Дисертації з теми "Eaux polluées"
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Ehtash, Moamer. "Purification des eaux polluées par du phénol dans un pertracteur à disques tournants." Phd thesis, INSA de Rouen, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00635855.
Salem, Kheira. "Elimination des nitrates des eaux polluées par les procédés à membranes échangeuses d'ions." Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20059.
Picard, Céline. "Elaboration de membranes céramiques pour la diffusion sans bulle d'ozone dans le traitement des eaux polluées." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20122.
Gendrault-Derveaux, Sophie. "Etude d'un traitement combiné bio-physico-chimique pour la décontamination des eaux polluées en atrazine." Lyon, INSA, 2004. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2004ISAL0045/these.pdf.
This work concerns the study of a combinated process for the treatment of waters contaminated with atrazine. The treatment consists in a biofiltration ; it uses pine bark as the support of adsorption and the strain Pseudomonas sp. ADP, known for its capacity to mineralize atrazine, using the pesticide as sole nitrogen source. This process aims at a total elimination of the pollutant, recycling pine bark, a by-product of wood industry, at low cost. In a first step, the adsorption assays showed that atrazine was relativelyslightly retained by pine bark, as compared to the adsorption capacity of an activated carbon. This characteristic makes the pollutant easily available for the micro-organisms involved in the treatment. The biological approach in liquid medium showed that atrazine biodegradation could occur under acidic conditions (down to pH 4. 4) imposed by the presence of the bark in an aqueous solution and at low temperatures (until 12°C), allowing the development of the process in rustic conditions: without heating and without buffering. Pseudomonas sp. ADP proved that it was able to survive in the presence of the pine bark organic compounds and metabolize them as a carbon source. Moreover, no other nitrogen source in more of atrazine has to be added during the treatment, otherwise considerably decreasing the mineralization of atrazine. The indigenous microflore of the bark showed a low capacity for the mineralization of atrazine for concentrations ranging from 45 µg. L-1 to 20 mg. L-1. At high atrazine concentration, this effect increases the global capacity of the treatment. The presence of the pine bark microflora was shown to inhibit very slightly the growth of Pseudomonas sp. ADP and its capacity to mineralize atrazine. The study of the combinated process was done in batch and in column experiments. In batch assays, 50% of atrazine were mineralized in 4 days, as the other 50% stayed irreversibly adsorbed onto pine bark and were not available for the micro-organisms. In column assays, the contribution of Pseudomonas sp. ADP improves by 50 to 100% the efficiency of the treatment as compared to the adsorption process. The studied treatment appears be inexploitable for the treatment of waters contaminated with low concentrations of atrazine. However, the combinated process could be considered as a pre-treatment for the decontamination of water highly polluted
Zaugg, Louis. "Apport de l'imagerie hyperspectrale pour la caractérisation optique des eaux issues de rejets industriels." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPAST026.
Investigating the application of remote sensing to water pollution in industrial ponds is of great interest for rapid and cost-effective pollution monitoring. This study presents a method to detect pollutants and map their spatial distribution in industrial ponds using the water inherent optical properties (IOPs), namely the absorption and backscattering coefficients, derived from hyperspectral imaging. The IOPs of industrial water pollutants remain poorly known. Current remote sensing methods are site-specific and require in situ measurements to calibrate empirically-based models. Here, a generic approach is proposed based on the semi-analytical radiative transfer model by Lee et al. (1998) adapted to take into account both the absorption and backscattering coefficients of pollutant particles. The model is then inverted using an alternating multi-pixel method, named IWOC (Industrial Wastewater Optical Characterization), to map the spatial distribution of the pollutants. The performances of IWOC are evaluated using noise-free and noisy simulated datasets for natural waters, absorption-dominated water cases and backscattering-dominated water cases. The performances of the IWOC method are also examined through hyperspectral airborne images acquired over relevant study areas. The approach conducted in this study is a first step towards a generic inversion method for the optical characterization of in waters from industrial discharges and pollution in water. Further research could lead to an operational method
Sparagano, Olivier A. E. "Recherche de marqueurs immunologiques et moléculaires pour l'identification de l'amibe pathogène Naegleria fowleri : application à des eaux polluées." Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO1T001.
Piscopo, Antoine. "Chimie solaire et traitements photocatalytiques des eaux polluées : applications aux traitements sélectifs et exemple d'utilisation de catalyseurs supportés." Metz, 2002. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2002/Piscopo.Antoine.SMZ0202.pdf.
L'Haridon, Jacques. "Influence de la lumière sur les potentialités toxiques et génotoxiques d'eaux polluées par des hydrocarbures chez l'amphibien Pleurodeles Waltl." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30059.
Pelfrène, Aurélie Grimaud Daniel. "Spéciation des métaux traces (Cd., Cu, Pb, Zn) dans les eaux d'un Planosol non pollué (Massif Central, France)." Tours : SCD de l'université de Tours, 2008. http://theses.abes.fr/2008TOUR4008.
Chevron, Florence. "Dénitrification biologique d'une nappe phréatique polluée par des composés azotés d'origine industrielle : expérimentations en laboratoire sur les cinétiques, le métabolisme et les apports de nutriments." Lille 1, 1996. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1996/50376-1996-234.pdf.
Telegang, Chekem Cedric. "Matériaux carbonés multifonctionnels à porosité contrôlée à partir des ressources végétales tropicales : application au traitement de l'eau par photocatalyse." Thesis, Perpignan, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PERP0026/document.
Adsorption/photodegradation dual property of AC-TiO2 composites materials towards biorefractory pollutants is a promising issue for solar water treatment. In this work, AC-TiO2 hybrid materials have been synthesized through 03 novel routes based on the conversion of typical biomasses, abundantly found in the subsaharian African sunny areas. Biomasses pyrolysis derived activated carbon (AC) developed a porous structure which is modified differently according to the method used to fix TiO2 nanoparticules (TiO2-NPs). AC impregnated with a sol containing TiO2-NPs suspension provides the derived composite material (CAT.SX) with TiO2-NPs regularly deposited at the “external surface”, leading to a good coupling of adsorption/photodegradation activities towards phenol elimination in 100 mg.L-1 polluted water, carried out on lab scale experiments. Pore/surface area network is less developed on composites obtained after in situ fixation of TiO2-NPs on TiO2 gel impregnated AC (CAT.GX), or obtained after direct pyrolysis of TiO2-NPs impregnated biomass (CAT.SBX) – which infers lesser decontamination performances for these two latter families of catalysts. Pollutant elimination kinetics curves depicted after recycling of CAT.SX over several running water treatment was simulated with a suitable mathematical model which takes into consideration the dual functionalities of the elaborated material. The established model is a promising attempt for future dimensioning of real solar water treatment plants, operating in sunny areas with the new composite catalysts
Gendrault-Derveaux, Sophie Gourdon Rémy. "Etude d'un traitement combiné bio-physico-chimique pour la décontamination des eaux polluées en atrazine." Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2005. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?id=gendrault_derveaux.
Piscopo, Antoine Weber Jean-Victor. "Chimie solaire et traitements photocatalytiques des eaux polluées applications aux traitements sélectifs et exemple d'utilisation de catalyseurs supportés /." Metz : Université Metz, 2008. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/2002/Piscopo.Antoine.SMZ0202.pdf.
Pelfrêne, Aurélie. "Spéciation des métaux traces (Cd., Cu, Pb, Zn) dans les eaux d'un Planosol non pollué (Massif Central, France)." Thesis, Tours, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOUR4008.
No summary avalaible
Huré, Audrey. "Modélisation de l'atténuation naturelle des éthènes chlorés dans les aquifères en aval de sites industriels pollués : application au cas de sermaise (essonne)." Paris 6, 2004. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011117.
Choumane, Rana. "Études et optimisation de films minces par électrochimie pour le développement de procédés innovants de décontamination d’eaux polluées." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLE043.
In this thesis work, two decontamination processes have been developed versus heavy metals present in aqueous solutions as soluble form. The first method uses birnessite thin films synthesized and optimized by electrochemistry with maximum sorption properties. Among the different samples, birnessite HB.4 thin films present significant adsorption capacities with respect to lead and cadmium, with simplicity in their preparation and their use. Simple and fast electrochemical post-treatment still significantly increases the capacities. The possibility of a total desorption (lead or cadmium) depending on the chemistry of the medium has been shown. This material also has good sorption capacities with respect to nickel and copper.The second electrochemical decontamination process developed in this work is innovative and particularly effective. It allows decontaminating aqueous solutions loaded with Pb (II) up to a removal of 99.99% and thus reaching acceptable concentrations for the environment and drinking-water, even if the solution is concentrated and contains other chemical species or heavy metals. This process also eliminates nickel or copper but not cadmium. This process is based on eliminate the soluble metal in the form of an adherent film on a conductive substrate. The characterizations by SEM, DRX, EDS confirmed the nature of the solids. These formed materials have particular nanostructures that could be valuable. Finally, these two methods have been successfully applied to complex mixtures and real samples
Sébastian, Christel. "Bassin de retenue des eaux pluviales en milieu urbain : performance en matière de piégeage des micropolluants." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00961211.
Sebastian, Christel. "Bassin de retenue des eaux pluviales en milieu urbain : performance en matière de piégeage des micropolluants." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0129/document.
Detention basins are at stake in urban stormwater discharges (USWD) management strategies. If well designed, they are not only used to mitigate stormwater flood impacts but also to trap metals and hydrocarbon compounds strongly bounded to total suspended solids (TSS). An experimental monitoring, in the framework the Field Observatory on Urban Hydrology (OTHU), was developed on a large dry detention basin located at the outlet of a catchment drained by a separate stormwater system. This basin presents a rather classical and current configuration.A sum of 100 substances was studied: 22 metals (ETM), 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), 2 alkylphenols (AP), 5 ethoxylate alkylphenols (APEO), Bisphénol A, 9 polybromodiphenylethers (PBDE) and 45 pesticides. They were analyzed in both dissolved and particulate phases in water at the inlet and outlet of the device. 67% of MP studied was detected at least once at the inlet or outlet. Event mean concentrations were in the same range as literature data when available and showed an important variability.Event mass efficiency (EME) in trapping MP was assessed by different methods taking account for global uncertainties. Acceptable efficiency was found for most of ETM and PAH and in a lesser extent for PBDE and APEO on a limited number of campaign. The detention basin had only a positive impact on alkylphenols (4-Tert-Octylphenol and 4-Nonylphenol) for one campaign out 5. Negative values for 7 pesticides (among 15 detected) indicated possible pollutant release. Accumulated sediments study showed high MP concentrations in particular for metals, PAH, 4-Nonylphenol, BDE209 and Diuron. Lastly, different levels of models were tested to try to identify relevant ones for further work
Ricard, Bruno. "Comment éviter de polluer et d'inonder à tort ? : Apports de l’expérimentation numérique et intégration dans un processus d'apprentissage sur un site réel." Lyon, INSA, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ISAL0103.
Moreoften during rainfall events, urban sewer systems managers cannot control the tlow in the networks neither detect floods or overflows risks. Nonetheless managers know through their own experience and research works that some floods or overflows could be avoided. What is the way to do it, what would be the costs and the consequent risks ? This study tries to bring some answers by looking for decision aided tools that would allow to operate the sewer system more efficiently. It shows that a learning process is needed, and proposes to achieve the main part of it through "numerical experiment": required knowledge and tools are identified and organised to set up a simulator. Therefore it becomes possible to run several control strategies for each simulated rain, either starie or dynamic, either real or imagined, and to evaluate and compare them. Then we can try to rise rules to set up such strategies even with uncertainties about coming rain, and assess consequent risks. A combined sewer network was chosen in the North of Lyon as a pilot catchment. Measurements were carried out on site for five months that led to models calibration. A the end of the study we get results about performance, rules and risks of control strategies on existing regulators such as pumps and weirs, but also on imagined quipments such as storage tanks. General issues also rise from this local experiment about interactions between networks and treatment plants, and about control strategies. We study the transferability of the results and whether such learning a process can be carried out on other sites. Future tasks are proposed both for sewer systems management improvement and for carrying on urban sewer systems engineering research. Some of research projects could keep on being linked to a real learning sewer site
Hure, Audrey. "Modélisation de l'atténuation naturelle des éthènes chlorés dans les aquifères en aval de sites industriels pollués. Application au cas de Sermaise (Essonne)." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011117.
Cotel, Solenn. "Etude des transferts sol/nappe/atmosphère/bâtiments ; Application aux sols pollués par des Composés Organiques Volatils." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00377724.
Le polluant considéré est le trichloréthylène, le milieu poreux est un sable moyen et les expériences ont été réalisées en colonne.
Après la mise au point d'une méthode d'analyse du TCE aqueux, gazeux et sorbé, les mécanismes prédominants des transferts ont été quantifiés isolement essentiellement par le biais d'essais de diffusion en sable sec, à saturation résiduelle en eau et saturé. Puis, ces mécanismes ont été couplés au sein d'une expérience de transfert de TCE en sable avec un profil de teneur en eau réel (hydrostatique). Chaque type d'essai a été dimensionné, si possible dupliqué et interprété grâce au code multiphasique Comsol dont l'équation de l'écoulement a été modifiée afin de considérer la convection gravitaire.
En contrôlant rigoureusement les facteurs externes influents ainsi que les conditions aux limites, il a été possible de réaliser des expériences reproductibles et interprétables de transfert de TCE, un composé volatil et réactif en milieu poreux très perméable. Une bonne reproductibilité des résultats expérimentaux par la simulation a été obtenue moyennant de légères modifications des paramètres de base : rapport perméabilité sur viscosité, tortuosité(Millington, 1959) et paramètre de calage de la courbe de conductivité aéraulique (Thomson et al., 1997). Ce travail a permis une compréhension fine des transferts gazeux en ZNS, en particulier en frange capillaire.
Chahal, Hadi. "Etude du comportement hydromécanique des sédiments pollués par les PCB en interaction avec les géomatériaux pour un stockage hors site." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00961297.
Gauthier, Laury. "Etude du pouvoir génotoxique des eaux de surface, potables ou en cours de traitement, par la formation de micronoyaux chez le triton Pleurodeles waltl." Toulouse 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOU30197.
Dere, Christelle. "Mobilité et redistribution à long terme des éléments traces métalliques exogènes dans les sols : Application à des Luvisols pollués par 100 ans d'épandage d'eaux usées brutes dans la plaine de Pierrelaye." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00070810.
Dans l'horizon de labour, la distribution spatiale des ETM est fonction de la géométrie du système d'irrigation et de la topographie du terrain.
Dans le cas de Pb et de Cr, il n'y a pas d'exogène dans les horizons inférieurs (0.4-1m), constatation corroborée par leur spéciation, identique dans le sol contaminé et dans le sol témoin. Une estimation des flux d'ETM basée sur l'immobilité du chrome dans les sols, et sur la constance des rapports ETM/Cr dans les eaux d'épandage, indique que le plomb amené par les eaux usées brutes n'a pas migré. Les stocks d'exogène dans les horizons inférieurs montrent que par contre, Cu et Zn ont migré. Cu aurait été plus massivement mobilisé et exporté que Zn, ce dernier étant plus repiégé que Cu le long du profil. Les constituants et les mécanismes responsables du piégeage de Cu le long du solum n'ont pas été identifiés. Pour Zn, la recapture s'est faite principalement sur les oxyhydroxydes de fer et de manganèse. Les quantités de Zn fixées sont fonction du nombre de sites et de leur accessibilité, conditionnée par l'organisation des flux d'eau dans la parcelle.
Baudrit, Cédric. "Représentation et propagation de connaissances imprécises et incertaines : application à l'évaluation des risques liés aux sites et aux sols pollués." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011933.
sur une évaluation des risques pour l'homme et l'environnement. Cette évaluation est effectuée à l'aide de modèles qui simulent le transfert de polluant depuis une source de pollution vers une cible vulnérable, pour différents scénarii d'exposition. La sélection des valeurs des paramètres de ces modèles s'appuie autant que possible sur les données recueillies lors des investigations de terrain (phase de diagnostic de site). Or pour des raisons de délais et de coûts, l'information recueillie lors de cette phase de diagnostic est toujours incomplète; elle est donc entachée d'incertitude. De même, les modèles de transferts et d'exposition présentent également des incertitudes à intégrer dans les procédures. Cette notion globale d'incertitude doit être prise en compte dans l'évaluation du risque pour que les résultats soient utiles lors la phase décisionnelle.
L'incertitude sur les paramètres peut avoir deux origines. La première provient du caractère aléatoire de l'information due à une variabilité naturelle résultant de phénomènes stochastiques. On parle alors d'incertitudes de variabilité ou d'incertitudes stochastiques. La seconde est liée au caractère imprécis de l'information lié à un manque de connaissance et qui résulte par exemple d'erreurs systématiques lors de mesures ou d'avis d'experts.
On parle alors d'incertitudes épistémiques. Dans le calcul de risque, ces deux notions sont souvent confondues alors qu'elles devraient être traitées de manière différente.
L'incertitude en évaluation des risques a surtout été appréhendée dans un cadre purement probabiliste.
Cela revient à supposer que la connaissance sur les paramètres des modèles est toujours de nature aléatoire (variabilité). Cette approche consiste à représenter les paramètres incertains par des distributions de probabilité uniques et à transmettre l'incertitude relative à ces paramètres sur celle du risque encouru par la cible, en appliquant en général la technique dite Monte Carlo. Si cette approche est bien connue, toute la difficulté tient à une définition cohérente des distributions de probabilité affectées aux paramètres par rapport à la connaissance disponible. En effet dans un contexte d'évaluation des risques liés à l'exposition aux polluants, l'information dont on dispose concernant certains paramètres est souvent de nature imprécise. Le calage d'une distribution de probabilité unique sur ce type de
connaissance devient subjectif et en partie arbitraire.
L'information dont on dispose réellement est souvent plus riche qu'un intervalle mais moins riche qu'une distribution de probabilité. En pratique, l'information de nature aléatoire est traitée de manière rigoureuse par les distributions de probabilité classiques. Celle de nature imprécise est traitée de manière rigoureuse par des familles de distributions de probabilité définies au moyen de paires de probabilités cumulées hautes et basses ou, à l'aide de théories plus récentes, au moyen de distributions de possibilité (aussi appelées intervalles flous) ou encore au moyen d'intervalles aléatoires utilisant les fonctions de croyance de Dempster-Shafer.
Un des premiers objectifs de ce travail est de promouvoir la cohérence entre la manière dont on représente la connaissance sur les paramètres
des modèles du risque et la connaissance dont on dispose réellement. Le deuxième objectif est de proposer différentes méthodes pour propager l'information de nature aléatoire et l'information de nature imprécise à travers les modèles du risque tout en essayant de tenir compte des dépendances entre les paramètres. Enfin, ces méthodes alternatives ont été testées sur des cas synthétiques puis sur des cas réels simplifiés, notamment pour proposer des moyens de présenter les résultats pour une phase décisionnelle:
- Calcul de dose : Transfert d'un polluant radioactif (le strontium) depuis le dépôt jusqu'à
l'homme, au travers de la consommation d'un aliment (le lait de vache).
- Risque toxique après un déversement accidentel de trichloréthylène (TCE) au dessus d'une nappe d'eau (modèle semi analytique).
- Risque pour la santé liée aux sols pollués par des retombées de plomb.
Schick, Joachim. "Traitement d'effluents aqueux pollués par des ions nitrate ou phosphate ou des hydrocarbures de type BTEX : utilisation d'une zéolithe naturelle modifiée (SMZ) ou de zéolithes synthétiques." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MULH3991.
This work concerns the environmental protection, specifically the treatment of aqueous effluents. Effluents containing nitrate and/or phosphate anions, responsible for the eutrophication phenomenon, and also toluene, which is commonly found in urban and industrial flows and natural waters, were specifically studied. The removal of these pollutants was performed on zeolitic materials. A large part of the experiments use a material potentially efficient to remove the three pollutants mentioned above, namely the SMZ ("Surfactant-Modified Zeolite"), conventionally prepared from a natural zeolite, clinoptilolite, and a surfactant, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA+). For nitrate removal, other SMZ, prepared from synthetic zeolites (LTA, FAU) and various organic species (surfactant or not) were less efficient than conventional SMZ except a new material prepared from zeolite MFI nanosheets and modified with HDTMA+ ion. The efficiency of the conventional SMZ for the phosphate ions uptake was compared with those of several calcic zeolites. Finally, removal of toluene was performed on four materials, conventional SMZ, an activated carbon and two hydrophobic zeolites, namely silicalite-1 and beta zeolite. Uptake experiments were conducted in batch-wise and fixed-bed column systems, the second representing a more realistic simulation of dynamic field condition The influence of the initial pollutant concentration, the liquid/solid ratio, the filtration rate, the presence of competitive species and the contact time was examined
Esfahani, Mehrdad Farhadian. "Development of an effective bioremediation technology for volatile monoaromatics removal from contaminated water." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00730195.
Buisson, Juliette. "Hydrobiologie du massif du Vercors (Préalpes calcaires) et d'une rivière type : le Furon : Ecologie des diptères Chironomidae du Furon et de quelques cours d'eau pollués." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986GRE10055.
Nguyen, Thi Tuyet Nga. "Analysing the effect of industrial and urban polluted zones on microbial diversity in the SaiGon -DongNai river system (Vietnam)." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS582/document.
The SaiGon-DongNai (SG-DN)river system is the most important major water source for all twelve Southern Vietnam cities and provinces and is now dramatically polluted by industrial and living activities, giving “a threat” to the lives of millions people sharing this water source. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of Vietnam reported that the rivers received around 1.54 billion liters of waste water from 70 industrial parks per day, including 35 percent of untreated medical waste, and tests since 2006 have found pollution in this river has increased to “serious levels”, an especially high concentration of organic toxic substances. Until now, there is no data on the microbial diversity in SG-DN river system especially in the sediments, where most of the microbial biomass is generally located. The sediment samples were collected in 13 locations across the rivers representing warning polluted locations done by Mr. Nguyen Thanh Hung of the National Water Qualifying in SG-DN river system. In order to characterize the microbial populations present at our chosen sites, the total DNA from the environmental samples were extracted and amplified at the V3 to V1 regions of the 16S rDNA. The study revealed that microbial population changed from upstream to downstream at the phylum, genus and OTUs levels after running through the industrial and dense population zone. Moreover, the canals of the SG-DN river catchment are heavily polluted with high concentrations of organic compounds (PAHs) and possessed different bacterial communities compared to the samples from the rivers
Brohon, Bertrand. "Utilisation d'indicateurs d'activités microbiennes telluriques et de biotests pour l'évaluation du niveau de pollution d'un sol : application à un sol pollué par des hydrocarbures et à un sol agricole soumis à l'épandage de boues et déchets de nature variée." Lyon, INSA, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ISAL0114.
The aim of this present study is to evaluate whether the information given by the measures in eco-toxicology could be used in diagnosis of sail pollution. The sail bio-indicators (sail respiration measurement, enzyme activities measurements represented by Dehydrogenase activity, Phosphatase activity, Esterase activity and Urease activity) and the bio-essays used require a great care about handling and storage of the sail samples. Preliminary investigations have therefore focused on the laboratory practices to be used in order to minimize the bias introduced by handling and storage of the sail samples. One case of chronic pollution represented by an industrial site polluted by hydrocarbons and one case of a punctual pollution represented by sail polluted by different sludges and wastes have been analysed. We have shown the pertinence of bath bio-indicators and bio-essays simultaneously used. The followed processes help to reduce the probability of « false negative results » and provide useful information for the diagnosis of sail pollution. However, the use of microbial activity measurements on sail polluted by sludges and wastes showed a greater sensibility than the Microtox bio-essay. From our study, the results demonstrated the advantages and inconvenient of the eco-toxical measurements. Notably, on slightly polluted soils, the phosphatase activity didn't seem sensitive enough to the level of sail pollution
Boulangé, Marine. "Mobilisation et transfert des composés aromatiques polycycliques (HAP et CAP polaires) dans les sols historiquement contaminés par des goudrons de houille : expérimentations au laboratoire et in situ." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0138/document.
In industrial countries, many sites have been diagnosed polluted by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In addition to the regulated 16 US-EPA PAHs, other polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), especially polar PACs (oxygenated and nitrogenated) occur. They come from the same sources as PAHs but they may also be formed due to PAH degradation under biotic or abiotic processes (natural attenuation or remediation treatment). These PACs, more polar than the 16 US-EPA PAHs, are more soluble in water, resulting in a potentially increased mobility in soils and a higher risk for Humans and Environment. Thus, there is a need to increase our knowledge on polar PAC mobility in soils and their transfer to the groundwater. Combining laboratory and in situ works, this project aimed at identifying the mechanisms involved in the release and transfer mode of polar PACs in soils compared to the 16 US-EPA PAHs. Our works confirm a preferential release of polar PACs compared with PAHs. Polar PACs and low molecular weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs) are mainly released according to a coal tar dissolution mechanism (Raoult law). While satisfactory predictions are obtained for polar PAC release when the pollution is “fresh”, availability is a major parameter that needs to be taken into account for historical contamination impacted by aging. Indeed, whatever the leaching conditions (static-batch and dynamic-column), the PAC concentration in water is highly dependent on the availability level of the pollution. In addition, for a high level of PAC availability, the other parameters studied in the project (ionic strength and temperature) have a limited impact on the PAC release whereas at low availability level, these parameters can show a greater influence. Moreover, the PAC release in association with colloids seems limited for polar PACs but dominating for high molecular weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs), especially under low ionic strength conditions. Leaching tests performed on a lysimeter column (2 m3) filled with a contaminated soil in the 2/3 upper part and with a non-contaminated soil in the 1/3 lower part, both soils being sampled on a former coking plant site, confirm a release of PACs according to a coal tar dissolution mechanism although PAC concentrations are widely lower compared to those predicted by the Raoult law. Whatever the experimental scale studied (batch, laboratory or lysimeter column), a clear influence of the biological compartment has been evidenced. Once the PAHs and polar PACs are dissolved into water, they are highly biodegraded. No by-products - especially oxygenated PACs - were detected
Boulangé, Marine. "Mobilisation et transfert des composés aromatiques polycycliques (HAP et CAP polaires) dans les sols historiquement contaminés par des goudrons de houille : expérimentations au laboratoire et in situ." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0138.
In industrial countries, many sites have been diagnosed polluted by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In addition to the regulated 16 US-EPA PAHs, other polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), especially polar PACs (oxygenated and nitrogenated) occur. They come from the same sources as PAHs but they may also be formed due to PAH degradation under biotic or abiotic processes (natural attenuation or remediation treatment). These PACs, more polar than the 16 US-EPA PAHs, are more soluble in water, resulting in a potentially increased mobility in soils and a higher risk for Humans and Environment. Thus, there is a need to increase our knowledge on polar PAC mobility in soils and their transfer to the groundwater. Combining laboratory and in situ works, this project aimed at identifying the mechanisms involved in the release and transfer mode of polar PACs in soils compared to the 16 US-EPA PAHs. Our works confirm a preferential release of polar PACs compared with PAHs. Polar PACs and low molecular weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs) are mainly released according to a coal tar dissolution mechanism (Raoult law). While satisfactory predictions are obtained for polar PAC release when the pollution is “fresh”, availability is a major parameter that needs to be taken into account for historical contamination impacted by aging. Indeed, whatever the leaching conditions (static-batch and dynamic-column), the PAC concentration in water is highly dependent on the availability level of the pollution. In addition, for a high level of PAC availability, the other parameters studied in the project (ionic strength and temperature) have a limited impact on the PAC release whereas at low availability level, these parameters can show a greater influence. Moreover, the PAC release in association with colloids seems limited for polar PACs but dominating for high molecular weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs), especially under low ionic strength conditions. Leaching tests performed on a lysimeter column (2 m3) filled with a contaminated soil in the 2/3 upper part and with a non-contaminated soil in the 1/3 lower part, both soils being sampled on a former coking plant site, confirm a release of PACs according to a coal tar dissolution mechanism although PAC concentrations are widely lower compared to those predicted by the Raoult law. Whatever the experimental scale studied (batch, laboratory or lysimeter column), a clear influence of the biological compartment has been evidenced. Once the PAHs and polar PACs are dissolved into water, they are highly biodegraded. No by-products - especially oxygenated PACs - were detected
Desrousseaux, Maylis. "La protection juridique de la qualité des sols." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30080.
The soil is the upper layer of the earth’s crust, the plan surface that stretches from one horizon to the other. It is the crop lands, the scattering sand, the ground we trample on, the link between men and their territory: garden, region, state. The soils, those fragile and multifunctional ecosystems, provide many ecological services and guarantee the environmental quality. The law contains several conceptions of the notion of soils quality. But, far from constituting a protection status, this integration ignores, a priori, their environmental qualities. However, the soils are a finite resource and their non-sustainable use leads to their degradation, often irreversible, and to their growing scarcity. Progressively, the law added elements of soils multifonctionality, integrating sustainable practices. This utilitarian approach of soil quality proves to be selective and remains focused on the preservation of a small part of all the ecological services: the ones that men directly need, like food production and ignores the indirect ones like carbon storage. Nevertheless, this approach is complemented by the raising of an objectivist conception of quality, which reveals the propensity of the law to take into account the intrinsic value of soils
Pelfrène, Aurélie. "Spéciation des métaux traces (Cd., Cu, Pb, Zn) dans les eaux d'un Planosol non pollué (Massif Central, France)." Thesis, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOUR4008/document.
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