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1
Sharonova, Viktoriya. "The role of the Russian Imperial Consulate in Nyuzhuang (Yingkou) in expanding trade and economic ties between Russia and China from 1906 to 1909." Problemy dalnego vostoka, no. 1 (2023): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013128120024371-9.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article describes the activities of the Imperial Consulate of Russia in Niuzhuang (Yingkou) during the period from 1906 till 1909. One of the priorities of the work of Russian diplomats at that time was the restoration of Russian-Chinese trade and economic relations as the part of the social and cultural policy in South Manchuria. A young diplomat, consul Andrey Terentyevich Belchenko, played a special role in expanding the commercial contacts between Russian and Chinese players. Thanks to the assistance of the Imperial Consulate, the problems associated with the local branch of the Russian-Chinese Bank for the return of allocated funds were resolved. Paying great attention to the promotion of the Russian manufactory in Niuzhuang (Yingkou), Consul Belchenko ordered assistance in this abrupt return of “The company Vikula Morozov with Sons”, “Ivan Konovalov with Son”, “Manufactory of N.N. Konshina "and others. Having visited at the beginning of 1908 Harbin, the Russian consul in Yingkou, had negotiations with Russian merchants who had big business problems due to the consequences of the Russian-Japanese War. In the spring of the same year, Harbin entrepreneurs came to Niuzhuang and made contacts with Chinese partners on the realization of the flour and oil industry. The Imperial Consulate, despite the high competition of the parties with foreign companies (Great Britain, Japan, Germany, etc.), actively promoted the Russian trading company in the inexpensive market, and by the end of 1909, the sale of domestic goods exceeded the pre-war level. The shipping traffic of Russian transport was also restored, which became regular since 1908.
2
Prianyshnykova, M. V., and O. D. Hudenko. "Corona-test of the Real Economy and Financial and Economic Imperatives to Overcome the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic." Problems of Economy 3, no. 45 (2020): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-0712-2020-3-18-24.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article aims at highlighting the financial and economic imperatives and semantics of the practical ways for overcoming the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic by country, and finding capabilities for their implementation in Ukraine, taking into account the corona test results of the real economy expressed in the national measures of sustainable and comprehensive development, traditionally taken as a whole. The state of institutional and sectoral units of the real sector of economy during the COVID-19 global pandemic has been analyzed. The key factors of the negative impact on economic sustainability have been systematized based on the criterial invariance of the quantitative and qualitative indices of the production, logistics, labor availability (saving) and bankruptcy parameters. The research results in suggesting two types of measures to overcome the pandemic effects: the first one is at the enterprise level, and the second one is at the state level. The first group should include the companies’ strategy decomposition, e.g. reducing costs, restructuring activities, diversifying production to meet the domestic market needs, supporting employees’ mobility and engagement in remote work (online operation). The second group should include deferring tax payments, providing assistance (support) to enterprises and employees, state guarantees on loans, interest-free loans, one-time financial help, one-time grants for certain sectors, which are among the most sensitive ones to the COVID-19 pandemic effects. A critical analysis of the best practices in overcoming the pandemic effects in such countries as France, the USA, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Turkey, Japan, China, South Korea and others has been carried out. Possible ways of their application in Ukraine have been offered.
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Noskova, Olga P. "Public solidarity during a pandemic: international experience." Socialʹnye i gumanitarnye znania 8, no. 4 (December 14, 2022): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.18255/2412-6519-2022-4-404-415.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article provides a meaningful analysis of domestic and foreign websites, which reflects up-to-date information about the peculiarities of civil activism and public solidarity during the COVID-19 pandemic in such countries as: Great Britain, Canada, France, Australia, America, Mexico, Russia. In the course of the analysis, similar assistance programs, common motives of people to engage in volunteer activities are highlighted, and unique projects related to both the geographical location of regions and the mentality of citizens are indicated. An attempt has been made to prove that volunteering during the pandemic is an effective tool for the formation of social solidarity around the world, and its manifestation in difficult times is a necessary and effective way to preserve the social health of the population and maintain the socio-economic balance of states. It is concluded that self-isolation served as an impetus to strengthen social ties between people and led to the emergence of new forms of interaction, as well as support options for various categories of citizens. In conclusion, the statement is made about the importance of cooperation between civil activists and regional governments in terms of organizing productive interaction and providing prompt mutual assistance in the emerging challenges of unstable and rapidly changing reality.
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Kozin, S. V. "Society in the period of COVID–19. Review of the collective monograph “Pandemic COVID-19: challenges, consequences, counteraction” (edited by A.V. Torkunov, S.V. Ryazantsev, V.K. Levashov)." Moscow State University Bulletin. Series 18. Sociology and Political Science 28, no. 3 (September 14, 2022): 306–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24290/1029-3736-2022-28-3-306-319.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article presents the author's views on the new collective monograph “The COVID-19 pandemic: challenges, consequences, counteraction” (Moscow: “Aspect Press”, 2021), which claims to provide almost comprehensive coverage and generalization of foreign and domestic theoretical and practical thought, information devoted to the study of the emergence and further development of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in the world. A comparative analysis of sociological studies (for example: Great Britain, Italy, Russia, USA) devoted to measuring the social opinion of the population regarding the consequences of COVID-19 is extremely valuable. In general, the collective monograph published will tell the reader on its pages about the genesis of the development of world pandemics that have left their bright mark, about the prevailing socio-political and economic aspects during COVID-19, about existing measures of state assistance to the population and much more. Within the framework of this review, the content of all five chapters of the collective monograph was briefly highlighted, in addition, the author of the article selectively highlighted and supplemented the most controversial and even overlooked by the authors of the work significant aspects. In conclusion, it is concluded that this scientific academic work is aimed at a wide range of readers.
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Dziurdzia, Konrad. "Metamorfoza Kultury i sektora kreatywnego w gospodarce ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem propozycji i środków UE." Gospodarka w Praktyce i Teorii 28, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1429-3730.28.02.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article outlines the changing role of culture in modern economy. According to European examinations and researches (including the European Commission), culture is one of the biggest and most dynamically developing employers of Europe, supporting increasingly domestic economies, particularly at the regional level. According to many economists, for instance David Throsby (Professor of Economics at Macquarie University in Sydney ), countries, which are not investing in culture at the age of innovative economies cannot function properly. Culture is no longer perceived only in terms of some aesthetic values but is more often regarded as an economical motor. Moreover, the definition of culture applies now to a very broad range of activities, including creative sectors, which are using cultural resources. Culture becomes a web of different sectors. Culture has a direct and indirect impact on economy, especially in the social sphere, it may also strongly affect economic transformations of areas, characterized by low level of general investments. Furthermore, it becomes an object of scientific and economical analyses. Many European countries are demonstrating an interest in the economics and culture, Great Britain or Germany for example – adapting widely culture for economic and social purposes. However this process needs a great deal of support, it is not possible without coherent promotional and educational system, deeply hierarchical model, active participation of non-government organizations, a huge amount of plans and assistance programs dedicated to culture at the local, regional and domestic level, as well as wide non-profit social contribution into the bloom of this increasingly important branch. The idea of profitable culture should be attached to national development strategies. We should create appropriate mechanisms, changing the social attitude towards culture, harnessing informative and educational campaigns raising public awareness of the notion of National Heritage (already at the level of basic education). Long-term programs aiming cultural education are compulsory, within different aspects of its activity. Culture fulfills multiple purposes important for the economy, it stimulates : the labour market, the entrepreneurship of private, public institutions and the society, development of new technologies, tourism, development of professional qualifications (in particular shaping the idea of lifelong learning), other industries. The proportion of well-educated employees in the cultural & creative sector is significant, what was proven in British examinations. Finally, culture allows Poland to apply for a huge financial aid from the EU funds: Culture Programme, European Capital of Culture, Media 2007 Programme, Digital Libraries initiatives, Lifelong Learning Programme or Europe for Citizens project. The role of culture shouldn’t be underestimated at the time of economic chaos in Europe, when governments are deciding on budget cuts. To some extent the article is answering a question, whether the culture should undergo additional funding now, so when the national debts are growing, or it would be illogical.
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Chernyavsky, S. I. "The People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs (NKID) of the USSR in the City of Kuibyshev (1941-1943)." MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, no. 4 (September 4, 2020): 178–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-4-73-178-198.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article analyzes the work of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs (NKID) of the USSR in the city of Kuibyshev (now Samara), where it was evacuated in 1941- 1943 together with other central government agencies and the diplomatic corps accredited in the USSR. Although this period was quite short, and though key decisions were, of course, made in Moscow, intense rough work was being carried out in the “reserve capital”, which ensured the solution of the tasks set by the country's leadership to the NKID apparatus.The aggression of Nazi Germany found the Soviet Union poorly prepared not only militarily, but also diplomatically. Due to the opposition of the Western powers, domestic diplomacy failed to create a collective security system to prevent the aggression of Germany, Italy and Japan. Negotiations with representatives of Great Britain and France, which were conducted in 1939, were interrupted and relations with these countries were virtually frozen.Some important strategic tasks were set before Soviet diplomacy. First of all, it was about the concentration of diplomatic activity in specific areas that could provide real assistance to the Red Army in obtaining the necessary weapons and strategic raw materials. Among other tasks were the search for allies, establishing effective military, economic and political cooperation with them, counteracting the expansion of the Nazi coalition at the expense of Sweden and Turkey, and conducting an extremely balanced policy in the Far East in order to avoid a military clash with Japan.Due to the deterioration of the military situation on the Western Front and the imminence of the capture of Moscow, on October 16, 1941, the main staff of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs, headed by its Deputy Chairman A. Vyshinsky, as well as members of the diplomatic corps were evacuated to Kuibyshev (now Samara). V. Molotov and a small group of assistants remained in Moscow.The relations between the NKID and the embassies evacuated to Kuibyshev evolved differently. The level and the intensity of contacts with them largely depended on bilateral relations with the respective nations. Contacts with the embassies of Great Britain and the USA were naturally at the top of the agenda. By way of ambassadors of these countries the key tasks of forming the anti-Hitler coalition were being solved, and the dates of summit meetings were agreed upon.The crowding of the central office staff and foreign diplomats in a small regional city certainly introduced difficulties into the practical implementation of many tasks. Nevertheless, the striving for a common victory and the awareness of responsibility to their own country, united this motley crew of diplomats, and facilitated the search for compromise solutions. The return to Moscow of the employees of the People’s Commissariat and the diplomatic corps took place after the victory in the Battle of Kursk in the summer of 1943. Only at the end of 1943 Kuibyshev did finally cede its status of the capital of the USSR to Moscow.
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Kirin, R. S. "EUROPEAN LEGAL EXPERIENCE OF ENSURING THE LIFE ACTIVITY OF COAL MONOCITIES IN THE CONDITIONS OF ENERGY TRANSFORMATION." Economics and Law, no. 2 (September 9, 2021): 66–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econlaw.2021.02.066.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is devoted to the analysis of the features of ensuring the life of coal monofunctional cities in the conditions of energy transformation, which should be based not only on the legal definitions of the main categories, but also on the legal qualifications and the ratio of their object-subject compositions. It was determined that the Energy Strategy of Ukraine — 2035 focuses on the subject composition of certain types of transformation relations, while the object circle, after a complete rejection of coal in the energy sector and the termination of any subsidies to this sector, requires: coordination of structural changes with all stakeholders including the local population; basing plans for diversifying the economy, restructuring the coal industry, developing the infrastructure of post-coal regions on appropriate financial support, creating trust funds that will combine state, private and international assistance of various levels; transformation of unprofitable mines and, first of all, as an integral technically and organizationally separate (single) property complex of funds and resources. The concept of “coal monofunctional city” — a satellite of a city-forming enterprise for the extraction and processing of coal — an administrative-territorial unit, the specialization of labor of the population in which is determined by a set of directions for ensuring the operation of this enterprise and the life of its employees is proposed. The concept of “life activity of an employee of a coal mining enterprise is proposed — a set of daily processes, actions, activities that can ensure the existence of an employee, his family members, the entire workforce as a whole through training, communication, orientation, movement, self-service, control over his behavior, participation in labor activities with the help of physical, psychological and social functions”. It has been substantiated that the considered experience of such European coal-mining countries as Germany, Ro mania, Czech Republic, Poland, Great Britain can and should be adapted in the process of developing domestic con ceptual, strategic or program documents to support the life of coal monocities in the following blocks of relations: energy; environmental; social; economic; informational; administrative; housing and communal services; transport; law enfor cement.
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Karikh, I. V., and V. V. Myrgorod-Karpova. "ORGANIZATION OF STATE CONTROL FUNCTIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL FINANCES: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE." Legal horizons, no. 18 (2019): 128–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2019.i18.p128.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Most countries in the world are building a state system of financial control and control over international finances, taking into account the fundamental principles laid down in international legal sources and on the basis of world experience. The realization of the task of ensuring sustainable economic, social and political development of Ukraine requires further investigation of the problems of establishing effective control over international finances and initiating the reform process in this field, which can become a key element in the complex systemic transformations in the financial sphere and the construction of a new financial system of the state. We believe that Ukraine should look for the most important challenges of today, drawing on international experience in this field, with a view to its further use. The importance and importance of using foreign experience is also closely linked to the process of state integration into the world community and the implementation of international practice of financial control. Therefore, it is crucial for Ukraine to study foreign experience of financial control and to borrow appropriate experience in this field in order to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the domestic financial control system. It should be noted that the global practice in the field of financial control is extremely voluminous and multifaceted, it has different approaches to the organization and implementation of control measures, most of which have been validated over time. N. Lazareva and GV Dmitrenko point out that the choice of a particular model is based on the relevant factors: the state of democratic development of society and the level of construction of civil society, the specifics of the distribution of powers between branches of government, the normalized form of government, historically accepted in the state form of government, historically the way of development of statehood and development of institute of financial control [2, p. 68; 3, p. 22]. Most countries in the world have gone a long way in finding ways to develop and build financial control. The highest financial control authorities in most countries of the world have endured a long period of searching for their effective functioning and implementation of really effective control measures. For example, the National Audit Office of Great Britain was formed in 1120, the Regular Audit Organization of Belgium - 1386, the General Chamber of Prussia - 1714, the Main Accountancy Chamber of the Principality of Warsaw - 1808, etc. [4, p. 127]. Such bodies were far from the current vision of public authorities in the area of financial control. However, they have become the prototype of the current institutions, with a defined range of tasks, functions, powers and goals for their implementation. Given the challenges and needs of today, the powers of such institutions and bodies have been expanded to control the cash provided or received in the form of international financial assistance. Unfortunately, historically Ukraine has been deprived of the possibility of gradually building state institutions in this area. Gaining independence in 1991 put the country in a position to address key challenges to economic development and the effective functioning of public authorities and government. Considering this fact, we consider that foreign experience in any sphere for Ukraine is the most valuable source of solving urgent problems, including the borrowing of the world practice of organization of financial control, control in the sphere of international finances and proper regulatory fixing of such mechanism. Keywords: international finance, international financial assistance, control over international finance in Ukraine.
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Puacz-Olszewska, Jolanta. "Financial security of enterprises from Poland, Germany, and Great Britain." VUZF Review 6, no. 4 (December 27, 2021): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.38188/2534-9228.21.4.12.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pandemics are caused by the negative impact of global threats, we put you at risk in one global world. An effective and efficient mortality tool, bringing also economic and economic successes. The world is currently struggling with the coronavirus (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2, which unfortunately already has pandemic status. Blow it off on yourself, concerned about how it will affect the global recession
The aim of the article is to present and compare how governments of countries such as Poland, Germany, and the United Kingdom provide entrepreneurs with financial security in connection with the negative effects caused by COVID-19. At the beginning of the article, it is briefly presented what financial security is, and several measures are distinguished to measure the financial security of enterprises. Then, the financial assistance for entrepreneurs selected to the countries is described. Countries such as Poland, Germany, and Great Britain were selected for the analysis. The most attention was devoted to describing the aid for Polish entrepreneurs. The information used in the article was obtained from the Polish and British GOV portal and from the German ministry responsible for economic policy (BMWi). In the end, support from the government in the analysed countries was compared, and the country is indicated, where entrepreneurs would cope best in the current situation and have the best chance for development. It is also indicated what impact the financial aid of the government has on the development of enterprises.
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Karpov, Grigory A. "«Other Africans»: Kenyan diaspora in Great Britain." Asia and Africa Today, no. 7 (2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032150750014440-6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is devoted to the study of the Kenyan diaspora of modern Great Britain. The study provides details on the background, main reasons and channels of migration of Kenyans to the UK. The main emphasis is placed on the study of the specifics of immigrants from Kenya, their ethnic composition, gender and age structure, socio-economic indicators. By the end of the colonial era, a de facto regime of racial segregation had been established in Kenya. The main ethnic groups - Europeans, Indians and Africans - actually lived in closed enclaves. It was Europeans and South Asians who made up the backbone of postcolonial migration from this African country. The process of Africanization in the young Kenyan state provoked the massive migration of Indian Kenyans to Great Britain in the 1960-1970s. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the practice of material assistance of British Kenyans to their relatives in Kenya. They are in regular contact with each other, maintaining strong bonds. Private remittances from abroad are one of the main sources of investment in the Kenyan economy in the 2000s and 2010s. Migration to the UK is seen by many Kenyans as a temporary and forced measure, which does not exclude the possibility of returning to their historical homeland. By the nature of settlement, birth rate, material well-being and the degree of success, immigrants from Kenya are close to the South Asian diasporas in the United Kingdom. An education, proficiency in English, together with a general loyalty to British culture, contributes to the rapid and painless integration of Kenyans into the host society.
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Bolshakov, A. "Regulatory Autonomy of Great Britain: Problems and Perspectives." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 7 (2021): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-7-71-79.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sovereignty does not imply regulatory autonomy. After Brexit, the UK should align its regulatory policy with European norms, if it is interested in close partnership with the EU. Compromises must be made by both sides in order to ensure stability of the partnership. The EU will have to acknowledge the UK’s right to diverge from European rules. Britain will have to partly accept the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice. The structure of dispute settlement mechanism which will be created under the partnership agreement should be a product of a compromise. The present study shows that optimal structure of dispute settlement mechanism must include two different procedures: one for political issues and the other for commercial issues. The central role for the European Court of Justice must be envisaged as a part of politically oriented procedure. There must be no role for the European Court of Justice or any Union to set the pace of political communication. The latter reflects the interest of Great Britain to simplify economic relations, which means that, firstly, disputes are resolved by independent arbiters; secondly, the EU acknowledges the UK’s right to diverge from European regulations; and thirdly, the UK accepts the EU’s right to impose countervailing duties to compensate for adverse effects of divergence on competition. This article also examines the main problems of future British regulatory policy, especially in the field of state aid. Boris Johnson’s government has decided not to form a full-fledged regulatory regime in the area of state aid. Its stance is politically appropriate since Conservative party manifesto for the 2019 general election promised to support local industries without limitations. But that decision created a great deal of economic risk. Firstly, the absence of a domestic subsidy control regulator can cause chaos within regulation system because workable norms and rules can only be sustained by a tight enforcement mechanism. Secondly, the EU can cite lack of subsidy control as an obstacle for British business to have unrestricted access to the European market.
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Hudima, Tetiana, Oleksandr Trehub, and Vladyslav Kamyshanskyi. "INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL TRADE & DIGITAL ECONOMY AGREEMENTS: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS FOR UKRAINE." Financial and credit activity problems of theory and practice 5, no. 52 (October 31, 2023): 449–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.55643/fcaptp.5.52.2023.4139.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article examines the prospects for the digital transformation of Ukraine's foreign economic policy in the context of international digital trade/economy agreements, especially the Digital Trade Agreement between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Ukraine. The economic and legal effectiveness of these agreements in the process of digital transformation of foreign economic policy (foreign trade) in Ukraine and at the international level is proven. To increase their effectiveness and accelerate implementation, the political and legal framework is of great importance. Under other circumstances, the realisation of such agreements will be complicated by the need to bring domestic legislation in line with their provisions, as the case of Ukraine shows. It is substantiated that the implementation of the Digital Trade Agreement between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Ukraine is complicated by the lack of national legislation regarding electronic document management in cross-border trade; the slow pace of implementation of international legislation, for example, on personal data protection; the existence of differences in the legislative approaches of the European Union and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland regarding certain issues of trade in goods and services etc. It is emphasized that certain norms of the agreement are declarative and that it does not address some important issues that can be of great value for cross-border trade in the future.The expediency of Ukraine's constant participation in international cooperation in order to modernize foreign economic and national economic policy, taking into account the requirements of international documents and current challenges, is reasoned. In this context, constant monitoring, study of foreign experience and analysis of the consequences of resolving such important issues as cross-border transfer of information by electronic means, localization of data and entities that provide their transfer, non-discrimination, etc. are vital.
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Skrypniuk, Oleksandr. "International legal assistance to Ukraine in the fight against russian aggression." ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF THE LEGAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF WAR AND THE POST-WAR RECONSTRUCTION OF THE STATE, no. 13 (October 2022): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2022-13-2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article examines the issue of international assistance to Ukraine in the fight against Russia’s large-scale aggression. This aggression caused the biggest crisis of the system of international security, international law, and international relations after World War II and caused the destruction of the modern international order. At first, Russia’s actions caused a certain disunity in the democratic world. But the treacherous attack and the start of a full-scale war in the center of Europe rallied the leading states of NATO and the European Union. The main and consistent provider of aid to Ukraine is the United States of America and Great Britain. In total, US aid for the first three months of the war amounted to more than 50 billion dollars. Great Britain became a locomotive and an example for the old Europe in the defense and protection of democratic values. The next group of countries that came forward in defense of Ukraine and uncompromising support in the fight against the aggressor were Poland and the Baltic countries. The collective provider of aid to Ukraine is the European Union, NATO, the G7 countries, the IMF and other world, continental and regional organizations and associations. Thanks to military and technical assistance, Ukraine managed to contain the enemy and stabilize the front. In the article, considerable attention is paid to the problems of financial and economic, humanitarian, legal assistance in the investigation of crimes against the civilian population and assistance in the protection of cultural values, etc. A special and important direction of assistance is the support of Ukrainian refugees abroad (according to UN data, as of May 2022, there were 10 million of them) and assistance to displaced persons in the middle of the country. Key words: aggression, military-technical, financial, legal, humanitarian aid, states, international and European organizations.
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Ohinok, S., N. Stakhova, and Ya Sukhovych. "ECONOMIC STATE AND PROSPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION OF GREAT BRITAIN AFTER BREXIT." Journal of Lviv Polytechnic National University. Series of Economics and Management Issues 7, no. 2 (November 1, 2023): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/semi2023.02.048.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction. The onset of the migration crisis in Europe, triggered by the massive influx of refugee from the Middle East and Africa, escalated further due to the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. This complex scenario necessitates a reformulation of migration policies to align with evolving realities. The multifaceted nature of the crisis intertwines political, economic, and humanitarian dimensions, emphasizing the urgency for comprehensive policy adjustments. The aim of this article is twofold: first, to conduct an in-depth analysis of the United Kingdom’s economic landscape following Brexit; considering factors such as trade dynamics, investment patterns, and sectoral shifts. Second, it aims to evaluate the potential pathways for its international collaborations with diverse nations and regions across the globe, emphasizing the significance of forging new trade alliances and diplomatic partnerships in the evolving global context. Methods. Employing a comprehensive approach, this study utilizes analytical, synthetic, and comparative methods, drawing insights from normative regulations, academic research, and statistical data. By examining a wide array of economic indicators, trade patterns, and investment flows, the study provides a nuanced understanding of the post-Brexit economic challenges and opportunities. Results. The research underscores that the United Kingdom, post-Brexit, confronts substantial economic intricacies. On one hand, it can actively engage in renegotiating trade agreements with an array of partners and foster a dynamic regulatory environment. This dual approach holds the promise of cultivating enhanced economic autonomy and broadening avenues for growth. On the other hand, the relinquishment of privileges linked to EU membership might engender challenges in terms of adaptability. The need to diversify trade partnerships while managing potential disruptions remains a pivotal consideration. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the imperative of meticulous analysis and strategic economic planning to actualize effective economic sovereignty and facilitate sustainable advancement for the United Kingdom in the aftermath of Brexit. It calls for a balanced approach that harnesses new global opportunities while addressing domestic economic vulnerabilities. Practical implications. Policymakers in the United Kingdom can utilize the insights provided to shape effective economic strategies that navigate the challenges posed by Brexit. The analysis of potential pathways for international collaborations can guide the country’s diplomatic efforts and trade negotiations with other nations and regions. Businesses operating within the UK can gain valuable insights into the changing economic landscape, helping them adapt, innovate, and explore new markets. Investors and international partners can make informed decisions based on the assessed economic prospects, identifying areas of potential cooperation and growth. Originality and value. This article contributes to the existing body of knowledge by offering a comprehensive analysis of the economic landscape and international cooperation prospects of the United Kingdom post-Brexit. The integration of various research methods, normative regulations, and statistical data enhances the robustness of the study. The article’s originality lies in its dual focus on the economic state and the potential for international collaboration, providing a holistic view of the country’s post-Brexit prospects.
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Afinotan, L. Andy. "Brexit and the Poverty of Popular Democracy in Great Britain: An Analytical Perspective." Asian Journal of Social Science Studies 2, no. 1 (November 15, 2016): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ajsss.v2i1.134.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the contemporary international system, the trend towards collective security through regional integration for economic and political stability is unmistakable. The European Union, often touted as the quintessential example of a stable and secure regional economic alliance was developed by the contiguous countries of Western Europe for fundamentally strategic reasons. It was basically informed inter alia, by the need to prevent a re-occurrence of war between Germany and France, the two belligerents that dragged the entire world into war twice in one century. Bringing the two countries together in a cooperative prosperity circle, in concert with other European countries, is considered to be a useful means to economic and political stability in the region. The decision of Britain to exit the Union via a domestic referendum therefore, promises to have severe repercussions, not only for the Union, but more fundamentally for Britain itself. Making use of Library Research and content analysis methodologies in an explanatory, historical, and qualitative analytical perspective, the paper examined the roots of the Brexit narrative, and within that context, analysed the plausible consequences of Britain’s exit from the Union. The paper concluded that not only will Europe and indeed Africa be hurt by it through the consequences of a possible domino effect on regional organisations and separatist groups worldwide, but also in its reactionary implications, is bound to take Europe back a couple of steps.
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Medineckiene, Milena, and Viktorija Kirdaite. "Evaluation of Influencing Factors on Great Britain‘S Export Values." Economics and Culture 18, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jec-2021-0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Research purpose. The research aimed at identifying the main factors influencing export values in the region of Great Britain (GB) for the period of the last 30 years. Design / Methodology / Approach. In order to implement the investigation, the following tasks were intended: (1) To analyse scientific literature and mark out at least five non - dependent variables that impact export values of Great Britain. (2) Basing on findings, outlined in a scientific review, suggest or choose the methodology that is the most appropriate for this kind of tasks’ determination. (3) Collect the data for dependent and non-dependent variables (at least 30 samples). (4) Based on the presented methodology, determine the selected factors’ impact and make the statistical and economic analysis. The research was mainly done using quantitative analysis methods (descriptive, correlation, regressive analysis). Quantitative modelling and descriptive statistics methods are selected for investigation because they can suggest a different approach to analysing the factors influencing export values. Findings. Five non-dependent variables were marked out as factors influencing the export values in the selected region: gross domestic product (GDP); the number of employees in the region; amounts of cargo transportation; average salary in the region and labour costs. Calculation of the correlation coefficients showed that all independent variables were statistically significant. There is a very strong relationship between export values and GDP, employment, and labour costs. Originality / Value / Practical implications. The findings of this research can be applied in order to evaluate and determine the economic impact of the GB processes on the entire world, as Britain’s export values are among the top ten in the world. It is important to emphasise that the deeper analysis of the influencing factors of the volume of export in Great Britain showed an interrelation of these factors. So further investigation of this factor’s impact is essential.
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Buneev, T. P., and A. I. Zayonchkovskiy. "Development of National Creative Industries: Comparison of Foreign and Domestic Experience." Russia: Society, Politics, History, no. 1(6) (May 2, 2023): 102–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.56654/ropi-2023-1(6)-102-121.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the article, the authors consider creative industries as a modern and rapidly developing sector of the international economy. Today, the creative industries sector is a priority in the state policy of both developed and developing economies of the world. The creative economy as an interconnected system of subjects of various spheres of economic, cultural and social spheres of activity is of great importance for reducing regional socio-economic disparity. In the course of the study, the authors accumulated international classifi ers of the activity types in creative economy. The authors analyzed the international experience of the development of creative industries, as well as a comparative analysis of the state policies of Great Britain, Germany and Russia in the fi eld under study. The authors came to the conclusion that the domestic model of the development of creative industries is at the initial stage of development, due to the lack of suffi cient regulatory and legal regulation, measures of systemic support for creative industries. It is established that positive experience of foreign countries is applied in Russia both at the federal and regional levels.However, in order to achieve the goals of the Concept and Russia’s entry into the average economic indicators, it requires the development of institutional support mechanisms, as well as the adoption of comprehensive state programs and support measures. Based on the results of the comparative analysis, the authors proposed recommended support measures for the studied area.
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Devereux, David R. "State Versus Private Ownership: The Conservative Governments and British Civil Aviation 1951–62." Albion 27, no. 1 (1995): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0095139000018536.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Studies of post-1945 Britain have often concentrated upon political and foreign policy history and are only just now beginning to address the question of the restructuring of the British economy and domestic policy. Civil aviation, a subject of considerable interest to historians of interwar Britain, has not been given a similar degree of attention in the post-1945 era. Civil aviation policy was, however, given a very high priority by both the 1945-51 Labour government and its Conservative successors. Civil aviation represented part of the effort to return Britain to a peacetime economy by transferring resources from the military into the civil aircraft industry, while at the same time holding for Britain a position of pre-eminence in the postwar expansion of civil flying. As such, aviation was a matter of great interest to reconstruction planners during World War Two, and was an important part of the Attlee government's plans for nationalization.Civil aviation was expected to grow rapidly into a major global economic force, which accounted for the great attention paid it in the 1940s and 1950s. Its importance to Britain in the postwar era lay in the value of air connections to North America, Europe, and the Empire and Commonwealth, and also in the economic importance of Britain's aircraft industry. In a period when the United States was by far the largest producer of commercial aircraft, the task of Labour and Conservative governments was to maintain a viable British position against strong American competition. What is particularly interesting is the wide degree of consensus that existed in both parties on the role the state should play in the maintenance and enhancement of this position.
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Bauhr, Monika, and Nicholas Charron. "Why support International redistribution? Corruption and public support for aid in the eurozone." European Union Politics 19, no. 2 (March 5, 2018): 233–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465116518757702.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
What factors explain public support for international redistribution? While the European Union has sent billions of taxpayers' money to over indebted euro countries in an attempt to avoid an economic collapse, these transfers have encountered fierce resistance among both donor and recipient constituents. However, we know surprisingly little about why citizens support or oppose redistribution within the EU. This paper suggests that domestic levels of corruption and institutional quality may be one of the most important explanations for the great variation in public support for financial assistance, bailouts and aid. Using recent European Elections Survey data merged with data on regional level quality of government, we show that the effects of institutional quality are consistently stronger than macro-economic factors, including economic development, inequality or levels of public debt. We find strong evidence that citizens in low corrupt contexts are more likely to support financial assistance to fellow member states. The results have implications for future challenges in securing public support for EU economic integration as well as for our understanding of how and why corruption undermines society's collective action capacity.
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Punko, Victoria. "Historiography of the Privatization Processesin Great Britain During the Reign of M. Thatcher in 1979-1990." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 33-34 (August 25, 2017): 328–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2016.33-34.328-337.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article summarized and systematized documentary and historiographical sources of the privatization process in the UK government in times of conservative government under Margaret Thatcher. Used different genres historiographical sources of domestic and foreign origin, memoirs, collective and individual monographs, historical essays, political biographies, articles and specialized intelligence information pressed. Based on this study the concept of historiography problem causes "neoconservative revolution", its theoretical basis, the state of the British economy for dominance keysianskoyi economic model British model of privatization of periods, forms, tools pozytive and negative side, the possibility of borrowing the British privatization experience in Ukrainian realities.
Keywords: Historiography, neo-conservatism, monetarism, economicliberalism, Margaret Thatcher, privatisation, the «popular capitalism»
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BORISKIN, V. V. "WORLD INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION OF 1851 IN PERCEPTION OF RUSSIAN CONTEMPORARIES." JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AND MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION 10, no. 2 (2021): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2225-8272-2021-10-2-23-29.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is devoted to the actual specifically-historical aspects of Great Britain perception in Rus-sia. The aim of the article is to analyze the specifics of the first world industrial exhibition perception by Rus-sian contemporaries. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that holding the Exhibition of 1851 was a grandiose international propaganda of Britain’s success. The presented expositions demonstrated its economic, scientific and technical superiority to the world. It is also noted that the detailed coverage of this event by domestic sources consolidated the traditional industrial and scientific-technical image of Britain in public consciousness of Russians. Particular results of the research can be used in the process of studying historical and cultural disciplines, as well as for further scientific development of the stated issues.
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Epstein, Katherine C. "The Conundrum of American Power in the Age of World War I." Modern American History 2, no. 3 (August 29, 2019): 345–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mah.2019.23.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Reports of the rise of the United States to a lead role on the global stage in the early twentieth century have been greatly exaggerated. As many Americans at the time recognized, the United States continued to have less capacity for overseas power projection and remained far more dependent on the world's reigning hegemon, Great Britain, than is generally now realized. The United States, it is true, acquired an overseas empire in 1898. But it lacked the basic attributes of a great power, such as economic sovereignty, naval power, and domestic consensus on the desirability of global great-power status. Even after World War I, which was a better candidate than the Spanish-American War as the moment when the United States became a leading global power, both the material and the cultural basis of that power remained fragile.
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Totten, Robbie. "National Security and U.S. Immigration Policy, 1776–1790." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 39, no. 1 (July 2008): 37–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh.2008.39.1.37.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An examination of U.S. immigration policy during the early Republic from a security perspective—a common analytical focus within the field of international relations—reveals the inadequacy of traditional economic and ideological interpretations. Security concerns, based on actual threats from Great Britain and Spain, permeated the arguments both for and against immigration. Those in favor of immigration hoped to strengthen the nation, primarily by providing soldiers and money for the military; those opposed to immigration feared that it would compromise national security by causing domestic unrest and exposing the new nation to espionage and terrorism. These issues are not unlike those that beset contemporary policymakers.
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Abu-Odeh, Lama. "On Law and the Transition to Market: The Case of Egypt." International Journal of Legal Information 37, no. 1 (2009): 59–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500003449.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
On the eve of independence from European colonialism, Egypt, like most other developing countries, undertook the project of de-linking itself from colonial economy through initiating domestic industrialization. The economic project known as Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) was designed to liberate Egypt from raw commodity production, agricultural and mineral, servicing its previous colonial master Great Britain. The engine of development would be an expanding public sector with nationalization and socialism as leitmotif. In re-orienting the economy towards industrial production, it was hoped that the terms of trade with the international economy for Egypt would significantly improve, leading thereby to an improvement in the living standards of its population.
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Gordieieva, Tamara, and Arutiun Tsaturian. "Analysis of trends and determinants of the «Big 4» companies in the global audit market." Technology audit and production reserves 4, no. 4(72) (August 22, 2023): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2023.286076.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The object of research is the «Big 4» – a group of the largest international auditing companies, which includes: Deloitte (Great Britain), PricewaterhouseCoopers (USA), Ernst&Young (Great Britain) and KPMG (Netherlands). The target market of the «Big Four» companies is mainly large companies operating in various sectors of the world economy and regions of the world. Over the years, the «Big 4» companies have been leading the global audit services market and growing their revenues. Companies offer audit, tax and consulting services to their clients. This study is aimed at determining and evaluating the influence of the state of the world economy on the performance of companies and identifying the key endogenous determinants of the sustainability of their development. A comparative analysis of the dynamics of growth rates of global gross domestic product and aggregate global income of the «Big 4» companies during 2009–2022 showed their similarity, but not identity. The annual growth rates of the «Big 4» aggregate income mostly exceeded similar indicators of the global gross domestic product. The conducted correlation-regression analysis of the dependence of the aggregate revenues of the «Big 4» companies on the economic situation in the world confirmed the significant influence of the state of the world economy on the performance of the «Big 4» and made it possible to determine the level of this influence. A number of endogenous determinants contributing to the sustainable development of a group of companies in an unstable economic environment have been identified: the target segment (the largest international and national companies), broad industry diversification and geographical coverage of client companies, timely updating of the range of services in accordance with demand, effective international marketing strategies, use innovative technologies, highly professional management and company personnel.
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Park, Jihang. "Land of the Morning Calm, Land of the Rising Sun: The East Asia Travel Writings of Isabella Bird and George Curzon." Modern Asian Studies 36, no. 3 (July 2002): 513–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x02003013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The developments in East Asia in the late nineteenth century became a matter of great interest to Britain. The rise of Japan and the wrangles among the great powers over China and Korea were some of the issues that put East Asia in the spotlight. In China, Western powers had been contending fiercely for economic and political hegemony since the Opium War. Japan, after abandoning its national policy of seclusion in 1854, carried out the Meiji Restoration in 1868 and was driving towards rapid Westernization. Here modernization took place in a relatively smooth manner and there was no need to fear external threats, but domestic tensions were inevitable. Finally Korea, after being forced to open its doors in 1876, suffered from acute dissensions between conservatives and progressives, and fierce competition between China, Japan and Russia over hegemony in Korea complicated the situation further.
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Boggiatto, Paola M., Carly R. Kanipe, Ellie J. Putz, Steven C. Olsen, and Mitchell V. Palmer. "Wildlife Immune Responses to Mycobacterium bovis and to Bacille of Calmette–Guerin." Journal of Immunology 211, no. 8 (October 15, 2023): 1173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.2300323.
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Abstract Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic bacterial disease presenting public health, veterinary, and economic threats around the globe. Although cattle producers rely on regular testing and management practices to minimize domestic herd exposure, wildlife species around the world continue to be the main reservoirs for disease. Wildlife reservoirs for bTB include the Eurasian badger (Meles meles) in Great Britain and Ireland, the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand, wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Spain, as well as white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the United States and red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Spain. Although all reservoir species share the ability to infect cattle, they differ in transmission capability, disease pathogenesis, diagnostic detection, and vaccination strategies. In this review, bTB interactions with these wildlife reservoirs are discussed, illustrating the need to address bTB disease in wildlife hosts to achieve eradication in domestic livestock.
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Gopaul, Melanie, and Leanne Manley. "SME perception of government assistance within South Africa." Journal of Governance and Regulation 4, no. 4 (2015): 306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v4_i4_c2_p2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play a vital role in the economies of countries throughout the world. They contribute to the creation of jobs, economic upliftment as well as the gross domestic product (GDP). It is of great concern however to note that the majority of SMEs fail within their first few years of operation which could be due to many factors such as management skills, finance, access to markets and appropriate technology. With the National Development Plan’s objective to create 11 million jobs by 2030, it is crucial that the government provides assistance needed by SMEs to achieve this goal. Although government assistance may be evident, SMEs and their perceptions regarding this assistance is unclear. The purpose of this paper was therefore to investigate the perception of SME owners of the various government assistance and initiatives that are offered to them. The authors feel that the findings will be universally applicable to SMEs in most countries. The study followed a quantitative research approach, whereby a self-administered online questionnaire was used to collect primary data. The results indicate that SMEs feel that local government and municipalities are not doing enough to support and assist them.
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Emelianov, E. V. "RATINGS AND PROJECTIONS OF U.S . ECONOMIC RECOVERY." International Trade and Trade Policy 7, no. 1 (March 26, 2021): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2021-1-27-35.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The forecasts of the economic development for the next years vary among countries and projections depend greatly on how long the pandemic and social distancing will take place and on the measures that are taken place for increasing social and economic activities, commerce. Meanwhile ratings of US leadership are declining, with the worst results in Europe. The rapid spread of the virus that causes COVID-19 made US leading country in confirmed cases and created a new reality for the national economy. As to the US the fall of real gross domestic product in 2020 is expected around the average of OECD countries, more than in Japan; less than in in Great Britain, Italy, France. Unemployment rate is projected going down in 2021 (comparing with 2020) but remaining still high. Experts are examining possible outcomes of coronavirus spreading and its consequences for the dynamics of GDP, unemployment, international trade and world investment. The projections seem not very bright for the next year; and it will take time for returning to pre pandemic indicators. While forecasts of declining international trade show the fall in world merchandise exports would be large, the estimates show beginning growth in exports next year.
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Persky, Joseph. "AMERICAN POLITICAL ECONOMY AND THE COMMON SCHOOL MOVEMENT: 1820–1850." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 37, no. 2 (June 2015): 247–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837215000073.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Classical political economy in Great Britain was broadly supportive of education, but limited government’s role to modest assistance for charitable schools. The early classical economists in the United States, men like Thomas Cooper and Francis Wayland, in addition to supporting free trade, took this classical position with respect to education. But a more aggressive democratic claim was being advanced by the American common school movement and its supporters among Whig protectionists. The early economic tracts of William Jennison, Willard Phillips, Calvin Colton, and Henry Carey envisioned a larger role for government and advocated support for publicly financed common schools. Most notably, the leader of the common school movement, Horace Mann, built a defense for public financing based on a radical theory of property, derived from distinctly Puritan economic doctrine. If his radical positions received little support from post-Civil War mainstream economists, Mann’s practical advocacy of public taxation for public schools very much carried the day.
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Ryazanova, Galina. "THE HUMAN RESOURCES MARKET IMPACT ON POLITICAL STABILITY IN THE COUNTRY." Socio-economic and humanitarian magazine, no. 1 (May 6, 2024): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.36718/2500-1825-2024-1-90-101.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Despite the dependence of the human resource market on the market for goods and services, it acts as one of the key segments of the economic system that influences the economic and political decisions of the government. Human capital predetermines the economic development of the country both in the short term and in the long term, creating the prerequisites for effective management of natural resources, self-reproduction and ensuring return on capital. The disequilibrium state of the factor labor market causes a decrease in gross domestic product and changes in other indicators of the system of national accounts. In addition to economic problems, imbalances in the labor market also provoke political instability in the country and increase the level of uncertainty among residents. This situation arose in Great Britain at the beginning of this century, when, after the creation of a single European space for markets for goods and factors of production, uncontrolled migration from Europe became a serious challenge for residents of the country, which caused discontent among the British, the risk of a change of power and, as a result, led to Brexit. The purpose of the study is to identify the interaction between changes in the labor market and political decisions using the example of Great Britain. The objectives of the study are to establish the causes of transformations in the human resources market of the United Kingdom at the turn of the 20th–21st centuries; considering the stages of the creation of the European Union and the country’s break with it; determining the consequences of the UK's exit from the European Union. The methodology of the work includes historical-logical, comparative and systemic approaches. A dynamic study of macroeconomic indicators allows us to draw a conclusion about the direct relationship of the human resource market with the country’s political course.
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Pejović, Biljana, Isidora Ljumović, and Milica Nestorović. "Challenges of public finance of the Serbian economy in the conditions of the pandemic caused by the Covid-19." Drustveni horizonti 1, no. 1 (2021): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/druhor2101041p.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The corona virus pandemic has brought a great dilemma to economic policy makers. How to maintain a satisfactory level of economic activity, and at the same time provide adequate health care for the population? Epidemiological measures introduced for the health protection of the population have affected the reduction of economic activity in all industries which involve a large number of people in one place. Increased expenditure on health care and assistance to the economy in order to maintain liquidity and employment on the one hand and reduced inflow of public revenues due to weaker economic activity on the other hand, have affected the budget deficit. The extent to which Serbia has managed to balance these two contradictory demands is the topic of this paper. Did the decisions of the Crisis Council adequately balance the preservation of health and the efficiency of the economy? It was analyzed which monetary and fiscal policy measures were implemented, to what extent they preserved the stability of the domestic economy and what is the perspective of economic recovery.
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Dubych, Klavdia Vasylivna, and Kateryna Volodymyrivna Danylyuk. "HELP FOR UNEMPLOYMENT: WORLD EXPERIENCE AND WAYS OF IMPLEMENTATION IN UKRAINE." International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2018): 391–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.0024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article deals with theoretical and methodological analysis of world experience in the development and implementation of mechanisms for the appointment of unemployment benefits and determining the ways of its application in Ukraine. Material security in case of unemployment of people who have lost their jobs is an extremely important task of implementing social policy in the field of employment in Ukraine. The research has proved that the domestic mechanism for the appointment of material assistance in the event of unemployment requires improvement, which needs to be implemented in the context of practical implementation, taking into account world experience. The strong reason for the need for such an analysis is the accumulated experience of the developed Western countries in the field of employment in the formation, implementation and practical implementation of the mechanism for assigning unemployment benefits in the context of different systems of social protection and provision: the Anglo-Saxon, Continental, Scandinavian models, on the example of the aid allocation mechanism on unemployment, in countries such as Great Britain, Germany, Norway, Poland, etc.
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Borodina, O. A., and V. I. Lyashenko. "Post-War Economic Recovery: World Experience and Attempt to Adapt it for Ukraine." HERALD OF THE ECONOMIC SCIENCES OF UKRAINE, no. 1(42) (2022): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37405/1729-7206.2022.1(42).121-134.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The following article is devoted to the theoretical analysis of the knowledge of the country’s world in the implementation of the program of the new war economy. The historical component can be seen in two directions – like a development of the war Europe, and the programs of international assistance to the Asian countries – Japan, Korea, Singapore. The current state of the economy of Ukraine was updated, internal and external remarks were seen, and the stages of the process of re-establishing the national economy were systematized. Potentially possible financial and institutional supply of resources and coordinating structures for the renewal of the economy of Ukraine was seen. Looking at the unique minds of geopolitical and socio-economic nature, in which our country was accused of the beginning of a military conflict, it was stated that the need for insane and uninterrupted participation of Ukraine in the preparation and promotion of international economic development. A wide retrospective analysis of the past analysis of international assistance programs for the countries of Europe (Marshall Plan), France and Great Britain, Ireland, as well as Japan (Dodge Plan), military renewal programs for Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong was carried out. The key factors for the success of the analysis of the countries in the reach of turbulent economic success are christened, their particular sectoral identity is stated by the obvious minds in Ukraine. It has been shown that the stencil for the creation of a new national model of economic innovation can be complex and revenge for the adaptation of foreign applications. It is recommended the author’s systematization of the principles of the implementation of international assistance programs that will be effective for the war economy of Ukraine. On the basis of them, it was formulated and in detail the transfer of direct reform of the economy of Ukraine with the improvement of stages and international access. Keywords post-war development, experience of international aid, Marshall Plan, Dodge Plan, “Asian economic tigers”, directions of economic recovery.
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Mukan, Nataliya, Olena Fuchyla, and Halyna Ihnatiuk. "Constructivist Approach in a Paradigm of Public School Teachers′ Professional Development in Great Britain, Canada, the USA." Comparative Professional Pedagogy 7, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rpp-2017-0016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The article dwells on professional development of public school teachers as an inevitable constituent of education systems in the 21st century. In such economically developed countries as Great Britain, Canada and the USA, the problem of preparing teachers to a difficult and responsible task of upbringing and educating future citizens always remains topical. The authors define the following aim and objectives of their research: to conduct analysis of scientific and pedagogical literature and to define the notion of teachers′ “professional development”; to research a place and role of the constructivist approach to professional development of teachers. Some aspects of the problem under research have been studied by foreign and domestic scientists: political, social, cultural and economic aspects of teachers′ professional development (L. Darling-Hammond, M. Tight); elaboration of professional development curricula (C. Pratt); content of teachers′ professional development (N. Dana Fichtman, S. Zepeda); concept-oriented instruction (J. Guthrie); continuing professional development (Ya. Belmaz, A. Kuzminskyi, O. Kuznietsova). The research methodology comprises theoretical (logical, structural and systematic methods, induction and deduction, comparison and compatibility, analysis and synthesis) and applied (observations, questioning and interviewing) methods. The research results have been presented.
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KREKHIVSKYI, Oleh. "PROTECTIONISM AS DETERMINANT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURING IN GREAT BRITAIN." Economy of Ukraine 2023, no. 10 (October 29, 2023): 58–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2023.10.058.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The tariff policy on imports, which was introduced in Great Britain at the beginning of the World War I and was in force for about 60 years, is considered. Based on historical facts and figures, it is substantiated on the example of the automotive industry that the so-called McKenna duties in the long term had an impact on the growth of production, employment, and budget revenues; led to a decrease in prices on the domestic market, a reduction in imports and an increase in exports, promoted foreign investments, the transfer of advanced technologies, and the wider engagement of local potential in business processes. It is demonstrated that the protective duties currently launched by the Indian government to regulate the import of goods, the production of which has been defined by the government as a priority (in particular, electric cars production is concerned), are a reflection of the measures implemented by Great Britain at the beginning of the 20th century. It is emphasized that protective tariffs for these goods in Ukraine are significantly lower. It is shown that the USA also uses import duties for national security purposes. Taking into account the provisions of the GATT/WTO and the EU–Ukraine Association Agreement, as well as modern examples of their application, it is quite obvious that Ukraine, under the current conditions of external and internal challenges and institutional restrictions, can take advantage of the protectionist policy for the development of industry in the post-war recovery period, based on its right to determine "the most important exceptions for security reasons" in order to ensure the socio-economic and financial stability of the country and the welfare of the nation. In view of this, it is necessary to rethink the current Ukraine’s policy on automobile manufacturing, in particular as regards the foreign trade regulation, and to create a new policy based on effective protectionism theory and effective protection rate calculations, assessment of the current state and prospects of enterprises, the results of a professional discussion on the priorities of the industry: whether it should remain at semi knocked-down kit stage or aim for full-cycle production with a high level of localization.
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Falaleev, P. I. "The Marshall Plan and the European Integration: The Stance of Great Britain and France (1947–1948)." Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics 12, no. 3 (November 20, 2020): 165–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2020-12-3-165-190.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The development and implementation of the Marshall Plan has been studied quite thoroughly in both Russian and foreign academic literature. Nevertheless, certain aspects of this problematique require further examination, particularly the reaction of the Western European countries to the initiative of the Secretary of State G. Marshall, as well as the impact of the Plan on the process of the European integration in general. The paper demonstrates that this reaction was far from simple and often contradictory since the key Western states had very different views on the future of mutual relations, as well as on the prospects for post-war recovery and development of Europe. The paper examines the evolution of the French and British leaders’ views on these issues from the first discussions of the projects to provide US aid to Western Europe to the implementation of the Marshall Plan. The negotiations revealed significant points of disagreement among the parties particularly regarding the relations with the USSR, the German question, and conditions for receiving assistance from the United States. The author stresses that the need to defend their interests during the course of negotiations with the US representatives contributed greatly to the rapprochement of Britain and France and, at the same time, catalyzed debates on the integration of Western Europe. In this regard the author emphasizes that the idea of regional economic integration received mixed reaction in the American elites. While some considered this process as an effective means of bringing the Western countries together, particularly, over the German question, others feared that integration of Western Europe could potentially lead to the emergence of a new competitor to the USA. The author concludes that the growing popularity of integration projects in Europe in 1947–1948 stemmed from a range of factors, including both a combination of internal European political processes and short-term and long-term consequences of the Marshall Plan. Whereas in terms of economic development of Western Europe the latter were rather ambiguous and are still the subject of controversy, in terms of world politics the Marshall Plan exacerbated block-to-block confrontation in Europe, characteristic of the Cold War period.
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Sholoiko, Natalia, Liliia Hala, Kostyantyn Kosyachenko, and Myroslava Hubar. "Pharmaceutical providing of the treatment of children with epilepsy in Ukraine and abroad." ScienceRise: Pharmaceutical Science, no. 4(44) (August 31, 2023): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2519-4852.2023.286425.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim: to investigate the pharmaceutical providing for the treatment of epilepsy in children in Ukraine and abroad and to conduct a marketing analysis of the domestic market of antiepileptic drugs.
Materials and methods: domestic and foreign Internet sources, medical and technological documents on a specific research topic, the regulatory and legal base of Ukraine, materials of the State Formulary of Medicines, the State Register of Medicines of Ukraine were the objects of the study. The methods of marketing analysis, graphic, documentary and analytical generalization were used.
Results: a comparative analysis of clinical protocols (France, Great Britain and Ukraine) for the treatment of epilepsy in children showed that there are only 12 INNs out of 37 INNs in the country. The analysis of the formulary lists of drugs of Great Britain and Ukraine showed that the BNFC has 32 INNs, and the domestic - 10 INNs. As of October 2022, 287 names of antiepileptic drugs are registered in Ukraine, and 164 of them are allowed in children's practice. The main producers of antiepileptic drugs are India and Ukraine. Children's drugs forms are mainly represented by tablets and capsules - more than 90%. A comparison of the lists of drugs for the treatment of epilepsy from the National List of Essential Medicines of Ukraine, BNFC, WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children showed that out of 37 INNs, only 11 INNs are listed in all documents.
Conclusions: the results prove the need of improvement of pharmaceutical providing of epilepsy treatment in Ukraine. The nomenclature and variety of dosage forms for children's practice need to be expanded. In order to increase the economic availability of epilepsy treatment, it is advisable to update the National List of the main drugs of Ukraine and include new drugs in it, which will make it possible to purchase them at the expense of the State Budget of Ukraine
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Shcherbakova, Nataliia. "Comparative legal analysis of processes of merger and accession of economic organizations in national and foreign legislation (EU, UK, USA)." ScienceRise: Juridical Science, no. 2(24) (June 30, 2023): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2523-4153.2023.283562.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Taking into account Provisions of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU in the field of legislation on companies and corporate governance, which leads to the regulation of the activities of corporations, in particular the regulation of the processes of reorganization of economic organizations at the national level to the requirements of international standards and a gradual rapprochement with the rules and recommendations of the EU, a comparative legal research of the process of merger and accession of economic organizations today seems necessary and actual.
It is distinguished, general and distinctive qualifying signs of merger and accession of economic organizations, which will be used to improve the concepts provided to these processes. It is substantiated that mergers and accessions are independent forms of reorganization of economic organizations.
The comparative legal analysis of legislation of Ukraine with the legislation of the EU, the Member States of the EU (Belgium, Germany, France), Great Britain and the USA on the issues of reorganization in the form of merger and accession is provided and the following main conclusions are made:
in the legislation of the EU and in the legislation of the EU Member States there are two ways of merging: (1) “merger by acquisition”/ “merger to an existing company” and (2) “merger by the formation of a new company”/ “merger to a new company”, which in its essence corresponds to such domestic forms of reorganization as “accession” and “merger”, accordingly;
in the legislation of the EU, Great Britain, as well as EU member states, such a category as “accession” is not allocated as an independent legal form of reorganization of the company, but is considered as a kind of “merger” category;
in US Law, merger processes of two or more corporations are indicated by terms such as “merger” and “consolidation”; US Tax Law applies the concept of “corporate reorganization”, which has 7 types of reorganizations (A-G), among which there are one of the types – a type A “statutory merger or consolidation”, which in its essence corresponds to the processes of merger and accession, which is inherent in domestic legislation;
in the legislation of foreign countries, the concepts of “merger”, “consolidation”, “amalgamation”, “acquisition”, “takeover” are similar to each other; in economic essence relate to the forms of business consolidation; act as an instrument to increase the competitiveness of the company; from a legal point of view differ from each other – according to the procedure;
in the legislation and practice of foreign countries, the variety of processes such as “merger”, “consolidation”, “amalgamation”, “acquisition”, “takeover” is covered by a single economic and legal phenomenon, as “Merger and Acquisition” or M&A, which by the legal nature of the concluded agreements is much wider than such domestic forms of reorganization of economic organizations as “merger” and “accession” and is not always accompanied by the implementation of reorganization process
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Musatova, Tatyana Leonidovna. "Economic diplomacy: pandemic effect." Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 84–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2102-01.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic crisis on the foreign policy and diplomacy of states, including economic diplomacy. ED is interpreted as a multi-sided multi-faceted activity, an integral part of foreign policy aimed at protecting the national interests and economic security of the country. Given the interdepartmental nature of the ED, the presence of numerous actors and agents, not only state, but also public and business structures, political and foreign economic coordination on the part of the Foreign Ministries is of great importance, and this role of foreign policy departments is increasing during the pandemic crisis. The activity of the ED of Russia in 2020 was generally successful, among the main results: active participation of diplomats in the anti-epidemic work of the Government of the Russian Federation, including export flights, provision of emergency assistance by compatriots abroad, assistance to foreign countries; measures to promote the Russian vaccine in the world, establish its production abroad, and thus win new world markets for medicines; settlement of the pricing crisis on the world oil market with the leading role of Russia and Saudi Arabia; adjustment of double taxation agreements with a number of foreign countries, taking into account the domestic economic needs of the country; the growing experience of BRICS, this interstate association, which did not know the crisis, including its fight against epidemiological diseases, during the period of Russia’s presidency in the BRICS; further steps to deepen integration within the EAEU; Russia’s success in the eastern direction of foreign policy, in the development of trade exchanges and epidemiological cooperation with the ASEAN and APEC states. The new world crisis has become a catalyst for the convergence of ED methods with scientific and public diplomacy, with other diplomatic cultures that can be combined under the general name of civil diplomacy. Such a separation is required to protect the legacy of professional diplomacy, the popularity and use of which methods is growing significantly. ED, as an integral part of official diplomacy, is presented as a mediator between classical and civil diplomacy. It provides civil society with an example of the more rigorous, pragmatic, resultsoriented work that the current pandemic crisis requires.
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Nikolina, Inna, Inna Mazur, and Volodymyr Ocheretianyi. "Organizational and Legal Bases Military-Economic Cooperation of USSR, Britain and the United States at the Beginning of World War II." Scientific Papers of the Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi State Pedagogical University. Series: History, no. 40 (June 2022): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31652/2411-2143-2022-40-124-130.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
. The purpose of the article is an attempt to objectively cover the organizational and legal basis of military-economic cooperation between the Soviet Union and the United States and Great Britain at the beginning of World War II. Efforts have been made to prove that the Soviet Union was also interested in providing logistical assistance to prevent its defeat in the Soviet-Nazi war. The research methodology based on the principles of historicism, systematics, objectivity, generalization. Preference was given to such special historical methods as historical-systemic, problem-chronological, descriptive, comparative-historical. Scientific novelty of the research is that an attempt was made to comprehensively analyze historiographical narratives to develop organizational and legal foundations of military-economic cooperation of the Soviet Union with the United States and Britain at the beginning of World War II. Conclusions. At first, USA foreign policy doctrine was based on deterring Nazi Germany with British help, but after the Soviet-German conflict, the USA and Britain changed their views on the USSR and saw it as an element in the war that would help weaken and destroy the Nazis on the continent. The defeat on the Soviet front in the early stages of the war was another catalyst that forced the United States and Britain to change their position, while the Soviet state also began to form an external doctrine on other approaches to unite with the anti-Hitler coalition. As a result of the Soviet-British-American agreements, the first protocol was ratified during the Moscow Conference, which allowed the United States to extend the influence of the Lend-Lease to the Soviet Union in the future. However, the inflow of foreign "defense materials" was accompanied by many contradictions, especially in 1941-1943. The main one was the slow development of the Allies' supply process in the USSR, which at the time was a small part of Soviet needs. Towards the end of the war, the contribution of the lease to the total military potential of the USSR increased significantly
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Mukan, Nataliya, and Svitlana Kravets. "Methodology of Comparative Analysis of Public School Teachers’ Continuing Professional Development in Great Britain, Canada and the USA." Comparative Professional Pedagogy 5, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rpp-2015-0063.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract In the article the methodology of comparative analysis of public school teachers’ continuing professional development (CPD) in Great Britain, Canada and the USA has been presented. The main objectives are defined as theoretical analysis of scientific and pedagogical literature, which highlights different aspects of the problem under research; characteristic of the research methodology, used to conduct the comparative analysis. Their major components of the research model (parametric-determining, conceptual and analytical, integrating-analytical and differentiating-analytical, prognostic component) have been defined and specified. Public school teachers’ CPD has been studied by foreign and domestic scientists: political, social, cultural and economic aspects of teachers’ CPD (L. Darling-Hammond, M. Tight); CPD programs (C. Pratt); CPD content (N. Dana Fichtman, M. Rees, A. Ross, S. Zepeda); CPD models, methods and forms (K. Duinlan, P. Grimmet, G. Troia, P. Wong); continuous professional education (Ya. Belmaz, A. Kuzminskyy, O. Kuznyetsova). The research methodology comprises theoretical (comparative-historical, logical, induction and deduction, comparison and compatibility, structural and systematic, analysis and synthesis, general scientific and interdisciplinary forecasting methods), and applied (observations, questioning and interviewing) methods. The research results have been presented.
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Mirzoeva, Svetlana G., Elena Kh Apazheva, and Natalya S. Lavrova. "The Czechoslovak national tragedy of the 1938 year." Vestnik of North-Ossetian State University, no. 2(2021) (June 25, 2021): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/1994-7720-2021-2-50-58.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article deals with the problem of the internal situation in Czechoslovakia, its political and economic development in the specified period. Particular attention is paid to the efforts of Czechoslovakia aimed at preventing the division of the country. The leadership of Czechoslovakia entered into international treaties, strengthened the state’s defenses, and modernized the army. The article also touches upon the international relations of Germany, Great Britain, France, Italy on the further fate of Czechoslovakia in the second half of the 30s. XX century. The leadership of Czechoslovakia and its president Edvard Beneš felt the threat looming over the country from Germany, so they took certain steps to preserve the integrity of the Czechoslovak republic. The reform of the army began in the country, it was modernized, equipped with new equipment, weapons, aviation. A new line of fortifications was built along the borders. The diplomatic department of Czechoslovakia was also not idle. Consultations were constantly held with the USSR, Great Britain, France and Germany on the issue of preserving the country’s sovereignty, international treaties were concluded on assistance in the event of an attack by a third party. But, despite all these efforts, at the end of September 1938, Czechoslovakia was divided by force, the Sudetenland was torn away from it, fascist troops were brought into the country, and the leaders of the state were leaders of the fascist party. All these changes were enshrined in an international treaty - the Munich Agreement. Germany, Italy, France and Great Britain took part in its signing. Representatives of the Czechoslovak Republic were not even invited to the conference. The Czechoslovak side was familiarized with the terms of the agreement only after their adoption. Czechoslovakia could not in any way influence the decisions of Hitler, Mussolini, Deladier and Chamberlain. As a result, throughout the Second World War, Czechoslovakia existed as two separate parts: the Protecto-rate of Bohemia and Moravia and the Slovak Republic.
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Bobeshko, Artem V. "Causes of Central-Eastern European and Baltic Countries Citizens Emigration to Great Britain (1990–2004)." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 5 (2023): 1316–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2023-28-5-1316-1328.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Importance. In recent years, historiography, mass media, and representatives of the political elite show a growing interest in the causes of Brexit, which led to Britain’s withdrawal from the European Union. In this context, research into the Central-Eastern European and Baltic Countries Citizens Emigration to Great Britain, which contributed to the growth of anti-emigrant sentiment in the United Kingdom, is of particular importance. An important place in the study of emigration problems is occupied by analyzing the reasons for emigration and its perception by citizens of the region countries Research Methods. The historical and genetic method is used, which allowed to consider emigration in dynamics, reveal its causes, the main characteristics of migration flows and the perception of this process by different social groups. Results and Discussion. The socialist system collapse in Central-Eastern Europe and the Baltic States required the new governments to destroy the planned socialist economy and create new national economy organization principles. Its liberalization and integration into the world economy led at first to a decline in Gross Domestic Product, inflation, structural changes in the labor market and an increase in unemployment, especially in the difficult situation of young people. The gap in the level and quality of life between the Western Europe and Central-Eastern Europe and the Baltic states made the Eastern Europeans departure to the Great Britain attractive. Most potential emigrants according to sociological surveys and analytical research, including the commission of K. Dastman considered short-term emigration as a behavioral strategy. Conclusions. Difficulties in the Central-Eastern Europe and the Baltic States transition to a market economy result to an increase in migration attitudes among citizens. The main reason for emigration from Central-Eastern Europe and the Baltic states to Great Britain, as well as to other Western European countries, is economic reasons; the political factor did not play a significant role in all region countries.
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Inkin, V. V. "British Society in the reflection of the press: fascist sentiments among the World War I veterans in the 1930s." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities 29, no. 2 (April 27, 2024): 528–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2024-29-2-528-540.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Importance. The topic of the threat of fascist ideas and movements at the present stage is increasingly being brought up in the framework of public and scientific discussions. The coverage of this problem of the history of Great Britain in the 1930s is connected with the need to study the development of the features of fascism in society and in the society of veterans of the World War I. The novelty of the work is to consider the strengthening of the right-wing sentiments of part of the community of British war veterans in the 1930s, while fascism in Great Britain has been studied most widely by historical science in relation to political organizations and parties. Revealing the connection of veterans with the fascist movement will reveal the essence of the state ideology and the contradiction in public sentiment.Materials and Methods. Within the framework of a historical and systematic approach, the Fascist movement in Great Britain was considered as one of the features of the development of public sentiment. The problem of fascization of British society was the duality of political attitudes. On the one hand, representatives of British fascism were marginals, and on the other, prominent figures of the largest veterans’ organization, the British Legion, were the exponents of the ideas of fascism. Using the prosopographic method, the social and political activities of the World War I veterans were investigated.Results and Discussion. Based on the analysis of the development of Great Britain in the 1930s, the specifics of public sentiment are described. The veteran movement in the country adhered to various ideologies. By the mid-1930s, opinions arose among veteran leaders about the possibility of uniting with the fascists. During this period, the veterans of the World War I themselves, with the assistance of politicians and the aristocracy, as well as the support of capitalist circles, created right-wing radical organizations that openly adopted nationalist, anti-Semitic, and racist positions. The possibility of veterans coming under the influence of fascist organizations actually existed, given the numerous contacts and joint activities both within the UK itself and with foreign organizations and politicians (in particular, with the leaders of the Third Reich and Italy).Conclusion. Prominent figures of the veteran movement (in particular, the British Legion) are responsible for the development of fascism in the UK and have contributed to the policy of appeasing the aggressor. Their activities in the process of unleashing the World War II were derived from the prevailing socio-economic system. In the 1930s, veterans and their leaders became instruments and sometimes representatives of the interests of competing groups of the economically dominant class in Great Britain. Dissatisfaction with the policies of the British governments and the rise of fascist sentiment was reflected in social protest and criticism in the press.
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Holovnia, O. M. "International Practice of Innovative Technologies of Project Financing." Business Inform 6, no. 521 (2021): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-6-44-49.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In today’s world, the international community provides significant support in carrying out socio-economic and political reforms to countries that need it. Such support is provided in the form of official aid for the purposes of development, which includes international technical and humanitarian assistance, loans for repayment of foreign debt on preferential terms, financing of project activities. The article analyzes the state of Ukraine’s cooperation with international financial organizations in providing financial and technical assistance for the implementation of projects that are of great importance for structural reforms of the domestic economy. The national economy of Ukraine has been experiencing a lasting shortage of financial resources necessary for innovation and investment development projects, also for current needs of the State. Given the difficulties of mobilizing free cash in the domestic capital market, Ukraine attracts resources in foreign markets. Expanding partnerships with international donor organizations allows not only to find additional sources of funding for projects aimed at socio-economic and humanitarian development, but also to provide real help to those in need. The implementation of joint projects and programs involving communities and local authorities in practice makes it possible to gain useful and important experience based on the best world and European practices. It is examined that in the national economy the urgent problem is the search for new types of interaction between communities to solve socially important issues, including the search for unconventional sources of financing. To a large extent, the search for and involvement of funds in the social sphere is facilitated by innovative technologies for financing social development – fundraising, crowdsourcing and crowdfunding platforms, which are manifestations of social communications and become relevant in the context of decentralization and community development.
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Petrov, Alexander. "Aggravation of the Colonial Struggle in the Pacific Ocean in 1760—1770s." ISTORIYA 14, no. 10 (132) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840028746-9.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is devoted to the struggle for colonies in the North Pacific in the context of the interaction between Russia, Great Britain and Spain in the second half of the 18th century, with an emphasis on the voyage of J. Cook to the coast of Alaska. The activity of Russia and the Western European powers related to the intensification of efforts in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean is considered. The article notes that the region studied by us has long attracted the attention of European countries. The factors that contributed to the development of the North-West of America are revealed. The authors show that it was a very complex and multifaceted process, in which various levels of state power, up to the emperors, participated. The importance of the initiative of private commercial companies in the colonization of territories is noted. The authors of the article draw attention to the fact that the expansion of the Spanish Empire became possible due to Madrid’s fears about the strengthening of Russia in the North Pacific. In turn, Great Britain carried out active intelligence activities, which resulted in a phase of military conflict at the end of the 18th century. On the basis of Russian and foreign documents introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, the authors of the article try to show the validity of the fears of the Madrid court regarding Russian colonization, as well as the ambitions of London in this region. Promotion of Russia to the northwest of America was due to economic and political reasons. The access to the Pacific Ocean of Russian private structures was caused by the desire to collect yasak from the indigenous peoples, as well as to obtain furs, which were highly valued in world markets. The article notes the changes in the position of Great Britain, Spain and Russia in relation to the colonies in the 18th century. It is concluded that, in general, the policy of Spain and Great Britain was aimed at curbing the Russian advance in the Pacific Ocean. Russian-Anglo-Spanish relations in the Northwest Pacific at the end of the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century made a significant contribution to the subsequent active colonization of the North Pacific. The article was written using an interdisciplinary approach based on a wide range of sources from domestic and foreign archives.
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BATRAKOVA, T. I., and E. S. SEMIBRATOVA. "INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL SUPPORT AS PART OF THE BUDGET OF UKRAINE DURING THE WAR." Economic innovations 25, no. 3(88) (September 7, 2023): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2023.25.3(88).59-65.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Topicality. russian aggression against Ukraine has caused a serious crisis in our country. A full-scale military invasion dealt a significant blow to the economic, social, humanitarian systems of Ukraine. In all spheres of life of the country there have been negative changes, including in the financial. Ukrainian GDP fell by 29% last year. Budget revenues decreased significantly, and expenses increased several times. This process led to a significant deficit of the state budget. To solve this problem, additional financial resources are needed. The state attracts them from international partners in the form of grants and loans.
Aim and tasks. Constant monitoring of the structure of international financial support, especially during the russian aggression, has a very important purpose due to its significant impact on the social and economic processes taking place in the country. The article is aimed at analyzing the financial assistance that Ukraine has received since the beginning of a full-scale war. The main objectives are to consider the dynamics of loans and grants, as well as their impact on the future financial development of the country.
Materials and Methods. Particular attention is paid to international partners who form a large package of financial assistance for our country, consisting of support for the state budget and ensuring financial stability, the formation of funds for the restoration of the country and the economy, as well as financial support for humanitarian issues. It is analyzed from which countries and international organizations funding was provided. The conditions and ways of financial support of Ukraine are considered.
Research results. As modern economic policy shows, Ukraine received a significant share of funding in the form of grants and loans from the USA, Canada, Germany, Great Britain. The European Union, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund also play an important role in providing financial assistance. In the future, irrevocable funds should come from sources associated with the aggressor. russia must pay with its own funds for the unleashed war in our country.
Conclusion. Financing the urgent needs of Ukraine is now an urgent issue. It is the external financial assistance that supports the functioning of the state sector of the Ukrainian economy and helps to balance the monetary and financial position of the country. This assistance is important to support the economy of Ukraine, the exchange rate of the national currency and protect the territorial integrity of our state.
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Гречан, Алла, та Артем Коба. "ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФОРМУВАННЯ МЕХАНІЗМУ ПІДВИЩЕННЯ МОТИВАЦІЇ ОПЛАТИ ПРАЦІ ПРАЦІВНИКІВ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ". Automobile Roads and Road Construction, № 112 (30 листопада 2022): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33744/0365-8171-2022-112-309-315.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article analyzes the peculiarities of remuneration of employed persons in the business sector. Compliance of "pay indicators" with the legislative basis of Ukraine - in particular, the Code of Labor Laws of Ukraine No. 322-08 dated 07.23.1996 (ed. dated 08.19.2022) and the Law of Ukraine "On Remuneration" No. 108/95 was determined - VR from 03/24/1995 (edited from 08/19/2022). The social, humanitarian, political and legal orientations of "labor remuneration" in the domestic doctrine of labor are outlined. The genesis of the right to work in Ukraine is analyzed in accordance with the provisions of Art. 43 of the Basic Law of the Constitution of Ukraine. The philosophical and terminological context of the "employer-employee" relationship is considered. The positive and negative aspects of the payment of an employment contract (TD) and a civil law agreement (CPU) are determined in accordance with the labor legislation of Ukraine and the provisions of the Civil Code of Ukraine No. 435-IV dated 16.01.2003 (edited from 01.08.2022). An analysis of the mechanisms for increasing the wages of workers in the developed countries of the world – the EU, the USA, Great Britain, etc. – was carried out. In particular, the precedents of the formation of "salary policy" by the ETUC (European Trade Union Confederation) among the 27 EU member states, the mechanisms for increasing wages and establishing the minimum (marginal) permissible limits of labor remuneration in accordance with the policy of the US Department of Labor (U.S. Department) are outlined. of Labor), features of the formation of the wage and salary policy of Great Britain, which is directed and coordinated by the National Economic Council (National Economic Council). Features of employee stimulation by increasing wages are described. The phenomenon of "work-life balance" (the balance of work and personal life) and the payment policy of enterprises as the root cause of its generation have been studied. The mechanisms of trade union protection of an employed person against systematic violations of labor legislation are outlined –– in Ukraine, the EU, the USA and Great Britain, respectively. The relationship between remuneration and the level of personal motivation of the employee has been proven. The definition of the "job satisfaction scale" (job satisfaction scale) as a psychological constant characteristic of the research-management doctrine of the USA is singled out.
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KUZMINA, Violetta M., and Arina V. SVETIKOVA. "THE REACTION OF THE WORLD COMMUNITY AND THE ECONOMIES OF GREAT BRITAIN AND THE EU TO BREXIT." Historical and social-educational ideas 11, no. 2 (May 16, 2019): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17748/2075-9908-2019-11-2-147-157.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction. Today Brexit is one of the most pressing issues of world politics, due to the acquisition of global proportions. Of course, this process is a phenomenon at the regional level, but the very fact of the voting and the efforts being made to exit the UK economy from the EU created many questions around themselves, thereby giving rise to the idea in the minds of the population of other countries that the EU cannot cope with the main functions there is the possibility of holding a referendum and a decision to leave the union. The UK and the European Union have never been partners for each other from a historical perspective. Multiple prerequisites, which originated in the last century almost immediately after the signing of the decision on the accession of the Kingdom to the EU, tended to develop and grow. Disputes among members of parliament have always existed, but were not as pronounced as today. In this sense, the country's policy was divided into 2 camps: those who spoke and advocate for the measures of “tough” Brexit, and those who believed and believe that the exit process should be smooth and measured in order not to spoil relations with the EU point of no return.Methods. As the materials of the study were taken data presented in monographic studies and journalistic articles of domestic, but mostly foreign experts in the field of international law, the General modern history, the history of the UK, macroeconomics. The article is written on the basis of sociological research conducted by Western European agencies and Brexit research centers using the analytical type of research and its forms: sociological and expert surveys. The analysis of statistical economic information regarding the real GDP of the EU countries is presented using a comparative historical research method.Results and conclusions. Economic consequences for the European Union from Brexit will become noticeable after some time has passed since the date of the official UK secession from the European Union. Also a minus will be the reduction of anti-crisis programs that the European Union is trying to implement. Attention is deserved by the attitude of other European countries to the membership in the European Union. In this case, more and more we are talking about opposition movements, parties that develop the theme of Euroscepticism. This is especially true in drawing a parallel with the critical eurodirection, which has been traced in EU policy lately.