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Статті в журналах з теми "Ecology"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 6 липня 2024

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1

Recalcatti de Andrade, Aline. "Contribuições de Marx sobre a relação sociedade-natureza e o imperialismo ecológico na América Latina." AMBIENTES: Revista de Geografia e Ecologia Política 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 128–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.48075/amb.v4i1.28184.

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A Ecologia Política é um campo de estudos que possui uma contextualização histórica e se divide em correntes teóricas e discussões epistemológicas. Uma dessas vertentes é a ecologia marxista, que se baseia no pensamento de Marx e Engels e utiliza o método do materialismo histórico para analisar a questão da natureza. Assim, o presente trabalho busca entender as contribuições mais elementares da ecologia marxista para o campo da ecologia política latino-americana, através do enfoque sobre a relação entre sociedade-natureza, interpretada teoricamente pelos ecologistas marxistas das teses de Marx e o conceito de imperialismo ecológico, que na realidade concreta, possui um forte papel na dominação da natureza na América Latina. O artigo estrutura-se em uma inicial explicação sobre as principais contribuições do pensamento de Marx, como o conceito de metabolismo social, que se refere a sua concepção da relação entre a natureza e o ser humano e sua “fratura” no modo de produção capitalista, essencial para entender o funcionamento do capitalismo sobre a exploração da natureza. Nesse trabalho, o principal objetivo é apontar quais são os conceitos mais centrais que o pensamento marxista, através da sua interpretação dos textos marxianos focados na ecologia, pode agregar à questão ecológica na América Latina. Por isso, em seguida se insere ao debate a concepção de imperialismo ecológico, sendo uma das questões que mais afeta os países do Sul Global, portanto central para a argumentação, para, assim, trazer o diálogo entre a ecologia política latino-americana e as leituras da ecologia marxista das contribuições de Marx. O artigo se classifica como uma pesquisa teórica e adota-se como pressuposto que a ecologia pode ser uma importante ferramenta social e política, que tem a potencialidade de atuar como força política emancipatória. Palavras-chave: Ecologia marxista; Relação sociedade-natureza; América Latina; Imperialismo ecológico. Contributions by Marx on the society-nature relation and the ecological imperialism in Latin America Abstract Political ecology is a field of study that is historically contextualized and is divided into theoretical currents and epistemological discussions. One of them is Marxist ecology, which is based on Marx’s and Engels’s thought and uses the method of historical materialism to analyze the issue of nature. Thus, aim of this paper is to understand the main contributions of Marxist ecology to Latin American political ecology by focusing on the relations between society and nature, theoretically interpreted by Marxist ecologists on Marx’s thesis and the concept of ecological imperialism, analyzed by Marxist ecology authors, which in concrete reality has a strong role in the domination of nature in Latin America. The article is structured in an initial explanation of the main contributions of Marx's thought, as the concept of social metabolism refers to his conception of the relations between nature and the human being, and its “fracture” in the capitalist production mode, essential to understand the functioning of capitalism on the exploitation of nature. In this academic work, the main objective is to point out what are the most central concepts that the Marxist thought, by its interpretation of the Marxian work focused on ecology, can contribute to the ecological issue in Latin America. For this reason, the concept of ecological imperialism is added to the debate, as one of the issues that most affect the countries of the Global South, therefore central to the argument, to make a correlation between Latin America political ecology and the reading of Marxist ecology from Marx’s contributions. The article is classified as theoretical research and it is assumed that ecology can be an important social and political tool, which has the potential to act as an emancipatory political force. Keywords: Marxist Ecology; Society-nature relation; Latin America; Ecological Imperialism. Contribuciones de Marx sobre la relación sociedad-naturaleza y el imperialismo ecológico en Latinoamérica La Ecología Política es un campo de estudios que tiene una contextualización histórica y se separa en corrientes teóricas y debates epistemológicas. Una de estas vertientes es la ecología marxista, que se basa en el pensamiento de Marx y Engels y utiliza el método del materialismo histórico para analizar la cuestión de la naturaleza. Así, el presente trabajo busca comprender los aportes más elementares de la ecología marxista al campo de la ecología política latinoamericana, a través del enfoque sobre la relación entre sociedad-naturaleza interpretada teóricamente por los ecologistas marxistas de las tesis de Marx y el concepto de imperialismo ecológico, que, en la realidad concreta, tiene un fuerte papel en el dominio de la naturaleza en América Latina. El artículo se estructura en una inicial explicación de los principales aportes del pensamiento de Marx, como el concepto de metabolismo social, que se refiere a la relación entre la naturaleza y el ser humano y su “fractura” en el modo de producción capitalista, fundamental para comprender el funcionamiento del capitalismo sobre la explotación de la naturaleza. En este trabajo, el objetivo principal es señalar cuales son los conceptos más centrales que el pensamiento marxista, desde su interpretación de los textos marxianos con enfoque en la ecología, puede añadir cuestión ecológica en Latinoamérica. Por ello, luego se suma al debate la concepción de imperialismo ecológico, que es uno de los temas que más afecta a los países del Sur Global, por lo tanto, central para la argumentación, para, así, aportar el diálogo entre la ecología política latinoamericana y las lecturas desde la ecología marxista a partir de las contribuciones de Marx. El artículo se clasifica como una investigación teórica y se asume que la ecología puede ser una importante herramienta social y política, que tiene el potencial de actuar como una fuerza política emancipadora. Palabras Clave: Ecología Marxista; Relación sociedad-naturaleza; Latinoamérica; Imperialismo Ecológico.

2

Byrne, Fionn. "Phantom Ecolog y: Aesthetics, Ethics, and Ecology." Landscape Architecture Frontiers 5, no. 6 (2017): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.15302/j-laf-20170614.

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3

Bellafiore, Alessandro. "Ecology of ideas and ecology's ideas." Kybernetes 42, no. 9/10 (November 11, 2013): 1338–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-09-2012-0057.

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4

Raubenheimer, David, and Carol Boggs. "Nutritional ecology, functional ecology andFunctional Ecology." Functional Ecology 23, no. 1 (February 2009): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01530.x.

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5

Van Dyke, Fred. "Ecologic Patterns in Plants: Teaching Theoretical Ecology." American Biology Teacher 49, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4448518.

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6

Lean, Christopher Hunter. "General Unificatory Theories in Community Ecology." Philosophical Topics 47, no. 1 (2019): 125–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtopics20194717.

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The question of whether there are laws of nature in ecology has developed substantially in the last 20 years. Many have attempted to rehabilitate ecology’s lawlike status through establishing that ecology possesses laws that robustly appear across many different ecological systems. I argue that there is still something missing, which explains why so many have been skeptical of ecology’s lawlike status. Community ecology has struggled to establish what I call a General Unificatory Theory (GUT). The lack of a GUT causes problems for explanation as there are no guidelines for how to integrate the lower-level mathematical and causal models into a larger theory of how ecological assemblages are formed. I turn to a promising modern attempt to provide a unified higher-level explanation in ecology, presented by ecologist Mark Vellend, and advocate for philosophical engagement with its prospects for aiding ecological explanation.

7

Harper, J. L., F. S. Chapin, J. Ehleringer, S. Ulfstrand, and E. O. Wilson. "Ecology Institute Prizes 1990 in the field of Terrestrial Ecology." Archiv für Hydrobiologie 119, no. 1 (July 20, 1990): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/119/1990/120.

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8

Kinne, Otto. "Ecology Institute Prizes 1989 in the field of Marine Ecology." Archiv für Hydrobiologie 115, no. 2 (May 2, 1989): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/115/1989/320.

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9

Loffredo Roca, Maria F., and Peter Blaze Corcoran. "Ecology Meets Integral Ecology Meets Media Ecology." Journal of Communication and Religion 44, no. 2 (2021): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jcr202144220.

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Laudato Si’: On Care for Our Common Home has struck a deep chord with a broad audience. We explore the synergy between the ethical vision of sustainability in the Earth Charter and the encyclical. We position the document within the ecology and media landscapes. Laudato Si’ is remarkable among international statements in its explicit attention to education. We draw out the pivotal importance of education in order for its critical message not to be lost. We argue that education for Laudato Si’ can be advanced in traditional education—formal and non-formal, secular and religious—and in education through the media.

10

Darius, Fábio Augusto, and Thiago Abdala Barnabé. "DEEP ECOLOGY." Kerygma 15, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.19141/1809-2454.kerygma.v15.n2.p50-63.

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O estudo da ecologia baseia-se nas interações entre os diversos organismos vivos em uma rede conectada chamada ecossistema. O termo foi cunhado em 1866 pelo biólogo alemão Ernst Haeckel como um estudo sistemático da inter-relação dos seres vivos na terra. Contudo, a partir do século 20, os impactos socioambientais herdados pela idade moderna, começaram a se tornar amplamente perceptíveis e criticados. Com isso, a partir desse instante, diversos movimentos ambientais surgiram, pautados em temáticas de sustentabilidade e consciência ambiental. Nesse sentido, este estudo tem o objetivo de verificar a perspectiva ecológica contemporânea, a partir das vertentes do movimento denominado Deep ecology. Para tanto, foi empreendida pesquisa bibliográfica para fomentar a compreensão histórica e filosófica da ecologia, bem como para o entendimento da origem da Deep ecology e suas supostas perspectivas teosóficas. Em 1970, o filósofo escandinavo Arne Naess (1912-2009) estabeleceu, com base nos pensamentos de Baruch Spinoza e outros filósofos, uma linha de pensamento sobre a responsabilidade humana em relação à natureza. Sua filosofia, buscava estipular uma ecologia profunda, a qual reestruturasse as concepções ecológicas modernas e antropocêntricas. Portanto, espera-se compreender as mudanças da concepção ecológica na história visando os impactos ambientais causados no século 19 e 20 enquanto pano de fundo histórico para melhor percepção da perspectiva da Deep ecology, a partir da década de 1970. Ainda se conclui incipientemente que o pensamento proposto por Naess estabelece, hoje, medidas ecológicas sustentáveis e eficazes para uma melhor cidadania planetária.

11

Penna-Firme, Rodrigo. "Political and event ecology: critiques and opportunities for collaboration." Journal of Political Ecology 20, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v20i1.21764.

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The field of political ecology has striven to balance a focus on symbolic and materialist aspects of humanenvironment relations. Event ecology has emerged not only as a major materialistic approach for the study of human-environmental relations, but also as an important set of critiques of political ecology's supposed lack of ecology and overreliance on a priori assumptions about the linkages between local environmental changes and macropolitical economic phenomena. This article discusses the origins and progress of event ecology, while demonstrating its strengths and limitations vis-à-vis the development of political ecology research. Based on participant observation and interviews conducted among local residents of a small village (a quilombola community) in a state park in São Paulo, Brazil, I propose a collaborative event ecology that combines the rationale of event ecology with critical perspectives inspired by political ecology's focus on power relations, conservation and justice. Unlike the strict application of event ecology, I contend that scrutinizing events other than researcher-oriented ones may help us better understand why some places achieve conservation while others do not. The article concludes that assessing conservation effectiveness and change through environmental outcomes alone risks being seen as socially unjust in the eyes of locals while posing a real threat to local livelihoods and community-based development expectations.Key words: collaborative event ecology, conservation with justice, quilombola communities, Atlantic Forest, Brazil.

12

Ash, C. "ECOLOGY/EVOLUTION: Pelagic Ecology." Science 315, no. 5820 (March 30, 2007): 1769b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.315.5820.1769b.

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13

Bergström, Gunnar. "Chemical ecology = chemistry + ecology!" Pure and Applied Chemistry 79, no. 12 (January 1, 2007): 2305–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200779122305.

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Chemical ecology (CE) is an active, interdisciplinary field between chemistry and biology, which, stimulated by natural curiosity and possible applied aspects, has grown to its present position during the last 40-odd years. This area has now achieved a degree of maturity with its own journals, its own international society with annual meetings, and many enthusiastic scientists in laboratories around the world. The focus is on chemical communication and other chemical interactions between organisms, including volatile chemical signals, which guide behaviors linked to various vital needs. It reflects both biodiversity and chemodiversity. All living organisms have these important signal systems, which go back to the origins of life. Successful work in this area has called for close collaboration between chemists and biologists of different descriptions. It is thus a good example of chemistry for biology. The aim of the article is to give a short introduction to the field, with an emphasis on the role of chemistry in a biological context by: giving an overview of the development of the area; showing some examples of studies of chemical communication in insects and plants, basically from our own work; and describing some current trends and tendencies and possible future developments.

14

Lee, Joseph G. L., Robert Darby, and Robert Van Howe. "Ecologic fallacy and the social ecology of circumcision." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 36, no. 3 (June 2012): 293–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.2012.00875.x.

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15

Wilkinson, David M. "Ecology before ecology: biogeography and ecology in Lyell's 'Principles'." Journal of Biogeography 29, no. 9 (September 2002): 1109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00754.x.

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16

Balée, William. "O PROGRAMA DE PESQUISA DA ECOLOGIA HISTÓRICA." Cadernos do LEPAARQ (UFPEL) 14, no. 28 (December 6, 2017): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.15210/lepaarq.v14i28.12675.

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Resumo: Ecologia histórica é um novo programa de pesquisa interdisciplinar relacionado à compreensão das dimensões temporal e espacial nas relações das sociedades humanas com o seu ambiente local e os efeitos globais cumulativos dessas relações. Ecologia histórica contém postulados centrais que se referem a tipos qualitativos de alterações humano-mediadas dos ambientes naturais e seus efeitos na diversidade das espécies, entre outros parâmetros. Um termo central usado em ecologia histórica para situar comportamento humano e agência no ambiente é a paisagem, como derivado da geografia histórica, e não ao contrário de ecossistema, o qual provém de sistemas ecológicos. Ecologia histórica é similar à teoria dinâmica de não-equilíbrio, no entanto difere, no seu postulado, de alteração humano-mediada como um princípio de transformação da paisagem. Tais alterações, contra intuitivamente, podem envolver sucessão antropogênica primária e secundária que resultam em incremento líquido de diversidade alfa e beta. Ecologia histórica aplicada pode suprir as condições referenciais de profundidade temporal e conhecimento tradicional para restaurar paisagens pretéritas.Abstract:Historical ecology is a new interdisciplinary research program concerned with comprehending temporal and spatial dimensions in the relationships of human societies to local environments and the cumulative global effects of these relationships. Historical ecology contains core postulates that concern qualitative types of humanmediateddisturbanceofnaturalenvironmentsandtheeffectofthese on species diversity, among other parameters. A central term used in historical ecology to situate human behavior and agency in the environment is the landscape, as derived from historical geography, instead of the ecosystem, which is from systems ecology. Historical ecology is similar to nonequilibrium dynamic theory, but differs in its postulate of human-mediated disturbance as a principle of landscape transformation. Such disturbances counterintuitively may involve anthropogenic primary and secondary succession that result in net increases of alpha and even beta diversity. Applied historical ecology can supply the reference conditions of time depth and traditional knowledge to restore past landscapes.

17

Warren, Karen J., and Jim Cheney. "Ecosystem Ecology and Metaphysical Ecology." Environmental Ethics 15, no. 2 (1993): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/enviroethics199315226.

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18

Szpoton, Szczepan. "Environmental Ecology versus Human Ecology." Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides et Ratio 47, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.34766/fetr.v47i3.948.

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A collation of environmental ecology with human ecology was the essence of the article. The field of the research included the topics: blending the range of care for ecosystem with the responsibility for our own human nature; presenting a connection between sexuality and procreation concentrated on the gift of marital unity yet protecting the dignity of human procreation; pointing at the areas of human life where the “ecological conversion” takes place.

19

CARTER, ALAN. "DEEP ECOLOGY OR SOCIAL ECOLOGY?" Heythrop Journal 36, no. 3 (July 1995): 328–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2265.1995.tb00992.x.

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20

Haila, Yrjö. "Ecology finding evolution finding ecology." Biology & Philosophy 4, no. 2 (April 1989): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00127756.

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21

Llamas, Félix, Carmen Acedo, and Raquel Alonso Redondo. "Distribución, ecología y estado de conservación de Tragopogon pseudocastellanus Blanca y Díaz de la Guardia (Asteraceae)." Acta Botanica Malacitana 27 (December 1, 2002): 257–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/abm.v27i0.7338.

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Distribution, ecology and conservation status of Tragopogon pseudocastellanus Blanca & Díaz de La Guardia (Asteraceae)Palabras clave. Tragopogon, Asteraceae, conservación, fenología, ecología, León, España.Key words. Tragopogon, Asteraceae, conservation, fenology, ecology, León, Spain.

22

Pavlik, I., and J. Kazda. "The Ecology of Mycobacteria." Veterinární Medicína 47, No. 7 (March 30, 2012): 211–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5825-vetmed.

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23

LeBillon, Philippe, and Rosaleen V. Duffy. "Conflict ecologies: Connecting political ecology and peace and conflict studies." Journal of Political Ecology 25, no. 1 (July 31, 2018): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v25i1.22704.

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Conflict is at the core of many political ecology studies. Yet there has been limited engagement between political ecology and the field of peace and conflict studies. This lack of connection reflects in part the broader disciplinary context of these two fields. Whereas political ecology research mostly comes from disciplines that eschewed environmental determinism, such as human geography, much of peace and conflict studies is associated with political science using positivist approaches to determine the causal effects of environmental factors on conflicts. Yet greater connections are possible, notably in light of political ecology's renewed engagement with 'materialism', and peace and conflict studies’ increasingly nuanced mixed-methods research on environment-related conflicts. Furthermore, political ecology's emphasis on uneven power relations and pursuit of environmental justice resonates with the structural violence approaches and social justice agenda of peace and conflict studies. This paper provides an overview of the differing conceptualizations and analyses of environmental conflict under the labels of political ecology and peace and conflict studies, and points at opportunities for closer connections.

24

P. McCullough, Ryan. "De-technologizing media ecology pedagogy: A plea for tradition, practice and narrative." Explorations in Media Ecology 20, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 253–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/eme_00090_1.

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This article explains how Jacques Ellul’s conception of technique intervenes into media ecology pedagogy. technique appears in media ecology pedagogy through attempts to turn media ecology into an academic discipline and by placing discussions of media ecology in the classroom into the realm of communication theory. The intervention of technique on media ecology pedagogy undercuts the major tenets of media ecology and its ethical orientation, and this intervention also undermines media ecology’s potency to elucidate the human condition. As an alternative to discipline and theory, this article forwards tradition, practice and narrative as pedagogical options and orientations, which allow media ecologists to carry the study of media as environments into a variety of classroom contexts and discussions.

25

Hildrew, A. G. "Whole river ecology: spatial scale and heterogeneity in the ecology of running waters." River Systems 10, no. 1-4 (September 18, 1996): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/lr/10/1996/25.

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26

Mitchell, Elliot. "Ecology." American Biology Teacher 61, no. 6 (June 1, 1999): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4450730.

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27

Plum, Stephen. "Ecology." American Biology Teacher 65, no. 9 (November 1, 2003): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4451601.

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28

Catherine (Casey) King. "Ecology." American Biology Teacher 67, no. 7 (September 1, 2005): 434–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4451878.

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29

Rolston,, Holmes. "Ecology." Journal of Catholic Social Thought 4, no. 2 (2007): 293–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jcathsoc20074215.

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30

Miller, P. J., and P. Colinvaux. "Ecology." Journal of Ecology 74, no. 4 (December 1986): 1214. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2260245.

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31

Madden, Jaclyn. "Ecology." American Biology Teacher 79, no. 6 (August 1, 2017): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2017.79.6.500.

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32

Monsour, Chris. "Ecology." American Biology Teacher 72, no. 2 (February 1, 2010): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2010.72.2.14.

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33

Porter, Pamela J. "Ecology." American Biology Teacher 74, no. 6 (August 1, 2012): 425–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2012.74.6.12b.

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34

J.F.S. "Ecology." Americas 55, no. 4 (April 1999): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000316150002842x.

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35

Miller, Elizabeth Carolyn. "Ecology." Victorian Literature and Culture 46, no. 3-4 (2018): 653–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150318000487.

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36

Schaefer, M. "Ecology." Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 47, no. 3 (August 2009): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.2009.00529.x.

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37

Solan, Martin. "Ecology." Journal of Environment Quality 33, no. 4 (2004): 1585—a. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2004.1585a.

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Taylor, Luke. "Ecology." New Scientist 256, no. 3409 (October 2022): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(22)01877-2.

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Jaenike, John. "Ecology." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2, no. 4 (April 1987): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(87)90171-6.

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Solan, Martin. "Ecology." Journal of Environmental Quality 33, no. 4 (July 2004): 1585–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2004.1585dup.

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Soranno, Patricia A., and David S. Schimel. "Macrosystems ecology: big data, big ecology." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12, no. 1 (February 2014): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295-12.1.3.

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42

Walker, Peter A. "Political ecology: where is the ecology?" Progress in Human Geography 29, no. 1 (February 2005): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309132505ph530pr.

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43

Robbins, Paul. "Can political ecology be hopeful ecology?" Dialogues in Human Geography 3, no. 1 (March 2013): 110–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2043820613483685.

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Palmer, M. "ECOLOGY: Ecology for a Crowded Planet." Science 304, no. 5675 (May 28, 2004): 1251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1095780.

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Dicke, M. "ECOLOGY: Enhanced: Ecogenomics Benefits Community Ecology." Science 305, no. 5684 (July 30, 2004): 618–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1101788.

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46

Johnson, Jerald B., Scott M. Peat, and Byron J. Adams. "Where's the ecology in molecular ecology?" Oikos 118, no. 11 (November 2009): 1601–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17557.x.

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Clewell, Andre F. "Ecology, Restoration Ecology, and Ecological Restoration." Restoration Ecology 1, no. 3 (April 7, 2006): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100x.1993.tb00020.x.

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48

Morton, Timothy. "Ecology as Text, Text as Ecology." Oxford Literary Review 32, no. 1 (July 2010): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/olr.2010.0002.

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Анотація:

The further scholarship investigates life forms (ecology, evolutionary biology and microbiology) the less those forms can be said to have a single, independent and lasting identity. The further scholarship delves into texts (deconstruction) the less they too can be said to have a single, independent and lasting identity. This similarity is not simply an analogy. Life forms cannot be said to differ in a rigorous way from texts. On many levels and for many reasons, deconstruction and ecology should talk to one another. It is interesting to contemplate an entangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting about, and with worms crawling through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent on each other in so complex a manner, have all been produced by laws acting around us. (Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species, 395–396)

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MAY, R. M. "Species Interactions in Ecology: Community Ecology." Science 231, no. 4744 (March 21, 1986): 1451–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.231.4744.1451.

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Williams, Keelah E. G., Oliver Sng, and Steven L. Neuberg. "Ecology-driven stereotypes override race stereotypes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 2 (December 28, 2015): 310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1519401113.

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Why do race stereotypes take the forms they do? Life history theory posits that features of the ecology shape individuals’ behavior. Harsh and unpredictable (“desperate”) ecologies induce fast strategy behaviors such as impulsivity, whereas resource-sufficient and predictable (“hopeful”) ecologies induce slow strategy behaviors such as future focus. We suggest that individuals possess a lay understanding of ecology’s influence on behavior, resulting in ecology-driven stereotypes. Importantly, because race is confounded with ecology in the United States, we propose that Americans’ stereotypes about racial groups actually reflect stereotypes about these groups’ presumed home ecologies. Study 1 demonstrates that individuals hold ecology stereotypes, stereotyping people from desperate ecologies as possessing faster life history strategies than people from hopeful ecologies. Studies 2–4 rule out alternative explanations for those findings. Study 5, which independently manipulates race and ecology information, demonstrates that when provided with information about a person’s race (but not ecology), individuals’ inferences about blacks track stereotypes of people from desperate ecologies, and individuals’ inferences about whites track stereotypes of people from hopeful ecologies. However, when provided with information about both the race and ecology of others, individuals’ inferences reflect the targets’ ecology rather than their race: black and white targets from desperate ecologies are stereotyped as equally fast life history strategists, whereas black and white targets from hopeful ecologies are stereotyped as equally slow life history strategists. These findings suggest that the content of several predominant race stereotypes may not reflect race, per se, but rather inferences about how one’s ecology influences behavior.