Статті в журналах: "Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation"

1

Chadwick, Elizabeth. "Otters: Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation." Freshwater Biology 53, no. 9 (September 2008): 1914–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.01998.x.

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2

Herrera, James, and Charles L. Nunn. "Behavioural ecology and infectious disease: implications for conservation of biodiversity." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1781 (July 29, 2019): 20180054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0054.

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Behaviour underpins interactions among conspecifics and between species, with consequences for the transmission of disease-causing parasites. Because many parasites lead to declines in population size and increased risk of extinction for threatened species, understanding the link between host behaviour and disease transmission is particularly important for conservation management. Here, we consider the intersection of behaviour, ecology and parasite transmission, broadly encompassing micro- and macroparasites. We focus on behaviours that have direct impacts on transmission, as well as the behaviours that result from infection. Given the important role of parasites in host survival and reproduction, the effects of behaviour on parasitism can scale up to population-level processes, thus affecting species conservation. Understanding how conservation and infectious disease control strategies actually affect transmission potential can therefore often only be understood through a behavioural lens. We highlight how behavioural perspectives of disease ecology apply to conservation by reviewing the different ways that behavioural ecology influences parasite transmission and conservation goals. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Linking behaviour to dynamics of populations and communities: application of novel approaches in behavioural ecology to conservation’.

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3

Tobias, Joseph A., and Alex L. Pigot. "Integrating behaviour and ecology into global biodiversity conservation strategies." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1781 (July 29, 2019): 20190012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0012.

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Insights into animal behaviour play an increasingly central role in species-focused conservation practice. However, progress towards incorporating behaviour into regional or global conservation strategies has been more limited, not least because standardized datasets of behavioural traits are generally lacking at wider taxonomic or spatial scales. Here we make use of the recent expansion of global datasets for birds to assess the prospects for including behavioural traits in systematic conservation priority-setting and monitoring programmes. Using International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List classifications for more than 9500 bird species, we show that the incidence of threat can vary substantially across different behavioural categories, and that some types of behaviour—including particular foraging, mating and migration strategies—are significantly more threatened than others. The link between behavioural traits and extinction risk is partly driven by correlations with well-established geographical and ecological factors (e.g. range size, body mass, human population pressure), but our models also reveal that behaviour modifies the effect of these factors, helping to explain broad-scale patterns of extinction risk. Overall, these results suggest that a multi-species approach at the scale of communities, continents and ecosystems can be used to identify and monitor threatened behaviours, and to flag up cases of latent extinction risk, where threatened status may currently be underestimated. Our findings also highlight the importance of comprehensive standardized descriptive data for ecological and behavioural traits, and point the way towards deeper integration of behaviour into quantitative conservation assessments. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Linking behaviour to dynamics of populations and communities: application of novel approaches in behavioural ecology to conservation’.

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4

Blumstein, Daniel T., L. Morris Gosling, and William J. Sutherland. "Behaviour and Conservation." Journal of Wildlife Management 65, no. 3 (July 2001): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3803114.

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5

LIVINGSTONE, BRIAN. "The Chinese Alligator, Ecology, Behaviour, Conservation and Culture." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 164, no. 3 (February 28, 2012): 714–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00797.x.

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6

Elliott, Paul. "Behaviour and Conservation." Biological Conservation 96, no. 2 (December 2000): 260–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(00)00052-5.

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7

Isabirye-Basuta, G. "The Chimpanzees of Budongo Forest: Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation." African Journal of Ecology 45, no. 2 (February 12, 2007): 231–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00746.x.

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8

Donald, Paul F., Marta De Ponte, Maria J. Pitta Groz, and Roy Taylor. "Status, ecology, behaviour and conservation of Raso Lark Alauda razae." Bird Conservation International 13, no. 1 (March 2003): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270903003022.

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In October 2001, the world population of Raso Lark Alauda razae, confined to the uninhabited, arid islet of Raso in the Cape Verde Islands, was estimated at between 128 and 138 birds, of which 61–66% were males. The biased sex ratio was confirmed by standardized observations of randomly selected birds. The male-dominated sex ratio may result from differences in bill morphology and feeding methods. The males spent much time digging for the bulbs of the nutsedge Cyperus bulbosus, whereas females were seen to dig far less frequently. These differences may have been due to significant sexual differences in bill size. Both sexes also took a range of invertebrate prey, particularly lepidopteran larvae. Unpaired males showed differences in behaviour to paired males, particularly with respect to song flight length. Measurement of museum skins suggested significant seasonal changes in bill size, possibly related to changes in diet or feeding methods. Bill sizes in both sexes were highly variable, but significantly more variable in males. Nest predation, almost certainly by a near-endemic gecko, was extremely high, Mayfield estimates suggesting a nest survival rate of less than 5% between the onset of laying and the end of incubation. Cats and dogs were thought to be absent, although analysis of droppings shows that both have been present in the recent past. Analysis of historical data shows a strong correlation between population size and rainfall, and numbers of birds have fallen to extremely low levels during droughts. The conservation of the species is discussed in the light of these findings.

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9

Stephens, Philip A., and William J. Sutherland. "Consequences of the Allee effect for behaviour, ecology and conservation." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 14, no. 10 (October 1999): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(99)01684-5.

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10

Bro-Jørgensen, Jakob, Daniel W. Franks, and Kristine Meise. "Linking behaviour to dynamics of populations and communities: application of novel approaches in behavioural ecology to conservation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1781 (July 29, 2019): 20190008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0008.

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The impact of environmental change on the reproduction and survival of wildlife is often behaviourally mediated, placing behavioural ecology in a central position to quantify population- and community-level consequences of anthropogenic threats to biodiversity. This theme issue demonstrates how recent conceptual and methodological advances in the discipline are applied to inform conservation. The issue highlights how the focus in behavioural ecology on understanding variation in behaviour between individuals, rather than just measuring the population mean, is critical to explaining demographic stochasticity and thereby reducing fuzziness of population models. The contributions also show the importance of knowing the mechanisms by which behaviour is achieved, i.e. the role of learning, reasoning and instincts, in order to understand how behaviours change in human-modified environments, where their function is less likely to be adaptive. More recent work has thus abandoned the ‘adaptationist’ paradigm of early behavioural ecology and increasingly measures evolutionary processes directly by quantifying selection gradients and phenotypic plasticity. To support quantitative predictions at the population and community levels, a rich arsenal of modelling techniques has developed, and interdisciplinary approaches show promising prospects for predicting the effectiveness of alternative management options, with the social sciences, movement ecology and epidemiology particularly pertinent. The theme issue furthermore explores the relevance of behaviour for global threat assessment, and practical advice is given as to how behavioural ecologists can augment their conservation impact by carefully selecting and promoting their study systems, and increasing their engagement with local communities, natural resource managers and policy-makers. Its aim to uncover the nuts and bolts of how natural systems work positions behavioural ecology squarely in the heart of conservation biology, where its perspective offers an all-important complement to more descriptive ‘big-picture’ approaches to priority setting. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Linking behaviour to dynamics of populations and communities: application of novel approaches in behavioural ecology to conservation’.

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11

Adams, Layne. "Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation." Journal of Wildlife Management 68, no. 3 (July 2004): 739–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0022-541x(2004)068[0739:wbeac]2.0.co;2.

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12

Bangs, Edward E. "Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation." Journal of Mammalogy 85, no. 4 (August 2004): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2004)085<0815:br>2.0.co;2.

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13

Mitani, John C. "Primate Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation." Journal of Mammalian Evolution 14, no. 3 (January 30, 2007): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10914-007-9036-8.

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14

Wiens, John J., and Catherine H. Graham. "Niche Conservatism: Integrating Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation Biology." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36, no. 1 (December 2005): 519–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102803.095431.

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15

Pavey, Chris. "Book Review Australian Falcons: Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation by Stephen Debus." Australian Field Ornithology 40 (2023): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.20938/afo40099100.

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16

Westley, Peter A. H., Andrew M. Berdahl, Colin J. Torney, and Dora Biro. "Collective movement in ecology: from emerging technologies to conservation and management." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1746 (March 26, 2018): 20170004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0004.

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Recent advances in technology and quantitative methods have led to the emergence of a new field of study that stands to link insights of researchers from two closely related, but often disconnected disciplines: movement ecology and collective animal behaviour. To date, the field of movement ecology has focused on elucidating the internal and external drivers of animal movement and the influence of movement on broader ecological processes. Typically, tracking and/or remote sensing technology is employed to study individual animals in natural conditions. By contrast, the field of collective behaviour has quantified the significant role social interactions play in the decision-making of animals within groups and, to date, has predominantly relied on controlled laboratory-based studies and theoretical models owing to the constraints of studying interacting animals in the field. This themed issue is intended to formalize the burgeoning field of collective movement ecology which integrates research from both movement ecology and collective behaviour. In this introductory paper, we set the stage for the issue by briefly examining the approaches and current status of research in these areas. Next, we outline the structure of the theme issue and describe the obstacles collective movement researchers face, from data acquisition in the field to analysis and problems of scale, and highlight the key contributions of the assembled papers. We finish by presenting research that links individual and broad-scale ecological and evolutionary processes to collective movement, and finally relate these concepts to emerging challenges for the management and conservation of animals on the move in a world that is increasingly impacted by human activity. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Collective movement ecology’.

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17

Heinen, Joel T., and Roberta (‘Bobbi’) S. Low. "Human Behavioural Ecology and Environmental Conservation." Environmental Conservation 19, no. 2 (1992): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900030575.

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We contend that humans, as living organisms, evolved to sequester resources to maximize reproductive success, and that many basic aspects of human behaviour reflect this evolutionary history. Much of the environment with which we currently deal is evolutionarily novel, and much behaviour which is ultimately not in our own interests, persists in this novel environment. Environmentalists frequently stress the need for ‘sustainable development’, however it is defined (seeRedclift, 1987), and we contend that a knowledge of how humans are likely to behave with regard to resource use, and therefore a knowledge of what kinds of programmes are likely to work in any particular situation, is necessary to achieve sustainability. Specifically, we predict that issues which are short-term, local, and/or acute, such as an immediate health-risk, will be much easier to solve than issues which are broad, and which affect individuals other than ourselves, our relatives, and our friends. The bigger the issue is, the less effective is likely to be the response. Hence, the biggest and most troublesome ecological issues will be the most difficult to solve —inter aliabecause of our evolutionary history as outlined above.This may not appear to bode well for the future of the world; for example, Molte (1988) contends that there are several hundred international environmental agreements in place, but Carroll (1988) contends that, in general, none of them is particularly effective if the criterion for effectiveness is a real solution to the problem. There are countless examples of ‘aggressors’ (those nations causing the problem) not complying with an agreement, slowing its ratification, or reducing its effectiveness (e.g.the USversusCanada, or Great BritainversusSweden, with regard to acid rain legislation: Fig. 1,cf.Bjorkbom, 1988). The main problem in these cases is that the costs are externalized and hence discounted by those receiving the benefits of being able to pollute. Any proposed change is bound to conflict with existing social structures, and negotiations necessarily involve compromise in aquid pro quofashion (Brewer, 1980). We contend, along with Caldwell (1988) and Putnam (1988), that nations are much too large to think of as individual actors in these spheres. Interest groups within nations can affect ratification of international environmental treaties; for example, automobile industry interestsversusthose of environmental NGOs in the USA on the acid rain issue. It may even be that our evolutionary history is inimical to the entire concept of the modern nation state.Barring major, global, socio-political upheaval, we suggest that a knowledge of the evolution of resource use by humans can be used to solve at least some resource-related problems in modern industrial societies. In some cases, these can probably be solved with information alone, and in other cases, the problems can probably be solved by playing on our evolutionary history as social reciprocators; environmental problems which tend to be relatively local and short-term may be solvable in these ways. Economic incentives can provide solutions to many other types of problems by manipulating the cost and benefits to individuals. We suggest that broader, large-scale environmental problems are much more difficult to solve than narrower, small-scale ones, precisely because humans have evolved to discount such themes; stringent regulations and the formation of coalitions, combined with economic incentives to use alternatives and economic disincentives (fines) not to do so, may be the only potential solutions to some major, transboundary environmental issues.In preparing this argument, we have reviewed literature from many scholarly fields well outside the narrow scope of our expertise in behavioural ecology and wildlife conservation. Our reading of many works from anthropology, economics, political science, public policy, and international development, will doubtless seem naïve and simplistic to practitioners of those fields, and solving all environmental problems will ultimately take expertise from all of these fields and more. In general, however, we have found agreement for many of our ideas from these disparate disciplines, but much of their literature does not allow for a rigorous, quantitative hypothesis-testing approach to analysing the main thesis presented here — an approach that we, as scientists, would encourage. We hope to challenge people interested in environmental issues from many perspectives, to consider our arguments and find evidence,proorcon, so that we (collectively) may come closer to a better analysis of, and ultimately to solutions for, our most pressing environmental problems.

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18

WATSON, JAMES. "Ecology and Ecosystem Conservation." Austral Ecology 33, no. 2 (April 2008): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2007.01837.x.

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19

Ma, Yi-An, and Hong Qian. "A thermodynamic theory of ecology: Helmholtz theorem for Lotka–Volterra equation, extended conservation law, and stochastic predator–prey dynamics." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 471, no. 2183 (November 2015): 20150456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2015.0456.

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We carry out mathematical analyses, à la Helmholtz’s and Boltzmann’s 1884 studies of monocyclic Newtonian dynamics, for the Lotka–Volterra (LV) equation exhibiting predator–prey oscillations. In doing so, a novel ‘thermodynamic theory’ of ecology is introduced. An important feature, absent in the classical mechanics, of ecological systems is a natural stochastic population dynamic formulation of which the deterministic equation (e.g. the LV equation studied) is the infinite population limit. Invariant density for the stochastic dynamics plays a central role in the deterministic LV dynamics. We show how the conservation law along a single trajectory extends to incorporate both variations in a model parameter α and in initial conditions: Helmholtz’s theorem establishes a broadly valid conservation law in a class of ecological dynamics. We analyse the relationships among mean ecological activeness θ , quantities characterizing dynamic ranges of populations A and α , and the ecological force F α . The analyses identify an entire orbit as a stationary ecology, and establish the notion of an ‘equation of ecological states’. Studies of the stochastic dynamics with finite populations show the LV equation as the robust, fast cyclic underlying behaviour. The mathematical narrative provides a novel way of capturing long-term dynamical behaviours with an emergent conservative ecology .

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20

Duffey, Eric. "Otter. Ecology and conservation." Biological Conservation 41, no. 3 (1987): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(87)90109-1.

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21

Duffey, Eric. "Primate ecology and conservation." Biological Conservation 41, no. 3 (1987): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(87)90110-8.

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22

Murray, Dennis. "CARNIVORE ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION." Global Ecology and Biogeography 10, no. 2 (March 2001): 220–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822x.2001.00154-2.x.

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23

Dobson, Andrew D. M., Emiel de Lange, Aidan Keane, Harriet Ibbett, and E. J. Milner-Gulland. "Integrating models of human behaviour between the individual and population levels to inform conservation interventions." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1781 (July 29, 2019): 20180053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0053.

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Conservation takes place within social–ecological systems, and many conservation interventions aim to influence human behaviour in order to push these systems towards sustainability. Predictive models of human behaviour are potentially powerful tools to support these interventions. This is particularly true if the models can link the attributes and behaviour of individuals with the dynamics of the social and environmental systems within which they operate. Here we explore this potential by showing how combining two modelling approaches (social network analysis, SNA, and agent-based modelling, ABM) could lead to more robust insights into a particular type of conservation intervention. We use our simple model, which simulates knowledge of ranger patrols through a hunting community and is based on empirical data from a Cambodian protected area, to highlight the complex, context-dependent nature of outcomes of information-sharing interventions, depending both on the configuration of the network and the attributes of the agents. We conclude by reflecting that both SNA and ABM, and many other modelling tools, are still too compartmentalized in application, either in ecology or social science, despite the strong methodological and conceptual parallels between their uses in different disciplines. Even a greater sharing of methods between disciplines is insufficient, however; given the impact of conservation on both the social and ecological aspects of systems (and vice versa), a fully integrated approach is needed, combining both the modelling approaches and the disciplinary insights of ecology and social science. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Linking behaviour to dynamics of populations and communities: application of novel approaches in behavioural ecology to conservation’.

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24

Orr, David W. "Conservation and Conservatism." Conservation Biology 9, no. 2 (April 1995): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.9020242.x.

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25

Hashimoto, Chie. "Vernon Reynolds. The Chimpanzees of the Budongo Forest: Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation." Primates 48, no. 3 (December 21, 2006): 249–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10329-006-0028-8.

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26

Harrison, Terry. "Primate evolution primate ecology and conservation primate ontogeny, cognition and social behaviour." Journal of Human Evolution 17, no. 4 (June 1988): 453–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2484(88)90034-6.

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27

Deag, J. M. "Primate evolution. Primate ontogeny, cognition and social behaviour. Primate ecology and conservation." Endeavour 11, no. 3 (January 1987): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(87)90223-7.

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28

Cerchio, Salvatore, Boris Andrianantenaina, Alec Lindsay, Melinda Rekdahl, Norbert Andrianarivelo, and Tahina Rasoloarijao. "Omura’s whales ( Balaenoptera omurai ) off northwest Madagascar: ecology, behaviour and conservation needs." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 10 (October 2015): 150301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150301.

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The Omura’s whale ( Balaenoptera omurai ) was described as a new species in 2003 and then soon after as an ancient lineage basal to a Bryde’s/sei whale clade. Currently known only from whaling and stranding specimens primarily from the western Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans, there exist no confirmed field observations or ecological/behavioural data. Here we present, to our knowledge, the first genetically confirmed documentation of living Omura’s whales including descriptions of basic ecology and behaviour from northwestern Madagascar. Species identification was confirmed through molecular phylogenetic analyses of biopsies collected from 18 adult animals. All individuals shared a single haplotype in a 402 bp sequence of mtDNA control region, suggesting low diversity and a potentially small population. Sightings of 44 groups indicated preference for shallow-water shelf habitat with sea surface temperature between 27.4°C and 30.2°C. Frequent observations were made of lunge feeding, possibly on zooplankton. Observations of four mothers with young calves, and recordings of a song-like vocalization probably indicate reproductive behaviour. Social organization consisted of loose aggregations of predominantly unassociated single individuals spatially and temporally clustered. Photographic recapture of a female re-sighted the following year with a young calf suggests site fidelity or a resident population. Our results demonstrate that the species is a tropical whale without segregation of feeding and breeding habitat, and is probably non-migratory; our data extend the range of this poorly studied whale into the western Indian Ocean. Exclusive range restriction to tropical waters is rare among baleen whale species, except for the various forms of Bryde’s whales and Omura’s whales. Thus, the discovery of a tractable population of Omura’s whales in the tropics presents an opportunity for understanding the ecological factors driving potential convergence of life-history patterns with the distantly related Bryde’s whales.

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29

Heinen, Joel T. "Applications of human behavioural ecology to sustainable wildlife conservation and use programmes in developing nations." Oryx 29, no. 3 (July 1995): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300021104.

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Human behaviour probably evolved within the confines of small social groups whose members were closely related or interacted repeatedly over long periods of time. Patterns of behaviour regarding use of natural resources reflect this. It would appear that humans also tend to perceive as more urgent environmental problems occurring over a relatively short period of time, at relatively local spatial scales, and which affect them directly, rather than those occurring over greater spans of time and space. If so, then conservation strategies may be planned accordingly. This hypothesis is explored in the context of species conservation by the presentation of a country case-study (Nepal) and by a review of selected conservation programmes from several developing nations. There has been a general lack of research efforts that examine the effect of societal scales in this context, and more such efforts are needed to achieve conservation goals.

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30

Cosse, Mariana, Susana González, and Mariano Gimenez-Dixon. "Feeding ecology of Ozotoceros bezoarticus: conservation implicationsin Uruguay." Iheringia. Série Zoologia 99, no. 2 (June 2009): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0073-47212009000200007.

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The pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus Linnaeus, 1758) was in the recent past one of the most characteristic species in the Uruguayan grasslands. However, today the species is very rare, with small relict populations inhabiting in few ranches. To improve our understanding of pampas deer habitat use in modified ecosystems and propose management guidelines we analyzed the pampas deer feeding ecology at Los Ajos ranch. We performed an annual vegetation survey with the purpose to identify the main components of pampas's deer diet and the spatial overlap with livestock. Vegetation offer was characterized by predominance of monocotyledon plants; in three of the four sample periods. The preference values for the crops were positive for ryegrass in winter (0.24) and spring (0.54), the moments of greatest productivity of this pasture; while the rice crops values were negative all year round. The spatial overlap indexes with sheep show a complete exclusion, whereas with cattle the indexes gave values of 0.95 in spring to 0.14 in summer. The niche amplitude was significantly correlated with the spatial overlap levels with cattle. Pampas deer foraging behaviour is opportunistic, typical of mixed feeders. Conservation efforts should focus on implementation of management guidelines of agriculture and cattle breeding activities.

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31

O'Connell, Mark. "Spatial ecology and conservation." Ecological Informatics 14 (March 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2013.01.002.

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32

Ulfstrand, Staffan. "Behavioural Ecology and Conservation Biology." Oikos 77, no. 2 (November 1996): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3546055.

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33

Fisher, Robert N., and Trevor J. C. Beebee. "Ecology and Conservation of Amphibians." Ecology 78, no. 4 (June 1997): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2265882.

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34

Young, Bruce E., D. F. Stotz, J. W. Fitzpatrick, T. A. Parker, and D. K. Moskovits. "Neotropical Birds: Ecology and Conservation." Ecology 78, no. 5 (July 1997): 1613. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2266160.

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35

Vilella, Francisco J. "Reproductive ecology and behaviour of the Puerto Rican NightjarCaprimulgus noctitherus." Bird Conservation International 5, no. 2-3 (September 1995): 349–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095927090000109x.

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SummaryThe reproductive ecology and behaviour of the endangered Puerto Rican NightjarCaprimulgus noctitheruswas studied at the Guanica Forest, located in south-western Puerto Rico. From 1985 to 1987 a total of 23 nightjar nests were located. Nests were initiated between 24 February and 2 July. Nightjar males were mostly responsible for parental duties. An elaborate nest-relief ceremony was discovered for this species. Courtship and laying activities were most common during the new moon and last quarter phases. Hatching dates were centred 3-5 days around the first quarter and during full moon. A total of 87% of the nests were successful in producing at least one fledgling. Locomotory activity of radio-tagged nightjar males was higher during periods of twilight, and averaged 61.5 m/movement. Area of primary utilization (i.e. home range) averaged 5.2 ha/nightjar during the period of transmission. A large portion of the species's current range is privately owned forestland that could be subjected to changes (i.e. deforestation), rendering it useless for nightjars. The sedentary nature and nesting habits of this species make it particularly sensitive to the physical and ecological alteration of mature dry forest. Conservation of existing reserves, reforestation of disturbed areas with native and selected plantation species, and acquisition of privately owned tracts of mature dry limestone forest will help to insure the long-term survival of the species throughout its range.La ecologia reproductiva del Guabairo Pequeno de Puerto RicoCaprimulgus noctitherus, conocido comunmente como guabairo, se estudió en el bosque de Guánica, localizado en el suroeste de Puerto Rico. Del 1985-1987 se localizaron un total de 23 nidos. La temporada reproductiva se extendió desde el 24 de febrero hasta el 2 de julio. El macho de la especie es mayormente responsable por el cuidado parental. Se descubrió una ceremonia altamente elaborada para el relevo en el nido. La actividad de cortejeo y el comienzo de los nidos era mas común durante las fases de luna nueva y cuarto menguante. Las fechas de eclosion se encontraban de 3–5 dfas alrededor del cuarto creciente y la luna llena. Un 87% de los nidos fueron exitosos en producir por lo menos un volantón. La actividad locomotora de machos de guabairo equipados con radiotransmisores fue más alta durante el perfodo crepuscular y promedió 61.5 m/ movimiento. El área de utilizatión primaria promedio fue de 5.2 ha/guabairo durante el perfodo de transmisión. Una parte considerable de la distributión del guabairo aún se encuentra en áreas bajo propiedad privada, podiendo sufrir cambios dramáticos en la compositión del paisaje (i.e. desmonte). La naturaleza sedentaria de esta especie y sus hábitos reproductivos la hace particularmente vulnerable a la alteratión fisica y ecológica del bosque seco. La conservatión de las unidades de conservatión existentes, la reforestatión con especies de árboles nativos y algunas especies de plantatión, y la adquisición de áreas privadas de bosque seco maduro ayudará a asegurar la sobrevivencia a largo plazo de la especie a través de su distribution geográfica.

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Bibby, Colin J. "Bird-parasite interactions: Ecology, evolution, and behaviour." Biological Conservation 61, no. 2 (1992): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(92)91108-5.

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Waterman, P. G. "Monitoring for Conservation and Ecology." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 19, no. 6 (January 1991): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(91)90074-a.

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Aumen, Nicholas G. "Wetland ecology: principles and conservation." Journal of the North American Benthological Society 20, no. 4 (December 2001): 683–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1468096.

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Erokhin, Viktor V., and Ivan I. Lukashenko. "ECOLOGY AND REGIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION POLICY." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 4/2, no. 124 (2022): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2022.04.02.013.

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The article provides the necessary background information about the microstructure of the market, presents a market model, and derives pricing equations based on the market-making algorithm. This article introduces the Market Making Algorithm, an online probability density estimation method used by a market maker to track the true underlying value of a stock. Taking into account the desire of the market maker to make a profit and the desire to control the risk of the portfolio, the practical implementation of the market making algorithm is described. Under various market conditions, an empirical analysis of the market making algorithm is presented, including the presence of several competing market makers. Modeling markets based on the market making algorithm provides information about the behavior of price processes. A comparison of the properties of time series price data obtained as a result of modeling with the known properties of real markets is presented. This makes it possible to simulate real financial time series, such as the leptokurtic return distribution, without postulating complex models of agent interactions and herd behavior of agents. The influence of competition, volatility and jumps in the value of the underlying asset on the profit of market makers, the spread between the purchase and sale price and the execution of transactions is analyzed.

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Sæther, Bernt-Erik, and Steinar Engen. "Towards a predictive conservation biology: the devil is in the behaviour." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1781 (July 29, 2019): 20190013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0013.

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One of the most important challenges in conservation biology is to predict the viability of populations of vulnerable and threatened species. This requires that the demographic stochasticity strongly affecting the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of especially small populations is correctly estimated and modelled. Here, we summarize theoretical evidence showing that the demographic variance in population dynamics is a key parameter determining the probability of extinction and also is directly linked to the magnitude of the genetic drift in the population. The demographic variance is dependent on the mating system, being larger in a polygynous than in monogamous populations. Understanding factors affecting intersexual differences in mating success is therefore essential in explaining variation in the demographic variance. We hypothesize that the strength of sexual selection, for example, quantified by the Bateman gradient, may be a useful predictor of the magnitude of the demographic stochasticity and hence the genetic drift in the population. We provide results from a field study of moose that support this claim. Thus, including central principles from behavioural ecology may increase the reliability of population viability analyses through an improvement of our understanding of factors affecting stochastic influences on population dynamics and evolutionary processes. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Linking behaviour to dynamics of populations and communities: application of novel approaches in behavioural ecology to conservation’.

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Moore, Peter D. "Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation." Journal of Ecology 89, no. 5 (October 2001): 903–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0022-0477.2001.00592.x.

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Ogden, John. "Seagrasses: Biology, Ecology and Conservation." Marine Ecology 27, no. 4 (December 2006): 431–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2006.00138.x.

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Callan, Hilary. "The chimpanzees of the Budongo Forest: ecology, behaviour, and conservation - By Vernon Reynolds." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 14, no. 4 (December 2008): 909–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2008.00537_20.x.

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Brooker, Rohan M., William E. Feeney, James R. White, Rachel P. Manassa, Jacob L. Johansen, and Danielle L. Dixson. "Using insights from animal behaviour and behavioural ecology to inform marine conservation initiatives." Animal Behaviour 120 (October 2016): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.03.012.

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Hylander, Kristoffer, and Bengt Gunnar Jonsson. "The conservation ecology of cryptogams." Biological Conservation 135, no. 3 (March 2007): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.10.019.

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Rappole, John H., D. F. Stotz, J. W. Fitzpatrick, T. A. Parker, and D. K. Moskovits. "Neotropical Birds: Ecology and Conservation." Journal of Wildlife Management 61, no. 3 (July 1997): 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3802211.

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Caro, Tim, and Joel Berger. "Can behavioural ecologists help establish protected areas?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1781 (July 29, 2019): 20180062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0062.

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Protecting wild places is conservation's most pressing task given rapid contemporary declines in biodiversity and massive land use changes. We suggest that behavioural ecology has a valuable, albeit limited, role to play in this agenda. Behaviourally based empiricism and modelling, especially of animal movements and habitat preferences have enjoyed wide applicability in delineating reserve boundaries. In protected areas that sanction exploitation, it may also be important to understand individuals' behavioural and life-history responses to management decisions. We also argue, however, that the in-depth studies of behavioural ecologists may have an important role in conservation by elevating species’ status from mundane to charismatic and often sparking public empathy, and their mere presence in field generates local (or broader) intrigue. More generally behavioural ecologists will only be listened to, and their contributions considered of conservation importance, if they become more involved in decision-making processes as witnessed by several prominent examples that have supported the establishment of protected areas. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Linking behaviour to dynamics of populations and communities: application of novel approaches in behavioural ecology to conservation’.

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Larivière, Serge. "Behaviour and Ecology of Riparian Mammals." Journal of Mammalogy 81, no. 1 (February 2000): 280–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0280:r>2.0.co;2.

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Garnett, Stephen. "Ecology and Conservation of Owls." Emu - Austral Ornithology 103, no. 4 (December 2003): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu03903.

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Wiens, John J., David D. Ackerly, Andrew P. Allen, Brian L. Anacker, Lauren B. Buckley, Howard V. Cornell, Ellen I. Damschen, et al. "Niche conservatism as an emerging principle in ecology and conservation biology." Ecology Letters 13, no. 10 (July 22, 2010): 1310–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01515.x.

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