Статті в журналах: "Economic assistance – International cooperation"

1

Medvid, Victoria. "The Main Phases of Ukraine’s Cooperation with International Donors in the Field of International Technical Assistance Projects Implementation (1992-2014)." European Historical Studies, no. 8 (2017): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2017.08.221-230.

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The article analyzes key aspects of Ukraine’s cooperation with International Donors in the period from 1992 to 2014. The article deals with the concept of “international technical assistance” and its involvement in Ukraine, the main directions of international cooperation. It provides the views of scholars on development assistance, its impact on the economy, the development of democracy etc. Special attention is paid to the characteristics of the main phases of International Technical Assistance projects’ implementation. The historiography and documents concerning the International Technical Assistance overview as the one of the ways of international cooperation of Ukraine (1992-2014) have been unfolded. The author identifies three main phases of international technical cooperation based on data from the Ministry of Economic Policy and Trade of Ukraine: 1) from1992 to 1996; 2) from 1996 to 2002; 3) from 2002 to 2014. The article describes the conceptual apparatus relating the involvement of the international aid, the concept of technical assistance and how it presents the Ukrainian international affairs. The data of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine, a number of registered projects from 1996 to 2014 have been presented and analyzed. The vectors of international cooperation in the field of the implementation of international technical assistance projects, their interdependence with social and political issues and the policy of the state have been determined. The author also analyzes the statistics of the registered International Technical Assistance projects during 1992-2014. The aspects of public policy related to development assistance have been analyzed. The historical preconditions of the “development assistance” concept have been explained, the basic scientific positions on the impact of the donor development assistance upon the recipient country have been given.

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2

Loriaux, Sylvie. "Fairness in international economic cooperation: moving beyond Rawls’s duty of assistance." Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 15, no. 1 (January 2012): 19–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2011.572427.

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3

Feldstein, Martin S. "Distinguished Lecture on Economics in Government: Thinking About International Economic Coordination." Journal of Economic Perspectives 2, no. 2 (May 1, 1988): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.2.2.3.

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I am not opposed to international cooperation in all economic matters, but in this lecture, I stress the counterproductive consequences of the international coordination of macroeconomic policy. I believe that many of the claimed advantages of cooperation and coordination are wrong, that there are substantial risks and disadvantages to the types of coordination that are envisioned, and that an emphasis on international coordination can distract attention from the necessary changes in domestic policy. Moreover, the attempt to pursue coordination in a wide range of macroeconomic policies is likely to result in disagreements and disappointments that reduce the prospects for cooperation in those more limited areas of trade, defense, and foreign assistance where international cooperation is actually necessary. In stressing the limited scope for the international coordination of macroeconomic policy and exchange rates, I do not wish to imply that such action is never appropriate. There are some small and very interdependent countries where such coordination should undoubtedly be the general rule. There are also some conditions when the potential gains from coordination are such that all countries could expect to benefit from participation. But the active coordination of the macroeconomic policies and of exchange rates among the United States, Japan, and Germany will generally be inappropriate. Moreover, as I shall explain in these remarks, the United States is particularly unsuited to participate in an ongoing process of economic coordination.

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4

Guo, Shuyong, Yulin Sun, and Pavel Demidov. "The Role of BRICS in International Development Assistance." International Organisations Research Journal 15, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2020-02-06.

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With their growing economic power and international influence, the BRICS group of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa are paying increasing attention to international development assistance. Although the BRICS countries started later than western developed countries, the speed of their development is staggering and their share in foreign aid is gradually increasing. The BRICS countries continue to innovate forms of assistance and cooperation in their own international development assistance, to strengthen cooperation with recipient countries, and to plan their own foreign aid work through the establishment of relevant institutions and the publication of relevant documents. But, at the same time, the BRICS countries are facing certain challenges in the process of international development assistance. This article examines the historical practice of BRICS’ international development assistance, analyzes the role BRICS plays in international development assistance, and considers the future prospects for BRICS’ participation.

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5

Zavydnyak, Iryna. "THE CURRENT STAGE OF LEGAL REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE INVESTIGATION OF TRANSNATIONAL ECONOMIC CRIMES." Slovo of the National School of Judges of Ukraine, no. 4(37) (July 7, 2022): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37566/2707-6849-2021-4(37)-12.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the current stage of legal regulation of international cooperation in the investigation of transnational economic crimes and the identification of shortcomings in international legal acts to determine the forms and directions of cooperation in the investigation of crimes of this category. On the example of international conventions in the field of international cooperation in criminal proceedings, bilateral agreements of Ukraine on international cooperation in the investigation of transnational economic crimes and multilateral regional conventions in the field of criminal procedure, it is shown that international cooperation of competent authorities of Ukraine and foreign countries. Transnational crimes are committed at three levels: universal, regional and bilateral. It is emphasized that bilateral agreements often contain significant gaps in legal regulation, especially in the area of certain types of mutual legal assistance in the investigation of transnational economic crimes, namely: they do not allow for the receipt and provision of comprehensive mutual legal assistance in criminal matters. economic crimes of a transnational nature; do not provide the prospect of expanding the range of forms of legal aid provided depending on the specific circumstances of the case and the state of criminal procedure legislation; do not contain norms on such areas of international cooperation in the investigation of transnational economic crimes as cooperation in the investigation of economic crimes committed with the use of modern computer technology, the use of video communications in proceedings, legal regulation of international search, arrest and confiscation assets obtained by criminal means, as well as proceeds from criminal activity (these areas are only mentioned in some bilateral agreements, without sufficient procedural details). Key words: legal regulation, international cooperation, economic crimes, transnational character, international conventions, bilateral agreements.

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6

Aldaghestani, Wesam Saheb. "International assistance to the Kingdom of Jordan." Международные отношения, no. 1 (January 2020): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0641.2020.1.30891.

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This article discusses the questions of providing assistance by foreign countries and international organizations to the Kingdom of Jordan. Jordan is in the grip of Syrian crisis reflected in arrival of a significant number of refugees. This, in turn, affects the deterioration of the economic situation and security in the state. Jordan has received assistance from the Gulf Cooperation Council that played a key role in aiding Jordan during the local protests. The article uses the content analysis for declarations of Jordan, initiated by the Ministry of International Cooperation; as well as complex approach towards understanding an international subject that greatly contributes to this assistance. It is concluded the most assistance is provided by the United States and the neighboring Arab countries, which influences the political views of Jordan upon regional crucial problems. At the same time, Jordan faces financial deficit that led to organization of local demonstration on the Kingdom and put the Jordanian government into a situation of serious crisis.

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7

Petrenko, Anatolii. "Conventional Regulation of International Cooperation within OECD." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 2 (August 10, 2020): 477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.2.2020.93.

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A characteristic trend in the development of international law in the second half of the XX century and early XXI century is thesignificant expansion of the law-making function of international intergovernmental organizations, which are obtaining an increasinglyimportant role each year in resolving common issues in the political, economic, social, educational and other spheres, acting on behalfand in the interests of the states that formed them. In the system of international organizations of economic nature, an important placebelongs to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, which unites 36 industrialized countries as at 2020. Duringalmost 70 years of the OECD existence, the organization has developed and adopted a wide variety of legal instruments aimed ataddressing the widest range of issues related to various sectors of the economy, the fight against corruption, education and science, theenvironment, etc., recommendations, declarations, international agreements, ad hoc instruments. Based on a purely quantitative indicator,legally binding international treaties have a relatively small percentage of the entire normative body of acts adopted under theOECD. In total, 13 conventions were adopted within its framework, 10 of which are in force today. However, the conventions, deve -loped under the aegis of the OECD, are quite successful examples of codification and progressive development of international law inthe fields of: anti-corruption (Convention to Combat Bribery of Foreign Officials in International Business Transactions of December17, 1997); administrative assistance in the field of taxation (Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters of January25, 1988 and Protocol amending the Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters of May 27, 2010); counteractionto the tax base erosion and profit shift (Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent Base Erosionand Profit Shifting of November 24, 2016); nuclear safety, liability for damage caused by nuclear incidents (Convention on theEstablishment of a Security Control in the Field of Nuclear Energy of December 20, 1957, Convention on Third Party Liability in theField of Nuclear Energy of July 29, 1960 (Paris Convention, 1960), Convention of 31 January 1963 Supplementary to the Paris Conventionof July 29, 1960 (Brussels Supplementary Convention).

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8

Armel, Kaze. "Trilateral Cooperation." China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 06, no. 03 (January 2020): 311–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2377740020500189.

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Over the years, China has forged and mastered its own distinctive foreign aid practices as an emerging aid donor. China’s approach to foreign assistance has become highly appreciated as the country’s stature as a provider of economic assistance has matured. In 2013, under President Xi Jinping, Beijing introduced the Belt and Road Initiative, which has become a leading component of China’s foreign policy and triggered a new round of policy reform in its foreign aid agenda. In Africa, China’s foreign assistance has kept in line with the policy of equal treatment. It has shared its development experience, helped many African countries to transition from “poor” to “developing”, from “aid recipients” to “wealth creators,” and many African countries are thus turning their interests from the West to the East. Certainly, the European Union as a traditional aid donor, remains the largest aid distributor in the world, especially in Africa. In other words, the EU’s foreign assistance has become an indispensable source of funding for many African countries. However, foreign aid effectiveness remains low on the African continent because of the absence of native African policymakers in aid programs designed and implemented by Beijing and Brussels. Some critics argue that Chinese and European assistance to Africa is not bringing about the best results as expected. This article argues that a new international architecture of foreign assistance through trilateral cooperation is needed to increase Chinese and European aid effectiveness in Africa. Trilateral cooperation will not only increase foreign assistance efficiency in Africa, but also give a chance to African countries to strengthen their own development capacity through assistance and guidance, reduce Africa’s aid dependence, and hopefully guarantee a smooth “graduation” of African countries from official development assistance.

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9

Wabwile, Michael. "Implementing the Social and Economic Rights of Children in Developing Countries: The Place of International Assistance and Cooperation." International Journal of Children's Rights 18, no. 3 (2010): 355–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181810x494308.

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AbstractIt is a common feature of the treaties on international protection of economic and social rights that all states, regardless of their resource capabilities, are invited to ratify these treaties. Although all developing countries except Somalia have ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the macroeconomic conditions of systemic poverty and underdevelopment in these countries indicate that there are concerns as to whether and how such states can really perform their legal obligations and guarantee the fulfilment of the Convention's economic and social rights. This article examines the emerging patterns of recent state practice in this area, with a view to identifying the contribution of international cooperation and assistance in these processes. The gist of the discussion presented here is that despite their macro-economic disadvantages, developing countries can accelerate the processes of achieving full implementation of economic and social rights if they have access to appropriate arrangements for external technical and financial cooperation and assistance. In view of this, it is suggested that there may be a legal obligation on the part of the international community to render such assistance and cooperation.

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10

Fujisawa, Jun. "The End of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, no. 2 (2022): 532–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.213.

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This paper analyzes the negotiations within the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance during the final years of its existence, focusing on the Soviet reform proposals and M. S. Gorbachev’s vision of the “Common European Home” as well as on Eastern European reaction to them. In the second half of the 1980s, Gorbachev tried to found a “unified market” for the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance by introducing a market-oriented reform of the organization. However, this attempt did not materialize because of the East German and Romanian objections. After the collapse of Eastern European socialist regimes in 1989, the Soviet leadership urged the member-states to accelerate the reform of this international organization, hoping to achieve the pan-European economic integration through close cooperation between the totally reformed Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the European Community. Although the Central European countries, namely Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland, aspired to join the EC individually, they agreed to participate in a successor organization of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance because the EC was not ready to accept them. Accordingly, by the beginning of 1991, all the member-states agreed to establish a consultative organization, which would be named the Organization for International Economic Cooperation). However, as the Soviet Union failed to sustain trade with the Central European countries, the three countries lost interest in the project. As a result, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance was disbanded without any successor organization. In other words, it did not collapse automatically after 1989 but came to an end as a result of various factors, such as rapidly declining trade between the member-states, Western disinterest in the cooperation with it, and the Central European policy changes.

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11

Zhiltsov, S. S. "West’s role in the development of Ukraine." Post-Soviet Issues 7, no. 3 (November 24, 2020): 266–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2020-7-3-266-275.

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The collapse of the USSR pushed Ukraine for pursuing a policy aimed at expanding cooperation with Western countries. Ukraine placed great emphasis on economic cooperation with the EU and United States, as well as financial assistance from Western countries and international financial organizations, primarily the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Such interest in collaborating with the IMF was driven by the needs of the Ukrainian economy to solve current social and economic problems, maintain the political stability for the elites in power. The increased focus of the Ukrainian side on external financial assistance related to the Ukraine failure to address economic challenges, appeared after the collapse of the USSR, and initiate a new foreign economic policy. The inefficiency of the economy was aggravated by clear-cut governmental policy deficiency. At the same time, Ukraine continued to open up the country to Western capital. This weakened Ukraine’s position on world markets, negatively affected its economic potential. Hence, Ukraine went in for cooperation with the IMF to gain financial assistance and tackle its economic problems. On the other hand, the IMF showed great attention to Ukraine, granting funds to Ukraine as a part of cooperation programs but setting economic conditions and political demands. The ongoing borrowing policy has led to Ukraine foreign debt increase, triggering the dependence of the Ukrainian authorities on the IMF. In recent years, under the new President of Ukraine V. Zelensky, Ukraine has proceeded with the policy of cooperation with the IMF.

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12

Demianchuk, Olha. "MODERN FORMS OF UKRAINE’S COOPERATION WITH INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS." Scientific Notes of Ostroh Academy National University, "Economics" Series 1, no. 31(59) (December 21, 2023): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2311-5149-2023-31(59)-62-69.

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In this article, the importance of modern forms of Ukraine’s cooperation with international financial institutions (IFSs) is discussed. The author systematised IFIs by classification criteria and looked into the main forms of financial cooperation between the government of Ukraine and IFIs. The analysis indicates that in today’s global economic system, the most common form of cooperation between governments and IFIs lies in lending. The structural and dynamic analysis of the forms of financial assistance from IFIs to Ukraine also confirmed this. The analysis of the cooperation between the Ukrainian government and IFIs also confirmed that loans from IFIs are the main source of long-term financing for socio-economic development projects in Ukraine’s priority sectors. Additionally, the author analyses the aspects of Ukraine’s cooperation with the IMF, the World Bank Group, and the IBRD, and identifies the areas of use of credit and investment resources in 2020-2023. Hence, the borrowed credit resources received by Ukraine from the IMF are used to service external debt, finance the budget deficit and deficits in the balance of payments and trade. In times of crisis for Ukraine’s economy, the IMF’s loans help replenish the NBU’s foreign exchange reserves, maintain the stability of the national currency, and optimize the monetary policy of the National Bank of Ukraine which stimulates lending to the real economy. Ukraine used the loan resources from the IFIs of the World Bank Group to cover the budget deficit, to implement institutional and structural reforms as well as long-term investment projects. The author also defines the importance and role of international technical assistance in the framework of Ukraine’s cooperation with IFIs, proving that international technical assistance is provided to Ukraine on a free and non-refundable basis by donor countries and international institutions. In conclusion, the author underlines the expected risks and necessity of this cooperation.

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13

Shakirov, A. "USA: Official Development Assistance." World Economy and International Relations, no. 3 (2012): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2012-3-43-51.

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The article considers the aims and practices of the United States’ foreign assistance provided to other, especially developing, states. The aims include the promotion of the international development, on the one hand, and the achievement of US own national interests in security, economic and political spheres, on the other hand. Official foreign assistance (OFA) of the United States is divided into two types: economic assistance and military-technical one. Currently, the USA is the world's largest donor of both types of the official foreign assistance. This author discusses structure and factors influencing the OFA provided to the developing countries, as well as the experience of cooperation in this sphere between Russia and the United States.

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14

Korniyaka, Oleksandr. "The role of Ukraine’s economic cooperation with international financial and credit organizations in the context of inclusion of Ukraine to the world economic system." Ìstorìâ narodnogo gospodarstva ta ekonomìčnoï dumki Ukraïni 2019, no. 52 (2019): 295–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ingedu2019.52.295.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the history of economic cooperation with the international financial and credit organizations in the context of the development of integration processes regarding the inclusion of the Ukraine's economy to the world economic system. The issues of cooperation of the Ukrainian state with the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank Group, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in the direction of financial and credit support for the reform of the public, municipal and private sectors of the economy are investigated. The factors that prevent effective cooperation with the International Financial Organizations are identified and threaten the desire for further integration of the Ukrainian economy into the world economic system, based on the analysis of the amount and purpose of financial and credit resources allocated by the International Financial Organizations. The main negative factors are: political incoherence and lack of awareness of the importance and necessity of Ukraine's cooperation with International Financial Organizations; ineffective work of specialists and employees that involved in the process of developing and implementing projects and programs of Ukraine's cooperation with International Financial Organizations; bureaucracy in the approval of Projects and Cooperation Programs with International Financial Institutions; high level of abuse and opacity of the use of credit facilities of International Financial Institutions; low rates of implementation of Ukraine's Economy Reform Plans and Programs, taking into account the requirements of International Financial Institutions as one of the main components of providing financial and credit assistance. Studies of the impact of international cooperation in the sphere of monetary relations on the process of modernization of Ukraine and its integration into the world economic system have shown that the cooperation of the Ukrainian state with the International Financial Organizations has become a key factor in intensifying integration and modernization processes.

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15

Flade, Falk. "Beyond socialist camaraderie. Cross-border railway between German Democratic Republic, Poland and Soviet Union (1950s–60s)." Journal of Transport History 40, no. 2 (May 9, 2019): 251–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022526619845339.

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In order to facilitate cross-border railway transport between socialist countries in Eastern Europe, the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance and later the Organisation for Cooperation of Railways were established in 1949 and 1956. Joint planning, standardisation and tariff policy were the main fields of cooperation. The paper focuses on the struggles between Council of Mutual Economic Assistance and Organisation for Cooperation of Railways member countries regarding transit tariffs for cross-border freight shipments. These struggles, dragging on for more than three decades, reveal the economic interests of individual member countries and the limitations of socialist foreign trade (and alleged friendship). This study argues that despite of political declarations and the establishment of socialist international organisations, the East European railways became a major bottleneck in intrabloc trade.

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16

Oamen, Philip E., and Eunice O. Erhagbe. "The impact of climate change on economic and social rights realisation in Nigeria: International cooperation and assistance to the rescue?" African Human Rights Law Journal 21, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1996-2096/2021/v21n2a43.

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The role of international cooperation and assistance in the realisation of economic and social rights has not been given sufficient attention in existing literature. It is also quite concerning that, although the impact of climate change has dominated scholarly debates in recent times, most of the discussions focus on environmental and economic perspectives, with scanty reference to its specific impact on the realisation of economic and social rights. However, the fact is that climate change not only alters the environment, but also adversely affects the realisation of economic and social rights of people, especially the most vulnerable groups of society. This article appraises these adverse effects of climate change in Nigeria and argues for an international cooperation approach towards mitigation and adaptation mechanisms. Drawing on several United Nations human rights and climate change instruments, the article theorises 'contributory and legally obligatory grounds' to affix an international obligation to developed countries in favour of developing countries such as Nigeria, in the latter's efforts to address the socio-economic impact of climate change. However, it notes that international cooperation is complementary, not substitutive of the Nigerian government's obligation to realise economic and social rights with locally-available resources.

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17

Bezzubko, B., and Yu Bezzubko. "Directions for improving the effectiveness of international technical assistance in Ukraine." Bulletin of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University Economic Series, no. 103 (December 30, 2022): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2311-2379-2022-103-02.

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International technical assistance (ITA) is gaining more and more importance in the international economy. International technical assistance becomes an integral element of the international economic system, a significant factor influencing its development. The article identifies factors affecting the effectiveness of international technical assistance. The external factors of influence include: adequacy of the volume and urgency of providing assistance; increasing transparency and awareness of assistance programs; conducting joint analytical work by donors; increasing the amount of assistance provided through programmatic approaches (planning, budgeting, implementation) that exist in Ukraine. Internal factors of influence include: the presence of a strategy of international technical assistance as part of the national development strategy; modernization of the state management system of ITA; improvement of the legal framework; active involvement of civil society in the planning, implementation, monitoring and control of ITA; improvement of the system of monitoring, control and evaluation of the results of implementation of ITA. It was established that the main conditions for increasing the effectiveness of ITA are: the introduction of new tools for assessing the impact of international technical assistance on the socio-economic processes taking place in the country; changes in the methodology and methods of implementation of projects and programs of ITA in accordance with the needs and limitations of the recipient; development of the potential of assistance recipients; transparency and accountability in management; interdepartmental and public-private cooperation and partnership. Increasing the effectiveness of ITA will be facilitated by: the transition to joint financing of solving urgent problems by both donors and recipients; increasing the level of responsibility of recipients for the use of received resources of ITA; constant communication between donors and assistance recipients; availability of highly qualified specialists; constant cooperation with state authorities in the country.

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18

Beletskaya, Maria. "Changes in international development aid policy: from Trump to Biden." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 6 (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760023425-4.

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International development assistance is an integral part of the foreign economic and foreign policy activities of the US government. International aid is one of the largest components of US foreign relations spending and is regarded by many members of Congress as one of the most important foreign policy instruments. However, many US citizens and members of Congress feel that the US cannot afford such international aid spending, given the current budget deficit and competing budgetary priorities. As one of the largest donors of international development aid, the United States is of considerable interest to many researchers, including those who study trends in the polarization of attitudes toward foreign policy, including international aid. This article is devoted to the current US policy in the field of international development cooperation at the beginning of the presidency of Joe Biden. It examines the economic component of US government assistance: the total amount of US economic assistance, as well as the structure of international aid spending and country priorities for US economic assistance, are considered. An assessment of the prospects for US assistance is presented based on an analysis of the Joint Strategic Plan of the State Department and the Agency for International Assistance 2022-2026 and the US National Security Strategy 2022. Despite the stability and relative inertia of the international aid system, one can observe an increase in US interest in development assistance after the transition of power to President Biden, including in the context of competition with China.

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19

Khan, Hameed Ullah, Shan Zeb, and Mutaseem Billah. "Core Member and the Success of Regional Organizations: A Study of China's Role in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization." Global International Relations Review VI, no. I (March 30, 2023): 96–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/girr.2023(vi-i).10.

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The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), established in 2001, promotes cooperation in trade, economics, scientific technology, and energy. China, a key player in the group, has implemented measures to ensure fair distribution of its gains through regional cooperation and integration. China has proposed the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to boost economic cooperation and connectivity in the SCO region. It has also offered financial assistance and technical expertise to other member states to boost infrastructure development and economic growth. China pledges to strengthen cooperation in trade, energy, and security, requiring cooperation and compromise for mutual benefits. These initiatives demonstrate China's commitment to regional cooperation and willingness to make sacrifices. In conclusion, China is now in favour of the SCO playing a bigger geopolitical role. Presently, China portrays the SCO as a vibrant and active alliance that aims to position itself as the protector of regional and international security.

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20

Grzybowski, Kazimierz. "The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the European Community." American Journal of International Law 84, no. 1 (January 1990): 284–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203032.

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After nearly 15 years of official and unofficial contacts and negotiations, on June 25, 1988, representatives of the European Community (EC) and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA or COMECON), meeting in Luxembourg, signed a Declaration establishing official relations between the two parties so as to “develop cooperation in areas which fall within their respective spheres of competence, and where there is common interest.”

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Gasanov, E. A., T. G. Krasota, S. E. Gasanova, V. O. Lukoyanova, and A. E. Grishanova. "GLOBAL ECONOMIC AND GEOPOLITICAL FACTORS AND THEIR IMPACT ON SUS- TAINABLE INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMY." Vestnik of Khabarovsk State University of Economics and Law, no. 4(114) (November 10, 2023): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.38161/2618-9526-2023-4-006-011.

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World economy includes the exchange of goods and services, scientific and technological cooperation, the provision of legal, technological and economic assistance, the creation of joint ventures, etc. They are the result of the development of a market economic system, which has long acquired a global character. Economic problems reflect the deepening and complication of foreign economic relations. International cooperation is an effective mechanism for the development and diffusion of innovative technologies. In modern conditions, the solution of these problems comes up against, first of all, geopolitical realities.

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22

Lindtnerová, Klaudia. "Economic and Financial Crisis – Challenge for Adaptation of the Official Development System of the Slovak Republic." Studia commercialia Bratislavensia 6, no. 23 (September 1, 2013): 429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/stcb-2013-0006.

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Abstract Official Development Assistance (ODA) system is not being considered as a traditional instrument for economic cooperation promotion between the donor and the recipient country. The ongoing economic and financial crisis has severely affected the competitive pressure in the international and national markets. The aim of each economic entity is to adapt and to ensure the competitive advantage in a turbulent economic environment. The main objective is to examine the economic cooperation development of Slovakia through official development projects in Kenya. The author analyses the ODA system of Slovak Republic during the economic and financial crisis and presents the possibility of economic cooperation development between Slovak Republic and the ODA recipient countries (namely Kenya).

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23

FLISSAK, Kostiantyn. "INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT COOPERATION OF THE VISEGRAD FOUR COUNTRIES." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 4(65) (2021): 144–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/10.35774/sf2020.04.144.

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Introduction. One of the challenges of the globalized world economic system to national economies is the need to optimize their participation in the international division of labour. In this regard, increases the importance of the investment segment of foreign economic activity in achieving economic growth in competitive conditions with the priority of providing national economic interests . The purpose of the article is to review the investment relations of the Visegrad four countries in dynamics, to determine their investment priorities in attracting foreign direct investment in the national economy and in making direct capital investments abroad, to summarize their practice of supporting investment in the country and abroad, to draw attention to the possibilities of their adaptation to the Ukrainian practice of foreign economic activity. Results. There are considered the financial component of foreign economic activity of the Visegrad four countries in the investment segment, the dynamics of bilateral investment flows, and the features and priorities of investment cooperation between the countries in foreign markets. There is drawn attention to the system of providing state support for investing within countries and abroad in the interests of the national economy. Conclusions. The dynamics of the investment segment of the Visegrad four countries in foreign economic activity demonstrates the priority of countries in expanding their investment presence in foreign markets. At the same time, the national interests of each of the states, taking into account EU membership, are different, which determines the presence of peculiarities in the formation and implementation of the investment policy of each of the countries. The implementation of the priority of expanding the investment presence in foreign markets and effectively attracting FDI to the national economy increases, despite the market status, role and impact of state regulation of these processes. State assistance is implemented by appropriate regulatory support for investment activities, the use of a wide range of financial and institutional support for investment cooperation, the creation of a network of structures for implementing investment policy, taking into account the specifics of countries and in the context of promoting national economic interests.

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Edwards, David T. "INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS ON COOPERATION IN COMBATING MARINE POLLUTION,." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1987, no. 1 (April 1, 1987): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1987-1-201.

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ABSTRACT The severe nuclear accident in Chernobyl at the end of April 1986 highlighted the importance of early notification of any accident having major transboundary environmental consequences and the need to facilitate international assistance and mutual cooperation in dealing with such an accident. Since 1969 many coastal countries have been entering into regional intergovernmental multilateral and bilateral agreements providing for the timely notification of marine pollution emergencies and mutual assistance and cooperation in responding to such incidents involving oil and other hazardous substances. To date, there are 11 such regional agreements either in effect or under development. This paper discusses the fundamental elements common to them and their status. Current oil company cooperatives or similar arrangements are briefly described as well as activities of the European Economic Communities (EEC). There will be occasions when major marine pollution incidents are beyond the collective response capability of a region. The role of the main international organizations in responding to requests for assistance and recent attention given by the International Maritime Organization to the problems of developing countries in dealing with major marine pollution incidents also are discussed. Although the effectiveness of such agreements largely depends on the capability of the individual participating countries, they all serve to enhance the overall ability of the international community to combat marine pollution through the sharing of knowledge and experience and the pooling of resources.

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Schleicher, Rafael Tavares, and Ana Flávia Barros-Platiau. "The Brazilian international development cooperation : over-representation, ambivalence, decentralization and instrumentalism." Revista Tempo do Mundo (RTM): n. 31, abr. 2023, no. 31 (September 14, 2023): 25–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.38116/rtm31art1.

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The main goal of the article is the analysis of primary data from the Brazilian International Development Cooperation (Cooperação Brasileira para o Desenvolvimento Internacional – Cobradi). It characterizes the Brazilian participation in the International Development Cooperation (IDC) agenda based on the implementation of the country’s cooperation for other developing countries. Relying on data from the Cobradi research gathered by the Institute for Applied Economic Research (Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada – Ipea) since 2010 and by the Development Assistance Committee of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (DAC/OECD), the article identifies four characteristics of the Brazilian IDC since 2005: over-representation, ambivalence, decentralization and instrumentalism. Although the article focuses essentially on identifying regularities and trends, it is inevitable to conclude that Brazil needs a more integrated IDC management system, as well as a framework to assess the impacts of public investment on this agenda, particularly the country’s contributions to international institutions.

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Aptsiauri, David. "«Thespecificsofnationalpracticeinprovidingofinternationaldevelopmentandcooperationpolicy»(caseofChina)." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University.Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series. 144, no. 3 (2023): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6887/2023-144-3-47-52.

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In the article, the author considers the national models of modern internationaldevelopment and cooperation policy based on experience and specifics of China’s approach.China’s role and importance in contemporary international economic assistance programs issteadily increasing at bilateral and multilateral levels, including the appearance of such GlobalInitiatives as, Belt and Road, BRI (2013), Global Development Initiative, GDI (2021), andothers. The global confrontation and fragmentation of international cooperation desperatelyrequiretheelaborationofanewstrategyfordevelopedanddevelopingcountries.Inthisrespect,the goal of this brief study is to deepen the knowledge on the mentioned topic among academicandbusinesscommunities,students,andresearchers,aswellasNGOs.Thehistoricalrootsof the foreign assistance policy of China, its content, principles, and philosophy present theintegral parts of the publication. Special attention is devoted to the cultural component of theChineseprogramsofinternationaldevelopmentpolicy,whichdiffersthemfromothercountries’practices.

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Klymchuk, Iryna. "Global imperatives of economic component development of general secondary education in Ukraine." ScienceRise: Pedagogical Education, no. 5 (44) (September 30, 2021): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2519-4984.2021.241186.

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A literary analysis of economic issues of financing education by the state, in accordance with international law and globalization of the world economy in order to implement the right to quality education is presented. A conceptual analysis of the system of improving the financing of educational institutions in Ukraine, in particular the specifics and various mechanisms for raising funds and international cooperation of developing countries with developed countries and international programs has been conducted. In addition, the results of international assistance to Ukraine, including financial assistance at the level of general education – international charitable assistance in the form of an international project "House of Europe", within the international programs "Erasmus +" and "European Solidarity Corps" are analyzed. The international program "House of Europe" is presented, which supports creative cooperation between Ukrainian organizations, educational institutions and their partners from the EU and the UK, finances the development of cultural infrastructure and educational programs for young people. Also presented is the Erasmus + Program (2021–2027), an EU program to support and develop education, training, youth and sport in Europe. The program focuses on the social integration of young people, the environmental and digital development of developing countries, and the participation of young people in democratic life. According to the results of joint activities within the international program / project "House of Europe", the international program "Erasmus" and the European Solidarity Corps, the most defined criteria for the quality of general secondary education are identified, namely: objective assessments of educational institutions - student performance tests, the probability of successful entry into prestigious colleges and universities after graduating from primary and secondary school; as well as subjective assessments - attendance of classes, received assessments (success), students' interest in certain training courses / programs, taught in an educational institution. Statistics on the activities of the "ESC Summary" / European Solidarity Corps and "Erasmus +" for 2019–2020 according to the reporting "ESC Summary" / European Solidarity Corps and "Erasmus +" are presented

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Vaz, Alcides Costa. "International drivers of Brazilian agricultural cooperation in Africa in the post-2008 economic crisis." Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 58, no. 1 (June 2015): 164–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7329201500109.

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This text focuses on the major drivers of Brazilian agricultural cooperation in Africa as conceived and pursued from 2004 to 2014, with emphasis on the impacts of political and economic international changes that took place in that period, and particularly the impacts of the 2008 economic crisis, in framing Brazil's foreign policy and development assistance initiatives. It addresses current international forces and developments at the systemic level, but also analyses recent economic domestic developments, in particular those directly related to Brazilian agriculture and those related to the policy framework of its evolving internationalization. Special attention is paid to the dual dimensions of Brazilian agricultural policy and to its projection in agricultural cooperation as pursed in Africa.

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Vyshniakov, O. V. "МІЖНАРОДНА ДОПОМОГА І ПОСТВОЄННА ВІДБУДОВА ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКИХ КРАЇН: ДОСВІД ДЛЯ УКРАЇНИ". Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu Serìâ Ekonomìka 13, № 25 (2023): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-2822-2023-13-25-58-66.

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The reconstruction of Western Europe after the Second World War was one of the greatest successes of economic and foreign policy. The purpose of the article is to analyse the peculiarities of international assistance in the post-war reconstruction of European countries and to implement the available experience for effective implementation in Ukraine. The goals and directions of implementation of the European Recovery Programme (Marshall Plan), financial and institutional support are determined. It is substantiated that the implementation of the Plan contributed to strengthening European cohesion around the relevant political reforms aimed at developing and increasing production, expanding trade, and ensuring stability. The article identifies the main components that ensured the effectiveness of the post-war recovery programme for national economies of Western Europe and suggests the directions for implementation of the European experience in Ukrainian practice, including: optimal and timely combination of political and economic factors corresponding to a particular historical moment; responsibility, validity and comprehensiveness of the programme, which ensured adaptation of specific assistance programmes and measures to local conditions; constructive dialogue with the public; awareness of the responsibility of mutual cooperation and self-help, highly effective institutional support for the programme, etc. It is proved that the effective organisation of international assistance for the restoration and formation of the basis for the post-war reconstruction of the national economy in modern conditions is becoming the most important condition for ensuring the security development of not only Ukraine and Europe, but also sustainable global development. Key words: international assistance, post-war reconstruction, recovery programme, humanitarian assistance.

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Wang, Jue, Shi Wang, Hua Wang, and Yan Song. "A Numerical Simulation Analysis Framework of Sustainable Regional Economic Cooperation: A Case Study of the New Silk Road Economic Belt." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 15, 2022): 5991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14105991.

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This paper divides the Silk Road Economic Belt into four regions. Based on the economic characteristics of these regions, the authors construct a regional equilibrium gravity model with a multilateral resistance variable. The results of the theoretical analysis show that China’s three measures (trade liberalization, financial assistance, and technological assistance) will lead to different trade effects and welfare effects. This paper conducts numerical simulations to analyze these effects among regions under different circumstances, and the authors confirm that the simulation results are consistent with real trade changes. The main results are: (1) Trade liberalization can greatly increase China’s exports to the four major regions, and the welfare of all regions will also increase (Simulation 1). (2) Technological cooperation and assistance can continuously improve local production technology, which in turn leads to a slight decline in China’s exports to the four major regions, but in the long run, the welfare of all regions has improved (Simulation 2). (3) The financial assistance from international institutions will increase the regional trade and welfare linearly (Simulation 3). Finally, this paper draws some conclusions based on the numerical simulation results.

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Kharchuk, Oleksandr. "Economic component of the sustainable development concept." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 3 (November 10, 2020): 378–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.3.2020.23.

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The article deals with the problem of the realization of the right to development in international economic law in the context ofthe development of international cooperation. The normative component of the right to development is considered. The relationshipbetween the right to development and the system of principles of international economic law is analyzed.The normative fixing of the elements of the right to development in international legal instruments is defined. The application ofthe right to development in the practice of international organizations is shown. The article also discusses the challenges of today’s sustainabledevelopment.Sustainable development is based on three main elements: environmental, economic and social equality. The right to developmentcan’t be imagined without the institutional mechanisms of international economic law. It is clear that the activities of institutional institutions at the global, regional and subregional levels contribute to the development of partnerships at the interstate level in order toachieve development. Cooperation of states at the institutional level influences the formation of the modern international economicorder. Implementing sustainable development at the national level is a difficult task due to the vagueness of national legislation, lackof funding and lack of adequate institutional capacity. An important element in exercising the right to development is the developmentof effective mechanisms for international cooperation. Transformations in this direction require coordination, mutual responsibility andaccountability, interest and efficiency. It is clear that the activities of international institutions at the global, regional and subregionallevels promote the development of partner relations at the interstate level in order to achieve development. Cooperation of states at theinstitutional level affects the formation of modern international economic order, accelerates the formation of important conceptual provisionsof a legal, economic and political nature and promotes global development. Transformation in this direction requires coordinationof action, mutual accountability and reporting, interest and effectiveness. The enhancement of transparency and accountability inthe use of development provides assistance in creation of effective and mutually beneficial partnerships in this area.

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Kharchuk, Oleksandr. "Economic component of the sustainable development concept." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 3 (November 10, 2020): 378–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.3.2020.70.

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The article deals with the problem of the realization of the right to development in international economic law in the context ofthe development of international cooperation. The normative component of the right to development is considered. The relationshipbetween the right to development and the system of principles of international economic law is analyzed.The normative fixing of the elements of the right to development in international legal instruments is defined. The application ofthe right to development in the practice of international organizations is shown. The article also discusses the challenges of today’s sustainabledevelopment.Sustainable development is based on three main elements: environmental, economic and social equality. The right to developmentcan’t be imagined without the institutional mechanisms of international economic law. It is clear that the activities of institutional institutions at the global, regional and subregional levels contribute to the development of partnerships at the interstate level in order toachieve development. Cooperation of states at the institutional level influences the formation of the modern international economicorder. Implementing sustainable development at the national level is a difficult task due to the vagueness of national legislation, lackof funding and lack of adequate institutional capacity. An important element in exercising the right to development is the developmentof effective mechanisms for international cooperation. Transformations in this direction require coordination, mutual responsibility andaccountability, interest and efficiency. It is clear that the activities of international institutions at the global, regional and subregionallevels promote the development of partner relations at the interstate level in order to achieve development. Cooperation of states at theinstitutional level affects the formation of modern international economic order, accelerates the formation of important conceptual provisionsof a legal, economic and political nature and promotes global development. Transformation in this direction requires coordinationof action, mutual accountability and reporting, interest and effectiveness. The enhancement of transparency and accountability inthe use of development provides assistance in creation of effective and mutually beneficial partnerships in this area.

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Ahmad, Ashfaq. "Nature of INDO-US Maritime Cooperation." Global Strategic & Securities Studies Review IX, no. I (March 30, 2024): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2024(ix-i).02.

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Indo-US maritime cooperation is a symbol of a strategic alliance built on shared geopolitical interests and a commitment to preserving peace and security in the Indo-Pacific region. Two major maritime powers, India and the United States, have come to understand the value of cooperating to find solutions to pressing problems including disaster assistance, freedom of navigation, maritime security, and counterterrorism. This cooperation is exemplified by joint naval drills, intelligence exchange, and technology transfer, all of which are indicative of a common understanding of the significance of the maritime domain in global affairs. The alliance aims to safeguard maritime commons, promote economic expansion, and advance a norm-based international order. Combining their naval force allows both nations to respond to emerging threats and preserve regional peace.

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Paudel, Damaru Ballabha. "An Analysis of Emerging Trends in Economic Diplomacy: A Comparison between Group of Seven (G7) and BRICS Alliance." Journal of Foreign Affairs 3, no. 01 (October 10, 2023): 86–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jofa.v3i01.56568.

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Economic diplomacy is the use of diplomatic apparatuses and strategies to promote a country’s economic interests abroad. This involves negotiating favorable trade agreements with other countries, attracting foreign investment, or facilitating international cooperation in areas such as technology transfer or development assistance, tourism promotion and use of economic intelligence to promote the economic wellbeing of a country. The conventional international economic order comprises of Breton-wood institutions, world trade organizations and global resource control of advanced economics such as G7 group. However, the emerging order involves the rise of new economic powers in the developing world such as BRICS group, AIIB and the rising economic power of their currency including proposed BRICS currency. In this article, I will attempt to analyze the traditional as well as emerging trends that shape the new economic world order.

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Godovanyuk, K. A. "ON THE PROSPECTS OF THE UK-AFRICA COOPERATION AFTER BREXIT." Вестник Удмуртского университета. Социология. Политология. Международные отношения 4, no. 2 (July 3, 2020): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2587-9030-2020-4-2-179-185.

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UK’s interests in Africa are driven by economic perspectives and natural resources. This becomes more relevant in the age of global transformation of contemporary system of international relations. In 2018 British government set to become the biggest investor to Africa among G7 countries. On the eve of formal withdrawal from the EU, London hosted the first UK-Africa Investment summit confirming British commitment to strengthen economic and business cooperation with Africa in post-Brexit age. After leaving the EU, the UK is free to pursue its own international trade agenda, the authorities pledged to boost UK position in Africa in light of growing competition. The UK’s historical ties with the region is an advantage (19 out of 53 members of Commonwealth is located in Africa). The author concludes that the African countries expect that London will liberalize its internal market for African products and migration rule for African people. Of particular importance in the dialogue with the countries of the Black Continent is the rhetoric of promoting the environmental agenda and assistance in combating epidemics. Discussion remains, however, about the extent to which Britain's humanitarian programmes and international development assistance can contribute to London's strategic objectives in Africa. In light of COVID-19 pandemic London has a chance to enhance its image in Africa.

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Adamyk, Victoriia, and Daryna Lebid. "Inclusive development of Ukraine and international financial and technical cooperation for its activation." Herald of Ternopil National Economic University, no. 1(87) (January 30, 2018): 56–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2018.01.056.

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The purpose of the article is to identify the problems and prospects of the inclusive development of the national economy, and to outline the state and possibilities of attracting foreign aid for its activation based on the analysis of socio-economic stratification in Ukraine. The research paper focuses on problems of Ukraine’s inclusive development and financial and technical assistance aimed at solving these problems. The processes of socio-economic differentiation and stratification in different countries and Ukraine are considered through the use of different indicators and indexes. The level of inclusiveness of economies of certain countries and Ukraine is analyzed by the groups of indicators that are used to calculate the Inclusive Development Index (groups of growth and development, inclusiveness, inter-generational equity and sustainability of development). The advantage of using this aggregated index is indicated and compared to conventional instruments of empirical analysis of the country’s socio-economic situation, in particular GDP per capita, Gini coefficient, etc. The problems of functioning of inclusive institutions in Ukraine are outlined and the most important directions of their development are determined. The emphasis is on the need to attract foreign aid to increase the inclusiveness of the national economy. A number of projects of financial and technical assistance to inclusive development that are being implemented in Ukraine are considered and conclusions are drawn regarding their expediency and priority. The necessity of leveling out the actions of extractive institutions of corruption and bureaucracy in order to increase the efficiency of using foreign economic assistance is emphasized. The interdisciplinary nature of the problem of inclusive development of the country and the possibility of its solution in the framework of the implementation of the international poverty eradication policy are emphasized. The research is carried out through the use of the following methods: analysis and synthesis to identify the preconditions for the inclusive development of the domestic economy and areas that require external resources; comparative analysis for identifying the problems of functioning of the domestic system of inclusive institutions and formulating a concept for strengthening it on the basis of applying foreign practice; correlation analysis to determine the relationship between indicators of inclusive development; tabular and graphical methods for visualizing the results of the analysis.

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Adamyk, Victoriia, and Daryna Lebid. "Inclusive development of Ukraine and international financial and technical cooperation for its activation." Herald of Economics, no. 1(87) (July 8, 2019): 56–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/10.35774/visnyk2018.01.056.

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The purpose of the article is to identify the problems and prospects of the inclusive development of the national economy, and to outline the state and possibilities of attracting foreign aid for its activation based on the analysis of socio-economic stratification in Ukraine. The research paper focuses on problems of Ukraine’s inclusive development and financial and technical assistance aimed at solving these problems. The processes of socio-economic differentiation and stratification in different countries and Ukraine are considered through the use of different indicators and indexes. The level of inclusiveness of economies of certain countries and Ukraine is analyzed by the groups of indicators that are used to calculate the Inclusive Development Index (groups of growth and development, inclusiveness, inter-generational equity and sustainability of development). The advantage of using this aggregated index is indicated and compared to conventional instruments of empirical analysis of the country’s socio-economic situation, in particular GDP per capita, Gini coefficient, etc. The problems of functioning of inclusive institutions in Ukraine are outlined and the most important directions of their development are determined. The emphasis is on the need to attract foreign aid to increase the inclusiveness of the national economy. A number of projects of financial and technical assistance to inclusive development that are being implemented in Ukraine are considered and conclusions are drawn regarding their expediency and priority. The necessity of leveling out the actions of extractive institutions of corruption and bureaucracy in order to increase the efficiency of using foreign economic assistance is emphasized. The interdisciplinary nature of the problem of inclusive development of the country and the possibility of its solution in the framework of the implementation of the international poverty eradication policy are emphasized. The research is carried out through the use of the following methods: analysis and synthesis to identify the preconditions for the inclusive development of the domestic economy and areas that require external resources; comparative analysis for identifying the problems of functioning of the domestic system of inclusive institutions and formulating a concept for strengthening it on the basis of applying foreign practice; correlation analysis to determine the relationship between indicators of inclusive development; tabular and graphical methods for visualizing the results of the analysis.

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Garcia, Gabriel, and Qinqing Xu. "China’s international cooperation: assisting developing countries to build intellectual property systems." Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property 13, no. 1 (May 5, 2023): 52–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/qmjip.2023.01.03.

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The world has witnessed the rapid transformation of China from a country with a limited legal system to support global trade and protect intellectual property (IP) to a nation with a mature legal framework supportive of an economy driven by knowledge and innovation. This transition has facilitated a change in the role played by China in its cooperation in the field of IP, from a recipient of foreign technical assistance to a provider of such assistance to other developing nations. This article assesses China’s collaboration with other developing countries to strengthen the protection of IP in the context of the rising significance of technology and innovation in the economic plans implemented by Beijing. It argues that China’s engagement in the IP arena follows a South-South cooperation approach supportive of the interests of the developing world in international forums. The essay concludes that the collaboration between the Asian powerhouse and the Global South will continue in the near future but it may change by 2035 when China’s economy will rely more on innovation.

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Swiss, Liam. "The adoption of women and gender as development assistance priorities: An event history analysis of world polity effects." International Sociology 27, no. 1 (November 18, 2011): 96–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268580911423047.

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Growing similarity of development assistance policy and reference to emerging global consensus on development issues has been a striking trend in the foreign aid community in recent years. This article uses event history techniques to undertake an exploratory analysis and test world polity effects on the spread of gender and development policies and institutional structures among 22 aid donors of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development’s Development Assistance Committee from 1968 through 2003. Findings point to the influence of other donors, international civil society, international treaties and conferences as strong determinants of the homogenization of development assistance policy and the adoption of gender policies by donor organizations.

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Kuzmin, Yuriy. "Mongolia and COMECON: Experience of Successful Cooperation." Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 24, no. 4 (December 19, 2023): 682–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2488.2023.24(4).682-693.

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The article provides an analytical review and assessment of the collection of documents “Mongolia in the COMECON: On the Path of Eurasian Economic Integration. 1961–1991.” (M., 2023). The collection includes 267 original archival documents reflecting the main directions of economic cooperation between Mongolia and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance over 30 years. Previously unpublished materials (some of which have been declassified specifically for this publication) from the collections of leading Russian and Mongolian archives clearly demonstrate the scale, mechanisms and forms of interaction between Mongolia and the central apparatus of the COMECON and individual member countries of the organization. The positive experience of international cooperation within the framework of an intergovernmental economic organization that united the countries of the socialist community, accumulated on the pages of the collection under review, acquires particular value in the context of the regionalization of the modern world economy.

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41

Sokolova, N. A. "Climate Change: International Legal Regulation Development." Actual Problems of Russian Law 16, no. 12 (January 2, 2022): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2021.133.12.177-184.

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The paper is devoted to the development of international legal regulation in the field of combating climate change. Over the years, states, in the face of scientific uncertainty, have been trying to find ways to keep global warming at 1.5 °C by establishing international commitments of various configurations.When cooperating in the fight against climate change, additional substantive discussions arise, related, for example, to the implementation of international trade measures or the provision of human rights. However, the main direction remains the one covered by the context of sustainable development, ESG principles for business, government and society, strategies for energy policies of states, cooperation in adaptation and assistance to developing countries.Approaches to the international legal regulation of cooperation in the field of combating climate change began to form when the international community started to pay much attention to the international legal protection of atmospheric air and the protection of the ozone layer. As early as the preamble to the 1987 Montreal Protocol, the emphasis was placed on the potential climate impact of ozone-depleting substance emissions.The international legal regime established by the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, in fact, outlined guidelines for finding optimal forms of cooperation, taking into account changes not only in the state of the environment, but also in the economic agenda. The Conference of the Parties has been identified as the key institutional platform for cooperation. Currently in conjunction with the 1992 Framework Convention and the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement the Conference of the Parties provides the conditions for their implementation.

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Gvozdej, Nataliia. "COOPERATION OF UKRAINE WITH INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL AND CREDIT ORGANIZATIONS: CURRENT STATUS AND EXPANSION PROSPECTS." Three Seas Economic Journal 3, no. 2 (April 29, 2022): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5150/2022-2-7.

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The article analyzes the state of Ukraine's cooperation with leading international financial organizations, paying special attention to such organizations as the International Monetary Fund, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the World Bank, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association. The article identifies the advantages and disadvantages of cooperation with the IMF. The investment and credit activity of IFRS in Ukraine is analyzed. The influence of IFRS on the economic development of the country has been studied. The features of Ukraine's cooperation with the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development are revealed. The most relevant joint projects of the World Bank and the Government of Ukraine are given. The subject of the study is theoretical and practical issues related to the role of international financial organizations in financing the state development of the country. The purpose of the article is to open to identify the impact of international financial and credit institutions on financing the social development of Ukraine. research methods. The work uses a combination of general scientific and specific methods and approaches, such as dialectics, consistency, the method of scientific abstraction, comparative and factor analysis, and the logical approach. Work results. The role and significance of the IFC as an important source of external financial resources are disclosed. Scientific approaches to the use of international financial assistance and ensuring economic development in conditions of financial imbalances are summarized. It is shown that the experience of international financial organizations and their recommendations make it possible to take into account global and regional trends and processes, risks and problems in the financial environment. This is important for shaping the financial policy of sovereign states and improving the formats of their cooperation in the international arena. Findings. Financial cooperation with international institutions is a powerful source and an effective tool for the development of the national economy. The resources of international financial institutions are used to implement programs aimed at market reform, ensuring the stability of the national currency, solving socio-economic problems, economic growth, financing the state budget deficit and balancing the balance of payments. But financial debt to these institutions makes the country's economy vulnerable and dependent on foreign creditors. Now, when Ukraine is in a state of crisis, the issue of finding resources in the external market needs an urgent solution. Of particular relevance is the search for ways to expand international financial cooperation of Ukraine, which is associated with the need to provide the national economy with the necessary amount of financial resources due to a lack of funds in the Ukrainian market. A sovereign country has advantages in obtaining external official financial resources in comparison with other economic entities, which are determined by the trust in the sovereign state. This means support in the international arena and better conditions for receiving financial assistance. Additional financial resources as part of external official assistance allow the introduction of the latest technologies and financing mechanisms of the IFC, which improves the best management of financial resources and increases the efficiency of their use.

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43

Morrison, Charles E. "Development Cooperation in the 21st Century: Implications for APEC." Asian Perspective 21, no. 2 (September 1997): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/apr.1997.a921125.

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Abstract: The purpose of this article is to explore the relationship between the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum and prospects for development cooperation in the 21st century. It argues that resource transfer as a dominant feature of North-South relations is likely to decline as a major form of development cooperation among the APEC member-economies and within the Asia-Pacific region more generally. However, the Asia-Pacific region of the future will require a significant economic and technical cooperation component within the APEC framework. Moreover resource transfers from the increasingly rich economies in Asia-Pacific to much poorer regions will be needed, and APEC can be a vehicle for policy discussions and research related to such “out-of-region” transfers. APEC has sometimes been described as the first “post-cold war international institution.” Its very structure and composition challenge notions of the post-World War II development-cooperation regime, which many observers now consider to be in a deep crisis. It is therefore essential to review the potential development-assistance role of this institution as it relates to APEC members’ trade and investment as well as human-resource development. APEC member-economies should view development cooperation broadly as a process by which they work together to develop the entire region in mutually agreed upon ways, and not as a process for resource transfers. In this sense, all the members are developing economies, cooperating to achieve common goals such as establishing efficient regional transportation networks and protecting the Asia-Pacific environment. Once these visions are clearly stated, the work programs they generate are primarily national ones. APEC thus captures under its own label and connects many individual efforts that APEC societies are doing in their own interests. The APEC modes of development cooperation then replicate those of trade and investment liberalization and facilitation. Individual member-economies make and compare their own national action plans to achieve the regional goals, and the group seeks to supplement and strengthen these individual efforts through sharing information and experiences as well as by concentrating national efforts and formulating joint endeavors where these make economic and political sense. Recognizing the different stages of economic development, some of the more advanced APEC economies will want to assist others in meeting their goals through foreign assistance. These bilateral, or possibly multilateral, foreign assitance activities can be placed alongside national efforts as contributions toward achieving common APEC goals. But they are not APEC programs as such, nor should they be administered through a cumbersome multilateral bureaucracy. And, given the economic dynamism of the region, the vast majority of efforts to create a prosperous, well-connected, and clean Asia-Pacific region will come from private-sector investments within nations rather than from the relatively small foreign-assistance programs that remain or might still be developed. Another development-cooperation function for APEC could address global development issues from an Asia-Pacific perspective as an emerging partner to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) through its Development Assistance Committee. This would serve several functions, including encouraging greater regional and global responsibility sharing by the emerging newly rich economies, and supporting community-building in APEC through cooperative out-of-region endeavors. This approach would, of course, be compatible with and supportive of the APEC notion of “open regionalism.” APEC would then not simply be a self-interested community, but a community dedicated to a prosperous and secure global system.

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44

Liu, Qianqian. "Japan’s Practice in Green Aid and Its Implications for China." China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 02, no. 02 (January 2016): 201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2377740016500111.

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The ever-growing global environmental challenges require new thinking of development assistance from the international society. Since more than two decades ago, many countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) have started to deliver “green aid” which integrates environmental objectives into their assistance programs. As an OECD member and one of the world’s largest green aid providers, Japan has been recognized as a good example for other countries. Based on an in-depth analysis of the motivations, priorities, approaches as well as challenges of Japan in providing green aid, this article sums up three key lessons for the international society to learn in this regard, including: (a) enhancing technological cooperation; (b) exploring such tools as trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) in addition to traditional official development assistance (ODA) channels; and (c) engaging in closer dialogue with recipient countries to better address their demands. In view of China’s recent attempts to “green” its foreign assistance, the article further suggests some potential areas where China can be more actively engaging itself to incorporate green objectives into its aid programs.

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45

Leshenyuk, Oleg. "Potential of Integration Structures for Standardization of Regional Economic Cooperation." Eurasia. Expert, no. 3 (2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s271332140017028-7.

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The article examines the complexity of multilateral forms of interaction of integration structures, as well as their potential in the field of standardization of regional economic cooperation. The author emphasizes that in order to reduce the risks associated with the imposition of sanctions, it is necessary to activate the potential of union structures in the field of standardization of regional economic cooperation. The article explores the dependence of the effects of integration on the degree of assistance to interstate, interregional, local contacts in the private sector. One of the results of such interaction are international ratings and standards of various kinds. Such ratings are based on economic, political, social and other information. It is noted that integration structures have great potential and are gaining importance in the field of rating creation.

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46

Martseniuk, Ruslana. "Military Cooperation of Ukraine and the Baltic States (1991-2017)." European Historical Studies, no. 8 (2017): 165–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2017.08.165-220.

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The article analyzes the main stages of military cooperation between Ukraine and the Baltic States (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia) from the establishment of diplomatic relations after the collapse of the USSR and to this day. The reasons for the activation of the mentioned cooperation in the conditions of the crisis of the international security system, which is connected with Russian aggression and violation of international security agreements. Today, in order to counteract the armed aggression in the militarization of the Russian Federation, one of the most urgent areas for ensuring Ukraine’s military security is the following: effective use of bilateral and multilateral cooperation with partners and allies in the military sphere; implementation of standards and principles of NATO member states; involvement of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the international operations of NATO and the EU. So today in the conditions of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation towards Ukraine and the threat of security and tranquility in Europe, the Baltic countries provide Ukraine with military and economic assistance both within NATO and on a bilateral basis. This is the supply of ammunition that the Ukrainian Armed Forces needs in the forefront and assistance in the treatment and rehabilitation of our wounded soldiers and active assistance in providing professional advisers for military affairs and tactical medicine. The security dimension of relations between our countries is also the creation of a unique international military formation of LITPOLUKRBRIG, which practically allows us to work out our military interoperability and compatibility and is one of the largest and ambitious military cooperation projects.

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47

Zharikov, M. "The Efforts of the International Financial Institutions in Fighting the COVID‑19." Review of Business and Economics Studies 8, no. 3 (March 2, 2021): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2308-944x-2020-8-2-12-22.

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The article analyses the periods of socio-economic and socio-cultural cycles. it reveals the factors of interrelating conditions of an economy and a nation’s health. it reconsiders the issues of organizing international assistance programs in various countries. it introduces proposals as to the directions of international aid programs in poor countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America. A major deliverable of the article is the significance of the necessity to break away from the isolation in international relations and deeper cooperation between the nation-states based on the international financial and economic organisations such as the iMF and the World Bank.

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48

Puchkov, V. "PROSPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF LIFE SAFETY." International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy 18, no. 1 (January 26, 2021): 72–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17994/it.2020.18.1.60.4.

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The relevance of the research is determined by the fact that in the current conditions economic, technological, social, cultural, and religious competition between states becomes increasingly acute. Global threats are constantly increasing which proves the need for international cooperation in this area – right now many countries around the world are working together to reduce the threat of a large-scale epidemic of acute respiratory infection. New challenges of global scale are emerging, and there are still risks of natural, man-made, bio-social, and other catastrophes that could lead to global crisis situations, which requires Russia to strengthen its role in this area. The article is devoted to the problems of selecting prospects for national innovation and technological strategies that allow giving a new impetus to international humanitarian cooperation and emergency humanitarian response. The main aspect of methodological and legal bases of innovative management in international economic cooperation is the implementation of interrelated measures that provide large-scale assistance in areas of major disasters. Materials and publications of domestic and foreign experts working in the humanitarian field were used as sources in this analysis. The main purpose of the research is to substantiate the prospects for innovative management of international cooperation in the humanitarian sphere and in the field of disaster risk reduction. In accordance with the stated purpose of the study, the key tasks of substantiating the organizational foundations for the formation of an integrated system of international emergency humanitarian response, creating a new economic model of innovative management of international cooperation in the humanitarian field in order to increase economic security were solved. The methodological foundations of the research provide for the theory of constructing a new system of economic interstate humanitarian interaction. As a result of the research, the prospective directions of international economic cooperation and humanitarian cooperation, identified on the basis of a specific historical analysis of the development of such interaction, are analyzed. The article analyzes not only theьstages of building an international humanitarian response system with different countries, but also the experience of creating institutional joint organizations in the field of ensuring life safety at the international level. On this basis, a modern economic model of innovative management of international humanitarian aid is proposed, which meets the principles and spirit of international law. Practical recommendations for increasing the importance of the Russian Federation in the international system of emergency humanitarian response are substantiated. We have developed proposals that will allow our country to make a technological breakthrough in the international humanitarian sphere. The results of the research can be applied in the formation and implementation of the national international policy of humanitarian cooperation in the field of life safety.

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49

Protić, Marina. "European Union Investment Funds in the Western Balkans with International Audit Standards." Dialogue and Universalism 32, no. 3 (2022): 263–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/du202232351.

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The European Union conceives IPA preaccession assistance funds as an instrument of support to the countries of the Western Balkans in the process of European integra-tion. The components of assistance include the most important spheres of public life, embracing regional integration and service economy as segments of social development of the countries. The regional interconnection is realized through various forms of cross-border cooperation between countries in their accession to the European Union project. In order to use the funds, joint local and regional initiatives are formulated in the context of achieving sustainable economic and social development. Those projects comprise adequate arrangements for all relevant subjects with the use of modern technologies and modalities of implementation. Funds contribute to the improvement of inter-state cooperation, reducing regional disparities and ensuring balanced development of the Balkan countries. The generally accepted international auditing rules and standards recognize financial statements, in order to determine the accuracy of project implementation.

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50

Vandenhole, Wouter. "Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the CRC: Is There a Legal Obligation to Cooperate Internationally for Development?" International Journal of Children's Rights 17, no. 1 (2009): 23–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181808x358267.

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AbstractSeveral provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child contain references to international cooperation, sometimes in combination with a reference to the needs of developing countries. This article explores whether these references, in light of the interpretation given by the Committee on the Rights of the Child and of other human rights treaties which contain similar wording (in particular the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Disability Convention), amount to a legal obligation to cooperate internationally for development in the field of economic, social and cultural rights. While it is not possible to establish the existence of a legal obligation to provide development assistance in general – which would amount to an extraterritorial obligation to fulfil – legal obligations to respect and protect economic, social and cultural rights of children in third countries do apply. Moreover, the CRC Committee has clarified some specific obligations of fulfilment for donor countries, such as, amongst others, the allocation of 0,7 per cent of GDP to development assistance, and the adoption of a rights-based approach to development cooperation, in which children's rights are mainstreamed.

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