural Mymensingh of Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 28, 2020): e0244335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244335.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background Smoking cigarette/bidi, is a serious health threat, causes preventable premature morbidity and mortality. Higher prevalence of smoking among the youth hampers a country’s development, as the youth are the main drivers of socio-economic development. An effective understanding of factors associated with youth smoking is precious to prevent youth smoking. This study aims to identify the determinants of smoking cigarette/bidi among the youth male of the rural areas of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh. Methods The primary data from the project “Knowledge, awareness and practices among youth smokers in Trishal Upazila under Mymensingh district: A micro-survey study”, funded by the Research and Extension Center, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Bangladesh was utilized in the current study. The data consists of 385 youth males aged 15–24 years who were interviewed face-to-face from the rural areas of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh. Univariate distribution, chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression model were employed to identify the factors associated with smoking cigarette/bidi among the youth male. Results The prevalence of smoking cigarette/bidi among the youth male is 40.3% [95% CI: 35.0%-45.0%]. Age, occupation, monthly income, family’s monthly income, cigarette/bidi smoking status of father, brother and close friends, and knowledge about harmfulness of smoking are revealed as the determinants of cigarette/bidi smoking. For instance, the odds of being smoker increases with the increase in age (Odds ratio [OR]: 1.33 [1.17–1.51]). Business owner is less likely (OR: 0.15 [0.03–0.68]) to smoke than the day labourer. Having smoker fathers (OR: 2.51 [1.39–4.53]), smoker brothers (OR: 2.88 [1.39–5.96]), smoker friends (OR: 9.85 [5.85–1.27]) are significantly associated with smoking cigarette/bidi. Conclusion As the first study, it provides the determinants of cigarette/bidi smoking among youth male of the rural areas of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh. Relevant authorities are suggested to consider the study’s findings and recommendations to revise the existing smoking policies so that smoking among youth can be prevented for future development of the country.
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Faridatul, Mst Ilme, and Bayes Ahmed. "Assessing Agricultural Vulnerability to Drought in a Heterogeneous Environment: A Remote Sensing-Based Approach." Remote Sensing 12, no. 20 (October 15, 2020): 3363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12203363.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Agriculture is one of the fundamental economic activities in most countries; however, this sector suffers from various natural hazards including flood and drought. The determination of drought-prone areas is essential to select drought-tolerant crops in climate sensitive vulnerable areas. This study aims to enhance the detection of agricultural areas with vulnerability to drought conditions in a heterogeneous environment, taking Bangladesh as a case study. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land cover products from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite images have been incorporated to compute the vegetation index. In this study, a modified vegetation condition index (mVCI) is proposed to enhance the estimation of agricultural drought. The NDVI values ranging between 0.44 to 0.66 for croplands are utilized for the mVCI. The outcomes of the mVCI are compared with the traditional vegetation condition index (VCI). Precipitation and crop yield data are used for the evaluation. The mVCI maps from multiple years (2006–2018) have been produced to compute the drought hazard index (DHI) using a weighted sum overlay method. The results show that the proposed mVCI enhances the detection of agricultural drought compared to the traditional VCI in a heterogeneous environment. The “Aus” rice-growing season (sown in mid-March to mid-April and harvested in mid-July to early August) receives the highest average precipitation (>400 mm), and thereby this season is less vulnerable to drought. A comparison of crop yields reveals the lowest productivity in the drought year (2006) compared to the non-drought year (2018), and the DHI map presents that the north-west region of Bangladesh is highly vulnerable to agricultural drought. This study has undertaken a large-scale analysis that is important to prioritize agricultural zones and initiate development projects based on the associated level of vulnerability.
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Latief, Rashid, and Lin Lefen. "The Effect of Exchange Rate Volatility on International Trade and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Developing Countries along “One Belt and One Road”." International Journal of Financial Studies 6, no. 4 (October 16, 2018): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs6040086.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The “One Belt and One Road” (OBOR) project was started by the Chinese government with the aim of achieving sustainable economic development and increasing cooperation with other countries. This project has five major objectives, which include (i) increasing trade flow, (ii) encouraging policy coordination, (iii) improving connectivity, (iv) obtaining financial integration, and (v) fortifying closeness between people. This paper aims to analyze the effect of exchange rate volatility on international trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries along “One Belt and One Road”. We selected seven developing countries which are part of this project, namely Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. We collected panel data for the period 1995 to 2016 from the U.S. Heritage Foundation, International Financial Statistics (IFS) (a database developed by the International Monetary Fund), and World Development Indicators (WDI) (a database developed by the World Bank). We applied Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) (1,1) and threshold-Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (TGARCH) (1,1) models to measure the exchange rate volatility. Furthermore, we employed a fixed effect model to analyze the relationship of exchange rate volatility with international trade and FDI. The results of this paper revealed that exchange rate volatility affects both international trade and FDI significantly but negatively in OBOR-related countries, which correlates with the economic theory arguing that exchange rate volatility may hurt international trade and FDI. It can be concluded that exchange rate volatility can adversely affect international trade and FDI inflows in OBOR-related countries.
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Azim, S. M. Zia Ul, Mohammad Mohiuddin Uzzal, Ahmed Mortuza Saleque, and Md Abdur Rahman. "Feasibility Study of Off-Grid Sustainable Energy System for Coastal Bhasan Char to Rehabilitate Rohinga Refugees." AIUB Journal of Science and Engineering (AJSE) 17, no. 3 (November 30, 2018): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.53799/ajse.v17i3.11.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Government of Bangladesh (GoB) is implementing an emergency humanitarian project at coastal island Bhasan Char under Hatiya of Noakhali District, from September 2017 to temporarily rehabilitate a portion of incoming Rohinga refugees before they can repatriate to their home land, Myanmar. Under this project, GoB will carry out land development, construction of embankment as well as other infrastructures. This study is aimed at providing partial basic energy support to the government’s initiative of rehabilitating 103,200 Rohinga refugees. Under the study, we check the feasibility of establishing off-grid sustainable energy system. We also perform the financial analysis of the proposed energy system by considering 20 years life-span of the project. Our study shows that annual average solar insolation in Bhasan char is 4.82kWh/m2/day and daily bright sunshine hour varies from 3 hours to 11 hours. Wind flow data of Bhasan char shows the average annual wind speed of 3.74m/s which is available round the clock and throughout the year. These data justify the suitability of environment friendly off-grid solar energy system as well as wind energy system for Bhasan Char. However, considering the effective generation hours, to diversify energy sources and basing on analysis result using HOMER (Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources) software – we are proposing a hybrid energy system with 40% contribution from wind and rest 60% from solar. Our financial analysis of the project shows a total cost of 43.848 Crore (USD 0.525 Crore) over 20-year life span. Therefore, a BDT 2.192 Crore/year is quite economical and justifiable, considering the long-term impact that it might provide to displaced 103,200 refugees as well as the solution that we are providing to adverse negative socio-economic impact on Bangladesh from Rohinga issue.
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Ahmed, Nasar U., Marian F. Zeitlin, Alexa S. Beiser, Charles M. Super, Stanley N. Gershoff, and Manira A. Ahmed. "Assessment of the Impact of a Hygiene on Environmental Sanitation, Childhood Diarrhoea, and the Growth of Children in Rural Bangladesh." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 15, no. 1 (March 1994): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659401500120.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A community-based hygiene intervention was developed and implemented in five villages of lowland Bangladesh with the active participation of members of the target group, with the objective of reducing childhood diarrhoea by altering ground sanitation and personal and food hygiene practices such as the washing of hands with ash before handling food and after defecation-related activities, cutting fingernails, removing faeces from the child's body and from the yard, using tube-well water for preparing baby food, and reducing supplementary feeding contamination by proper cleaning of bottles or avoiding bottle-feeding. The project area, typical of Bangladesh, was selected because of its pour hygiene and sanitation conditions and its high rates of diarrhoea and malnutrition. Households with children 0–18 months old in five contiguous villages were targeted for the intervention. Households with children in the same age range in a comparison (control) site selected for observational study without intervention were exposed to about the same amount of contact with the researchers. Baseline surveys of the subset of households with children 9–18 months old were conducted at the control site in July 1985 and at the intervention site in September. The intervention activities were carried out from January to July 1986. A final survey was conducted at both sites in August 1986, using the same questionnaire as for the baseline survey and the children who were then in the same age range, 9–18 months. Both sites had higher cleanliness scores, lower diarrhoeal morbidity, and better growth status at the end of the study period, but the improvement was greater at the intervention site. The effect at the control site may be attributed to the intensive observation exposures, mothers’ education, and socio-economic conditions of the households, whereas the intervention site effects were most likely due to the intervention activities. For evaluation of the effect of interventions, the repeat cross-sectional survey may be adequate for measuring relatively stable outcomes such as knowledge and practices, as well as cumulative growth status, but inadequate for fluctuating morbidity.
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Khatiwada, Dilip, Pallav Purohit, and Emmanuel Kofi Ackom. "Mapping Bioenergy Supply and Demand in Selected Least Developed Countries (LDCs): Exploratory Assessment of Modern Bioenergy’s Contribution to SDG7." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 11, 2019): 7091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247091.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bioenergy can play an important role in achieving the agreed United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and implementing the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, thereby advancing climate goals, food security, better land use, and sustainable energy for all. In this study, we assess the surplus agricultural residues availability for bioelectricity in six least developed countries (LDCs) in Asia and Africa, namely Bangladesh, Lao-PDR, and Nepal in Asia; and Ethiopia, Malawi, and Zambia in Africa, respectively. The surplus agricultural residues have been estimated using residue-to-product ratio (RPR), agricultural residues lost in the collection, transportation and storage, and their alternative applications. We use a linear regression model to project the economic potential of bioelectricity. The contribution of bioelectricity for meeting the LDCs’ electricity requirements is estimated in a time frame between 2017 and 2030. Our results reveal that the surplus biomass feedstock available from the agriculture sector could provide the total current electricity demand in Malawi alone, followed by Nepal (45%), Bangladesh (29%), Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao-PDR) (29%), Ethiopia (27%), and Zambia (13%). This study also explores the complementarity and synergies of bioelectricity, SDG7, and their interlinkages with other SDGs. Findings from the study show that providing access to sustainable energy in the LDCs to meet the SDG7 by 2030 might be a challenge due to limited access to technology, infrastructure, and finance. Site-specific investigations on how much agricultural residues could be extracted in an environmentally benign manner for bioelectricity and increased investment in the bioenergy sector are key potential solutions in a myriad of options required to harness the full energy potential in the LDCs.
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Islam, MH, M. Faisal, and KA Mahmood. "Environmental Impact Assessment of Boga Bridge Patukhali." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 8, no. 1 (August 24, 2015): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v8i1.24675.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The economic development and social unity largely depend on the communication facilities. Improvement of national highway network in Bangladesh has been obstructed due to some rivers. Lohalia is one of the largest rivers in Patuakhali district divides Bauphal and Dumki upazila. The major transport barrier between the Bauphal and Patuakhali, Barisal city is Boga Bridge. The proposed 900 meter long Boga Bridge will be constructed under the supervision of World Bank, ADB, local and international experts. This paper shows the environmental impact assessment of Boga Bridge over the Lohalia River. The aim of the study is to identify the major environmental impact, mitigation measures and environmental impact value of the Boga Bridge. The major impacts of the Boga Bridge are loss of livelihood, loss of land, delta formation, loss of trees and rare species, loss of fisheries, navigational restrictions, surface water pollution, air pollution, soil contamination, river bank erosion, change the river flow. The environmental impact value of this project is 3 (negative three). The mitigation measures for the Boga Bridge project are cash compensation, relocation, periodic dredging, plant two for one felled, provide new jobs, revetment, provide safe water, good food and sanitation etc. By the proper implementation of these mitigation measures must help to reduce these impacts.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 8(1): 73-77 2015
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Silal, Sheetal Prakash, Rima Shretta, Olivier J. Celhay, Chris Erwin Gran Mercado, Sompob Saralamba, Richard James Maude, and Lisa Jane White. "Malaria elimination transmission and costing in the Asia-Pacific: a multi-species dynamic transmission model." Wellcome Open Research 4 (April 1, 2019): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14771.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: The Asia-Pacific region has made significant progress in combatting malaria since 2000 and a regional goal for a malaria-free Asia Pacific by 2030 has been recognised at the highest levels. External financing has recently plateaued and with competing health risks, countries face the risk of withdrawal of funding as malaria is perceived as less of a threat. An investment case was developed to provide economic evidence to inform policy and increase sustainable financing. Methods: A dynamic epidemiological-economic model was developed to project rates of decline to elimination by 2030 and determine the costs for elimination in the Asia-Pacific region. The compartmental model was used to capture the dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria for the 22 countries in the region in a metapopulation framework. This paper presents the model development and epidemiological results of the simulation exercise. Results: The model predicted that all 22 countries could achieve Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax elimination by 2030, with the People’s Democratic Republic of China, Sri Lanka and the Republic of Korea predicted to do so without scaling up current interventions. Elimination was predicted to be possible in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Timor-Leste and Vietnam through an increase in long-lasting insecticidal nets (and/or indoor residual spraying) and health system strengthening, and in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, India and Thailand with the addition of innovations in drug therapy and vector control. Elimination was predicted to occur by 2030 in all other countries only through the addition of mass drug administration to scale-up and/or innovative activities. Conclusions: This study predicts that it is possible to have a malaria-free region by 2030. When computed into benefits and costs, the investment case can be used to advocate for sustained financing to realise the goal of malaria elimination in Asia-Pacific by 2030.
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Silal, Sheetal Prakash, Rima Shretta, Olivier J. Celhay, Chris Erwin Gran Mercado, Sompob Saralamba, Richard James Maude, and Lisa Jane White. "Malaria elimination transmission and costing in the Asia-Pacific: a multi-species dynamic transmission model." Wellcome Open Research 4 (August 8, 2019): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14771.2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: The Asia-Pacific region has made significant progress in combatting malaria since 2000 and a regional goal for a malaria-free Asia Pacific by 2030 has been recognised at the highest levels. External financing has recently plateaued and with competing health risks, countries face the risk of withdrawal of funding as malaria is perceived as less of a threat. An investment case was developed to provide economic evidence to inform policy and increase sustainable financing. Methods: A dynamic epidemiological-economic model was developed to project rates of decline to elimination by 2030 and determine the costs for elimination in the Asia-Pacific region. The compartmental model was used to capture the dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria for the 22 countries in the region in a metapopulation framework. This paper presents the model development and epidemiological results of the simulation exercise. Results: The model predicted that all 22 countries could achieve Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax elimination by 2030, with the People’s Democratic Republic of China, Sri Lanka and the Republic of Korea predicted to do so without scaling up current interventions. Elimination was predicted to be possible in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Timor-Leste and Vietnam through an increase in long-lasting insecticidal nets (and/or indoor residual spraying) and health system strengthening, and in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, India and Thailand with the addition of innovations in drug therapy and vector control. Elimination was predicted to occur by 2030 in all other countries only through the addition of mass drug administration to scale-up and/or innovative activities. Conclusions: This study predicts that it is possible to have a malaria-free region by 2030. When computed into benefits and costs, the investment case can be used to advocate for sustained financing to realise the goal of malaria elimination in Asia-Pacific by 2030.
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Kirkwood, Elizabeth K., Michael John Dibley, John Frederick Hoddinott, Tanvir Huda, Tracey Lea Laba, Tazeen Tahsina, Mohammad Mehedi Hasan, et al. "Assessing the impact of a combined nutrition counselling and cash transfer intervention on women’s empowerment in rural Bangladesh: a randomised control trial protocol." BMJ Open 11, no. 6 (June 2021): e044263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044263.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
IntroductionThere is growing interest in assessing the impact of health interventions, particularly when women are the focus of the intervention, on women’s empowerment. Globally, research has shown that interventions targeting nutrition, health and economic development can affect women’s empowerment. Evidence suggests that women’s empowerment is also an underlying determinant of nutrition outcomes. Depending on the focus of the intervention, different domains of women’s empowerment will be influenced, for example, an increase in nutritional knowledge, or greater control over income and access to resources.ObjectiveThis study evaluates the impact of the Shonjibon Cash and Counselling (SCC) Trial that combines nutrition counselling and an unconditional cash transfer, delivered on a mobile platform, on women’s empowerment in rural Bangladesh.Methods and analysisWe will use a mixed-methods approach, combining statistical analysis of quantitative data from 2840 women in a cluster randomised controlled trial examining the impact of nutrition behaviour change communications (BCCs) and cash transfers on child undernutrition. Pregnant participants will be given a smartphone with a customised app, delivering nutrition BCC messages, and will receive nutrition counselling via a call centre and an unconditional cash transfer. This study is a component of the SCC Trial and will measure women’s empowerment using a composite indicator based on the Project-Level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index, with quantitative data collection at baseline and endline. Thematic analysis of qualitative data, collected through longitudinal interviews with women, husbands and mothers-in-law, will elicit a local understanding of women’s empowerment and the linkages between the intervention and women’s empowerment outcomes. This paper describes the study protocol to evaluate women’s empowerment in a nutrition-specific and sensitive intervention using internationally validated, innovative tools and will help fill the evidence gap on pathways of impact, highlighting areas to target for future programming.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been obtained from the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (Ref. PR 17106) and The University of Sydney (Ref: 2019/840). Findings from this study will be shared in Bangladesh with dissemination sessions in-country and internationally at conferences, and will be published in peer-reviewed journals.