Статті в журналах з теми "Economic and policy barrier"
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1
Rarick, Charles A. "Economic Sanctions: Astute Policy or Just another Barrier to Free Trade?" American Journal of Trade and Policy 3, no. 2 (August 31, 2016): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v3i2.403.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
When mentioning free trade the topic of economic sanctions is seldom mentioned. However, governments of the developed world, especially the United States, have used economic sanctions as a foreign policy tool to compel other countries to change their behavior. The increasing use of economic sanctions as a form of foreign policy is not without cost, however, and that cost is borne by citizens of sanctioned countries and businesses who find international markets closed to them, either entirely or in part. In addition, consumers pay a price through less choice and higher prices. Economic sanctions are barriers to free trade and interfere with the free flow of goods and services. This case examines the current state of economic sanctions imposed by the United States and explores sanctions imposed on Cuba, Myanmar and Iran; three heavily sanctioned countries which recently have experienced a change in U.S. foreign policy action, yet still suffer from trade restrictions.
2
Doyle, David M., Marie Muldoon, Stephanie Thompson, and Muiread Murphy. "Economic Obstacles to Education in Ireland." Journal of Human Rights Practice 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 124–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huab004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This policy note highlights the costs of sending a child to school in Ireland and explores the extent to which these represent a significant economic barrier to schooling for low-income families. It also evaluates the efforts to reduce early school leaving and examines the increasing commodification of education in Ireland.
3
Riley, Barth B., James H. Rimmer, Edward Wang, and William J. Schiller. "A Conceptual Framework for Improving the Accessibility of Fitness and Recreation Facilities for People With Disabilities." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 5, no. 1 (January 2008): 158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.5.1.158.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Access to fitness and recreation facilities is an important issue for people with disabilities. Although policy and legislation have helped to remove various environmental barriers, there remain a substantial number of inaccessible features in fitness and recreation facilities. This article presents an approach for improving the accessibility of fitness and recreation environments that enables participation and input from members of the community, as well as persons with expertise in accessibility. Through a collaboration between facilities, persons with disabilities and accessibility consultants, the approach provides a process of incremental change through readily achievable barrier removal and by providing an information and educational resource concerning barrier removal, disability awareness, and economic and information resources. Technology is incorporated to facilitate accessibility assessment, interaction between various stakeholders, and the creation of an accessibility solutions database. Policy implications of this approach are discussed.
4
Nikolic, Goran. "Is ethnic and cultural-religious heterogeneity a barrier to economic development." Medjunarodni problemi 62, no. 2 (2010): 329–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1002329n.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The author analyzes the influence of heterogeneity of religious-ethnic structure on economic growth. Most studies show that extraordinary national-religious diversification has a negative impact on economic performance of countries. However, the institutional arrangements that involve a significant degree of decentralization may be a factor of relaxation of ethnic and religious, i.e. political animosity. Positive economic experiences of some institutional and ethnically complex countries show that the single economic policy is possible and that strong the national heterogeneity is not necessarily a negative factor for economic development if there are viable democratic institutions.
5
Buks, Joanna, and Agnieszka Otłowska. "Rozpowszechnienie nierolniczej działalności gospodarczej na obszarach wiejskich." Przedsiębiorczość - Edukacja 3 (January 1, 2007): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20833296.3.14.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Rural entrepreneurship and enterprise development can stimulate local economic growth,engage young people, and recreate communitys vitality. A lively, growing rural community willencourage further growth of the regions and entrepreneurship is one of the leveraging instruments for unify a disproportion in socio-economic development of Polish regions.The paper analyses the development of non-agricultural economic activity on rural areas andshows the chances and barriers for rural entrepreneurships increase.Research conducted in 76 villages shows that the most popular non-rural economic activityon rural areas is trading and most of the activities have local extent. Lack of the funds forlaunching a company is the great barrier to further development of rural entrepreneurship andstructural policy instruments can be a chance to improve this situation.
6
Wu, Xiaoping, Xuanyi He, and Jie Huang. "Comparative Analysis of Dynamic Responses of Different Types of High-Speed Railway Noise Barriers under the Influence of Fluctuating Wind Pressure." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (October 10, 2022): 12900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912900.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The fluctuating wind pressure generated when a high-speed train passes through the noise barrier will cause deformation and damage to the noise barrier, affecting the safety of train operation and causing serious economic losses. In this paper, a research method for the dynamic response of noise barriers is proposed, and a comparative study of vertical noise barriers and semi-enclosed noise barriers is carried out. The study shows that when trains pass through the noise barrier, the fluctuating wind pressure on the surface of the two different types of noise barriers both exhibit the characteristics of head and tail waves; the time course curve of fluctuating wind pressure has the same change rule, the wind pressure reaches the maximum value at the bottom measuring point, the maximum value of fluctuating wind positive pressure and negative pressure of the semi-closed noise barrier is larger than that of the vertical noise barrier. In terms of natural frequency, the natural frequency range of the vertical noise barrier is 16~85 Hz, and the natural frequency range of the semi-enclosed noise barrier is 3~13 Hz. The natural frequency of the semi-enclosed noise barrier partially coincides with the main frequency of fluctuating wind pressure, which may lead to resonance damage. When the train speed is raised from 200 km/h to 350 km/h, the maximum equivalent force of the semi-enclosed noise barrier reaches 17.21 Mpa, which is much larger than the maximum equivalent force of the vertical noise barrier. At the same time, the displacement of the two noise barriers increases with the height of the noise barrier, and the maximum displacement of the semi-closed noise barrier unit board reaches 3.63 mm, which is much larger than that of the vertical noise barrier unit board.
7
Eyre, Nick. "Barriers to Energy Efficiency: More Than Just Market Failure." Energy & Environment 8, no. 1 (March 1997): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x9700800103.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The importance to environmental policy of improving energy efficiency is now widely agreed. It is also well established that levels of energy efficiency are below the optimum for economic efficiency, i.e. there are market barriers to energy efficiency. Neo-c1assical economic theory provides a taxonomy of the barriers in terms of market failure and can evaluate short term policy options to address them. However, this paradigm does not explain the underlying causes or why all the market failures act in the direction of lower energy efficiency. Economic analysis alone cannot identify long term, sustainable approaches to removing the barriers; input is needed from other disciplines. A review of the multi-disciplinary literature identifies some common elements in the nature of the barriers: a dichotomy between producers and consumers, centralisation in energy supply and planning, a commodity view of energy, and complexity of energy efficiency markets. It is concluded that these are fundamental characteristics of energy use in a modem economy. They constitute a meta-barrier - a framework in which the other barriers can be described. Barriers to energy efficiency therefore remain deeply entrenched and, in the short term, optimisation of energy efficiency is unlikely. However, future changes in technology, market structures and institutions may open new opportunities to address the fundamental problems in the longer term.
8
Bundala, Ntogwa N. "Hidden Demographics Barriers of the Economic Growth: A Psychometric Approach." International Journal of Business, Management and Economics 3, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 24–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.47747/ijbme.v3i1.471.
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This paper examined the hidden demographic barriers of economic growth. The study used a cross-sectional survey researches design. The primary data were collected by using a psychometric scale from 211 individuals who were randomly sampled from the Mwanza and Kagera regions in Tanzania. The data were linearly analysed by the weighted least squares (WLS) and Analysis weighted- automatic linear modelling (AW-ALM), and non-linearly analysed by Gaussian mixture model (GMM) and neural network analysis (NNA). The study found that the main hidden demographic barrier to economic growth is the negative subjective well-being of an individual’s current age and education level. Moreover, the GMM revealed that there is no significant data or regional clusters or classes in the study population. Furthermore, NNA evidenced the most effective predictor of economic growth is age, followed by education. The study concluded that the most hidden demographic factors that hinder economic growth are negative perceptions of an individual on his/her current age and level of education, not the age maturity, and education level. Operationally or practically, the paper implicates several socio-economical policies, mostly the national aging policy (NAP), the National Education and Training policy (NETP), the National Employment Policy (NEP), and regulations /laws on national social security funds schemes at national, regional and global levels. Therefore, the paper recommended that government and other education stakeholders increase the policy commitment on the mathematics, science, and technology subjects to be compulsory for primary and secondary schools, and the extension of the retirement age from 60 years (voluntary) to 65 years (compulsory)
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Zieliński, Mariusz. "LABOR SUPPLY AS A BARRIER OF ECONOMIC GROWTH IN POLAND." Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu, no. 489 (2017): 504–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15611/pn.2017.489.44.
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Yuan, Zhenmin, Guodong Ni, Linxiu Wang, Yaning Qiao, Chengshuang Sun, Na Xu, and Wenshun Wang. "Research on the Barrier Analysis and Strength Measurement of a Prefabricated Building Design." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (April 8, 2020): 2994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072994.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As a sustainable and cleaner type of facility, prefabricated buildings face more design barriers than traditional non-prefabricated buildings. Identifying and managing these barriers is key to improving the success rate of prefabricated building design. However, direct studies on these design barriers are extremely rare. The present study solved this problem by combining multiple methods, including grounded theory (GT), structured self-intersection matrix (SSIM), analytic network process (ANP), and the linear weighted sum method (LWSM). GT was adopted to identify the barriers to prefabricated building design and then SSIM was used to analyze the interactions among them. The eight design barriers were finally identified and classified into three clusters: technical barriers, economic barriers, and management barriers. A further analysis found that there is dependence and feedback among these clusters. The technical barrier cluster and management barrier cluster experience self-feedback. A network model based on ANP was next established to calculate the weights of the barrier elements and then this model was combined with LWSM to evaluate the overall design barrier strength of a project case. The results showed that architectural individualization has the greatest impact on prefabricated building design, followed by the collaborative issues among multiple units and professional designer issues. The overall design barrier strength of the project case was larger. Therefore, the first suggestion provided to the facility management sector is to establish a library for standard house types to achieve architectural design through multihouse combinations.
11
Habbas, Walid Mousa. "West Bank–Israel Wall During COVID-19: Migrant Labour Upends Border Function." Borders in Globalization Review 2, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/bigr21202019881.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The function of the West Bank–Israeli separation barrier, designed to segregate Palestinians away from Israeli territory, was subverted by the COVID-19 crisis. For the first time, the barrier locked West Bank Palestinians inside Israel. For a two-month period, construction workers from the West Bank were sequestered at work sites in Israel to reduce movement of people between the territories while also minimizing economic losses. This turn of events illustrates the ad hoc economic interests underlying Israeli security policy toward the West Bank.
12
Irwin, Douglas A. "Trade Policy in American Economic History." Annual Review of Economics 12, no. 1 (August 2, 2020): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-070119-024409.
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This article reviews the broad changes in US trade policy over the course of the nation's history. Import tariffs have been the main instrument of trade policy and have had three main purposes: to raise revenue for the government, to restrict imports and protect domestic producers from foreign competition, and to reach reciprocity agreements that reduce trade barriers. Each of these three objectives—revenue, restriction, and reciprocity—was predominant in one of three consecutive periods in history. The political economy of these tariffs has been driven by the location of trade-related economic interests in different regions and the political power of those regions in Congress. The review also addresses the impact of trade policies on the US economy, such as the welfare costs of tariffs, the role of protectionism in fostering US industrialization, and the relationship between the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act and the Great Depression of the 1930s.
13
Borovkov, Alexey, Oleg Rozhdestvenskiy, Elizaveta Pavlova, Alexey Glazunov, and Konstantin Savichev. "Key Barriers of Digital Transformation of the High-Technology Manufacturing: An Evaluation Method." Sustainability 13, no. 20 (October 9, 2021): 11153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011153.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It is acknowledged that quality of life is related to economic development in a country or region. The impact of the ongoing transfer to the digital economy on economic growth, sustainable development, and quality of life has been a recent academic focus, finding that the development of digitalisation of the economy and society is happening at a comparable pace. Yet, despite the availability of governmental support and overall strategic orientation of top managers, there is evidence of low digital/advanced manufacturing technologies adoption readiness across economic sectors. Therefore, the object of the research is the digital/advanced manufacturing technologies adoption readiness, which can be assessed on both industrial and organisational levels. The authors carried out an expert poll that has shown low digital/advanced manufacturing technologies adoption readiness on the industrial level (average readiness of 2.18 across estimated industries). For this reason, the focus subject of the research is the evaluation method for determining barriers of digital transformation on organisational level. The review of the academic literature and available digital maturity assessment models has shown the lack of metrics for barrier evaluation. The objective of the research is to develop a method for digital-transformation barrier evaluation. An analytical research method is used to develop a ready-to-use method in a form of a questionnaire that can be applied to measure an overall digital-transformation barrier level and identify problem areas for a manufacturing enterprise. The developed method is approbated in two large industrial companies. The overall barrier equals 39.3% for a power engineering company, which is a deterrent barrier. The overall barrier equals 75.0% for a machine-building company, which is a limiting barrier. The results of approbation correspond with results of the expert poll: the power engineering company has a lower barrier level, which is in line with the engine building and turbine engineering industry showing higher levels of readiness to adopt digital technologies. This finding supports the hypothesis about the rationality of the author’s method.
14
Perło, Dorota. "Environmental Quality as a Decisive Variable in Shaping Regional Development Policy." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 37, no. 1 (August 8, 2014): 159–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2014-0023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The article examines the impact of environmental quality on shaping the development policy of Polish voivodeships. The main analytical tool used was the synthetic index of environmental quality, compiled by means of the Perkal method. It was constructed in order to organize Polish voivodeships in terms of environmental quality, which was determined in a comprehensive way on the basis of three thematic areas: advantages of the natural environment, the level of pollution (degradation) of the environment as well as active protective activities. The obtained values of synthetic measures were then compared to the level of economic growth of Polish regions. It was necessary in determining which voivodeships perceive the quality of the environment as the main factor enhancing their economic growth, and which treat it as a barrier to economic development.
15
Amin, Muhammad, Ijaz Ahmad Tatlah, and Arfa Afghani. "Problems Of Females’ Progression In Higher Education: Perceptions Of Female University Students." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 16, no. 1 (March 8, 2018): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v16i1.116.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The study aims to investigate the barriers that hinder in the progress of females’ higher education. The study adopted a mixed methods approach. The quantitative data is collected from 200 female students of a Pakistani public university through a structured questionnaire, whereas to generate the qualitative data semi-structured interviews are conducted from 15 female students from the same group. The findings highlight ignorant parents as major barrier in the way of females’ higher education. Moreover, cultural norms, low socio-economic status, unavailability of universities in remote areas, and stereotype thinking of families are also pointed out as main barriers of females’ progression in higher education. Some implications for policy are offered and suggestions for future research are proposed.
16
Pap, Norbert, and Viktor Glied. "The Hungarian Border Barrier and Islam." Journal of Muslims in Europe 6, no. 1 (March 9, 2017): 104–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22117954-12341339.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The co-existence between Hungarians and Islam has been considered balanced, until the spring of 2015 when a wave of migrants appeared in Europe. “Opening to the East”, the foreign policy announced by the government in 2011 heralded a new chapter of cooperation with Arabic/Muslim countries, predominantly due to economic considerations. The migrant crisis turned government communication, as well as the stance of Jobbik, the largest opposition party, upside down. This paper discusses the unique phenomenon of what role the political debate about Islam and the construction of the temporary border barrier protecting the Hungarian national borders played in the competitive communication of the national-radical, pro-Muslim opposition Jobbik party (achieving a lead in the polls) and the centre-right governing parties Fidesz-kdnp which typically emphasise their Christian character.
17
Kaplenko, H. "Administrative barriers in the Ukrainian economy and the conceptual formulation of the problem of their forecasting." Fundamental and applied researches in practice of leading scientific schools 37, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33531/farplss.2020.1.2.
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Active development of business initiatives, achieving a competitive advantage is the result of many factors: effective management, entrepreneurial flair, developed and implemented in the business product innovation, sound financial policy, efficient marketing strategy. However, before the business there are often administrative and economic, technological and organizational barriers, overcoming of which largely allows providing a competitive edge. Under the administrative barrier should understand the obstacles set by the state to organizations that impede their activities and do not lead to improvements in the functioning of the state.
The issue of the nature of administrative barriers continues to be a contentious issue. For V. Volchik, they represent part of the institutional barriers to the development of entrepreneurial activity consisting of two groups. One of them is formed by formal institutional barriers, which are direct consequences of the interventionist state economic policy, the other by informal ones, i.e., those associated with corruption factors that impede the creation and functioning of entrepreneurial structures, and introduce serious distortions to market coordination mechanisms. Barriers belonging to the first of these groups are called administrative [1, p. 56–57]. At the same time, there is a view according to which administrative barriers are those related to corruption factors. In line with this point of view, the administrative barriers are obstacles in the way of organization and realization of entrepreneurial activities of small businesses created some officials of the Executive authorities [12, с. 40–41]. (Look about it: [2, p. 40–41]).
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Hirono, Keiko Nosse. "HOUSING POLICY FOR THE ELDERLY: A POLICY TO BUILD BARRIER-FREE RENTAL HOUSING." Pacific Economic Review 14, no. 5 (December 2009): 694–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0106.2009.00473.x.
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Simkhada, Bibha, Edwin R. van Teijlingen, Maureen Porter, Padam Simkhada, and Sarada P. Wasti. "Why do costs act as a barrier in maternity care for some, but not all women? A qualitative study in rural Nepal." International Journal of Social Economics 41, no. 8 (August 5, 2014): 705–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-03-2013-0072.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse cost as a barrier to the uptake of antenatal care (ANC) in rural Nepal amidst a variety of barriers and facilitators. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative study with face-to-face interviews were conducted with 50 ANC users and non-users participants. The setting is rural Nepal, some 20 kilometres outside the capital Kathmandu. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed and translated into English and results were presented thematically. Findings – Cost was sometimes a barrier to seeking ANC for poor rural women. It included transport costs, opportunity costs of not being able to work in the household and service-related costs (such as blood or urine tests). The effect of cost as a barrier varied between women of different socio-economic status. Cost was a barrier to accessing ANC partly due to the women's lack of control over household resources. Social implications – It is important to consider cost in the wider socio-economic context of rural people's lives as financial costs alone do not explain the level of uptake of ANC. Originality/value – This study provides an original insight of women's experiences on financial issues relating to the use of ANC services in Nepal. Another important aspect of this study was approached with the multiple respondents (i.e. women, their husbands and their mothers-in-law) regarding the use of ANC and financial impact in the use of services. The findings of this study have important implications in health policy formation by providing clear picture of women's financial situation in access to ANC.
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Yun, John M. "Antitrust After Big Data." Baltic Yearbook of International Law Online 18, no. 1 (December 13, 2019): 87–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22115897_01801_007.
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With the rise of digital markets, the conventional wisdom was that big data was a new economic phenomenon that would allow incumbent firms with market power to entrench their market positions, foreclose competitors, and serve as a virtually insurmountable barrier to entry. This led to calls for greater antitrust enforcement and regulation of big data practices. Since that time, with the benefit of substantial growth in the theoretical and empirical economic literature involving big data, it is appropriate to revisit our understanding of big data’s implications for antitrust. This paper contributes to the discussion by detailing three things we have learned about big data as it applies to competition policy. First, we now have a better understanding of the role that big data plays in the production and innovation process. Second, it makes little sense to reflexively label big data as a barrier to entry. Competition policy is better served by considering actual entry conditions rather than basing competitive effects analysis on determining whether access to certain inputs are or are not barriers to entry. Third, competition authorities now have a sizeable level of experience in assessing big data in actual cases. It is notable that, thus far, big data alone has not fuelled a theory of harm that has led to an agency challenge in the U.S.A. or Europe. All these considerations suggest that we are perhaps in a new, more mature, era regarding big data in competition policy – not because big data is any less important to innovation – but because researchers and regulators have consistently found that big data in and of itself does not represent a relevant antitrust concern.
21
Hu, Zi Jiang. "Preventive Resettlement of Migrants Inspiration Mechanism in Three Gorges Barrier Region." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.251.
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This paper will employ the push-pull theory and Todaro Model of migrants to analyze push force, pull force and resistance and make a multi-dimensional analysis of the relationship of migrants and disaster reconstruction from the perspective of people-land, people-economic, people-social relation. On basis of this, this paper will investigate the gap between the basic appeal from immigrant people in Three Gorges Reservoir Region due to geological disaster and policy supply as well as build a scientific incentive mechanism (interest inspiration, policy guarantee, desire inspiration of livelihood) for population transfer. The practice indicates that establishment of the mechanism provides an important guarantee for smooth implementation of the immigrant project in Three Gorges Reservoir Region and raises Three Gorges people willingness to immigration.
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Samonte, Giselle P. B., Rose-Liza Eisma-Osorio, Rizaller Amolo, and Alan White. "Economic value of a large marine ecosystem: Danajon double barrier reef, Philippines." Ocean & Coastal Management 122 (March 2016): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.01.001.
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Smajgl, A., S. Morris, and S. Heckbert. "Water policy impact assessment – combining modelling techniques in the Great Barrier Reef region." Water Policy 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.022.
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The Reef Water Quality Protection Plan (Reef Plan) defined a landmark for policy in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) region. It identifies actions, mechanisms and partnerships and builds on existing government policies, industry and community initiatives for the purpose of “halting and reversing the decline in water quality entering the Reef within 10 years” through “reducing the load of pollutants from diffuse sources in the water entering the Reef”. A range of different indicators proposed for the nine strategies of the plan define policy goals that require an integrated assessment of the Great Barrier Reef region. In this context and under given uncertainties in regard to policy outcomes, decision support systems can help simulate the impact of potential policy options. Policy options involving water quantity and water quality questions and the underlying context of land use require an understanding of environmental, economic and social consequences. This paper presents an approach developed for the GBR region, which employs a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model and an agent-based model (ABM) for integrated policy impact assessment. This applied modelling approach shows that strengths of different modelling techniques can be combined to support water policy decision making more effectively. This paper is focused on integration in the form of policy process and research response regarding model design on two system scales that provide cross scale decision support.
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Karimi, Abbas, and Hojjat Salimi Turkamani. "U.S.-Imposed Economic Sanctions on Iran in the COVID-19 Crisis From the Human Rights Perspective." International Journal of Health Services 51, no. 4 (June 9, 2021): 570–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00207314211024912.
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One of the obvious impacts of comprehensive economic sanctions is on pharmaceuticals and supplies, which are essential elements of all functioning health systems. Observers report that comprehensive sanctions imposed on Iran are a barrier to Iran's coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) crisis and could impede Iran's access to coronavirus vaccines. In this minireview, we discuss COVID-19 and its human rights dimensions of U.S. sanctions on Iran. We believe fighting COVID-19 with limited resources during sanctions will produce a humanitarian crisis, and coronavirus is a convincing reason to lift the sanctions on Iran.
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Knapp, M. "Economic barriers to better mental health practice and policy." Health Policy and Planning 21, no. 3 (February 21, 2006): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czl003.
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Herr, A., and P. M. Kuhnert. "Assessment of uncertainty in Great Barrier Reef catchment models." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 1 (July 1, 2007): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.450.
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This paper addresses uncertainty in socio-economic and sediment-nutrient models that are being developed for the assessment of change in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) area. The catchments draining into the GBR lagoon are sources of pollutants. The Reef Water Quality Management Plan of the Queensland Government identified sediments and nutrients transported to the GBR lagoon as the major long-term threats to the reef and inshore ecosystems and the wellbeing of the human communities. The plan clearly indicates that changes in land management are required by 2013 to reduce pollutant inputs and, at the same time, maintain or enhance the benefits from using the inland waters. Science that provides decision tools for natural resource management and improves socio-economic and biophysical understanding is required to enable managers to make better decisions. A major research activity (the Water for a Healthy Country Flagship) aims to address social, economic and biophysical outcomes of land management change in the GBR. It contains research activities that provide information for integrated model development. Currently, however, these models lack the ability to estimate the uncertainty associated with prediction. This project aims to provide statistical methods for assessing uncertainty in models of sediment transportation to the GBR. Furthermore, it provides a link between the models and the decision-making process that allows assessment of uncertainty, a step pertinent to the risk analysis of policy options. This paper describes current and ongoing approaches for assessing uncertainty using a sediment modelling example and provides a way forward for the integration of applied socio-economic and biophysical models used in the decision-making process.
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Salameh, Basma, and Ali Eyad Mahmoud Aboamash. "Predictors of Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and Barriers Regarding Sepsis and Sepsis Management Among Emergency Nurses and Physicians in Palestine: A Cross-Sectional Analysis." INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 59 (January 2022): 004695802211152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00469580221115265.
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Sepsis is a widespread problem that can create clinical and economic difficulties. This study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitudes, practices, and barriers related to the sepsis and sepsis management among emergency nurses and physicians. Data was collected using a self-questionnaire completed by the participating nurses and physicians (n = 243), with a 61% response rate. The study found that both emergency nurses and physicians had poor-to-moderate levels of sepsis knowledge, with emergency physicians having better attitudes regarding sepsis and sepsis management than emergency nurses. However, moderate knowledge levels of sepsis practice and management were shown among both nurses and physicians. It is evident that for emergency nurses and physicians, the biggest barrier to providing quality care to patients with sepsis is the lack of monitoring equipment. Both nurses and physicians need consistent sepsis management information provided by continual education programs. Development of an approved protocol can improve nurses’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices.
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Ayoade, Oladotun, and Vian Ahmed. "An assessment of land use sources of barriers and the community-based housing model in the UK." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 7, no. 4 (September 30, 2014): 539–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-02-2013-0012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose – The aim of this study is to define land use policy sources of barriers to community-based housing options in practice. Design/methodology/approach – The paper accentuated the need to tackle land use sources of barrier to Community Land Trust (CLT) performance, through text analysis of semi-structured interview responses from key stakeholders. Findings – This study found out that there is a need to ameliorate stakeholder approach to community-based housing (CBH), which is hampered by restrictive land use sources of barriers that occur in an urban and rural context. These barriers were found to include both planning inadequacies and a systemic inefficient network of knowledge transfer practices between stakeholders. Recommendations include the need for drastic policy intervention through the political willingness to address Section 106 shortcomings in the choice of affordable housing supply models, and the inaccessibility of land below market rate in an endogenous prescriptive planning system. Practical implications – This paper highlights the subjective limitations of the CLT model in regards to grey areas between setting boundaries to what is an acceptable level of concessions to CBH and the socio-economic impact or benefits of a completely deregulated social housing system. These boundaries do vary from system to system, hence the need for UK housing institutions to address identified inherent barrier sources and their reconciliation with international best practices. Therefore, greater roles can be accorded to the CLT model in the UK affordable housing dynamics based on its confirmed strengths and merits. Originality/value – This paper adds to literature through the practical identification and interpretation of various key stakeholder perspectives on sources of CLT barriers and an idealised strategy to tackling them accordingly. This contributes to the housing affordability debate on the viability of CBH options, and how it could be invariably hampered by direct and indirect effects of planning and restrictive land use policies in practice.
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Gawande, Kishore, and Wendy L. Hansen. "Retaliation, Bargaining, and the Pursuit of “Free and Fair” Trade." International Organization 53, no. 1 (1999): 117–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002081899550832.
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That domestic political economic factors are important determinants of a nation's trade barriers has been empirically well established. However, the question of how effective strategically retaliatory trade barriers are in deterring foreign protectionism has received far less systematic empirical attention. In this article we use bilateral nontariff barrier (NTB) data between the United States and five developed partner countries (Japan, France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom) to systematically examine the effectiveness of strategic retaliation. We employ a simultaneous Tobit model where the home and foreign NTB levels are determined endogenously in a bilateral game. The model provides estimates of deterrence coefficients, that is, the reduction in foreign trade barriers as a result of U.S. retaliation, which we use to characterize the nature of bilateral NTB games. Our hope is that the empirical results presented here, which have realistic though controversial implications, will inform U.S. trade policy.
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Shnyrkov, O., and O. Chugaiev. "ECONOMIC INTEGRATION OF UKRAINE WITH THE EU UNDER DISINTEGRATION WITH RUSSIA." Actual Problems of International Relations, no. 130 (2017): 82–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2017.130.0.82-94.
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The purpose of research is to analyze the reasons and effects of disintegration with Russia for Ukraine and its association with the EU. Expected results of the Association Agreement with the EU and conflict with Russia in previous research are compared with the actual effects. Export losses of the opposing countries from the economic conflict are calculated and compared. The EU-Ukraine Association Agreement has marked the choice of Ukraine to follow the European social and economic development model. It aimed at decreasing trade barriers, making reforms and engaging Ukraine in international production networks by foreign investment inflows. But the EU and Ukraine did not foresee the severe economic, political and military reaction of Russia, which is a barrier to efficient implementation of the Association Agreement. Decrease in exports to Russia and other CIS countries has not been offset by better access to the EU market. Severe reaction of Russia is politically motivated and is not substantiated economically. All the conflicting parties faced losses from the economic war. Ukraine and Russia were the most affected countries, while Western countries faced minor losses. Restoring cooperation and integration is not possible without changes in foreign policy of Russia or / and other parties.
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Vakili, Seyed Vahid, Fabio Ballini, Dimitrios Dalaklis, and Aykut I. Ölçer. "A Conceptual Transdisciplinary Framework to Overcome Energy Efficiency Barriers in Ship Operation Cycles to Meet IMO’s Initial Green House Gas Strategy Goals: Case Study for an Iranian Shipping Company." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 13, 2022): 2098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062098.
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Through a systematic, holistic and transdisciplinary approach and by proposing five phases of “goal information”, “system analyzing”, “scenario construction”, “multi-criteria assessment” and “strategy building”, the study offers a process for recognizing and prioritizing energy-efficient barriers in the ship’s operational cycle according to decision-makers’ concerns. The study utilized the proposed conceptual transdisciplinary framework for overcoming energy efficiency barriers in ship operating cycles. The framework categorizes the barriers in the operational cycle into five disciplines, i.e., operations, policy and regulations, technology and innovation, human element and economics, and applies the framework to an Iranian shipping company. The results show that the economic discipline has the highest priority, and the human discipline has the least importance for the company’s decision makers. In addition, “adverse selection” (operational discipline), “policy implementation” (policy and regulatory discipline), “split incentives” (economic discipline), “limited access to capital” (economic discipline) and “imperfect budgeting” were the main barriers to energy efficiency in the company.
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Khatib, Mohammad, Shadmi Efrat, and Daoud Deeb. "Knowledge, Beliefs, and Economic Barriers to Healthcare." Journal of Ambulatory Care Management 30, no. 1 (January 2007): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004479-200701000-00011.
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Novizantara, Alfianur, Aras Mulyadi, Usman M. Tang, and Ridwan Manda Putra. "Calculating Economic Valuation of Mangrove Forest in Bengkalis Regency, Indonesia." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 17, no. 5 (August 31, 2022): 1629–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170528.
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This research aims to determine the total economic value of mangrove forests on Bengkalis Island, Bengkalis Regency, Indonesia. Data collection in the field was done through observation and interviews. The research was carried out from October 2020 to March 2021. The results showed that the total economic value of mangrove forests was US$ 5.8 million per year. This study uses Total Economic Value (TEV) as a framework for estimating the value of the benefits of mangrove forests in Bengkalis. In addition, another value taken into account in this study is the function of mangroves as abrasion barrier, barrier to seawater intrusion, and a provider of nutrients for marine biota. The results of this study underscore the importance of mangrove ecosystems for the economy of coastal areas.
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Katukov, Daniel D., Viacheslav E. Malygin, and Nataliya V. Smorodinskaya. "The factor of creative destruction in modern economic growth models and growth policy." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 7 (July 3, 2019): 95–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2019-7-95-118.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper examines the place of Schumpeterian idea of creative destruction in endogenous growth models, as well as its relevance for national competitive strategies under the ‘new normal’ situation. The difference between Schumpeterian growth models and the model elaborated by P. Romer is revealed. The paper analyzes modern interpretation of creative destruction as a process displacing low-performing firms by high-performing ones, as well as old products and technologies by more innovative ones through a market competition. It is shown that this process accelerates the dynamics of firms and the turnover of resources in an economy, thus leading to reallocation of investments and knowledge to the most productive agents. The paper highlights the importance of sustaining a dynamic balance between measures stimulating a firm-level innovation activity and measures supporting a barrier-free environment for an effective resource allocation in the economy. We consider cases of several developed and developing countries, which demonstrate negative implications of underutilized advantages of creative destruction and the risks of selective supporting policies towards exclusively high-growing firms. We conclude that without restarting the process of creative destruction in the Russian economy the national efforts to enhance competitiveness and growth may turn unproductive.
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Ederington, Josh, and Jenny Minier. "Is environmental policy a secondary trade barrier? An empirical analysis." Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne d`Economique 36, no. 1 (February 2003): 137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-5982.00007.
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Nii Addy, Michael, Emmanuel Adinyira, and Christian Koranteng. "Architect's perception on the challenges of building energy efficiency in Ghana." Structural Survey 32, no. 5 (November 4, 2014): 365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ss-03-2014-0014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose – Building energy efficiency is an inescapable part of the solution to Africa's sustainable development; its implementation can result in cost effective ways that can contribute to economic and social development as well as environmental sustainability. Despite this, a number of factors including financial barriers and market barriers are perceived by policy makers and building designers to influence the efficient use of energy in buildings. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the perceptions of architects in relation to the challenges of building energy efficiency in Ghana. Design/methodology/approach – From a review of pertinent literature 18 factors were identified as challenging. Empirical investigation was carried out using survey questionnaire. The consideration of overlapping aspects of the study largely motivated the use of factor analysis to analyse the data which made it possible to make scientific deductions and built explanations from the results. Findings – The study derives five brands of uncorrelated variables that better explains challenges faced in implementing building energy efficiency in Ghana. These variables include financial barriers, information barrier, private sector participation, behavioural barriers and production barrier. The study provides insight on the contextual provision of realities faced in implementing building energy efficiency in Ghana. Originality/value – Key contribution of the paper to the body of knowledge is manifested in the use of the principal component analysis. This has rigorously provided understanding into the complex structure and the relationship between the various knowledge areas of building energy efficiency barriers in Ghana.
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Saroha, Manju, Dixit Garg, and Sunil Luthra. "Contextual Relationship Among Barriers to Sustainable Procurement." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 10, no. 3 (July 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsesd.2019070101.
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Sustainability is an important agenda within purchasing due to global awareness on environmental aspects. India has entered a track of economic reforms, with the purpose of integrating with the world economy. In this article, an attempt has been made to identify and evaluate barriers in implementation of sustainable procurement in Indian context. Literature review approaches have been used to identify barriers to sustainable procurement. Interpretive structural modeling (ISM) techniques have been used to develop models which gives a contextual relationship between barriers. Further, a MICMAC analysis has been used to learn the significance of identified barriers based upon their driving and dependence powers. This study concludes that lack of funding for research and lack of social and environmental consideration has been found as most dependent barriers and lack of legislations and government support has been found as the most independent barrier. This article may help practitioners and managers in eradicating these barriers and developing new ideas in this direction.
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Foxwell-Norton, Kerrie, and Libby Lester. "Saving the Great Barrier Reef from disaster, media then and now." Media, Culture & Society 39, no. 4 (February 16, 2017): 568–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163443717692738.
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The Great Barrier Reef is the most recognizable of the Australian properties on United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s (UNESCO) World Heritage List. At the time of its inscription in 1981, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature noted that ‘… if only one coral reef site in the world were to be chosen for the World Heritage List, the Great Barrier Reef is the site to be chosen’. The listing followed the ‘Save the Reef’ campaign, which ran through the 1960s and 1970s and highlighted threats from rapid industrialization and a nation riding a resources boom. Nevertheless, in recent years, the Reef has teetered on being named a ‘World Heritage Site in Danger’, with similar economic conditions driving its deterioration. This article juxtaposes recent media activism to protect the Reef against the earlier campaign in order to compare and better understand how these campaigns engaged publics and policy makers by representing and communicating threats, and concludes by considering their capacity to influence long-term conservation policy.
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Nikoloski, Aleksandar. "The impact of public expenditures on economic growth of the Republic of North Macedonia." Technium Social Sciences Journal 8 (May 26, 2020): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v8i1.742.
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Ensuring high and sustainable economic growth is one of the main tasks of public spending policy. In fact, public expenditure plays an important role in the formation of physical and human capital over time. If are properly targeted, they can stimulate economic growth even in the short term, when limited infrastructure of (unskilled) workforce is a barrier to increased production. Therefore, the realized impact of public expenditures on economic growth can be considered as an indicator of their effectiveness.
The goal of public expenditure is to increase economic growth by providing more employment opportunities, increasing people's income and living standards. Therefore, if they are well-managed, they can lead to the desired level of economic growth and improvement of the living standard of the population.
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Abeyeratne, Jude, Kohei Tsukada, Rohan Sheth, Ronak Thakore, and Siddharth Patel. "The Barriers to Selecting Optimal Economic Policy in South Korea." Deakin Papers on International Business Economics 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dpibe2010vol3no2art185.
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Four of the largest conglomerates in Sout h Korea are Samsung Group, Hyundai-KIA Automotive Group, LG Group and SK Telecom. In 2009, the joint market value of the assets these conglomerates owned amounted to aro und half of the South Korean GDP (Wang 2010). Ostensibly, the South Korean economy is dominated by the co nglomerates. Samsung and LG are the two major players in Korea’s electronics industry; Hy undai and KIA are the two major players in the automotive industry. The export dependency (Tot al Exports/GDP) of South Korea is 44.9% and its import dependency (Total Imports/GDP) is 38% (CIA 2010). This indicates that the South Korean economy is highly dependent on global trade as well as on the conglomerates. It has signed a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the European Union and will ratify FTAs with some of its other trading partners such as China, United States, Japan and Australia (YONHAP News Agency 2010a). It is our view that such changes in trade policy are supported by the conglomerates, which have considerable sway over the govern ment, due to their significant contributions to the economy. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the source and the nature of the impediments the government faces in implementing policies that enable freer trade in South Korea. We do this from the perspective of President Lee My un-bak, who we characterise as a key veto player, as he draws political support from groups that have conflicting agendas.
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Choi, Yoonkyung, Hyun-ju Kim, and Yoon Lee. "Economic Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Will It Be a Barrier to Achieving Sustainability?" Sustainability 14, no. 3 (January 30, 2022): 1629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031629.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study quantitatively analyzes the economic impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis on Korea and other major nations using the standard Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model. Based on the GTAP9a database, we created three scenarios that differed in the severity of the impact of COVID-19, divided the economic shocks witnessed in each scenario into three stages, and applied them at varying degrees to six regions and 10 industry sectors. The results revealed an increase in investments and a decrease in GDP, income, production, and exports, with private household expenditure and export value showing the largest declines in all regions. Under Scenario BA, the export value of the tourism industry decreased by approximately 28%, and private household expenditure on tourism industry imports declined by 33.4% on average across all regions. Conversely, government expenditure increased following the economic recession and increased tax revenue. The results showed similar trends across regions and sectors, with only slight variances according to each region’s economic structural characteristics. By shedding light on proposals and approaches to overcome the global economic crisis amid the ongoing pandemic, this study provides baseline data for devising more practical, detailed response plans and policy directions for potential future calamities.
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Orozco Triana, Jairo Alonso, and Luis Carlos Arraut Camargo. "Entrepreneurs with high expectations of growth and economic growth." Dimensión Empresarial 16, no. 2 (July 20, 2018): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15665/dem.v16i2.1902.
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This article explains the impact of entrepreneurs’ expectations on countries economic growth, considering the public policies that foster the development. Using data from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and the World Economic Forum a descriptive analysis is done, then with the application of ordinary least squares (OLS) the effects are explained by groups of countries: efficiency-driven and innovation-driven. Ultimately in innovation-driven countries is clear the relationship between expectations of entrepreneurs and economic growth, while, with some exceptions, in efficiency-driven countries public policy should be focused on break the barrier that halt the momentum of entrepreneurs with high expectations.ResumenEste artículo explica el impacto de las expectativas que tienen los emprendedores en etapas tempranas sobre el crecimiento económico de los países, teniendo en cuenta las políticas públicas que ambientan el desarrollo. Esta investigación utiliza variables del Global Entrepreneurship Monitor y del World Economic Forum para realizar un análisis descriptivo. Luego utilizando del método de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios se explican los efectos por grupos de países: impulsados por la eficiencia e impulsados por la innovación. En definitiva, en los países impulsados por la innovación es clara la relación expectativa de los emprendedores y crecimiento, salvo algunas excepciones, en los países impulsados por la eficiencia se debe trabajar la política pública para que las instituciones no sean la barrera que frene el ímpetu de los emprendedores con altas expectativas.ResumoEste artigo explica o impacto das expectativas dos empresários no crescimento econômico dos países, considerando as políticas públicas que fomentam o desenvolvimento. Usando dados do Global Entrepreneurship Monitor e do Fórum Econômico Mundial, uma análise descritiva é feita, depois, com a aplicação de mínimos quadrados ordinários (OLS), os efeitos são explicados por grupos de países: impulsionados pela eficiência e orientados pela inovação. Em última análise, nos países impulsionados pela inovação está clara a relação entre as expectativas dos empresários e crescimento econômico, enquanto, com algumas exceções, em países orientados para a eficiência política pública deve ser focada em romper a barreira que parar o ímpeto de empresários com expectativas elevadas.
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Sutton, Stephen G., and Sally L. Bushnell. "Socio-economic aspects of artificial reefs: Considerations for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park." Ocean & Coastal Management 50, no. 10 (January 2007): 829–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2007.01.003.
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Repin, S. S., and L. V. Gogolina. "Fundamentals of protectionism in economic theory." Scientific notes of the Russian academy of entrepreneurship 20, no. 4 (January 8, 2022): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24182/2073-6258-2021-20-4-34-37.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The policy of protectionism is aimed at protecting the domestic market, implemented by regulating tax and customs barriers, reducing competition of other countries compared to goods of national producers.
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Shumskaia, Ekaterina I. "Economic policy measures for stimulating innovative development." Economic Revival of Russia, no. 4 (66) (2020): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37930/1990-9780-2020-4-66-163-176.
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The article presents the results of a study of the state role in the modern process of innovative development. It relies on academic literature and research to evaluate government measures, such as creating the necessary environment, subsidies and various tax incentives. The analysis of the indirect impact on the innovative development of the country is made through the education and training of scientists and researchers, creation of institutions, as well as supporting the structure for the commercialization of innovation. The synthesis of estimates of the effectiveness of government intervention in the innovative development of the economy is used. A comparative analysis revealed the features of the innovation system in Russia: in comparison with developed countries, unique conditions were created for business development through a comprehensive fiscal policy, however, private sector interest in innovation remains low. Therefore, priority directions in development remain measures to improve the business climate, increase the investment attractiveness of the country and promote competition. With a high degree of involvement of domestic universities in R&D, the relationship with the private sector remains poorly developed, which impedes the commercialization of projects under development, which also leads to the leakage of personnel from the country and reduces the competitiveness of domestic enterprises. The state should create the necessary conditions for the development of an innovative economy and actively work to eliminate these barriers, primarily by stimulating business activity and internal competition. In the future, it is necessary to develop sectors that already have serious competitive advantages, such as oil and gas, mining, agriculture, as well as the banking sector, transport, food processing and electricity, and also focus on development choices full-time promising areas with personnel potential.
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Wardani, Sherly Ayu, Naniek Utami Handayani, and Mochamad Agung Wibowo. "Barriers for implementing reverse logistics in the construction sectors." Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management 15, no. 3 (May 18, 2022): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/jiem.3539.
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Purpose: This paper aims to identify the barriers for implementing Reverse Logistics in the construction sector and to rank the barriers between the barrier and the stakeholder, the phase in the project life cycle, and the relevant issues on the emergence of barriers in implementing reverse logisticsDesign/methodology/approach: This research began by identifying barriers re- verse logistics through a systematic literature review. The method used in the systematic literature review was the PRISMA method. The identification of barriers was assessed for their influence on reverse logistics’ successful implementation by the expert using a questionnaire instrument. The rating scale used was a Likert scale of 1 (greatly hinder the implementation of reverse logistics) to 5 (not greatly hinder the implementation of reverse logistics). The results of the expert assessment were used to rank barriers using TOPSIS.Findings: There were 38 barriers in this study, classified as: markets and competitor’s issues, policy issue, supply chain process, economic issue, knowledge-related issue, government support issue, and operational issue. This study’s results indicated that the lack of governmental support for the implementation of RL (GS1) was the barrier with the highest ranking. This barrier was related to governmental support issues and appeared in the project life cycle approach’s green initiation phase. The stakeholder who was responsible to improve the GS1 barrier is the government. In this case, the government played a vital role as a regulator and a project owner, who encouraged reverse logistics implementation.Research limitations/implications: The limitation in the scope of this research is specific to the construction sector in developing countries, particularly Indonesia. The object of construction in this study is the case of highway construction. Further research that examines barriers based on the project life cycle by entering the company scale, or study about the relationship between barriers can also be done.Practical implications: This study provides an understanding to stakeholders about the barriers in implementing reverse logistics. The ranking results become a reference for relevant stakeholders in developing a successful strategy for implementing reverse logistics and the PLC approach phases as a guideline for implementing the established strategy.Social implications: The stakeholder of the construction project has to learn with reverse logistics barriers in order to improve reverse logistics performance.Originality/value: This study tries to map reverse logistics implementation barriers in the construction sector in developing countries. The majority of research on reverse logistics implementation barriers examined the manufacturing sector in developed countries. This study also identifies barriers that show the relationship between barrier emergence in terms of the project life cycle approach and stakeholders responsibility for addressing barriers and associated problems. Previous researchers only identified barriers in terms of stakeholder linkages with related issues, so it was challenging to improve efforts based on identifying barriers because they were not guided by a process-based approach such as the project life cycle.
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Isenalumhe, Anthony E., and Osawaru Oviawe. "Polypharmacy: Its Cost Burden and Barrier to Medical Care in a Drug-Oriented Health Care System." International Journal of Health Services 18, no. 2 (April 1988): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/w0vc-v1bw-wu54-cpq5.
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In order to determine the economic and therapeutic implications of the prescriber habit in a drug-oriented health care system, data were collected on the provisional diagnosis, prescribed drugs, and their cost and procurement pattern among 1450 pediatric outpatients in a Nigerian University Teaching Hospital. It was found that on average, about five drugs were prescribed for each patient, and there was a tendency to prescribe more expensive and sometimes unnecessary drugs. The more the number or higher the cost of drugs prescribed, the less patients procured them. It is therefore recommended that health care authorities and physicians in similar settings should review their drug policies and prescribing habits in order to discourage polypharmacy and the high cost of chemotherapy, with their attendant barrier to medical care.
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Svendsen, Gert Tinggaard, and Urs Steiner Brandt. "Achieving Economic Growth in the EU Through Lobbyism." Journal of Contemporary European Research 5, no. 3 (November 6, 2009): 415–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30950/jcer.v5i3.135.
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At Lisbon in 2000, the European Union (EU) set itself a new strategic goal, namely to become the world’s leading economy and to enhance social cohesion across the union, all within a decade. It is argued in this article that one fundamental barrier to the fulfilment of this dream is the fact that power is centralised in the Commission rather than the Parliament. The basic idea upon which our theoretical model is predicated is that a political system that centralises power lowers the cost of rent-seeking and therefore leads to a more economically harmful redistribution, as reflected in the annual EU budget. Here, the two main redistribution policies, (1) Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and (2) the Structural Funds, consume more than four fifths of the total annual EU budget. Thus, if the EU is to achieve its strategic goal, a strong cure is needed to reduce redistribution and encourage more free trade. The simple cure for this ‘EU disease’ would be to strengthen the decision-making power of the Parliament at the expense of the Commission. In this way, power would be spread out between the democratically elected members of the Parliament rather than being concentrated with a few bureaucrats. Such constitutional change and decentralisation of power would increase the costs of lobbyism in particular and thereby reduce distortions of policy outcomes, clearing the road for free-trade policies and economic growth in the new millennium.
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McCartney, Dale M. "Border Imperialism and Exclusion in Canadian Parliamentary Talk about International Students." Canadian Journal of Higher Education 50, no. 4 (December 8, 2020): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.47678/cjhe.v50i4.188831.
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Although there is a rich critical literature examining international student policy in Canada, very little of it considers the views of Members of Parliament. MPs have limited direct influence over international student policy, but their policy talk about international students defines the context within which such policy is developed. For that reason Parliamentary debate deserves study. This paper examines MPs’ discussion of international students between 1984 and 2019, tracing themes in MP policy talk over the globalization era. It finds that MPs evince remarkably consistent attitudes towards international students. Throughout the period MP policy talk shows that Parliamentarians saw international students as outsiders who were only ofvalue to the extent that they could be made to serve Canada’s economic or political agenda. The uniformity of this attitude and the lack of dissenting voices suggest that MPs’ views may be a significant barrier to reforming international student policy in Canada.
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Icton, Mike, and Devan Mescall. "Policy Forum: Establishing an Urban Reserve—Property Tax Challenges and Opportunities." Canadian Tax Journal/Revue fiscale canadienne 69, no. 3 (November 2021): 835–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32721/ctj.2021.69.3.pf.icton.
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Urban reserves offer a unique economic development tool for First Nation governments by providing access to markets and infrastructure unavailable on most reserve lands in Canada. Asimakiniseekan Askiy is Canada's first urban reserve established on land previously owned by a city. The urban reserve was established in Saskatoon by the Muskeg Lake Cree Nation in 1988. Asimakiniseekan Askiy provides an example of the economic potential of urban reserves for First Nations and their members, as well as municipal governments and their citizens. The urban reserve is currently home to 60 First Nation and non-First Nation businesses and their 700 employees. In 2020, the urban reserve contributed $465,662 to the city of Saskatoon in service fee payments. However, before this economic potential could be realized, property taxation presented a sizable barrier in the path of taking Asimakiniseekan Askiy from an innovative idea to a successful reality. Establishing an urban reserve has significant property tax implications, since the process requires the transfer of property from the taxing authority of a municipal jurisdiction to the tax jurisdiction of a First Nation government. Agreements providing for the transfer of tax authority also include negotiations relating to the continued provision of services to the urban reserve by the municipality. This article first provides a summary of the statutory environment surrounding the formation and taxation of an urban reserve. A case study of the establishment and 33 years of operation of Asimakiniseekan Askiy is then provided, to illustrate the property tax implications and municipal service agreement process necessary for Canadian communities to achieve the economic benefits of urban reserves. The authors identify property tax challenges inherent in the establishment of an urban reserve and offer recommendations to improve access to urban reserves as an innovative economic development tool.