Статті в журналах: "Eastern Nepal"

1

Jaiswal, Pramod, and Bundit Aroman. "Commentary: Nepal's Balancing Act in the Middle East." Journal of Governance, Security & Development 4, no. 1 (July 1, 2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.52823/xkro3671.

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Nepal was the first South Asian country to establish diplomatic relations with Israel in 1960, and other Middle Eastern countries followed suit in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Although Nepal and Israel have excellent bilateral relations, Nepal has yet to support Israel in multilateral forums, owing to a dilemma in maintaining balanced relations with other Middle Eastern countries. Because Middle Eastern countries are commonly identified by their reliance on labor imports, they have also become a labor destination for Nepal. With a high concentration of Nepali workers (77%), countries such as the UAE, Qatar, Cyprus, Bahrain, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait have dominated Nepal's labor migration. Remittances from these countries are huge every year, and they have become the backbone of Nepal's economy. As a remittance-driven economy, labor export has always been a major tool of Nepal's economic diplomacy, which is frequently at the forefront of Nepal's foreign policy toward Middle Eastern nations. As a result, the paper argues for more determined action in the Middle East region, through which Nepal can develop its economic, investment, trade, and tourism interests by negotiating more advantageous relationships with Middle Eastern countries.

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2

Srinivasa, H., S. C. Parija, and M. P. Upadhyaya. "Diphtheria in Eastern Nepal." Emerging Infectious Diseases 5, no. 2 (April 1999): 304–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0502.990225.

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3

Khatiwada, Rajesh. "Nepali." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39, no. 3 (November 12, 2009): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100309990181.

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Nepali, a language of the Indo-Aryan family, is the official language of Nepal. According to the 2001 population census of Nepal, more than 11 million Nepalese (48.61% of the total population) claim this language as their mother tongue. It is also spoken in other countries of South Asia, such as India and Bhutan, as well as by members of the Nepalese Diaspora around the world. The population census of India of 1991 reported that more than two million Indians use Nepali as their mother tongue. Within Nepal, Nepali shows some dialectal variation mainly linked to geographical and socio-cultural factors. Nevertheless, the dialect called the ‘eastern’ dialect spoken by a majority of Nepali speakers shows rather little variation (Bandhu et al. 1971).

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4

GC, Arun, Sirish Pun, Sudip Devkota, and Kiran Ghimire. "Diagnostic Study of Ginger Market Access for Eastern and Western region of Nepal." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, no. 3 (March 12, 2019): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i3.479-486.2153.

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Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is one of the important spices in the world. Nepal is the fourth largest producers of ginger in the world, which produced 271.863 MT in 2016. In Nepal, seventy districts are producing ginger and around 400.000 households are involving in the ginger farming which is the chief source of the household income. Moreover, ginger has prioritized by several policies and strategies of the Government of Nepal. This paper examined the production trend and market access of Nepali ginger considering the ginger global market. A diagnostic study of production, value addition, and the marketing system was carried out between the eastern and the western part of Nepal. The secondary information was reviewed and analysed for the study. Likewise, the key informant survey was performed for the primary data and information. For Nepali ginger, India is found constantly top destination. The result of price index suggested that Nepali ginger is losing significant potential earning by not having top most lucrative markets for fresh ginger. Moreover, the trend of the export is ever fluctuating and the result showed that trade of ginger to India in term of export is more stable from the western region as compared to the eastern region. The study found that the major determinants of ginger market access are quality of ginger produced, value addition, level of trade facilitation, and domestic production and the import of India from other countries.

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5

Khanal, B., K. R. Kaini, M. Deb, B. Badhu, and S. K. D. Thakur. "Microbial Keratitis in Eastern Nepal." Tropical Doctor 31, no. 3 (July 2001): 168–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947550103100319.

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6

Jha, Bibeka Nand, Vijay Kumar Garg, Sudha Agrawal, Basudha Khanal, and Arun Agarwalla. "Tinea capitis in eastern Nepal." International Journal of Dermatology 45, no. 2 (February 2006): 100–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02343.x.

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7

Anzidei, Marco. "GPS surveys in eastern Nepal." Terra Nova 6, no. 1 (January 1994): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1994.tb00636.x.

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8

Baral, Dharanidhar. "Treatment cost on Visceral Leishmaniasis: Case study in endemic districts of Nepal." Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal 12, no. 2 (August 29, 2016): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v12i2.15454.

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Background & Objectives: Approximately six million people are at risk of infection from Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) in Eastern and middle plain region of Nepal. The disease affects the rural poor socio-economical community causing significant death among untreated patients (Per capita income of Nepal US $ 400.00). An effort was made to estimate treatment cost on clinically diagnosed VL patients in three VL endemic districts of Eastern development region of Nepal.Materials & Methods: During one and half year period in 2012/2013, approximately 500 cases were diagnosed as VL from three district hospitals; two zonal hospitals and one tertiary level hospital of Eastern Terai districts of Nepal. Total 172 cases were selected randomly from the three VL endemic districts of Eastern Nepal and interviewed at their homes. Results: On an average, cost for VL treatment during hospitalization was Nepali Rupees (NRS) 4032.67±313.47, where median (IQR) length of hospital stay was 17 (five to 35) days. The patients were iagnosed symptomatically as VL after 45 ± 6 days of feeling illness. The treatment cost of patient before diagnosis was NRS 2379.93 ± 202.30. Patient reached the treatment center after 17 ± 2 days of diagnosis and referral from community level. Total 83.7% patients came for follow-up after average 30 ± 2 days of discharge with an average expense of RS 360.34 ± 49.88. The death rate of VL patients during treatment and within one month of discharge was 7.6%. It was found that the average funeral cost was NRs 9598.00 ± 1259.00. Conclusion: This study concludes that, average treatment cost for VL treatment during hospital stay was NRs 4032 and before treatment was around NRS 2380 and follow up cost was NRs 360. Early diagnosis and treatment in treatment center without significant delay can not only reduce the hospital stay and treatment cost, but also saves life of VL patients.JCMS Nepal. 2016;12(2):60-5

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9

Dahal, Ranjan Kumar. "Earthquake-induced slope failure susceptibility in eastern Nepal." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 49, no. 1 (December 31, 2015): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v49i1.23141.

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Nepal is considered as one of the earthquake-prone countries in the region. Earthquake is a major concern of Nepal because of rapid population growth, poor land use planning, precarious settlement patterns, and poorly implemented building code. Earthquakes in Nepal have been reported since 1255 while major earthquakes were recorded in 1408, 1681, 1810, 1833, and 1866, 1934, 1980, 1988, 2011, and 2015. An earthquake in September 18, 2011 measuring 6.9 in Richter scale, killed 6 people and injured 30 people in Nepal. There were many roadside slope damages near the epicenter area. To assess the roadside slope damages after this earthquake, a field visit was conducted and a landslide inventory map along the roadside slope was prepared for most damaged area. This paper provides a comprehensive information about earthquake-induced slope failures occurred in the Mechi Highway of eastern Nepal and also discusses an approach of earthquake-induced slope failures hazard mapping in Nepal.

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10

SHAVRIN, ALEXEY V. "A revision of the genus Omalium Gravenhorst, 1802 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Omaliinae) of the Himalayan region." Zootaxa 5369, no. 2 (November 9, 2023): 151–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5369.2.1.

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Five species groups are established for 18 species of the genus Omalium Gravenhorst, 1802 from the Himalayan region: Acutangulum group containing O. acutangulum sp. n. (central Nepal) and O. amicorum sp. n. (Nepal); Amplissimum group containing O. amplissimum sp. n. (eastern Nepal) and O. bilobum sp. n. (eastern Nepal); Caesum group containing Palaearctic O. littorale Kraatz, 1857 and O. humerale Cameron, 1924 (India: Uttarakhand); Oxyacanthae group containing O. alticola Cameron, 1941 (India: Kashmir, Uttarakhand; western Nepal), O. altivagans Bernhauer, 1915 (India: Kashmir), O. beesoni Cameron, 1924 (India: Uttarkhand; western Nepal) O. marginatum Cameron, 1941 (India: Kashmir, Punjab; eastern Nepal), O. scapulare Coiffait, 1982 (India: West Bengal; western Nepal); Rivulare group containing O. angustissimum sp. n. (central Nepal), O. cariosum Cameron, 1924 (India: Uttarakhand), O. flavotestaceum sp. n. (India: West Bengal; eastern Nepal), O. kumari sp. n. (western Nepal), O. latocavum sp. n. (central Nepal), O. nigrum Coiffait, 1982 (Nepal) and O. secretum Cameron, 1924 (India: Uttarakhand; Nepal). Each species group is briefly discussed and keyed. Species in each group are (re-) described, illustrated, and their geographical distributions are mapped. Three synonyms are established: O. alticola = O. monticola Cameron, 1941 syn. n., O. beesoni = O. parallelicollis Coiffait, 1982 syn. n., O. littorale = O. gartneri Coiffait, 1982 syn. n. Lectotypes are designated for O. (s. str.) beesoni, O. (s. str.) cariosum, O. (s. str.) humerale and O. (s. str.) secretum. Additional material on O. littorale from Middle Asia is provided. Several species of the genus are recorded for the first time from certain areas: O. alticola for Uttarakhand (India) and Nepal, O. littorale for Pakistan, O. marginatum for Punjab (India) and Nepal, O. scapulare for India (Uttarakhand, West Bengal), and O. secretum for Uttarakhand (India).

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11

Burn, Helen, Lila Puri, Abhishek Roshan, Sanjay K. Singh, and Matthew J. Burton. "Primary Eye Care in Eastern Nepal." Ophthalmic Epidemiology 27, no. 3 (December 16, 2019): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09286586.2019.1702217.

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12

Sharma, Sanjib K., Dhiraj Manandhar, Jagpal Singh, Harshand S. Chauhan, Biswanath Koirala, Mani Gautam, LeklaRaj H. Ghotekar, Bangbu Tamang, and Shova Gurung. "Acute Peritoneal Dialysis in Eastern Nepal." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 23, no. 2_suppl (December 2003): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686080302302s41.

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Objective B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences is the only dialysis center outside the capital city of Nepal. Although the burden of renal failure in Nepal is high, limited resources and dialysis facilities are the major constraint on management of acute renal failure (ARF) and acute dialysis in chronic renal failure (CRF). In the present study, carried out from January 2000 to June 2002, we looked into the prospect of introducing peritoneal dialysis (PD) to the district hospitals for treatment of ARF and acute dialysis in CRF. Patients and Methods We designed a form to evaulate the causes of renal failure and the indications for, complications of, and outcomes of dialysis. During this study, junior doctors in our hospitals completed the forms. Resident doctors were trained to do intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD) and were responsible for the carrying out the procedure under supervision, together with a staff nurse. Results A total of 120 patients underwent IPD during the study period, including 66 men and 54 women. The most common indications for acute dialysis in CRF were metabolic acidosis (56%), uremic encephalopathy (45%), and fluid overload (44%). The most common causes of ARF were acute gastroenteritis (20%), sepsis (20%), and septic abortion (16%). Fifteen patients died of sepsis and multi-organ failure. Conclusions Lack of dialysis facilities in the geographic periphery means that most patients present late in the course of their disease, as evidenced by severe metabolic acidosis and uremic encephalopathy. Peritoneal dialysis is a simple procedure, easily tolerated by the patient and requiring less expertise than hemodialysis does. Moreover, nursing staff, technicians, and doctors can be easily trained in the technique. Despite certain limitations, PD still has much potential and can be successfully accomplished in district hospitals and less accessible areas.

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13

White, N. J. "Nervous Endemic Cretinism in Eastern Nepal." Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 19, no. 2 (November 12, 2008): 208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1977.tb07970.x.

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14

Howarth, S. E., and M. P. Pant. "Community managed irrigation in Eastern Nepal." Irrigation and Drainage Systems 1, no. 3 (1987): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01102931.

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15

Williams-Blangero, S., and J. Blangero. "Skin color variation in Eastern Nepal." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 85, no. 3 (July 1991): 281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330850306.

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16

Rai, Arjun, Chandra Kumar Rai, Khagendra Adhikari, and Min Bahadur Karki. "What Motivate Youths to Start a Business: An Empirical Evidence from Eastern Nepal." Journal of Management 4, no. 1 (August 3, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jom.v4i1.38657.

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This survey attempted to explore the motivating factors of young entrepreneurs in eastern Nepal to start a business. Primary data were collected from 204 young entrepreneurs from eastern Nepal using a self-administered questionnaire. The collected data were coded, entered, and processed in the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS, version 25). This survey used a quantitative technique to analyze the collected data. The study's findings revealed that most young entrepreneurs of eastern Nepal were motivated by profit potential to start the business, followed by a perceived difficulty tofind a job in Nepal and willingness to do something new through entrepreneurial activity. The least number of entrepreneurs had started their business for legacy purposes and to take advantage of a supportive business network.

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17

Kafle, Dol Raj. "The Historical Development of Settlement by Aryan People in Terai of Nepal." Historical Journal 13, no. 1 (July 4, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hj.v13i1.46211.

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This research article is related to the development of settlement by Aryan people in the Terai region of Nepal. Aryan people had entered the Terai region of Nepal during the Vedic period. In ancient times, various states were developed in the region of Nepal. The Mithila state of the Eastern Terai, the Ramgram state western part of the Gandaki River and the Kapilvastu state west of the present Butwal region were developed in before the Christian era. Most of the people in those states also migrated from India. Even in the middle Age, a state called Tirahoot or Doya was developed in the eastern Terai region of Nepal. Although this kingdom came to an end in the 14thcentury AD. After the conquest of the eastern Terai region by the Sen Dynasty the king of Palpa, the three kingdoms of Makwanpur, Chaudandi and Vijaypur remained in that region till the time of unification by Prithvi Narayan Shah, the king of Gorkha. After the unification of Nepal, the ancient and medieval independent Terai regions were automatically included in the Kingdom of Nepal. The article clarifies that there has been continuous settlement in the Terai region of Nepal from ancient period to the present.

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18

Rijal, P., A. Agrawal, H. Pokharel, T. Pradhan, and MC Regmi. "Maternal Mortality: A Review from Eastern Nepal." Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 9, no. 1 (September 28, 2014): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v9i1.11185.

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Aims: This study was done to assess the main causes of maternal mortality and other co-morbid factors contributing to maternal death at a university teaching hospital. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology analyzing all case record of maternal deaths from April 2008 to April 2011. Results: Eclampsia, unsafe abortion, puerperal sepsis, hemorrhages were the leading causes of death. Majority of the patients were unbooked. Conclusions: Eclampsia, sepsis and hemorrhage were the main causes of maternal deaths. Elderly ages, illiterate status, rural residence, presence of prior medical disease were statistically significant factors contributing to maternal death. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v9i1.11185 NJOG 2014 Jan-Jun; 2(1):33-36

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19

Shrestha, Jay Narayan. "Anthropogenic impacts on Keshalia River, Eastern Nepal." Nepalese Journal of Biosciences 7, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njbs.v7i1.41796.

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The anthropogenic impact on Keshalia river, especially on fish diversity, is very high. Over fishing with unconventional fishing methods, disposal of domestic and industrial effluents, excess use of pesticides, dumping sites of municipalities, dam construction without fish ladder across the river and mining of sands and gravels are major anthropogenic impacts on the river.

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20

Shrestha, Saugat. "Wild Edible Plants of Dhankuta, Eastern Nepal." Rupantaran: A Multidisciplinary Journal 5 (September 27, 2021): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/rupantaran.v5i01.39866.

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The Dhankuta district, situated in the Eastern part of the country, is a hot spot for floral diversity. The vegetation zone ranges from sub tropical Sal forest to cool temperate alpine forest. The study of wild edible plant of this area was an attempt to highlight the types of wild edible plants found and their mode of use in local people. Present study records 132 species of wild edible plants belonging to 63 families and 103 genera. Fruits are the most common edible parts of the wild edible plants followed by leaves, young shoot, root or tuber, seeds, flower, whole plants, bark, nectar, nuts, inflorescence and buds.

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21

Bajracharya, Amir, and Anang Pangeni. "Profile of Breast Diseases in Eastern Nepal." Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal 12, no. 3 (November 23, 2016): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v12i3.15090.

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Background & Objectives: Breast problems, benign or malignant are common in occurrence worldwide. Breast problems can present themselves in a number of ways like breast pain, nipple discharge, cystic lesions and more commonly a lump. Breast diseases are under reported and cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality in women. This prospective study was undertaken with an aim to study the profile of various breast diseases in eastern Nepal.Materials & Methods: This is a prospective study of women with breast diseases conducted from March 2011 to February 2012. Inclusion criteria were women irrespective of age with breast diseases with or without complaints. Exclusion criteria were women having breast abscess and mammary fistula.Results: Out of 125 breast diseases 39 cases (31%) had malignancy and 86 cases (69%) had BBD. The overall mean age for BBD was 25.9 years, with range of 10-60 years. The mean age for malignant breast diseases was 45.6 years, with range of 28-67 years. All of the cases had breast lump as their presenting complaints whether they came out benign or malignant. 52.8% had no significant pain associated with lump; in malignant cases 35.8% had pain associated with lump. In benign cases 68.7% had no perceptible change in lump size. On ultrasound scan, 69% of the lesions were designated benign compared to 31% malignant features. FNAC resulted in 68% lesions to be classified as of benign nature and 32% as malignant /suspicious malignancy.Conclusion: BBD constituted 69% of breast diseases, and mostly fibroadenoma and FCC/FCD and commonest malignant lesion was infiltrating ductal carcinoma. The BBD peaked at the age of 21-30 years.

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22

Schelling, Daniel. "Flooding and Road Destruction in Eastern Nepal." Mountain Research and Development 8, no. 1 (February 1988): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3673409.

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23

Badhu, Badri, Shatrughan P. Sah, Sanjay KD Thakur, Sunu Dulal, Sandeep Kumar, Archana Sood, Hrishikesh Das, and Rabindra P. Sah. "Clinical presentation of retinoblastoma in Eastern Nepal." Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 33, no. 4 (August 2005): 386–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9071.2005.01010.x.

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24

Khatiwada, S., B. Gelal, S. Gautam, M. K. Tamang, P. R. Shakya, M. Lamsal, and N. Baral. "Anemia among school children in eastern Nepal." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 61, no. 3 (March 30, 2015): 231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmv016.

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25

Lakhey, Mamta, A. Agarwal, S. Lakhey, A. K. Sinha, S. P. Sah, S. Gupta, and S. R. Pandey. "CANCER PATTERN IN EASTERN REGION OF NEPAL." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 42, no. 149 (September 1, 2003): 284–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.630.

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26

Rai, Shiva Kumar. "Additional desmids (Chlorophyceae) to eastern flora of Nepal." Nepalese Journal of Biosciences 4, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njbs.v4i1.41694.

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Desmid of eastern Nepal has been studied. A total 15 desmids are described from different freshwater lotic and lentic habitats in the present communication. They belong to genera Closterium (8), Pleurotaenium (2), Cylindrocystis (1), Micrasterias (1), Arthrodesmus (1), Staurastrum (1) and Spondylosium (1). These are the addition of desmids from different locality to the algal flora of eastern Nepal.

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Timalsina, Rajib. "Dichotomies in Understanding of Peace in Nepal." Journal of APF Command and Staff College 4, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/japfcsc.v4i1.34138.

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In Nepal, the decade long armed conflict between 1996 and 2006 has become the buzz word in most social sciences literatures. Since 2007, ‘peace’ has emerged as essential component of the academic courses and training manuals. Against this backdrop, this paper focuses on the understanding of “Peace” in local context of Nepal. This paper compares the various definitions of peace from western and eastern intellectual perspectives, examines the literatures on how they depict Nepal’s peace process, and includes a brief history of peace studies as discipline in Nepal. Methodologically, this is a reflection based paper evolved from qualitative eclectic approach. The researcher has used axial coding and domain analysis. This paper concludes that the epistemological roots of conflict and peace studies are under-researched in Nepali context. The influence of Maoist armed conflict is very dominant in peace studies literatures which have missed to produce the comparative-historic indigenous writings on Nepal.

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Timalsina, Rajib. "Dichotomies in Understanding of Peace in Nepal." Journal of APF Command and Staff College 4, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/japfcsc.v4i1.34138.

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In Nepal, the decade long armed conflict between 1996 and 2006 has become the buzz word in most social sciences literatures. Since 2007, ‘peace’ has emerged as essential component of the academic courses and training manuals. Against this backdrop, this paper focuses on the understanding of “Peace” in local context of Nepal. This paper compares the various definitions of peace from western and eastern intellectual perspectives, examines the literatures on how they depict Nepal’s peace process, and includes a brief history of peace studies as discipline in Nepal. Methodologically, this is a reflection based paper evolved from qualitative eclectic approach. The researcher has used axial coding and domain analysis. This paper concludes that the epistemological roots of conflict and peace studies are under-researched in Nepali context. The influence of Maoist armed conflict is very dominant in peace studies literatures which have missed to produce the comparative-historic indigenous writings on Nepal.

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29

Chettri, ShyamThapa, Smriti karki, Deepak Paudel, Shankar Prasad Shah, Bajarang Prasad Sah, and Sriti Manandhar. "Clinicopathological presentation of congenital neck mass in children of eastern Nepal." Annals of Advance Medical Sciecnes 2, no. 1 (March 4, 2018): A8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/aams.1788.

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30

Sharma, Madan. "Customer Preference for Green Building Concept with Reference to Eastern Nepal." Journal of Advanced Research in Quality Control & Management 07, no. 02 (October 29, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2582.3280.202201.

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31

Shrestha, Aman, Isha Karmacharya, Saruna Ghimire, Ranju Mehta, and Uday Narayan Yadav. "FAMILY DEPENDENCE AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH SELF-REPORTED HEALTH AMONG OLDER ADULTS IN EASTERN NEPAL." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2557.

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Abstract Historically, filial piety (caring for one’s parents) has been prevalent in Nepal. The demographic transition has resulted in a burgeoning population of older adults, but limited institutional support is available to address their socio-economical and health needs. As such, the family has remained the paramount source of support to meet the health, social and economic needs of Nepali older adults. In this study, we explored the relationship between family dependency (conceptualized as the source of family support) and self-reported health among Nepali older adults. A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in two districts (Sunsari and Morang) of eastern Nepal. Using a multistage cluster random sampling design 847 older adults (≥ 60 years) were interviewed. Self-reported health was assessed in terms of a five-item Likert scale dichotomized into poor and good health. Two independent variables of interest were dependency on family for living and for daily activities. Binary logistic regression drew the inferences while adjusting for important confounders. About 29.4% of the participants reported poor health, 77% reported dependency on family for living and 46% reported dependency for daily activities. Those dependent on family for living had 46% higher odds of good health but the statistical significance was lost after adjusting for control variables. Likewise, those dependent on family for daily activities were three times more likely (OR: 3.22; 95%CI: 2.15 - 4.83) to report good health than their counterparts after controlling for confounders. Our findings emphasize the importance of family support for the health of older adults in Nepal.

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KATAEV, BORIS M., and JOACHIM SCHMIDT. "Brachypterous ground beetles of the Trichotichnus subgenus Bottchrus Jedlička (Coleoptera, Carabidae) from the Himalaya, with description of fifteen new species." Zootaxa 4323, no. 3 (September 22, 2017): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4323.3.1.

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The paper deals with the taxonomy of brachypterous species of the subgenus Bottchrus Jedlička, 1935 of the genus Trichotichnus Morawitz, 1863 occurring in the Himalayan region. The following new species are described: T. (B.) baglungensis sp. n. from the Baglung Lekh mountain range, Baglung District, western Central Nepal; T. (B.) parvulus sp. n. from Mt. Panchhase and the Krapa Danda mountain range, Kaski District, western Central Nepal; T. (B.) bubsaensis sp. n. from the eastern slope of the middle Dudh Koshi Valley near Bubsa, Solu Khumbu District, eastern Central Nepal; T. (B.) schawalleri sp. n. from the western slope of the Arun Valley, Bhojpur District, East Nepal; T. (B.) obliquebasalis sp. n. from the Khimti Khola Valley near Shivalaya, Dolakha District, eastern Central Nepal; T. (B.) panchhaseensis sp. n. from Mt. Panchhase, Kaski District, western Central Nepal; T. (B.) siklesensis sp. n. from the Sikles mountain range on the southern slope of Annapurna Peak II, western Central Nepal; T. (B.) pusillus sp. n. from the south-western slopes of Manaslu Himal (Bara Pokhari Lekh and Dudh Pokhari Lekh mountain ranges), and from the south-eastern slope of Annapurna Himal (Telbrung Danda mountain range), Lamjung District, western Central Nepal; T. (B.) ganeshensis sp. n. from the south-western slope of Ganesh Himal, Nuwakot District, Central Nepal; T. (B.) minutus sp. n. from the mountains surrounding the Kathmandu Valley (Shivapuri Lekh, Mt. Phulchoki), Central Nepal; T. (B.) gupchiensis sp. n. from the Gupchi Danda mountain range on the south-eastern slope of Manaslu Himal, Gorkha District, western Central Nepal; T. (B.) brancuccii sp. n. from the southern slope of the Helambu mountain range, Sindhupalchok District, Central Nepal; T. (B.) manasluensis sp. n. from the Bara Pokhari Lekh mountain range on the south-western slope of Manaslu Himal, Lamjung District, western Central Nepal; T. (B.) sikkimensis sp. n. from Pelling near Geyzing, West Sikkim, India; T. (B.) martensi sp. n. from the western slopes of the Singalila mountain range, Taplejung District, East Nepal. The following four species are redescribed: brachypterous T. (B.) holzschuhi Kirschenhofer, 1992; T. (B.) cyanescens Ito, 1998; T. (B.) hingstoni Andrewes, 1930; and dimorphic T. (B.) birmanicus Bates, 1892; and new data on their distribution are provided. The lectotype is designated for T. hingstoni Andrewes, 1930. The following two new synonyms are proposed: Trichotichnus birmanicus Bates, 1892 = T. (Bellogenus) probsti Kirschenhofer, 1992, syn. n., and T. hingstoni Andrewes, 1930 = T. (Pseudotrichotichnus) curvatus Ito, 1996, syn. n. The brachypterous and dimorphic species of Bottchrus known from the Himalaya are divided into eight informal groups based mostly on the degree of reduction of hindwings and the configuration of the median lobe of the aedeagus, and their relationships are briefly discussed. The distributional data of all these species are mapped.

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Parajuli, Surya Bahadur, Ayushma Shakya, Sujita Pokhrel Koirala, Heera KC, and Puru Koirala. "Adverse events following immunization after COVISHIELD vaccination among Nepali population of eastern Nepal." Journal of Patan Academy of Health Sciences 8, no. 3 (December 31, 2021): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpahs.v8i3.33352.

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Introduction: Vaccines require continuous monitoring to increase their compliance, quality, and safety. We conducted this study to fulfill the research gap for the adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) after COVISHIED (ChAdOx1nCoV-19) vaccination among Nepali of eastern Nepal. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 25 Jan 2021 to Jul 2021 at Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital of Morang, Nepal. The data on COVISHIELD vaccine recipients at this center were analyzed for AEFI. Ethical clearance was obtained. Result: Out of 167 vaccine recipients, the mean age was 28.08±7.35 y. The AEFI occurred in 122(73.1%) and 89(72.9%) who developed symptoms on the same day of vaccination. The AEFI symptoms were less common in males (OR 0.43; CI (0.19-0.96; P 0.03). In both sexes, the AEFI symptoms were reported on the same day of vaccination than the next day but it had no significant association. Conclusion: The AEFI following COVISHIED vaccination was reported by 2/3rd recipients mostly on the same day of the vaccine and less common in males.

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Tamang, Sanjaya Raj, Amrit Kumar Poudel, and Pratik Pandeya. "Records of Jerdon's baza Aviceda jerdoni (Blyth, 1842) from eastern Nepal." Nepalese Journal of Zoology 5, no. 1 (July 6, 2021): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njz.v5i1.38294.

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Jerdon's baza Aviceda jerdoni is one of the least studied raptor species in Nepal which is listed as a Critically Endangered species in the ‘Nepal's Red List of Birds’. This paper presents the records of this species during opportunistic surveys, conducted in 2018/2019 from Ilam and Jhapa districts of eastern Nepal. A total of 18 individuals were sighted during the study period with the first record of nest of the species in Nepal. The sightings were made between 70 m, the lowest global known range to 1048 m from mean sea level, and the highest altitudinal record for Nepal. Hunting and unintentional prey poisoning were identified as major threats for species in the study site.

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Kayastha, Rijan Bhakta, and Sandy P. Harrison. "Changes of the equilibrium-line altitude since the Little Ice Age in the Nepalese Himalaya." Annals of Glaciology 48 (2008): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756408784700581.

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AbstractChanges of the equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) since the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA) in eastern Nepal have been studied using glacier inventory data. The toe-to-headwall altitude ratios (THARs) for individual glaciers were calculated for 1992, and used to estimate the ELA in 1959 and at the end of the LIA. THAR for debris-free glaciers is found to be smaller than for debris-covered glaciers. The ELAs for debris-covered glaciers are higher than those for debris-free glaciers in eastern Nepal. There is considerable variation in the reconstructed change in ELA (ΔELA) between glaciers within specific regions and between regions. This is not related to climate gradients, but results from differences in glacier aspect: southeast- and south-facing glaciers show larger ΔELAs in eastern Nepal than north- or west-facing glaciers. The data suggest that the rate of ELA rise may have accelerated in the last few decades. The limited number of climate records from Nepal, and analyses using a simple ELA–climate model, suggest that the higher rate of the ΔELA between 1959 and 1992 is a result of increased warming that occurred after the 1970s at higher altitudes in Nepal.

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Mohan Acharya. "A REVIEW ON STATUS AND PROFITABILITY OF LARGE CARDAMOM PRODUCTION IN NEPAL." International Journal of Financial, Accounting, and Management 1, no. 1 (August 8, 2019): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35912/ijfam.v1i1.53.

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Purpose: This study focuses on the status, strength and problems of large cardamom cultivation in Nepal and also identify profitability of large cardamom farming in Nepal. Design/Research method: Numbers of journal articles and reports were consulted as secondary source of data and conclusion were drawn and summarized. Finding: Area and production of large caradamom in Nepal is increasing day by day and major production is concentrated in four eastern districts . B/C ratio of cardamom production varies from 1.70 to 3.06 and one fifth of household income in eastern hill of Nepal is attributed by Large cardamom. Price fluctuation, middleman and diseases are identified as major problems. Limitations: Lack of funding , less access to the data and documents are the limitations of study.

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Subba, Bharat Raj, Kul Prasad Limbu, and Ranjana Surana. "Conservation of the breeding population of Lesser Adjutant Stork." Our Nature 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v6i1.1661.

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In and around Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Eastern Nepal Grantee: Bharat Raj Subba The Lesser Adjutant Stork (Leptoptilos javanicus), one of the eight species of storks found in Nepal, is globally threatened. The overall objective of the project is to ensure that the populations of Lesser Adjutant Stork found in the human-dominated landscape of eastern Nepal are conserved and the threats to their survival reduced. The study will determine the breeding success of the species in and around the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, document current threats and develop an awareness campaign for its survival. The project is funded by CEPF and WWF.

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Chamlagain, Deepak, Ganesh Kumar Bhattarai, and Sudhir Rajaure. "Seismic hazard assessment of eastern Nepal using 1934 and 1988 earthquakes." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 42 (September 24, 2011): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v42i0.31453.

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The Himalayan arc is widely considered as one of the hot spots in terms of earthquake disaster. Nepal, which is centrally located in the Himalayan region, has witnessed many medium to large earthquakes in the past, e.g., 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake, 19 88 Udayapur earthquake. Because of lack of income resources in rural area, considerable number of population has already migrated to the major urban areas of the country and the trend is still continued. With such population pressure and also economic constrains, major part of population is residing in weak and non-engineered structures of the unplanned urban areas. Consequently, it has put large population at high risk of earthquake disaster. It is, therefore, necessary to assess the seismic hazard so that proper mitigation measures may be adopted for the safeguard of the population, property and infrastructures under risk. In this contribution, preliminary Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) for eastern Nepal is carried out taking two point sources, i.e. 19 3 4 Bihar -Ne pal and 1988 Udayapur earthquakes. For Bihar-Nepal earthquake Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) of 100 gal is computed for southeastern Nepal and exceeds as much as 350 gal near the epicenter. The 1988 Udayapur earthquake having smaller magnitude than 1934 Bihar Nepal earthquake has given maximum 300 gal of PGA. The computed intensities for both earthquakes almost correspond with the observed values. The study, for the first time, provides strong ground motion data at local level and may be useful in designing engineering structures, upgradation of building code and most importantly to formulate policy for earthquake risk management in eastern Nepal.

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Adhikari, Sanjib, Dibas Shrestha, Bikash Nepal, Tek Bahadur Chhetri, and Sadhana Bhattarai. "Identification of Summer Monsoon Onset over Nepal by using Satellite-Derived OLR Data." Jalawaayu 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jalawaayu.v2i1.45391.

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Summer monsoon onset is considered as the beginning of the rainy season in South Asia. In Nepal, summer monsoon onsets from eastern part and ~80% of the annual rainfall occurs during summer monsoon season (i.e., June to September). The monsoon onset is one of the crucial elements for the socio-economic development as the majority of the population depends primarily on rain fed agriculture systems for their livelihood. For identification of the monsoon onset date over eastern Nepal, daily mean satellite-derived Outgoing Long-wave Radiation (OLR) data (10 × 10 spatial resolution) obtained from National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service (NESDIS), NOAA is used. Long term OLR data from 1979 to 2019 for March to June is analyzed to study monsoon progression towards eastern Nepal. The rainfall amount obtained from rain gauge stations is compared with the OLR data, which depicts a higher correlation in the southern part of Eastern and Central Nepal than in the northern regions. A convective episode signifies the drop in OLR by about 45 Wm-2 from 10 May to 10 June. Further, the relation between the date of characteristic fall of OLR below 250Wm-2 and monsoon onset date announced by MFD (Meteorological Forecasting Division) for the study period is evaluated to predict new onset dates over the region. The predicted onset date is found as 13th of June on average and its correlation with the MFD onset date is 0.6 (p<0.01). The study highlights the potential application of the satellite-derived OLR based method for the early prediction of onset of summer monsoon over eastern Nepal.

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SHAVRIN, ALEXEY V. "Two new species and faunistic records of the genus Mannerheimia Mäklin, 1880 from India, Nepal and China, and additional notes on some eastern Palaearctic species of Omaliinae Macleay, 1825 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)." Zootaxa 5319, no. 4 (July 27, 2023): 524–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5319.4.3.

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New taxonomic and faunistic data for four species of the genus Mannerheimia Mäklin, 1880 from India, Nepal and China are provided. Two new species from the Himalayan Region are described and illustrated: M. prolongata sp.n. (India, Uttarakhand) and M. punctatissima sp.n. (Eastern Nepal, Taplejung). The distribution map for both new species is given. Faunistic and diagnostic data for several species of Omaliinae Macleay, 1825 from the Eastern Palaearctic Region are also given. New diagnostic data for Acrolocha rogeri Shavrin, 2017 and Amphichroum telnovi Shavrin, 2021 are provided. Depositories of the type material for three species of the genus Anthobium Leach, 1819 are clarified. The modified distributional maps for Amphichroum pindarense Champion, 1920, A. telnovi and A. anthobioides Champion, 1925 are provided. Several species are recorded from the certain area for the first time: Acidota crenata (Fabricius, 1792) from Kyrgyzstan, Acrulia inflata (Gyllenhal, 1813) from Maritime Province of Russia, Amphichroum pindarense from Nepal, A. telnovi from India, and M. hartmanni Shavrin, 2018 from the eastern part of Nepal (Solukhumbu).

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TIWARI, Ram Krishna, and Harihar PAUDYAL. "Statistics of the earthquakes in the central Himalaya and its vicinity in last 56 years, with an emphasis in the 25 April 2015 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake." Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy 51, no. 4 (December 22, 2021): 321–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31577/congeo.2021.51.4.2.

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To understand the variation of stress levels in the region 80°E – 89°E and 26°N – 31°N, the statistical analysis of earthquake frequency-magnitude distribution and spatio-temporal variation of fractal correlation dimension of earthquake epicenter distribution are estimated. The analysis is carried out on declusterised catalogue containing 1185 events of 56 years from February 1964 to November 2020. The study area is divided into three regions the western Nepal and vicinity (Region A), central Nepal and vicinity (Region B) and eastern Nepal and vicinity (Region C), respectively. The magnitude of completeness (Mc) varies from 3.6 to 4.0 for the study period. The spatial fractal dimension (Dc) and b-value are calculated as 1.89 ± 0.02 and 0.68 ± 0.03 for the western Nepal, 1.76 ± 0.01 and 0.60 ± 0.05 for the central Nepal, whereas they are estimated as 1.85 ± 0.02 and 0.63 ± 0.03 for the eastern part of the Nepal. The b-values obtained for all three regions are very low comparing to global average value of 1. The time clustering of the events in the respective regions are 0.26 ± 0.003, 0.31 ± 0.004 and 0.26 ± 0.02 as indicated by temporal fractal dimension (Dt). The higher Dc, lower b and Dt values associated with the regions indicate high stress concentration and stronger epicenter clustering in these regions. The strongly increasing trend of fractal dimension and strongly decreasing trend of b-value show the high probabilities of occurring the large earthquake in both central Nepal (82.5°E – 85.5°E and 27.5°N – 30°N) and eastern Nepal (85.5°E – 88.2°E and 26.45°N – 28.6°N) as compared to western Nepal (80°E – 82.5°E and 28°N – 30.5°N). This statistical analysis of spatial and temporal characteristics of the earthquake activity may give significant signs of the future seismic hazard along central Himalaya region.

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Turin, Mark. "The Thangmi verbal agreement system and the Kiranti connection." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 61, no. 3 (October 1998): 476–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00019303.

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Thangmi is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in central-eastern Nepal and north-eastern India. The majority of Thangmi speakers live in Nepal and still inhabit their traditional homeland of Dolakhá district. There are ethnic Thangmi in many of the other districts of the kingdom, especially in the neighbouring districts of Sindhupálcok, Sindhulī and Rámecháp. The Thangmi population in India is largely concentrated in Darjeeling and is the product of an emigration earlier this century.

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Jaiswal, Lokesh Shekher, Jagat Narayan Prasad, Prashant Shah, and Narendra Pandit. "Establishing Cardiac Surgery in Eastern Nepal: Early Results." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 16, no. 3 (October 30, 2018): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v16i3.1033.

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Background: Only few dedicated cardiac centres provide cardiac surgery service in Nepal. We are the only government affiliated centre outside the capital providing this service. In this study, we aim to present our early results of cardiac surgery.Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences with objective of analysing the early results of cardiac surgery in the patients operated from July 2016 to March 2017.The data were analysed for patient demographics, type of surgery and cardiac disease, mortality, hospital and intensive care unit stay, valve related complications.Results: Total 51 major cardiac surgeries (42 on pump and nine off pump) were performed. There were 27 (53%) males and 24 (47%) females with median age of 36 years (range: 1 to 70 years).The cardiac diseases consisted of 28 rheumatic heart disease, 12 congenital heart diseases, five coronary artery disease, five chronic constrictive pericarditis and one left atrial myxoma. The mean cardiopulmonary bypass and cross clamp times were 106 ±35 and 80±26 minutes respectively. The mean intensive care unit and hospital stay was 4±2 and 8±3 days respectively. Two (4%) patients required re-exploration for mediastinal bleeding. There was no prosthetic valve thrombosis or infection.Two patients (4%) had superficial wound infections.There were four (7.8%) in hospital mortalities. Remaining 47 patients (91.8%) are in NYHA class I aftermean follow up duration of five months.Conclusions: Our early result of cardiac surgery is encouraging and has established the safety and feasibility of starting open heart surgery in other parts of Nepal.Keywords: CABG; cardiac surgery; congenital heart disease; early results; RHD.

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Belbase, Narayan, and C. S. Agrawal. "Community Screening of Prostate Cancer in Eastern Nepal." Nepalese Journal of Cancer 1, no. 1 (September 26, 2017): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njc.v1i1.25634.

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Background: Prostate cancer incurs a substantial incidence and mortality burden, and it ranks among the top ten specific causes of death in males. Objectives: To explore the situation of prostate cancer in a cohort of healthy population in Eastern Nepal. Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of General surgery at B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal in the department of surgery from July 2010 to June 2011. Males above 50 years visiting Surgical Outpatient Department in BPKIHS were enrolled in the study. Screening camps were organized in four Teaching district hospitals of BPKIHS in Eastern Nepal. Digital rectal examination (DRE) was done by the trained professionals after collecting blood for serum prostatic specific antigen (PSA). Trucut biopsy was done for all individuals with abnormal PSA, DRE or both findings. Results: A total of 1521 males more than 50 years of age were assessed and screened after meeting inclusion criteria. Maximum individuals 1452 (96.2% ) had PSA ≤ 4.0 ng/ml. Abnormal PSA ( > 4 ng/ml) was found in 58 (3.8%) individuals. Abnormal DRE was found in 26 (1.72%) individuals. Both DRE and PSA was abnormal in 26 (1.72%) individuals. On the basis of raised PSA or abnormal DRE 58 (3.84%) individuals were subjected to digitally guided trucut biopsy. Biopsy report revealed Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in 47 (3.11%) individuals and adenocarcinoma prostate in 11 (0.73%) individuals. The specificity of DRE was 65.95% sensitivity 90.9% and positive predictive value 38.46%. The sensitivity of PSA more than 4ng/ml in detecting carcinoma prostate was 100% and the positive predictive value for serum PSA was 18.96%. Conclusion: The overall cancer detection rate in this study was 0.73% and those detected were locally advanced. Larger community-based studies are highly warranted specially among high-risk groups.

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Keyal, Niraj Kumar. "Neurocritical Care in Eastern Nepal: Challanges and Opportunities." Eastern Green Neurosurgery 1, no. 2 (September 23, 2019): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/egn.v1i2.25734.

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46

Maskey, Robin, DhanaRatna Shakya, JouslinKishore Baranwal, Poonam Lavaju, Prahlad Karki, and ShyamKrishna Poudel. "Hypothyroidism in diabetes mellitus patients in Eastern Nepal." Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 19, no. 3 (2015): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.152790.

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47

Chaudhary, Sujan, Gyanu Thapa Magar, Shiv Nandan Sah, and Sanju Parajuli. "Ethnic Plants of Tharu Community of Eastern Nepal." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 8, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v8i2.28325.

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Ethnobotany is the study of ethnic plants of particular people living in particular place. It accommodates list, details and description of all those studied plants regarding with their various uses. Tharu people belong to one of the indigenous communities especially in Terai region of Nepal. Tharu people have been using these plant resources since 18th century. This study aims to identify ethnic plants of Tharu community of eastern Nepal and their uses in their daily lives. Enumeration of useful plants from Tharu ethnic community was conducted in four villages of Ramdhuni municipality of Sunsari district. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and household sampling technique were used for data collection. Plant specimens were collected and information regarding it was obtained from local Dhamis, Jhankris, farmers and old age people. This study reported thirty-seven useful plant species under 25 families. In total 37 species, 25 were recorded as medicinal plant, used to treat pneumonia, menstrual disorder, stones, piles, skin disease etc. Other plant species were used for food, fodder, timber, fiber and ceremonial/ religious activities. Most plant species (78.3%) were having multiple use value, and kept under more than one use category and few species (21.7%) with single use category. Trees (27.02%) and herbs (27.02%), both were dominant over grass, shrubs, climbers and creepers. This study has revealed that many plants species are being used by Tharu community of Eastern Nepal as their ethnic plants for medicine, food, fodder, ornament, material etc which needs to be more explored. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 8(2): 223-230

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Yadav, Rajaram, Vishwajeet Rohil, Ashwini Kumar Nepal, Basanta Gelal, Rajendra Kumar Chaudhari, Punam Jha, Shreejana Shrestha, Madhab Lamsal, and Nirmal Baral. "Dyslipidemia associated with subclinical hypothyroidism in Eastern Nepal." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 5, no. 3 (February 25, 2014): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i3.9251.

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Objectives: The present study was conducted aiming to investigate lipid profile in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism as compared to age and sex matched controls.Methods: The study population consisted of total 80 subjects; 40 patients (cases) and 40 controls. Serum free tri-iodothyronine (fT3) and free thyroxine (fT4) were estimated by microplate competitive enzyme immunoassay, and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) measured by sandwich enzyme immunoassay. Lipid profile tests: Total Cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were estimated by enzymatic methods and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) was calculated by Friedewald’s formula.Results: Significant differences were observed between lipid parameters in case Vs controls: total cholesterol (4.9±1.1 Vs 4.3±1.0 mmol/L, P=0.03), triglycerides (1.9±0.7 Vs 1.6±0.6 mmol/L, P=0.02) and LDL cholesterol levels (3.5±1.1 Vs 2.9±0.9 mmol/L, P=0.02). In case Vs controls no significant differences were observed between HDL Cholesterol (1.1±0.2 Vs 1.1±0.7 mmol/L, P=0.07), VLDL (0.9±0.4 Vs 0.8±0.3 mmol/L, P=0.1) and Cholesterol/HDL ratio (4.48±1.40 Vs 4.06±0.89, P=0.118). Elevated TSH level were found in cases Vs controls (12.42±7.08 Vs 2.69±0.20 mIU/L, P=0.01) which was statistically significant. The subjects on control group were euthyroid, however increased fT3 (3.9±0.8Vs 4.6±0.8 pmol/L, P=<0.01) and fT4 (17.1±3.9Vs 21.2±.3.7 pmol/L, P=<0.01) values were observed in controls than cases, which was statistically significant.Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that cases of subclinical hypothyroidism are at risk of dyslipidemia as compared to controls. Large population based studies are needed to generalize these findings and establish the therapeutic guidelines for implementing lipid lowering agents in subclinical hypothyroidism.Asian Journal of Medical Science, Volume-5(3) 2014: 22-25http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i3.9251

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49

Sharma, Sanjib Kumar, Basudha Khanal, Parash Pokhrel, Ajmal Khan, and Shekhar Koirala. "Snakebite-reappraisal of the situation in Eastern Nepal." Toxicon 41, no. 3 (March 2003): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(02)00289-1.

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50

Jaiswal, Lokesh Shekher, Jagat Narayan Prasad, Prashant Shah, and Narendra Pandit. "Establishing Cardiac Surgery in Eastern Nepal: Early Results." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 16, no. 3 (November 2, 2018): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnhrc.v16i3.21420.

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Background: Only few dedicated cardiac centres provide cardiac surgery service in Nepal. We are the only government affiliated centre outside the capital providing this service. In this study, we aim to present our early results of cardiac surgery.Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences with objective of analysing the early results of cardiac surgery in the patients operated from July 2016 to March 2017.The data were analysed for patient demographics, type of surgery and cardiac disease, mortality, hospital and intensive care unit stay, valve related complications.Results: Total 51 major cardiac surgeries (42 on pump and nine off pump) were performed. There were 27 (53%) males and 24 (47%) females with median age of 36 years (range: 1 to 70 years). The cardiac diseases consisted of 28 rheumatic heart disease, 12 congenital heart diseases, five coronary artery disease, five chronic constrictive pericarditis and one left atrial myxoma. The mean cardiopulmonary bypass and cross clamp times were 106 ±35 and 80±26 minutes respectively. The mean intensive care unit and hospital stay was 4±2 and 8±3 days respectively. Two (4%) patients required re-exploration for mediastinal bleeding. There was no prosthetic valve thrombosis or infection.Two patients (4%) had superficial wound infections.There were four (7.8%) in hospital mortalities. Remaining 47 patients (91.8%) are in NYHA class I aftermean follow up duration of five months.Conclusions: Our early result of cardiac surgery is encouraging and has established the safety and feasibility of starting open heart surgery in other parts of Nepal.

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