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Дисертації з теми "Éco-matériaux – Détérioration"
Paul, Clément. "Impact des stratégies de compatibilisation sur les propriétés de composites polyéthylène – fibres courtes de lin." Caen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CAEN2045.
Повний текст джерелаThe goal of this thesis is to study the impact of compatilisation strategies on properties of composites reinforced by short flax fibres. Indeed, without any prior fibre treatment or matrix chemical modification, the reinforcement potential of flax is not achieved. Develop a better adhesion, modifying polarity in order to create chemical bonds between fibre and matrix, will thus allow to improve the mechanical properties of composites materials. Different strategies have been considered. On one hand, efficiency of several fibre treatments (bleaching, mercerisation, silanes) was compared. The chemical and morphological modifications brought to the fibres have been characterised so as the effect of their introduction within the composites materials. On the other hand, the incorporation of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MA-g-PE) has enabled a clear improvement of the adhesion by the realisation of covalent bonds between fibre and matrix. A specific point has been brought to the optimisation of mercerisation treatment, which results in the highest mechanical resistance improvement of composites. Finally, the coupling of an optimised mercerisation and the use of MA-g-PE has allowed to obtain composites with tensile strength at yield above ones of composites treated with the two techniques taken separately or those of composites reinforced with the same mass of glass fibres owing a similar aspect ratio. The durability of those interfaces over accelerated ageing and recycling of those composites was also highlighted
Frohard, Fabien. "Durabilité des éco-bétons : impact d'additions cimentaires alternatives sur la corrosion des armatures dans les bétons armés." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1170/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe use of locally available resources is a major concern for construction sector when it comes to sustainable development. In the case of concrete, a variety of by-products is currently being investigated for use as cementitious materials so as to develop concrete made out of alternatives resources. The present study intends to assess the performance of four kinds of by-products on corrosion-related properties in reinforced concrete. Glass powder, paper mill fly ashes, sewage sludge ashes or calcined sediments exhibit a mineral nature compatible with the medium of concrete. In terms of corrosion concerns, the concrete act as an alkaline medium that enable steel passivity and as a transport barrier that limits deleterious elements ingress (mainly chlorides, carbon dioxide). Thus, the use of alternative cementitious materials should enable the passivation of steel and should also provide a densification to the cover in order to limit contaminants ingress toward steel vicinity. The electrochemical properties of steel in contact with cementitious additions were characterized and the transfer properties of concrete were investigated. The use of these materials has an insignificant impact on the behavior of steel. However, the concrete cover has significant influence on both chloride and carbon dioxide ingress as well as on the corrosion kinetic of reinforcement. The reactivity of the cementitious materials impacts the transfer properties which control the kinetic of contamination of concretes and the corrosion process of non-passive steel
Zmamou, Hafida. "Eco-conception de nouveaux agromatériaux à partir de cendre de chaudière biomasse. Relation structures-propriétés." Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUES055.
Повний текст джерелаValorizing the industrial by-products int alternative materials for road engineering according to SETRA recommendations is a major scientific challenge for the environment and the circular economy. The Wastepaper Sludge Ash (WSA) is a waste material that comes from the recycled paper industry. Previous studies showed that they have hydraulic and/or pouzzolanic properties. These by-products being available in large quantities at attractive cost are an asset for material valorization. To use alternative materials is in perfect adequacy with the fact of valorizing WSA in road engineering. As binders, WSA having a low impact in terms of carbon print compared to usual hydraulic binders. This research work was undertaken to valorize as eco-materials, important volumes of WSA. Two application fields were selected. They consern the implementation of an innovative road material for road engineering and territorial management, and the eco-design of agromaterials for construction. This work proposes two experimental approaches : (1) on optimization of the matrix based on WSA and mineral additives and (ii) addition of natural aggregates for making eco-agromaterials. The natural aggregates are renewabke resources obtained from agriculture. These chosen aggregates are local resources, using local handcraft, and mobilizing the local expertise for short circuit of material valorization. The study contains four parts : (1) formulations and implementation of eco-materials, (2) analysis of their mechanical behavior, their durability and long-term behavior, (3) a study of environmental behavior and (4) a microstructural analysis of eco-materials. The WSA treatment with water and mineral additives decreases considerably their environmental impact. The correlation between these parameters allowed obtaining an eco-material (A) and eco-agromaterial (AG) potentially recoverable in road engineering. The practice takes into account the change of scale i. E. Transition from the laboratory scale to the pilot scale, this aspect was studied. On one hand a reduced road platform and two pedestrian pathways constituting the test on site for validation have been performed. On the other hand, series of materials, i. E. Pavements, bricks and concrete blocks were made. It was possible to conclude that a mixture composed with 95% WSA + 5% cement or 95 % WSA + 5% cement + 2% hemp shives gives the best promising mixes for these two applications
Viel, Marie. "Développement de composites bio-sourcés destinés à l’isolation des bâtiments." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1S122/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this thesis is to develop new bio-based building insulating materials which contribute to reduce their environmental impacts. The developed materials shall have low embodied energy and low carbon footprint. They shall contribute to reduce energy needs of buildings and to ensure high hygrothermal comfort of users. First, raw materials from agricultural resources (hemp shiv, flax shiv, wheat straw, rape straw and corn cobs) are characterized from a chemical, physical, hygrothermal and mechanical point of view, with a aim of developing bio-based composites for the thermal insulation of buildings. Their chemical composition is interesting for the development of green binder. A study to assess this ability is carried out. At the end of the study, two binders corresponding to extractions performed on corn cobs and flax fines are developped. Other binders from industry are also selected for composite production. Then, composites are produced to study the influence of aggregates, binder, granulometry of aggregates, alkaline pre-treatment of aggregates and compaction pressure applied during the processing of composites on their hygrothermal performances and mechanical properties. Finally, the resistance to accidental immersion and humidity and the reaction to fire of the most promising formulations are studied
Delannoy, Guillaume. "Durabilité d'isolants à base de granulats végétaux." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1039/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe use of insulating materials based on plant aggregates is growing quickly, especially for the rehabilitation of old buildings, thus improving the comfort of residents. These materials have significant thermal, hydric and acoustic properties. However, their development is still limited by the lack of information on the evolution of their long-term performances. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the evolution of the functional properties of hemp concretes, by identifying the aging mechanisms when the material is exposed to different types of environments. For this aim, two hemp concretes formulated with one type of hemp and two binders with different chemical nature are retained. The approach of this study is multidisciplinary (chemical, physico-chemical, microbiological, microstructural, acoustic, thermal and mechanical) and multi-scale. The study of chemical and microstructural properties allows the understanding of the variations of functional properties. Firstly, the initial characterization of the both hemp concretes made it possible to demonstrate the absence of impact of the nature of the binder on the functional properties of the insulators, which can be partly explained by their similar microstructure. A weak mechanical resistance of the materials was also highlighted, related to the inhibition of the setting of the binders because of their interactions with the molecules extracted from the shiv. Secondly, hemp concretes and bulk shiv hemp are subjected to an accelerated aging by imposing cycles of humidification / drying during two years. The modifications of the material performances at different time scales are compared to reference samples stored at 50% of relative humidity and a constant controlled temperature. Under reference conditions, no variation in properties is observed. For accelerated aging, the variations of properties highlighted are induced by several parameters. In the case of bulk shiv, the action of microorganisms and the adsorption of water lead to a loss of mass and to the opening of porosities, leading to variations in acoustic properties. For hemp concretes, no fungal development is observed on the surface of the material. On the other hand, the action of microorganisms is clearly visible inside the plant aggregates, and additional mechanisms are identified: the hydration and carbonation reactions within the binder as well as the mineralization of the vegetal particles cause variations in thermal, acoustic and hydric properties by modifying the microstructure of hemp concretes.In conclusion, the absence of variations in the properties of hemp concretes in the reference conditions suggests that in a real building, their properties can be stable over time, the observed pathologies then being due to a faulty implementation. To go further, the results obtained during this work have to be validated by an in-situ study to be able to estimate the lifetime of these materials
Zerrouki, Redouane. "Contribution à I'étude de la durabilité d'un béton de chanvre : impact du vieillissement accéléré sur les propriétés fonctionnelles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Amiens, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AMIE0091.
Повний текст джерелаThis study reports the experimental investigation of a commercial formulated lime binder (Tadical PF70) modification effect on the durability of hemp concrete specimens when subjected to wetting and drying cycles, using multi-scale approach (micro and macro). The influence of partial replacement of Tradical PF70 binder by metakaolin has been studied by testing the physico-mechanical and hgro-thermal properties of specimen for aging conditions of 0, 15, 25, and 50 wetting/drying cycles. Considered as a critical factor which contributes to the specimen deterioration, a separate investigation of the degradation rate of the embedded hemp particles in the binder matrix at aging cycle intervals has been also performed. The analyses included their component changes, microstructure modifications, and variation of crystalline properties, characterized by means thermal (TGA/DTG) and microscopic (SEM/EDX/XRD) analyses. The results have shown that the pozzolanic reaction appears to significantly minimise the degradation of hemp concrete. The corresponding reaction consumes calcium hydroxide to produce hydrated calcium silicates and in turn will lead to the lowest alkalinity of pore solution which is considered as the main responsible for hemp particle hydrolysis. The examination of the relationship between embedded hemp particle deterioration degree and the mechanical properties-loss of hemp concrete has shown the effectiveness of metakaolin to improve the durability of hemp concrete
Heinrich, Lydia Alexandra. "Biosourced Coating Systems for Metallic Substrates." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1004.
Повний текст джерелаMoving away from petroleum and towards biobased materials not only leads to greater sustainability and lower dependence on diminishing fossil resources, but can also catalyse the discovery of new properties. Aliphatic polyesters based on renewable resources have already started to replace traditional products. Within the Sorago project, a fully biobased resin for interior coil coatings has recently been proposed on the market (Estetic® Bio Air, Arcelor Mittal). In order to extend the possible use of the biobased product to exterior applications, an improvement of its resistance to humidity and UV radiation is crucial. This presents two challenges: The limited availability of monomers which provide rigidity in the resin structure and the relationship between the resin composition and its weatherability. Vanillin was chosen as a possible extension to the range of rigid, biobased monomers for polyesterification reactions. The transformation of its aldehyde and its reactivity was studied in terms of catalytic activation and through a series of copolymerisations which revealed the influence of the reaction conditions on the composition of the product. A structure-property relationship concerning the coating glass transition temperature and visco-elastic behaviour of the coating was furthermore established for a series of renewable monomers and contrasted with petroleum based equivalents. Series of prototypes with a wide variety of properties were then subjected to accelerated weathering tests. Their degradation was followed directly by gloss retention and different mechanisms were revealed using FTIR, µ-hardness and film thickness measurements. While the performance of the biobased coating was subpar, no evidence linking its degradation to the presence of renewable monomers was found, suggesting that the creation of a sufficiently durable and renewable exterior coating will be possible
Mequignon, Marc-André. "Comment la durée de vie des bâtiments peut-elle influencer les performances en termes de développement soutenable?" Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAT0032/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe purpose of this thesis is to highlight the importance of the lifespan of the buildingand its components and and as well as to see it in the light of constraints imposed bysustainable development criterias. The focuse of our paper is to characterize the behavior inthis approach, namely environmental, economic and social features.After presenting and analyzing the state of art concerning the lifespan of the building andapproach the building in terms of sustainable development, we characterize the impact of theformer on the latter. Our method is based on two objects of study :- The first is a wall unit outside. This allows us to define precisely the function of useand the technical solutions more specifically for this function;- The second study is a housing-type building. This method is based on that of the wallunit, but we can check behaviour of each technical solutions in the use stage. Thus, we caneasily produce results commensurate.The first approach involves assumptions of lifetimes of technical solutions with which wemake the simulations. In a second step, the analysis takes into account the lifespan as avariable and we analyze the consequences in terms of sustainable development.To promote the exploitation of knowledge produced and to situate them within theproject approach, we propose a schematic modification of current tools for assessingperformance
Chlela, Robert. "Durabilité d'un système composite biosourcé (matrice époxy-fibres de lin) pour applications de renforcement structural : approches expérimentale et fiabiliste." Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC2076.
Повний текст джерелаIn France, the built heritage of civil engineering and building structures is vast and ageing. Recent reports prepared by experts highlight this alarming situation and point out the need to significantly increase the resources allocated to the rehabilitation of this heritage. In this context, structural reinforcement by externally bonded composites has become an attractive solution for the rehabilitation of structures and the extension of their lifespan. This thesis, funded by the French Research Agency (ANR), aims to develop a new composite reinforcement system with a reduced environmental footprint, on one hand, and to build an original reliability approach to estimate the lifetime of reinforcement systems and their failure probability at any time, on the other hand. In this manuscript, the main phases of development of the bio-based system are first recalled. In particular, it is recalled that the formulation of the bio-sourced epoxy matrix was based upon the specifications and characteristics of the Foreva® TFC matrix, and the criteria that guided the choice of the unidirectional flax fibre reinforcement fabric are also presented. The second part of the manuscript presents all the experimental results obtained within the framework of the durability study on the bio-based strengthening system. This test campaign relies on a Design of Experiment optimized by Hoke’s matrix. Laminated composite plates and concrete slabs reinforced with these composites were subjected to accelerated ageing under hygrothermal conditions, and to natural ageing on an outdoor exposure site in Lyon as well, for a total duration of 24 months. In a first step, the results of various physico-chemical characterizations that were periodically conducted on the bio-based composites, highlighted the relative contributions of mechanisms involved in microstructural evolutions and degradation phenomena of both the polymer matrix and fiber/matrix interfaces. In a second step, the changes in the main performance indicators related to the composite and the concrete-composite interface subjected to the various ageing environments, are presented and interpreted in the light of the previous physico-chemical characterizations. In a third step, a comparison is made between the bio-based composite system and a traditional carbon fibre strengthening system. The last part of the manuscript is devoted to the implementation of the reliability approach, relying on the experimental database previously collected for the bio-based system. A statistical analysis by the ANOVA method is first carried out on all experimental data. Two degradation models were then developed to describe the evolutions of performance indicators over time for any hygrothermal ageing condition: an analytical model with explicit terms related to quadratic effects and coupling between temperature and relative humidity, and a physical model based on Eyring's law.In a next step, these models were used to estimate the lifetime of the bio-based strengthening system under accelerated ageing conditions. End-of-life criteria were first defined based on specifications proposed by different design guidelines, in particular by ACI and AFGC reports.In order to evaluate the lifetime under actual service conditions, a specific procedure was then proposed to apply the analytical model in the case of natural ageing. Finally, a probabilization of the analytical model is carried out in order to determine the probability of failure of the bio-based strengthening system at any time during its lifetime
Billes, Elise. "Préparation d'oligomères de cellulose par dépolymérisation pour la synthèse de nouveaux composés amphiphiles bio-sourcés." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0209/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe purpose of this study is to produce uniform cellulose oligomers. In this frame, two methods were considered:for the “fishing” method, the oligomers obtained by acidic hydrolysis of cellulose are separated by selective solubilisation in an organic phase thanks to a synthetic polymer. The size ratio between the synthetic polymer and the cellulose oligomer would be responsible for the selectivity.For the “masking” method, parts of cellulose backbone having the size of the future oligomers are protected with a synthetic polymer during an enzymatic hydrolysis.In both cases, the synthetic polymers contain boronic acid groups that interact reversibly with saccharides.Despite various attempts, these two methods were not crowned with success. The first one was eventually not selective. For the second one, the polymer allowing an interaction all along the cellulose backbone could not be synthesised. The dispersity of the oligomers obtained by acidic hydrolysis (polymerisation degree (DP) from 1 to 12) was satisfactorily decreased by solubilising the smaller DP in methanol.To finish, the methanol-insoluble fraction was functionalised at the reducing end with an azide group. It was then coupled to an alkyne-functionalised stearic acid by click chemistry. The self-assembly of this new amphiphilic compound was studied in water, the CMC was measured at 100 mg.L-1. The particles formed were spherical, homogeneous and had an average diameter of 140 nm, which indicate a vesicle morphology