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Статті в журналах з теми "ECDL laser"
1
Zhang, Linbo, Tao Liu, Long Chen, Guanjun Xu, Chenhui Jiang, Jun Liu, and Shougang Zhang. "Development of an Interference Filter-Stabilized External-Cavity Diode Laser for Space Applications." Photonics 7, no. 1 (January 18, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics7010012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The National Time Service Center of China is developing a compact, highly stable, 698 nm external-cavity diode laser (ECDL) for dedicated use in a space strontium optical clock. This article presents the optical design, structural design, and preliminary performance of this ECDL. The ECDL uses a narrow-bandwidth interference filter for spectral selection and a cat’s-eye reflector for light feedback. To ensure long-term stable laser operation suitable for space applications, the connections among all the components are rigid and the design avoids any spring-loaded adjustment. The frequency of the first lateral rocking eigenmode is 2316 Hz. The ECDL operates near 698.45 nm, and it has a current-controlled tuning range over 40 GHz and a PZT-controlled tuning range of 3 GHz. The linewidth measured by the heterodyne beating between the ECDL and an ultra-stable laser with 1 Hz linewidth is about 180 kHz. At present, the ECDL has been applied to the principle prototype of the space ultra-stable laser system.
2
Heng, Zhao, Xiao Xiao, Li Bo, Wang Wen Jin, Hu Yi, and Wang Youqin. "Theoretical investigation of a tunable external cavity diode laser based on a single cavity all-dielectric thin-film Fabry–Perot filter." International Journal of Modern Physics C 27, no. 01 (January 2016): 1650005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183116500054.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The single cavity all-dielectric thin film Fabry–Perot filter (s-AFPF) has been theoretically investigated in this paper as a means of tuning the wavelength in an external cavity diode laser (ECDL), and the means of limiting longitudinal mode hopping has been also theoretically investigated. When a TE or TM plane wave irradiates an s-AFPF, a quasi-linear relationship is found in a certain wavelength range between the optical intensity peak transmittance wavelength of s-AFPF and the cosine value of plane wave incident angle at s-AFPF. Based on this feature, we proposed and theoretically investigated an ECDL configuration based on an s-AFPF. By theoretical calculation, the actuator flat edge against the steel ball may be replaced by a bent edge to convert the mode-hop wavelength region into mode-hop-free wavelength region. The ECDL can be used in the application of environmental monitoring, atomic and molecular laser spectroscopy research, precise measurements, and so on.
3
Preuschoff, Tilman, Patrick Baus, Malte Schlosser, and Gerhard Birkl. "Wideband current modulation of diode lasers for frequency stabilization." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 063002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0093520.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We present a current modulation technique for diode laser systems, which is specifically designed for high-bandwidth laser frequency stabilization and wideband frequency modulation with a flat transfer function. It consists of a dedicated current source and an impedance matching circuit both placed close to the laser diode. The transfer behavior of the system is analyzed under realistic conditions employing an external cavity diode laser (ECDL) system. We achieve a phase lag smaller than 90° up to 25 MHz and a gain flatness of ±3 dB in the frequency range of DC to 100 MHz, while the passive stability of the laser system is not impaired. The potential of the current modulation scheme is demonstrated in an optical phase-locked loop between two ECDL systems with a phase noise of 42 mradrms. The design files are available as an open-source project.
4
Peng, Xiqing, Weixuan Luo, Yun Bai, Bin Zhang, Yusheng Zhang, Qiang Ling, Hao Chen, Si Luo, Zuguang Guan, and Daru Chen. "Study of wavelength-switchable watt-level blue external cavity diode laser for NO2 S-DIAL." Laser Physics 33, no. 1 (December 8, 2022): 015801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1555-6611/aca6de.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract A 2.3 W wavelength-switchable blue external cavity diode laser (ECDL) was studied. The laser was built on Littrow configuration and a piezoelectric ceramic transducer (PZT) driver was employed to change the Littrow angle for wavelength tuning. Its emitting wavelength can be switched between 447.46 nm and 448.10 nm which are the required wavelengths for NO2 differential absorption lidar application. The measured spectral linewidth of the proposed ECDL was 0.08 nm. The main peak was at least 35 dB stronger than its adjacent freely running emission peak and background amplified spontaneous emission (ASE). The wavelength switching dynamics were inspected and shows good repeatability at frequencies of 16.7 Hz and 50 Hz.
5
Khalid, Dastan. "Dark State Magnetometer Based on Enhanced Acousto-Optics Modulator." Applied Sciences 12, no. 22 (November 8, 2022): 11324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122211324.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We report on detailed experimental setup and the results of an enhanced acousto-optics modulator (AOM) setup for observation of a dark state magnetometer. A Λ-type dark state based on D1 line of 87Rb:F=2→F′=1 Zeeman sub-levels with neon (Ne) buffer gas was created using a single laser and a scanning acousto-optics modulator. The technical challenges in using this method and how to overcome these difficulties are discussed, and we report on the observation of a dark state resonance with linewidth of 168 Hz and a detectable magnetic field of 9 nT. This method offers many advantages, including the creation of mutually coherent beams outside an external cavity diode laser (ECDL), where the beams are equally affected by external perturbations to the ECDL. Only factors related to the AOM dictates the difference between the two beams.
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Wang, Yan, Hao Wu, Chao Chen, Yinli Zhou, Yubing Wang, Lei Liang, Zhenhua Tian, Li Qin, and Lijun Wang. "An Ultra-High-SMSR External-Cavity Diode Laser with a Wide Tunable Range around 1550 nm." Applied Sciences 9, no. 20 (October 17, 2019): 4390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9204390.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper, a widely tunable external cavity diode laser (ECDL) with an ultra-high side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) was fabricated. Three configurations were constructed to investigate the relationship between the grating features and the SMSR. When a 1200 grooves/mm grating with a first order diffraction efficiency of 91% is utilized in the external-cavity laser system, a maximum SMSR of 65 dB can be achieved. In addition, the tunable range reaches 209.9 nm. The results show that the laser performance can be improved by proper high grating groove number and first-order diffraction efficiency.
7
Shen, Ze-Min, Xiao-Long Zhou, Dong-Yu Huang, Yu-Hao Pan, Li Li, Jian Wang, Chuan-Feng Li, and Guang-Can Guo. "Continuously and widely tunable frequency-stabilized laser based on an optical frequency comb." Review of Scientific Instruments 94, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 023001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0120119.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Continuously and widely tunable lasers, actively stabilized on a frequency reference, are broadly employed in atomic, molecular, and optical (AMO) physics. The frequency-stabilized optical frequency comb (OFC) provides a novel optical frequency reference, with a broadband spectrum that meets the requirement of laser frequency stabilization. Therefore, we demonstrate a frequency-stabilized and precisely tunable laser system based on it. In this scheme, the laser frequency locked to the OFC is driven to jump over the ambiguity zones, which blocks the wide tuning of the locked laser, and tuned until the mode hopping happens with the always-activated feedback loop. Meanwhile, we compensate the gap of the frequency jump with a synchronized acoustic optical modulator to ensure the continuity. This scheme is applied to an external cavity diode laser (ECDL), and we achieve tuning at a rate of about 7 GHz/s, with some readily available commercial electronics. Furthermore, we tune the frequency-stabilized laser only with the feedback of diode current, and its average tuning speed can exceed 100 GHz/s. Due to the resource-efficient configuration and the simplicity of completion, this scheme can be referenced and can find wide applications in AMO experiments.
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Nehrir, Amin R., Kevin S. Repasky, John L. Carlsten, Michael D. Obland, and Joseph A. Shaw. "Water Vapor Profiling Using a Widely Tunable, Amplified Diode-Laser-Based Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL)." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 26, no. 4 (April 1, 2009): 733–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jtecha1201.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract A differential absorption lidar (DIAL) instrument for automated profiling of water vapor in the lower troposphere has been designed, tested, and is in routine operation at Montana State University. The laser transmitter for the DIAL instrument uses a widely tunable external cavity diode laser (ECDL) to injection seed two cascaded semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) to produce a laser transmitter that accesses the 824–841-nm spectral range. The DIAL receiver utilizes a 28-cm-diameter Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope; an avalanche photodiode (APD) detector; and a narrowband optical filter to collect, discriminate, and measure the scattered light. A technique of correcting for the wavelength-dependent incident angle upon the narrowband optical filter as a function of range has been developed to allow accurate water vapor profiles to be measured down to 225 m above the surface. Data comparisons using the DIAL instrument and collocated radiosonde measurements are presented demonstrating the capabilities of the DIAL instrument.
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Nehrir, Amin R., Kevin S. Repasky, and John L. Carlsten. "Eye-Safe Diode-Laser-Based Micropulse Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) for Water Vapor Profiling in the Lower Troposphere." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 28, no. 2 (February 1, 2011): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jtecha1452.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract A second-generation diode-laser-based master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) configured micropulse differential absorption lidar (DIAL) instrument for profiling of lower-tropospheric water vapor is presented. The DIAL transmitter is based on a continuous wave (cw) external cavity diode laser (ECDL) master oscillator that is used to injection seed two cascaded tapered semiconductor optical power amplifiers, which deliver up to 2-μJ pulse energies over a 1-μs pulse duration at 830 nm with an average power of ∼40 mW at a pulse repetition frequency of 20 kHz. The DIAL receiver utilizes a commercial 28-cm-diameter Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope, a 250-pm narrowband optical filter, and a fiber-coupled single-photon-counting Avalanche photodiode (APD) detector, yielding a far-field full-angle field of view of 170 μrad. A detailed description of the second-generation Montana State University (MSU) DIAL instrument is presented. Water vapor number density profiles and time–height cross sections collected with the water vapor DIAL instrument are also presented and compared with collocated radiosonde measurements, demonstrating the instruments ability to measure night- and daytime water vapor profiles in the lower troposphere.
10
Horstjann, M., M. D. Andrés Hernández, V. Nenakhov, A. Chrobry, and J. P. Burrows. "Peroxy radical detection for airborne atmospheric measurements using absorption spectroscopy of NO<sub>2</sub>." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 7, no. 5 (May 13, 2014): 1245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1245-2014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Development of an airborne instrument for the determination of peroxy radicals (PeRCEAS – peroxy radical chemical enhancement and absorption spectroscopy) is reported. Ambient peroxy radicals (HO2 and RO2, R being an organic chain) are converted to NO2 in a reactor using a chain reaction involving NO and CO. Provided that the amplification factor, called effective chain length (eCL), is known, the concentration of NO2 can be used as a proxy for the peroxy radical concentration in the sampled air. The eCL depends on radical surface losses and must thus be determined experimentally for each individual setup. NO2 is detected by continuous-wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy (cw-CRDS) using an extended cavity diode laser (ECDL) at 408.9 nm. Optical feedback from a V-shaped resonator maximizes transmission and allows for a simple detector setup. CRDS directly yields absorption coefficients, thus providing NO2 concentrations without additional calibration. The optimum 1σ detection limit is 0.3 ppbv at an averaging time of 40 s and an inlet pressure of 300 hPa. Effective chain lengths were determined for HO2 and CH3O2 at different inlet pressures. The 1σ detection limit at an inlet pressure of 300 hPa for HO2 is 3 pptv for an averaging time of 120 s.
Дисертації з теми "ECDL laser"
1
Silva, Danilo Mariano da. "Desenvolvimento de métodos para a geração e controle da emissão em lasers aleatórios e speckle." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-22082016-151450/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Neste trabalho serão apresentados novos métodos baseados na geração e controle de comprimento de onda em lasers aleatórios e lasers de diodo. Na primeira parte do trabalho será demonstrado um laser aleatório com realimentação localizada em filmes em biopolímeros dopado com corante. O filme é constituído por um ácido desoxirribonucleico e cloreto de cetiltrimetilamônio (DNA-CTMA) dopado com DCM. No dispositivo proposto, a realimentação óptica para o laser aleatório é dada por centros de dispersão posicionados aleatoriamente ao longo das bordas da área ativa. Os elementos de dispersão são nanopartículas de dióxido de titânio (TiO2) ou defeitos aleatórios na interface entre o polímero ativo e ar. Diferentes espectros de emissão são observados, dependendo da geometria da área excitada. Um único ressonador aleatório com dimensões de 2.6 x 0.65 mm2 foi fabricado com emissão aleatória com realimentação obtida pela excitação do dispositivo por completo. A segunda parte deste trabalho apresenta um novo método para a geração e manipulação de franjas de contorno por meio de interferometria speckle com comprimento de onda sintética, usando um único laser de diodo com cavidade externa. A cavidade externa permite sintonizar duas emissões simultaneamente, o que por sua vez muda o intervalo entre as franjas de contorno do interferômetro, além de aumentar a estabilidade do laser. Uma análise de Fourier é proposta como alternativa para medir o comprimento de onda sintético resultante das duas emissões do laser.In this work, a new method is presented based on generating and controlling the wavelengths emitted by diode lasers and random lasers. In the first part of this work, resonant feedback random lasing from dye-doped biopolymer films is reported, consisting of a deoxyribonucleic acid and cetyltrimethylammonium (DNA-CTMA) complex doped with DCM dye. In the device, the optical feedback for random lasing is given by scattering centers randomly positioned along the edges of the active area. Scattering elements are either titanium dioxide nanoparticles or random defects at the interface between active polymer and air. Different emission spectra are observed, depending on the geometry of the excited area. A single random resonator with dimensions of 2.6 mm x 0.65 mm is fabricated and random emission with resonant feedback is obtained by uniformly pumping the full device. The second part of this work presents a new method for generating and manipulating contour fringes produced with a single external cavity diode laser in a multi-wavelength speckle interferometer. The external cavity allows tuning two simultaneous emissions, which in turn changes the contour interval of interference fringes and also improves laser stability. A Fourier analysis is applied as an alternative method for acquiring the resulting synthetic wavelength from both emissions.
2
Christopher, Heike. "A compact mode-locked diode laser system for high precision frequency comparison experiments." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22528.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Optische Frequenzkämme (OFC) haben eine Vielzahl von Anwendungen in den angewandten Wissenschaften und der Grundlagenforschung, die auf der Bestimmung von absoluten Frequenzen und Frequenzdifferenzen beruhen, revolutioniert. Für letzteres wird nur die Stabilisierung des spektralen Abstandes der individuellen Kammlinien des OFCs benötigt, was erlaubt, den OFCG auf die Anwendung anzupassen und die Systemkomplexität zu reduzieren. Eine solche Anwendung ist der Quantentest der Universalität des Freien Falls (UFF) im Rahmen der Experimentserie QUANTUS. Mit diesem Test soll der Freie Fall zweier atomarer Spezies, Rubidium (Rb) und Kalium (K), in Mikrogravitation vergleichen werden.
Das Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit war die Entwicklung eines hochkompakten, robusten, und weltraum-tauglichen diodenlaser-basierten OFCG mit einem modengekoppelten optischen Spektrum im Wellenlängenbereich um 780 nm. Es wurde ein diodenlaser-basierter OFCG entwickelt, der mit einer spektrale Bandbreite von mehr als 16 nm bei 20 dBc, einer optischen Leistung der Kammlinien > 650 nW (bei 20 dBc), einer Pulswiederholrate von 3.4 GHz, und einer RF-Linienbreite der frei-laufenden Pulswiederholrate < 10 kHz die Anforderungen übertrifft.
Um ein Proof-of-Concept Demonstratormodul zu realisieren, wurde der diodenlaser-basierte OFCG in eine weltraum-taugliche Technologieplattform, die für die Anwendung in zukünftigen QUANTUS-Experimenten entwickelt wurde, hybrid-integriert.
Der Nachweis einer ausreichend hohen RF-Stabilität des OFCGs wurde durch Stabilisierung der Pulswiederholrate auf eine externe RF Referenz erbracht. Dies ermöglichte eine stabilisierte Pulswiederholrate mit einer RF-Linienbreite von weniger als 1.4 Hz (auflösungsbegrenzt), was die die Anforderung übertrifft.
Der entwickelte diodenlaser-basierten OFCG ist wichtiger Schritt in Richtung eines verbesserten Vergleichs des Freien Falls von Rb- und K-Quantengasen innerhalb der QUANTUS-Experimente in Mikrogravitation.Optical frequency combs (OFC) have revolutionized various applications in applied and fundamental sciences that rely on the determination of absolute optical frequencies and frequency differences. The latter requires only stabilization of the spectral distance between the individual comb lines of the OFC, allowing to tailor and reduce system complexity of the OFC generator (OFCG). One such application is the quantum test of the universality of free fall within the QUANTUS experimental series. Within the test, the rate of free fall of two atomic species, Rb and K, in micro-gravity will be compared. The aim of this thesis was the development of a highly compact, robust, and space-suitable diode laser-based OFCG with a mode-locked optical spectrum in the wavelength range around 780 nm. A diode laser-based OFCG was developed, which exceeds the requirements with a spectral bandwidth > 16 nm at 20 dBc, a comb line optical power > 650 nW (at 20 dBc), a pulse repetition rate of 3.4 GHz, and an RF linewidth of the free-running pulse repetition rate < 10 kHz. To realize a proof-of-concept demonstrator module, the diode laser-based OFCG was hybrid-integrated into a space-suitable technology platform that has been developed for future QUANTUS experiments. Proof of sufficient RF stability of the OFCG was provided by stabilizing the pulse repetition rate to an external RF reference. This resulted in a stabilized pulse repetition rate with an RF linewidth smaller than 1.4 Hz (resolution limited), thus exceeding the requirement. The developed diode laser-based OFCG represents an important step towards an improved comparison of the rate of free fall of Rb and K quantum gases within the QUANTUS experiments in micro-gravity.
3
Burns, Iain Stewart. "A sensor for combustion thermometry based on blue diode lasers." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/244070.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Spatially-resolved measurements of flame temperature have been demonstrated with diode lasers for the first time. The technique is based on the use of blue diode lasers to perform laser-induced fluorescence on indium atoms seeded to the flame. Temperature measurements have been carried out in laminar flames both by the two-line atomic fluorescence technique, and also by a novel line-shape thermometry method that requires the use of only a single diode laser. The first part of this work involved the development of blue extended cavity diode lasers with favourable tuning properties. Two custom-designed extended cavity diode lasers (ECDL) have been built, emitting at wavelengths of around 410 nm and 451 nm respectively. These devices are capable of mode-hop free tuning over ranges greater than 90 GHz. The performance of these devices exceeds that of commercially available systems and a patent application has been filed. High resolution fluorescence spectroscopy has been performed on both the 52P1/2→62S1/2 and 52P3/2→62S1/2 transitions of indium atoms seeded at trace quantities into atmospheric pressure flames. In both cases, the spectra obtained show excellent agreement with a theoretical fit based on the individual hyperfine components of the transition. The two ECDLs have been used to build a sensor for the measurement of temperature in combustion systems. It is much simpler, more compact, less expensive, and more versatile than any previously existing device. The two lasers were used sequentially to probe indium atoms seeded to the flame. The ratio of the resulting fluorescence signals is related to the relative populations in the two sub-levels of the spin-orbit split ground state of indium, and thus to the temperature. Temperature measurements have been successfully performed in a laminar flame and the data thus obtained do not need to be corrected by any ‘calibration constant’. This novel thermometry technique offers a robust alternative to traditional methods involving bulky high power lasers. A further development has been made by demonstrating a fluorescence line-shape thermometry technique requiring only a single diode laser excitation source. Progress has been made towards the goal of rapid temperature measurements appropriate to the study of turbulent flames. This involved the development of a simple technique for actively locking the wavelength of the blue diode laser to a resonance line of the tellurium molecule. A high-speed thermometry system would work by rapidly switching between the two locked laser beams using an optical modulator.
4
Rees-Whippey, Daniel. "Pivot point independent, external cavity tunable laser." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2016. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/pivot-point-independent-external-cavity-tunable-laser(da69c686-6741-415b-a6f6-cd34bebd8d48).html.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An investigation in to a novel pivot point free external cavity tunable laser (PPI ECTL). Existing external cavity tunable lasers are constructed using tunable optics, such as Bragg gratings to manipulate the cavity length. These elements although functional provide instability with prolonged use as they are defined by a centre of rotation or pivot point. The aim of this research was to provide a lab demonstrator of a new concept tunable laser based on conventional designs. The novel approach to the system design was in the removal of a defined pivot point, whilst still maintaining a moving optical component. The demonstration system will investigate the improvements upon traditional methods of tuning whilst providing greater tuning range and stability. The main defect of conventional systems was the reliance on the defined pivot point of the movable optics. By changing the position of the pivot point, the cavity length will change and the laser mode will change or hop to a side mode. This was known as a mode hop. The objective of the research was to design and implement a durable ECTL with a large tuning range (>200GHz), mode hop free tuning, fibre coupled, circular output beam and a wavelength in the visible. Design and production of a prototype PPI ECT laser that demonstrate the process of mode hop free tuning without the need of a defined pivot point. The impact of the research may lead in to the integration in to lower cost and more reliable commercial applications.
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Ara?jo, Luana Cristielle. "Restaura??o ecol?gica de campo rupestre ferruginoso em pilha de est?ril." UFVJM, 2015. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1091.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi gerar conhecimento sobre a aplica??o de diferentes t?cnicas na restaura??o de ambientes degradados pela minera??o de ferro. A disserta??o foi estruturada em tr?s cap?tulos, sendo o primeiro uma revis?o de literatura, com intuito de retratar os temas abordados na disserta??o. No segundo, avaliou-se o espa?amento de plantio para Vellozia ramosissima e Pseudobombax campestre no modelo de plantio em Leque, visando gerar conhecimento sobre o manejo dessas esp?cies resgatadas na reintrodu??o a ambientes degradados. Para tal depositou-se sobre uma pilha de est?ril de canga ferruginosa uma camada de topsoil associado ? canga ferruginosa, onde foi instalado o experimento em delineamento sistem?tico tipo ?Leque?, conforme o modelo (IA) proposto por Nelder (1962), em que se avaliou oito espa?amentos de plantio, variando de 2 m?/planta a 9,3 m?/planta. As vari?veis analisadas foram o incremento em altura e di?metro de P. campestre, al?m da sobreviv?ncia de V. ramosissima e P. campestre aos quatro, oito e doze meses ap?s o replantio. Para avaliar os melhores tratamentos foram realizadas an?lises de vari?ncia (ANOVA) a 5% de signific?ncia. Para a sobreviv?ncia realizou-se o teste n?o-param?trico de Kruskal-Wallis a 5% de signific?ncia. As duas esp?cies estudadas apresentaram nos per?odos avaliados sobreviv?ncia acima de 80%. O incremento em altura e di?metro de P. campestre foi crescente ao longo do per?odo avaliado, apresentando uma m?dia geral 34,3 cm e 16,6 mm, respectivamente, durante os doze meses ap?s o replantio. Ressalta-se que os espa?amentos de plantio testados para as esp?cies deste estudo n?o apresentaram diferen?as significativas para todas as vari?veis analisadas. O terceiro cap?tulo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial do uso da camada superficial de solo ?topsoil? associado ? canga ferruginosa, como alternativa na recomposi??o da cobertura vegetal de uma pilha de est?ril de canga ferruginosa. A comunidade regenerante foi amostrada aos 10 e 18 meses, ap?s a deposi??o do topsoil. Assim, determinou-se a densidade de plantas, composi??o e diversidade flor?stica, al?m de avaliar a din?mica de popula??es e cobertura do solo. A cobertura vegetal proveniente do topsoil ao final do per?odo avaliado apresentou um total de 19.485 indiv?duos pertencentes a 26 fam?lias com 82 esp?cies e seis morfoesp?cies. As fam?lias com maior n?mero de esp?cies foram Asteraceae (16), seguidas de Fabaceae (11) e Poaceae (8). A cobertura m?dia do solo na ?rea experimental foi de 58%, ap?s 18 meses. A utiliza??o do topsoil mostrou-se como uma t?cnica promissora e de extrema import?ncia na indu??o da restaura??o da pilha de est?ril de canga ferruginosa, uma vez que proporcionou a regenera??o natural, recomposi??o da vegeta??o com esp?cies aut?ctones, crescimento satisfat?rio dos indiv?duos e r?pida cobertura do solo ao longo do per?odo avaliado.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Ci?ncia Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2015.
This work aimed at generating knowledge on the application of different techniques in the restoration of degraded environments due the iron mining. The master's thesis was structured into three chapters, where the first is a literature review which portrays the issues addressed in the thesis. In the second chapter we evaluated the planting spacing for Vellozia ramosissima and Pseudobombax campestre in fan-shaped planting model, aiming at generating knowledge on the management of the two species when reintroduced in degraded environments. For this purpose we deposited on a pile of sterile ferruginous yoke one topsoil layer associated with the ferruginous yoke, where we conducted the experiment in a fan-shaped systematic design, according to the model (IA) proposed by Nelder (1962), in which were evaluated eight planting spacings ranging from 2 m?/plant to 9.3 m?/plant. We analyzed as variables the increase in height and diameter of P. campestre and the survival of V. ramosissima and P. campestre in the fourth, eighth, and twelveth months after replanting. In order to evaluate the best treatments we performed variance analysis (ANOVA) at 5% significance level. For survival we used the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test at 5% significance level. Both the studied species showed survival above 80% in the evaluated periods. The increment in height and diameter of P. campestre was increasing over the studied period, presenting an overall average of 34.3 cm and 16.6 mm, respectively, during the twelve months after replanting. We point out that the plant spacings for the species tested in this study presented no significant differences for all variables. The third chapter aimed at evaluating the potential use of the surface layer of "topsoil" associated with ferruginous yoke, as an alternative in the vegetation cover restoration of a waste pile of ferruginous yoke. The regenerating community was sampled in the 10th and 18th months after the deposit of topsoil. Therefore, we determined the plant density, the composition and the floristic diversity, and we also evaluated the dynamics of populations and soil coverage. The vegetation provided by the topsoil by the end of the studied period showed a total of 19,485 individuals which belong to 26 families with 82 species and six morphospecies. The families with the highest number of species were Asteraceae (16), followed by Fabaceae (11), and Poaceae (8). The average coverage of the soil in the experimental area was 58% after 18 months. The use of topsoil was shown as a promising and extremely important technique in inducing the restoration of the waste pile of ferruginous yoke, once it provided natural regeneration, vegetation restoration with native species, satisfactory growth of individuals, and quick soil coverage over the studied period.
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Durand, Mathieu. "Maintien du couplage optique entre une ECDL et une cavité de haute finesse : application à la mesure ultrasensible de biréfringence induite par effet Kerr." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00432201.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ce travail se place dans le cadre de la mesure ultrasensible d'anisotropie de phase optique que permet l'emploi adapté des cavités de très haute finesse. Pour stabiliser la fréquence laser sur une résonance de la cavité, un schéma d'asservissement reposant sur la rétroaction optique est utilisé.Une première partie décrit le couplage optique entre le laser et la cavité à travers l'analyse du comportement de la fréquence d'émission du laser auto-réinjecté. Une comparaison analytique théorie expérience a permis d'identifier les signaux d'erreur nécessaires au maintien durable de la fréquence du laser à l'exacte résonance d'un mode de la cavité. Après une description détaillée du dispositif d'asservissement, sa réalisation expérimentale sur une cavité de finesse de quelques milliers (F = 3 000)a démontré la possibilité de stabiliser la fréquence laser sur plus de dix heures avec une excursion résiduelle à la seconde de 375 Hz.Dans la deuxième partie, le développement précédent a été mis en œuvre sur une cavité de très haute finesse (F = 250 000) et a permis la mesure ultrasensible de biréfringence induite dans des gaz par effet Kerr. L'originalité du dispositif repose sur la mise à profit de la biréfringence résiduelle des miroirs de haute réflectivité.Elle est utilisée d'une part comme source à la rétroaction optique, et d'autre part comme biais optique à la mesure de la biréfringence du gaz. Une étude théorique et expérimentale détaillée des sources de bruit présent dans la chaîne de détection en fonction de la valeur du biais optique a permis de réaliser la mesure de déphasage au niveau du bruit de photons avec quelques mW de puissance laser. Ainsi, une sensibilité référence sur la mesure de déphasage Kerr de 3.10−13 rad a été démontrée pour un temps de mesure de 800 sec. Cette valeur record améliore de trois ordres de grandeur les déphasages Kerr précédemment mesurés. Le dispositif a été de plus mis à profit pour la mesure à faible champ électrique (< 40 V /mm) et à pression atmosphérique, des constantes de Kerr de différents gaz moléculaires et atomiques jusqu'à l'He.
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Turano, Stephan Parker. "Carbon Nanotubes chemical vapor deposition synthesis and application in electrochemical double layer supercapacitors /." Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005, 2005. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-02242005-094827/unrestricted/turano%5Fstephan%5Fp%5F200505%5Fmast.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (M. S.)--Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005.Ready, Jud, Committee Co-Chair ; Carter, Brent, Committee Co-Chair ; Snyder, Bob, Committee Member ; Wang, Zhong Lin, Committee Member. Includes bibliographical references.
8
Molapo, Kerileng Mildred. "Electro chemiluminescence and organic electronics of derivatised poly(aniline sulphonic acid) light-emitting diodes." University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8437.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
>Magister Scientiae - MScElectrochemiluminescence (EeL) is applied for industrial applications that have considerable potential, such as clinical diagnostic, analytical chemistry, and light-emitting devices, due to selectivity, sensitivity for detection and quantification of molecules through generation of fluorescence light when electric current is applied on the materials. In EeL the electrochemical reaction allows for precise control over the time and position of the light emitting reaction. The control over time allows one to synchronise the luminescence and the biochemical reaction under study and control over position not only improves sensitivity of the instrument by increasing the signal to noise ratio, but also allows multiple analytical reactions in the same sample to be analyzed using an electrode array. The EeL generation fluorescent materials are based on inorganic semiconductor materials for light-emitting devices. Further progress in this EeL field mainly depends on discovery of new advanced materials, interfacial films and nanoparticle coatings, advances in microfluidics leading to total increase in EeL properties. There has been extensive use of polymers for enhancement of EeL properties. Electrochemiluminescent conjugated polymers constitute a new class of fluorescent polymers that emit light when excited by the flow of an electric current. These new generation fluorescent materials may now challenge the domination by inorganic semiconductor materials for the commercial market of light-emitting devices such as lightemitting diodes and polymer laser devices (PLDs).
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Waechtler, Thomas, Shao-Feng Ding, Lutz Hofmann, Robert Mothes, Qi Xie, Steffen Oswald, Christophe Detavernier, et al. "ALD-grown seed layers for electrochemical copper deposition integrated with different diffusion barrier systems." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-68040.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The deposition of Cu seed layers for electrochemical Cu deposition (ECD) via atomic layer deposition (ALD) of copper oxide and subsequent thermal reduction at temperatures between 110 and 120°C was studied on different diffusion barrier systems. While optimization of the process is required on TaN with respect to reduction and plating, promising results were obtained on blanket PVD Ru. The plating results on layers of ALD Cu with underlying Ru even outperformed the ones achieved on PVD Cu seed layers with respect to morphology and resistivity. Applying the processes to via and line patterns gave similar results, suggesting that a combination of ALD Cu with PVD or ALD-grown Ru could significantly improve the ECD Cu growth.
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Mueller, Steve, Thomas Waechtler, Lutz Hofmann, Andre Tuchscherer, Robert Mothes, Ovidiu Gordan, Daniel Lehmann, et al. "Thermal ALD of Cu via Reduction of CuxO films for the Advanced Metallization in Spintronic and ULSI Interconnect Systems." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-84003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this work, an approach for copper atomic layer deposition (ALD) via reduction of CuxO films was investigated regarding applications in ULSI interconnects, like Cu seed layers directly grown on diffusion barriers (e. g. TaN) or possible liner materials (e. g. Ru or Ni) as well as non-ferromagnetic spacer layers between ferromagnetic films in GMR sensor elements, like Ni or Co. The thermal CuxO ALD process is based on the Cu (I) β-diketonate precursor [(nBu3P)2Cu(acac)] and a mixture of water vapor and oxygen ("wet O2") as co-reactant at temperatures between 100 and 130 °C. Highly efficient conversions of the CuxO to metallic Cu films are realized by a vapor phase treatment with formic acid (HCOOH), especially on Ru substrates. Electrochemical deposition (ECD) experiments on Cu ALD seed / Ru liner stacks in typical interconnect patterns are showing nearly perfectly filling behavior. For improving the HCOOH reduction on arbitrary substrates, a catalytic amount of Ru was successful introduced into the CuxO films during the ALD with a precursor mixture of the Cu (I) β-diketonate and an organometallic Ru precursor. Furthermore, molecular and atomic hydrogen were studied as promising alternative reducing agents.
Частини книг з теми "ECDL laser"
1
Petz, Andrea, and Klaus Miesenberger. "ECDL® PD: 15 Years Later." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 429–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41264-1_59.
Повний текст джерела
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Calabretta, Michele, Alessandro Sitta, Salvatore Massimo Oliveri, and Gaetano Sequenzia. "Analysis of Warpage Induced by Thick Copper Metal on Semiconductor Device." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 55–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70566-4_10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractElectrochemical deposited (ECD) thick film copper on silicon substrate is one of the most challenging technological brick for semiconductor industry representing a relevant improvement from the state of art because of its excellent electrical and thermal conductivity compared with traditional compound such as aluminum. The main technological factor that makes challenging the industrial implementation of thick copper layer is the severe wafer warpage induced by Cu annealing process, which negatively impacts the wafer manufacturability. The aim of presented work is the understanding of warpage variation during annealing process of ECD thick (~20 µm) copper layer. Warpage has been experimental characterized at different temperature by means of Phase-Shift Moiré principle, according to different annealing profiles. A linear Finite Element Model (FEM) has been developed to predict the geometrically stress-curvature relation, comparing results with analytical models.
3
Krüger, F., and F. Beck. "Precompacted Carbon Black (C.B.) — Electrodes in Aqueous Sulphuric Acid: Galvanostatic Charge and Discharge of the Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitor (ECDLC) in Single Electrodes." In New Promising Electrochemical Systems for Rechargeable Batteries, 373–89. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1643-2_30.
Повний текст джерела
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Hoddeson, Lillian, and Peter Garrett. "The Birth of ECD: An Invention Factory (1965–1979)." In The Man Who Saw Tomorrow, 123–46. The MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262037532.003.0007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With new resources gained from licensing Ovshinsky’s discoveries, his company, renamed Energy Conversion Devices (ECD), expanded into an ambitious research and development laboratory. Its growing staff of highly trained scientists pursued both theoretical explanations and practical applications of the Ovshinsky effect, in the process helping to open the vast scientific field of materials research. Their first success was the optical phase-change memory that became the basis of rewritable CDs and DVDs. The new companies that ECD established circa 1970 to commercialize instant imaging and optical memory systems based on Ovshinsky’s new “Ovonic” proprietary materials did not succeed, however, and ECD struggled to survive. Its fortunes dramatically improved a decade later when its new photovoltaic program, aimed at developing and producing thin-film amorphous silicon solar cells in large quantities attracted major funding from the prominent oil corporation Atlantic Richfield (ARCO).
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Hoddeson, Lillian, and Peter Garrett. "Solar Energy: Working at the Edge of Feasibility (1979–2007)." In The Man Who Saw Tomorrow, 171–86. The MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262037532.003.0009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ovshinsky was not the inventor of thin-film amorphous silicon solar cells, but under his direction ECD greatly improved their efficiency and dramatically lowered their cost through Ovshinsky’s invention of a system for mass-producing the cells “roll-to-roll” in a continuous process. While Ovshinsky conceived of this process, it was the job of his talented staff to solve the incredibly challenging engineering problems involved in roll-coating the multi-layered solar panels without cross-contamination. Over nearly three decades, ECD scientists built a series of progressively larger solar cell production machines delivering higher and higher annual power wattage (eventually 30 megawatts), drawing on support first from ARCO and later from Sohio, Sharp, Canon, Sovlux, and Bekaert. ECD’s United Solar division eventually became the leading US producer of thin-film solar panels.
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Hoddeson, Lillian, and Peter Garrett. "Introduction." In The Man Who Saw Tomorrow, 1–12. The MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262037532.003.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This introduction offers a brief account of Ovshinsky’s career. It outlines his development from machinist and toolmaker to independent inventor and notes how his work on automation, including his study of cybernetics and neurophysiology, led to his most important discovery of the “Ovshinsky effect,” using amorphous thin films. This switching effect was used to create semiconductor devices like his threshold switch and phase-change memory. After sketching Ovshinsky’s later career as the director of his own research and development laboratory, ECD, the introduction considers the source of Ovshinsky’s scientific and technological creativity in the thought processes of his self-educated, intuitive mind, which relied heavily on the use of analogies and visualization. It concludes by briefly considering how Ovshinsky’s work is related to his social-historical context, in particular, how his inventive career spans the transition from the industrial to the information age, making distinctive contributions to both.
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M. Orona-Hinojos, Jesus. "Innovative Double Cathode Configuration for Hybrid ECM + EDM Blue Arc Drilling." In Drilling Technology. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97547.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Electrical discharge machining is a machining method generally used for machining hard metals, those that would be high cost or have poor performance to machine with other techniques using, e.g., lathes, drills, or conventional machining. Therefore, also known as thermal processes like EDM, Plasma or Laser cutting can be used in drilling operations with poor metallurgical quality on cutting edge and will be necessary complement with other processes such as electrochemical machining (ECM). Both ECM and EDM processes use electrical current under direct-current (DC) voltage to electrically power the material removal rate (MRR) from the workpiece. However in ECM, an electrically conductive liquid or electrolyte is circulated between the electrode(s) and the workpiece for permitting electrochemical dissolution of the workpiece material. While the EDM process, a nonconductive liquid or dielectric is circulated between the cathode and workpiece to permit electrical discharges in the gap there between for removing the workpiece material. Both are principle too different, EC using an electrical conductive and ED using a dielectric medium. But exist a way that can to do a combination of Pulsed EC + ED Simultaneous and allowing the coexist both process, in a semidielectric medium, where both condition exist in the same time, therefore in this hybrid is possible create a tooling device dual cathode for drilling process with promissory advantages fast hole for this innovative hybrid ECDM Simultaneous, this hybrid it’s knew as blue arc drilling technology.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "ECDL laser"
1
Mihalcea, R. M., D. S. Baer, and R. K. Hanson. "Diode-laser sensor system for combustion monitoring." In Laser Applications to Chemical and Environmental Analysis. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lacea.1998.lwb.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A diode-laser sensor system, comprised of a tunable external-cavity diode laser (ECDL) operating near 2.0 μm and fiber-optic components, has been developed to measure the gas temperature and the concentrations of CO2 and H2O in the combustion and exhaust regions of a flat-flame burner (C2H4/air) using absorption spectroscopy techniques. The present system extends the techniques developed previously 1-4 for the measurement of H2O and CO2 by probing relatively stronger vibrational bands and thus offers higher measurement sensitivity. Measurements of individual transitions (1-cm−1 scans) were recorded by adjusting the internal grating to particular center wavelengths and by applying a 6-volt sawtooth voltage waveform at a 1.25-Hz repetition rate to the wavelength modulation input. Temperature may be determined either from the ratio of measured H2O (ν1+ ν2, ν2 + ν3 bands) or CO2 (ν1+2ν2+ ν3 band) absorbances. Species (H2O, CO2) concentrations were determined from the measured temperature and absorbances of appropriate transitions recorded by tuning the ECDL wavelength across selected transitions within the 250 cm−1 laser tuning range centered at 2.02 μm.
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Willis, A. P., D. M. Kane, L. N. Langley, and K. A. Shore. "Frequency modulated external cavity diode lasers: a theoretical and experimental study." In The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_europe.1994.ctuk15.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A theoretical and experimental study has been undertaken of a frequency modulated (FM) external cavity diode laser (ECDL). Operation as an FM laser is achieved using an intracavity electrooptic phase modulating crystal driven at a frequency close to but not equal to the cavity longitudinal mode spacing. FM lasers have applications in optical metrology, spectroscopy, and laser cooling of atoms.1
3
Baxter, G. W., J. G. Haub, and B. J. Orr. "Multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy using a pulsed optical parametric oscillator: comparison of broadband and two-colour techniques." In The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_europe.1996.cwc3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) is a form of nonlinear-optical spectroscopy that is useful for spectroscopic sensing of high-temperature media. Earlier research1 evaluated optical parametric oscillator (OPO) devices as an alternative to dye lasers in providing tunable coherent light for this purpose. Further development of the OPO CARS theme follows demonstrations2,3 of how to control the optical bandwidth and output wavelengths of a pulsed OPO with a passive ring cavity, injection-seeded by a single-mode external-cavity diode laser (ECDL). We have succeeded in injection seeding a single pulsed OPO at two separate optical frequencies that fall within its intrinsically broad optical bandwidth, using a pair of ECDLs. This OPO-based strategy enables single-shot, two-colour multiplex CARS measurements4 that can be used for combustion diagnostics, as has previously been demonstrated with dye-laser sources.5
4
Willis, A. P., and D. M. Kane. "Modulation-induced coherence collapse in FM external-cavity diode lasers." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1993.mb.4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We report an external-cavity diode laser (ECDL) operated as a frequency modulated (FM) laser using an intracavitv electro-optic phase modulator driven at a frequency close to, but not equal to, the cavity mode spacing.1
5
Hanna, Sherif F., Rodolfo Barron-Jimenez, Thomas N. Anderson, Robert P. Lucht, Thomas Walther, and Jerald A. Caton. "Diode-Laser-Based Ultraviolet Absorption Sensor for NO." In Laser Applications to Chemical and Environmental Analysis. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lacea.2002.pd5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We have developed a new diode-laser-based sensor system for ultraviolet absorption measurements of the NO molecule. The laser system is illustrated schematically in Fig. 1. This system is based on sum-frequency-mixing (SFM) of a tunable, 395-nm external-cavity diode laser (ECDL) from Toptica Lasers with a frequency-doubled, diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser (CrystaLaser) in a beta barium borate (BBO) crystal. Because of the strength of the ultraviolet A2Σ+ - X2∏ electronic transition of NO, the detection limit of the system is approximately 0.1 ppm of NO per meter of path length. In addition, the simplicity, generality, and relatively low cost of the SFM-based sensor strategy discussed in this paper will enable the development of absorption sensors throughout the entire ultraviolet spectrum, opening up a wide range of new possibilities for sensing and control of chemically reacting flow processes.
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Hoppe, Morten, Hanna Rohling, Sebastian Schmidtmann, Herve Tatenguem, Jan Grahmann, Tobias Milde, Thomas Schanze, and Joachim R. Sacher. "Broad tunable ECDL concept based on a MEMS device for the NIR and MIR spectral regime." In Laser Applications to Chemical, Security and Environmental Analysis. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lacsea.2020.lw3e.3.
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Ichikawa, Yuji, and Ippei Asahi. "Development of a compact gas sensor system using an ECDL by laser Raman spectroscopy." In Electro-Optical Remote Sensing XIII, edited by Gary W. Kamerman and Ove Steinvall. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2533021.
Повний текст джерела
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Mihalcea, R. M., D. S. Baer, R. K. Hanson та G. S. Feller. "Diode-laser absorption measurements of CO2, H2O, and N2O near 2 μm". У Laser Applications to Chemical and Environmental Analysis. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lacea.1998.lmc.21.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A tunable external-cavity diode laser (ECDL) operating near 2.0 μm was used to perform absorption measurements of CO2, H2O, and N2O in a heated static cell at various pressures (15 - 760 torr) and temperatures (294 K - 1460 K). The present work represents an extension of previous diode-laser absorption measurements of weaker vibrational overtones near 1.5 μm1 and thus offers significantly higher measurement sensitivity. Absorption survey spectra of CO2, H2O, and N2O in the spectral region between 4866 cm−1 and 5118 cm−1 were recorded, compared to calculations (based on the HITRAN96 and HITEMP databases), and used to select the optimum transitions for concentration measurements. Individual transitions (1-cm−1 scans) were measured in order to determine line strength values and self broadening parameters.
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Schael, Frank, L. Hildebrandt, R. Knispel, and J. Sacher. "Robust external cavity diode laser (ECDL) and their application in water vapor absorption and rubidium saturated-absorption spectroscopy." In Laser Applications to Chemical and Environmental Analysis. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lacea.2000.sac4.
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Hildebrandt, Lars, Joachim Sacher, and Richard Knispel. "Rubust external cavity diode laser (ECDL) with implemented antireflection coated blue laserdiodes and their performance in atom absorption spectroscopy." In Laser Applications to Chemical and Environmental Analysis. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lacea.2002.sub1.
Повний текст джерела