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1
Justo, J. L., and C. Salwa. "The 1531 Lisbon earthquake." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 88, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0880020319.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract In January 1531, the Tagus River Estuary was hit by a strong earthquake, the intensity of which in Lisbon was, according to relevant authors, greater than that of the 1755 earthquake. It was cited by most of the European annalists of the time and was responsible for the destruction of structures, the loss of lives, and enormous panic, thus making it one of the most disastrous earthquakes in the history of Portugal. If we give credit to the detailed descriptions, the maximum intensity was probably X MSK. According to our study, the seismic event was probably caused by the Lower Tagus fault zone (LTFZ). A critical review of reports from the time has allowed us to discredit the claims of the earthquake's effects quite far away from the epicenter. Thanks to this the magnitude remains within moderate limits. On the other hand, the study of the earthquake's effects outside Portugal and the consideration of geological factors have allowed us to produce a reliable isoseismal map. Study of this historical earthquake may greatly influence the design of structures in the rapidly developing area of the Tagus estuary.
2
Hinojosa, Hector R. "The Importance of Assessing the Geological Site Effects of Ancient Earthquakes from the Archaeoseismological Point of View." Eng 4, no. 1 (February 22, 2023): 719–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/eng4010043.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Earthquakes have and continue to, occur worldwide, though some places are affected more than others by earthquake-induced ground shaking and the same earthquake can cause more damage in one area than in nearby locations due to site-specific geological site conditions, also known as local site effects. Depending on the chronology of the earthquakes, various disciplines of seismology include instrumental and historical seismology, archaeoseismology, palaeoseismology and neotectonics, each focusing on using specific sources of information to evaluate recent or ancient earthquakes. Past earthquakes are investigated to expand the pre-instrumental and instrumental earthquake catalog and better evaluate a region’s seismic hazard. Archaeoseismology offers a way to achieve these goals because it links how ancient civilizations and their environment might have interacted and responded to past earthquake-induced ground motion and soil amplification. Hence, archaeoseismology explores pre-instrumental (past) earthquakes that might have affected sites of human occupation and their nearby settings, which have left their co-seismic marks in ancient manufactured constructions exhumed by archaeological excavations. However, archaeoseismological observations are often made on a limited epicentral area, poorly constrained dated earthquakes and occasionally on unclear evidence of earthquake damage. Archaeological excavations or field investigations often underestimate the critical role that an archaeological site’s ancient geological site conditions might have played in causing co-seismic structural damage to ancient anthropogenic structures. Nevertheless, the archaeological community might document and inaccurately diagnose structural damage by ancient earthquake shaking to structures and even estimate the size of past earthquakes giving little or no consideration to the role of geological site effects in addressing the causative earthquake. This mixture of factors frequently leads to imprecise estimates of the size of ancient earthquakes and unlikely earthquake environmental impacts, leaving unexplained the location and the moment magnitude of the causative earthquake. Hence, it is essential not to rely solely on earthquake intensities based on archaeologically documented co-seismic damage without assessing the nature of the observed structural damage and the contribution of the geological site effects. This paper explains the geological site effects concept to archaeologists unfamiliar with the notion. It clarifies its role in assessing ground shaking, soil amplification and earthquake intensity by past earthquakes and how and why the geological site effects can be estimated when a site is thought to have been struck by an earthquake. Hence, the geological site effects must be considered when archaeological excavations describe and interpret destruction layers. Conversely, engineers and seismologists dealing with seismic hazard risk assessment must pay close attention to archaeological investigations assessing earthquake intensities and locations based on field evidence of damage to structures attributed to past earthquakes, because the geological site effects might have been factored in inaccurately or not at all.
3
Maslyaev, A. V. "RUSSIAN CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM DOES NOT RECOGNIZE THE IMPACT OF REPEATED EARTHQUAKES ON CONSTRUCTION SITES." ASJ. 1, no. 38 (July 14, 2020): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/asj.2707-9864.2020.1.38.12.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Today, many learned builders know that earthquakes in the territory of, for example, a settlement can manifest themselves in the form of the first most powerful earthquake (main underground shock), which is usually followed by a series of weaker repeated earthquakes (repetitive shocks). There are many examples of such a sequence of manifestations of strong earthquakes in a certain territory, when tens of thousands of people die in destroyed buildings during repeated exposure earthquakes. It is thanks to these examples that scientists, builders, understand the main cause of death due to repeated earthquakes, which is the maximum permissible degree of damage formed in buildings under the influence of the first main earthquake. In addition, many builders are aware of many examples today when the intensity of the impact of a repeated earthquake on buildings was, for a number of reasons, stronger than the intensity of the effects of a major earthquake. However, contrary to the examples of the death of thousands of people in buildings during repeated earthquakes, in the construction system of Russia, the calculation of earthquake-resistant objects continues to take into account the impact of only one main earthquake. Therefore, the article substantiates the need to take into account the effects of earthquakes and repeated earthquakes in the calculations of earthquake-resistant buildings.
4
Ouyang, Xin-Yan, Yong-Fu Wang, Xue-Min Zhang, Ya-Lu Wang, and Ying-Yan Wu. "A New Analysis Method for Magnetic Disturbances Possibly Related to Earthquakes Observed by Satellites." Remote Sensing 14, no. 11 (June 5, 2022): 2709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14112709.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Studies on magnetic disturbances in ultralow frequency ranges related to earthquakes observed by satellites are still limited. Based on Swarm satellites, this paper proposes a new analysis method to investigate pre-earthquake magnetic disturbances by excluding some known non-earthquake magnetic effects that are not confined to those caused by intense geomagnetic activity. This method is demonstrated by two earthquake cases. One is an interplate earthquake, and the other is an intraplate earthquake. Magnetic disturbances around these two earthquakes are associated with solar wind and geomagnetic activity indices, electron density and field-aligned currents. Magnetic disturbances several days before earthquakes do not show clear relations with the already known magnetic effects. These nightside disturbances (LT~17/18, ~02), possibly related to earthquakes observed by Swarm satellites, oscillate in the transverse magnetic field below 2 Hz, propagate along the background magnetic field and are mostly linearly polarized.
5
Hough, Susan E., and Stacey S. Martin. "Which Earthquake Accounts Matter?" Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 2A (January 20, 2021): 1069–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200366.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Earthquake observations contributed by human observers provide an invaluable source of information to investigate both historical and modern earthquakes. Commonly, the observers whose eyewitness accounts are available to scientists are a self-selected minority of those who experience a given earthquake. As such these may not be representative of the overall population that experienced shaking from the event. Eyewitness accounts can contribute to modern science only if they are recorded in the first place and archived in an accessible repository. In this study, we explore the extent to which geopolitics and socioeconomic disparities can limit the number of earthquake observers whose observations can contribute to science. We first revisit a late nineteenth-century earthquake in the central United States in 1882 that provides an illustrative example of an event that has been poorly characterized due to a reliance on English-language archival materials. For modern earthquakes, we analyze data collected for recent earthquakes in California and India via the online “Did You Feel It?” (DYFI) system. In California, online data-collection systems appear to be effective in gathering eyewitness accounts from a broad range of socioeconomic groups. In India, however, responses to the DYFI system reveal a strong bias toward responses from urban areas as opposed to rural settlements, as well a bias with literacy rate. The dissimilarity of our results from modern earthquakes in the United States and India provides a caution that, in some parts of the world, contributed felt reports can still potentially provide an unrepresentative view of earthquake effects, especially if online data collection systems are not designed to be broadly accessible. This limitation can in turn potentially shape our understanding of an earthquake’s impact and the characterization of seismic hazard.
6
Cicekli Kandemir, Tugce, Cigdem Kuloglu, and Filiz Aslan. "Effects of Earthquake on Children's Health and Responsibilities of Nurses." International Journal of Emerging Trends in Health Sciences 7, no. 2 (December 6, 2023): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/ijeths.v7i2.9299.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The earthquake, which is one of the natural disasters whose time cannot be determined and causes negative consequences such as the death of many living things, financial losses, and psychological problems, has great effects especially on children. Earthquake has many negative effects on children physically, socially and psychologically. Children have negative consequences such as sleep and eating problems due to fear and anxiety, lack of hygiene, deterioration in family earthquakes, disruption of squinting, drinking, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Apart from these, musculoskeletal system problems, respiratory problems, digestive system disorders are among the health problems that occur due to earthquakes. Every year, hundreds of children are affected by earthquakes in our country. Children are the future of a country and they are vulnerable to the events and people around them. Because they are vulnerable, their rights should be protected by adults. In order to maintain the sibling and family relations of the children affected by the earthquake, to continue their treatment and education; Professionals such as nurses, physicians, teachers, psychologists and physical therapists have great responsibilities. Nurses have important duties in the process of determining the physical, mental and social needs of children affected by the earthquake and meeting these needs. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compile the data on the effects of the earthquake on children's health and the responsibilities of nurses in reducing these effects, and to inform the interested reader about the situation of children being affected by the earthquake and the roles of nurses in reducing these effects. The fact that our country is an earthquake country and children are greatly affected by this situation has revealed the necessity of compiling this article. Keywords: Child health; child mental health; natural disaster; nursing
7
Inoue, Yuta, Kazutomo Ohashi, Yuko Ohno, Takako Fujimaki, Anna Tsutsui, Ling Zha, and Tomotaka Sobue. "Pregnant women’s migration patterns before childbirth after large-scale earthquakes and the added impact of concerns regarding radiation exposure in Fukushima and five prefectures." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): e0272285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272285.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake (within Fukushima, Iwate, and Miyagi prefectures) was a complex disaster; it caused a tsunami and the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, resulting in radiation exposure. This study investigated the earthquake’s effects on the migration patterns of pregnant women and their concerns regarding radiation exposure. We also considered the following large-scale earthquakes without radiation exposure: Great Hanshin-Awaji (Hyogo prefecture), Niigata-Chuetsu, and Kumamoto. Pregnant women were categorized as outflow and inflow pregnant women. Data on the annual number of births three years before and after the earthquake were used as a denominator to calculate the outflow and inflow rates per 100 births. The odds ratios of annual outflow and inflow rates after the earthquake, using three years before the earthquake as the baseline, were calculated. The odds-ratio for outflow significantly increased for Hyogo, Fukushima, Miyagi, and Kumamoto prefectures after the earthquake, particularly for Fukushima, showing a significant increase until three years post the Great East Japan Earthquake (disaster year: odds-ratio: 2.66 [95% confidence interval: 2.44–2.90], 1 year post: 1.37 [1.23–1.52], 2 years post: 1.13 [1.00–1.26], 3 years post: 1.18 [1.05–1.31]), while the remaining three prefectures reported limited increases post one year. The inflow decreased after the earthquake, particularly in Fukushima, showing a significant decrease until 2 years post the Great East Japan Earthquake (disaster year: 0.58 [0.53–0.63], 1 year post: 0.76 [0.71–0.82], 2 years post: 0.83 [0.77–0.89]). Thus, pregnant women’s migration patterns changed after large-scale earthquakes, suggesting radiation exposure concerns possibly have a significant effects. These results suggested that plans for receiving assistance and support that considers the peculiarities of disaster related damage and pregnant women’s migration patterns are needed in both the affected and non-affected areas.
8
Rathje, Ellen M., and Beverley J. Adams. "The Role of Remote Sensing in Earthquake Science and Engineering: Opportunities and Challenges." Earthquake Spectra 24, no. 2 (May 2008): 471–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2923922.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Earthquake science and engineering are experience-driven fields in which lessons are learned after each significant earthquake. Remote sensing represents a suite of technologies that can play a significant role in documenting the effects of earthquakes and lead to important developments in our understanding of earthquakes. This paper describes current remote sensing technologies and the experience to date in using them in earthquake studies. The most promising activities that may benefit from remote sensing data products are identified, as well as the challenges that may impede the widespread use of remote sensing in earthquake studies. A comprehensive review of the use of remote sensing to document the effects of the 2003 Bam, Iran earthquake is presented, and recommendations for future developments in remote sensing in the context of earthquake science and engineering are provided.
9
Hays, Walter W. "The 19 September 1985 Mexico Earthquake: Technical Problems." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 2, no. 1-4 (1986): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00030259.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACTThe September 19, 1985, Mexico earthquake reminded scientists and engineers of the importance of considering soil amplification effects in earthquake-resistant design. The Mexico earthquake illustrated the “worst case”—the ground response and the building response occurring at approximately the same period, 2 seconds. This resonance phenomenon was predictable on the basis of similar experiences in past earthquakes. A number of areas in the United States also exhibit significant predictable soil amplification effects. Special steps are needed in these areas to mitigate the potential damage and losses that could occur in future earthquakes.
10
KORKMAZ, Burak Can. "The Position and Importance of Earthquake Education in the World." EDUCATIONE 2, no. 2 (September 26, 2023): 246–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.58650/educatione.1330891.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Earthquake education is significant for students to raise awareness and improve knowledge related to earthquakes. Literature on earthquakes emphasizes that people with high awareness and increased knowledge can effectively cope with the devastating effects. At this point, traditional teaching methods, such as drills and theoretical lessons, are inadequate, but innovative methods like virtual reality (VR) technology is more promising. However, there is no consensus on the ideal type of earthquake education. In the world, earthquake education significantly differs. Even though some countries are located in regions that are prone to earthquakes, they do not consider earthquake education in schools. On the other hand, several countries include earthquake education in school curricula. Existing literature demonstrates the insufficiency of current earthquake education in countries like Mexico and Israel. Students have deficiencies in knowledge related to the earthquake in spite of the implementation of earthquake education in schools. Reviewing different countries implementing earthquake education allows us to create an ideal type of earthquake education. Therefore, this review aims to investigate earthquake education in different countries.
11
Grützner, Christoph, Richard Walker, Eleanor Ainscoe, Austin Elliott, and Kanatbek Abdrakhmatov. "Earthquake Environmental Effects of the 1992 MS7.3 Suusamyr Earthquake, Kyrgyzstan, and Their Implications for Paleo-Earthquake Studies." Geosciences 9, no. 6 (June 21, 2019): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9060271.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Large pre-historical earthquakes leave traces in the geological and geomorphological record, such as primary and secondary surface ruptures and mass movements, which are the only means to estimate their magnitudes. These environmental earthquake effects (EEEs) can be calibrated using recent seismic events and the Environmental Seismic Intensity Scale (ESI2007). We apply the ESI2007 scale to the 1992 MS7.3 Suusamyr Earthquake in the Kyrgyz Tien Shan, because similar studies are sparse in that area and geological setting, and because this earthquake was very peculiar in its primary surface rupture pattern. We analyze literature data on primary and secondary earthquake effects and add our own observations from fieldwork. We show that the ESI2007 distribution differs somewhat from traditional intensity assessments (MSK (Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik) and MM (Modified Mercalli)), because of the sparse population in the epicentral area and the spatial distribution of primary and secondary EEEs. However, the ESI2007 scale captures a similar overall pattern of the intensity distribution. We then explore how uncertainties in the identification of primary surface ruptures influence the results of the ESI2007 assignment. Our results highlight the applicability of the ESI2007 scale, even in earthquakes with complex and unusual primary surface rupture patterns.
12
Na, Geonha, Donghee Ahn, and Sanghoon Kim. "Case Study on Soil Liquefaction Effects in Pohang Using GPR Scanning." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 22, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2022.22.4.119.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Owing to the aftershocks of the Gyeongju and Pohang earthquakes, the number of recent earthquakes (more than scale 2.0) has increased by approximately four to five times compared with previous years. There is a high possibility that earthquake damage and liquefaction will be caused by a strong earthquake in the future. Therefore, this study focused on the first liquefaction in Korea, which occurred in the 2017 Pohang earthquake (M5.4), and a field survey was conducted in the damaged area using portable two-dimensional ground penetrating radar (GPR) equipment. A detailed analysis of the damaged areas was performed using Voxler 3 (Golden Software), a three-dimensional analysis program, based on the results obtained at the site. The results show that the six survey areas in Pohang Songdo are located on the Quaternary alluvial layer and include landfills constructed by reclaiming part of the river and seas to create factory, residential land, and other sites, so it is extremely vulnerable to liquefaction in the event of an earthquake. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a ground survey in advance and apply a countermeasure method that suits the situation of the site because it is feared that large-scale liquefaction damage will occur in the event of a larger earthquake than the Pohang one.
13
Reitherman, Robert. "Earthquakes that have initiated the development of earthquake engineering." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 39, no. 3 (September 30, 2006): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.39.3.145-157.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The recent 75th anniversary of the 1931 Hawke’s Bay Earthquake reminds us that a particular earthquake can have a great effect on the development of engineering methods to contend with this natural hazard. Factors other than the occurrence of a single earthquake are also present before and after such a historically important event, and there are examples of countries that began on the path toward modern earthquake engineering in the absence of any particular earthquake playing an important causal role. An earthquake that was large in seismological (e.g. magnitude) or engineering (e.g. destructiveness) measures may have had little effect on engineering tools developed to contend with the earthquake problem. The history of earthquake engineering is not merely a set of events rigidly tied to a chronology of major earthquakes. Nonetheless, some significant earthquakes have been step function events on the graph of long-term progress in earthquake engineering. Only earthquakes that bring together several prerequisites have had such historic effects, creating in a country a beachhead for earthquake engineering that persisted in the following decades. In this brief historical review, the following seminal earthquakes are discussed: 1906 Northern California, United States; 1908 Reggio-Messina, Italy; 1923 Kanto, Japan; 1931 Mach and 1935 Quetta, India-Pakistan; 1931 Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand.
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Van Dissen, R., M. McSaveney, D. Townsend, G. Hancox, T. A. Little, W. Ries, N. Perrin, et al. "Landslides and liquefaction generated by the Cook Strait and Lake Grassmere earthquakes." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 46, no. 4 (December 31, 2013): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.46.4.196-200.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Following both the Cook Strait earthquake (Mw 6.6; 21 July, 2013) and the Lake Grassmere earthquake (Mw 6.6; 16 August, 2013) reconnaissance visits were made of the epicentral regions to document the general distribution and extend of landslides, liquefaction, and other ground damage effects generated by these earthquakes. The extent of landsliding generated in central New Zealand by these two earthquakes was at the lower end of the expected range for shallow earthquakes of these magnitudes. Liquefaction effects generated by the Cook Strait and Lake Grassmere earthquakes in central New Zealand were substantially less than those generated by the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquakes in the Christchurch area, despite the fact that the Cook Strait and Lake Grassmere earthquakes were of comparable size and proximity, and impacted grossly similar geological settings. There is no evidence of primary ground-surface fault rupture during the Lake Grassmere earthquake.
15
Silva, Pablo G., Miguel A. Rodríguez-Pascua, Jorge L. Giner Robles, Javier Élez, Raúl Pérez-López, and M. Begoña Bautista Davila. "Catalogue of the Geological Effects of Earthquakes in Spain Based on the ESI-07 Macroseismic Scale: A New Database for Seismic Hazard Analysis." Geosciences 9, no. 8 (July 29, 2019): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9080334.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper summarizes the content and scope of the “Catalogue of Earthquake Geological Effects in Spain”. The catalogue has been published by the Geological Survey of Spain (IGME) and constitutes the first official publication (in Spain) on seismic hazard containing geological information. The catalogue gathers the 51 stronger earthquakes that have occurred in Spain since the Neolithic period to the present and classifies earthquakes with geological or archaeological seismic records in paleoseismic, ancient, historical and instrumental earthquakes. The catalogue offers a variety of parametric information, quality indexes (Qe, Qi, Qg), and Environmental Seismic Intensity Scale (ESI-07) based description of environmental damage structured in individual “event files”. Sixteen of the 51 catalogued events present full information files (full event files), with individualized analyses of the geological and geoarchaeological data as well as graphic information with hybrid ESI-EMS intensity maps, ShakeMaps (seismic scenarios) and complementary kmz files (Google Earth) for each of the sixteen selected earthquakes; among which is the well-known AD 1755 Lisbon earthquake-tsunami. These selected earthquakes present individual environmental earthquake effects (EEE) or earthquake archaeoseismological effects (EAE) files for each catalogued effect containing specific site geo-information and graphic data (photos, graphs, maps, etc.). The second edition of the catalogue record 1027 EEEs and 187 EAEs, of which 322 effects have individual files.
16
Zhao, John X., Qingsong Yang, Kaiwei Su, Jiguan Liang, Jun Zhou, Heng Zhang, and Xinge Yang. "Effects of Earthquake Source, Path, and Site Conditions on Damping Modification Factor for the Response Spectrum of the Horizontal Component from Subduction Earthquakes." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 109, no. 6 (November 12, 2019): 2594–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120190105.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Damping modification factors (DMFs) are important for estimating the response spectrum for the design of structures with different damping ratios. This study investigated the effects of earthquake source parameters (magnitude, source depth, and source categories), source distance (the closest distance from a site to a fault plane for large earthquakes and hypocentral distance for the other events), and site conditions on DMFs for the displacement and acceleration response spectra of the horizontal components of the records from Japan. This study used a total of 14,713 strong‐motion records from the KiK‐net and K‐NET to compare the DMFs from three earthquake category groups, namely shallow crustal and upper mantle, subduction interface, and subduction slab earthquakes. Statistical tests were carried out to determine whether the DMFs from these three types of earthquakes differ significantly from each other. The test results show that, between each pair of the three types of earthquakes, the DMFs for both displacement and acceleration response spectra differ significantly in terms of statistical tests and practically for engineering applications at many spectral periods, with the largest difference over 40%. The effects of earthquake category and site conditions for acceleration spectrum are similar to those of the displacement spectrum at short periods up to about 0.3 s but are much larger than those of the displacement spectrum at long spectral periods. The effects of magnitude and earthquake depth are also significant. Therefore, separate DMF models for the response spectrum of the horizontal component should be derived for each type of earthquake and should account for the effects of earthquake source and path parameters and site conditions.
17
Bray, Jonathan, Misko Cubrinovski, Joshua Zupan, and Merrick Taylor. "Liquefaction Effects on Buildings in the Central Business District of Christchurch." Earthquake Spectra 30, no. 1 (February 2014): 85–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/022113eqs043m.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Canterbury earthquake sequence provides an exceptional opportunity to investigate the effects of varying degrees of liquefaction on the built environment. Many multistory buildings in the Central Business District were heavily damaged by liquefaction-induced ground movements during the Christchurch earthquake, but not by other earthquakes (e.g., the Darfield and June 2011 events). Cone penetration test (CPT)–based liquefaction triggering evaluations were conservative. The conservatism in the liquefaction triggering assessments led to post-liquefaction ground settlement estimates that were generally similar for the large events in the earthquake sequence, whereas significant ground settlements and building damage in the CBD were only observed for the Christchurch earthquake. Moreover, the liquefaction-induced ground settlement procedures do not capture important shear-induced deformation mechanisms and the effects of ground loss due to sediment ejecta. Performance-based earthquake engineering requires improved procedures to capture the differing levels of performance observed in Christchurch.
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Maffei, Joe, and Paolo Bazzurro. "The 2002 Molise, Italy, Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 20, no. 1_suppl (July 2004): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1770976.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
On October 31 and November 1, 2002, two magnitude Mw 5.7 earthquakes struck the rural Molise region in southeastern Italy killing 30 people, 27 of whom were children trapped in the collapse of an elementary school. This paper summarizes the earthquake's effects and, as the introductory paper to Spectra's special issue on the Molise event, highlights the findings of ongoing studies of the technical and social lessons afforded by the disaster. In 1998 the area was declared a medium seismicity zone, but an administrative delay in updating the seismic zonation meant that up until the time of the earthquake, there were no seismic requirements for new construction—construction that included a 2002 second-story addition to the school that collapsed. The emergency response and recovery planning following the earthquake were notable for the technical sophistication and abundant government resources that have been applied, including the building of a prefabricated temporary village.
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Majdi, Ali, and Radu Sorin Văcăreanu. "State of art regarding to quantify the consequences associated with building response to an earthquake shaking." E3S Web of Conferences 85 (2019): 08010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198508010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Earthquake loss estimation (ELE) refers to the analysis and study of the possible effects of an earthquake in a region or population and quantifies the consequences of the earthquake. The objective of this study is to provide an insight into earthquake loss estimation for the most common approaches by seeking to survey the current methodologies for quantifying the earthquakes' negative effects. Naturally, peoples search about desirable approaches to estimate of earthquakes costs and losses which are not predetermined to subsist as usual. Other issues related to those approaches are endeavor to achieve the state of art to quantify the earthquakes consequences, the aspects of a building's response to earthquake. The aspects that will be characterized in this research are: 1) Input data like building information (Structure system, location, occupation, etc.), earthquake hazard; 2) Analysis methods; 3) Output data. ELE methods are categorized in different ways depending on one or more parameter. ELE approaches into two groups (1-a shocked building stock in a specific city or settlement, 2-specific building or structure). The varying and common use have been observed when selecting the approaches of this research. The methods and tools that used in the exploration include QLARM, SELENA, ELER, HAZUS, SLAT and FEMA P-58.
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SÖZEN, Erol, and Murat GENÇ. "ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR DEPREM FARKINDALIK DÜZEYLERİNİN FARKLI DEĞİŞKENLER AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ." Sakarya University Journal of Education 13, no. 4 (Disaster) (December 8, 2023): 550–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.19126/suje.1296398.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Earthquakes have a significant impact on social, economic, and educational aspects of life. The negative effects of earthquakes on education and training are well documented. It is crucial to be adequately prepared to minimize these effects. This study aims to investigate the earthquake awareness of university students from a sustainable perspective. The survey model, a quantitative research method, was employed in this study. The research study comprised of 200 male (36.10%) and 354 female (63.90%) students who voluntarily participated from a university in the Western Black Sea Region during the 2022-2023 academic year. The Sustainable Earthquake Awareness Scale results show an average of 3.23 (Undecided) for the first factor, Earthquake Structure Relationship, 2.32 (Disagree) for the second factor, Earthquake Preparation Application, and 2.27 (Disagree) for the third factor, Earthquake Preparedness. The overall mean of the scale was 2.61 (Undecided). The results indicate that university students are not adequately prepared for possible earthquakes. There is no significant difference in Sustainable Earthquake Awareness Levels between male and female university students in all sub-factors and the total scale. Furthermore, as the grade level of university students increases, their sustainable earthquake awareness also increases. Furthermore, there is a notable contrast in the earthquake awareness levels of students from the faculties of engineering, health, and theology, with engineering students exhibiting a higher level of awareness. The study found no statistically significant difference between the sustainable earthquake awareness levels of university students and the number of floors in the building where they reside, both in terms of sub-factors and the overall scale.
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Shahbazi, Shahrokh, Iman Mansouri, Jong Wan Hu, Noura Sam Daliri, and Armin Karami. "Seismic Response of Steel SMFs Subjected to Vertical Components of Far- and Near-Field Earthquakes with Forward Directivity Effects." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (April 3, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2647387.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the near-field earthquake, forward directivity effects cause long-period pulse with a short effective time and a large domain in the velocity time history. This issue increases the ductility needs of structures, and in recent decades, the destructive effects of these kinds of records have been evaluated in comparison with far-field earthquakes. This brings about the necessity to compare a structure’s behavior subjected to vertical components of near-field (NF) earthquakes, including forward directivity effects vs. the effects of vertical components of far-field (FF) earthquakes. The present study investigated 3-, 5-, 8-, and 20-story steel moment frames with special ductility (SMF) through which modeling effects of panel zone have been applied, subjected to vertical component of near-field (NF) earthquakes with forward directivity and the vertical component of far-field earthquakes. By investigating the results, it can be clearly seen that the average values of the maximum displacement, shear force of the stories, and the velocity of each story under the impact of the near-field earthquake are greater than the amount of that under the effect of a far-field earthquake. However, this comparison is not valid for the amount of acceleration, axial force, and moments in the columns of the structures accurately.
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Polat, Esra, Engin Dondurmacı, Sedat Sakallı, and Ökkeş Karaburan. "A case of ventricular tachycardia after an earthquake." Journal of Cardiology & Cardiovascular Surgery 1, no. 2 (June 28, 2023): 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.51271/jccvs-0009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Severe earthquakes are a natural disaster with high morbidity and mortality. Loss of limbs, acute abdominal surgeries, infectious diseases, kidney failure, psychological illnesses are well-known health problems. Earthquakes also have negative effects on the cardiovascular system. Here, we present a patient who was stable before the earthquake but had episodes of ventricular tachycardia after the earthquake.
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Jenkins, Alex, Alison Rust, and Juliet Biggs. "relationship between large earthquakes and volcanic eruptions: A global statistical study." Volcanica 7, no. 1 (March 22, 2024): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30909/vol.07.01.165179.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It is now generally accepted that large earthquakes can promote eruptions at nearby volcanoes. However, the prevalence of “triggered” eruptions, as well as the distance and timescale over which triggering occurs, remain unclear. Here, we use modern global earthquake and eruption records to compare volcanic eruption rates before and after large earthquakes with the time- averaged background eruption rate. We quantify the significance of observed deviations from the average eruption rate using Monte Carlo simulations. To integrate our findings with previous eruption triggering studies, we systematically vary the earthquake magnitudes we consider, as well as the distances and timescales used to calculate eruption rates. We also investigate the effects of earthquake depth and slip orientation. Overall, we find that post-earthquake eruption rates are around 1.25 times the average eruption rate within 750 km and one year following Mw ≥ 7 earthquakes, with above-average post-earthquake eruption rates possibly lasting for two to four years. By contrast, pre-earthquake eruption rates are around 0.9 times the average eruption rate within 750 km and182 days before Mw ≥7 earthquakes. Furthermore, deep earthquakes (≥7 0km) appear to more strongly affect eruption rates than shallow earthquakes, while earthquake slip orientation is also important. Further study of the relationships reported here represents a good opportunity to improve our understanding of tectono-magmatic relationships.
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Li, Q., and G. M. Xu. "Precursory pattern of tidal triggering of earthquakes in six regions of China: the possible relation to the crustal heterogeneity." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 10 (October 18, 2013): 2605–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-2605-2013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. We found the possible correlation between the precursory pattern of tidal triggering of earthquakes and the crustal heterogeneities, which is of particular importance to the researchers in earthquake prediction and earthquake hazard prevention. We investigated the connection between the tidal variations and earthquake occurrence in the Liyang, Wunansha, Cangshan, Wenan, Luquan and Yaoan regions of China. Most of the regions show a higher correlation with tidal triggering in several years preceding the large or destructive earthquakes compared to other times, indicating that the tidal triggering may inherently relate to the nucleation of the destructive earthquakes during this time. In addition, the analysis results indicate that the Liyang, Cangshan and Luquan regions, with stronger heterogeneity, show statistically significant effects of tidal triggering preceding the large or destructive earthquakes, while the Wunansha, Wenan and Yaoan regions, with relatively weak heterogeneity, show statistically insignificant effects of it, signifying that the precursory pattern of tidal triggering of earthquakes in these six regions is possibly related to the heterogeneities of the crustal rocks. The above results suggest that when people try to find the potential earthquake hazardous areas or make middle–long-term earthquake forecasting by means of precursory pattern of the tidal triggering, the crustal heterogeneity in these areas has to be taken into consideration for the purpose of increasing the prediction efficiency. If they do not consider the influence of crustal heterogeneity on the tidal triggering of earthquakes, the prediction efficiency might greatly decrease.
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Shakirova, A. A. "SEISMIC EFFECTS AHEAD OF KARYMSKY VOLCANO (KAMCHATKA) EXPLOSIONS IN FEBRUARY 2019." BULLETIN OF KAMCHATKA REGIONAL ASSOCIATION «EDUCATIONAL-SCIENTIFIC CENTER». EARTH SCIENCES 1, no. 53 (2022): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31431/1816-5524-2022-1-53-12-23.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
After a short period of quiescence, in February 2019, Karymsky volcano (Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia) became active. During the month, a large number of moderate explosions were recorded, some of which were preceded with some periodicity by long-period earthquakes with a high degree of similarity of waveforms. The duration of the multiplet events that preceded the explosions ranged from 4 to 70 minutes. The period between earthquakes decreased as the multiplets developed. The amplitude of earthquake records either increased or remained at the same level. The multiplets with higher amplitude of earthquake records preceded the strongest eruptions. The decreasing period between earthquakes is most likely related to the acceleration of magma ascent and an increase in gas pressure in the volcanic channel. If this is true, the absence of long-period earthquakes after the eruption marks a complete release of gas pressure in the volcanic edifice.
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Penava, Davorin, Marin Valinčić, Ante Vrban, Lars Abrahamczyk, Ivica Guljaš, and Ivan Kraus. "The Effects of Strong Earthquakes on Built Heritage: A Preliminary Case Study of Rector’s Palace in Dubrovnik’s Old City." Sustainability 15, no. 20 (October 16, 2023): 14926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152014926.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Old City of Dubrovnik’s historical urban heritage architecture, consisting of poorly to well-built irregular stone masonry construction, is at high risk of earthquakes. It was enlisted as a UNESCO World Heritage after the severely damaging 1979 Mw = 7.1 Montenegro earthquake. Retrofitting strategies to a certain degree of earthquake protection have been made to the monument heritage architecture after repeating destructive earthquakes for several centuries. The originally 13th-century Rector’s Palace underwent several major modifications throughout history after disastrous events: fire in 1435, a gunpowder explosion in 1463, and earthquakes in 1520, 1667, and 1979. The design and construction information were collected from historical records and studies performed by various researchers, including field measurements and laboratory tests. Based on the data gathered, the building’s resistance to destructive earthquakes in compliance with contemporary building codes was determined using simulations on a calibrated spatial structural model. The study revealed that the building’s critical parts are most susceptible to a certain degree of damage or even collapse. The presented case study is the basis for decision-making and implementing the building’s earthquake risk reduction measures. Additionally, it will serve as a guide for earthquake risk evaluation on similar buildings, even though they may differ in degree or detail.
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Naik, Sambit Prasanajit, Ohsang Gwon, Sabina Porfido, Kiwoong Park, Kwangmin Jin, Young-Seog Kim, and Jai-Bok Kyung. "Intensity Reassessment of the 2017 Pohang Earthquake Mw = 5.4 (South Korea) Using ESI-07 Scale." Geosciences 10, no. 11 (November 20, 2020): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10110471.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The earthquake environmental effects (EEEs) around the epicentral area of the Pohang earthquake (Mw-5.4) that occurred on 15 November 2017 have been collected and classified using the Environmental Seismic Intensity Scale (ESI-07 scale) proposed by the International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA) focus group. The shallow-focus 15 November Pohang earthquake did not produce any surface rupture, but caused extensive secondary environmental effects and damage to life-line structures. This earthquake was one of the most damaging earthquakes during the instrumental seismic era of the Korean Peninsula. The EEEs included extensive liquefaction, ground cracks, ground settlement, localized rockfall, and variation of the water table. The main objective of this paper was to carry forward a comparative assessment of the Pohang earthquake’s intensity based on traditional macroseismic scales and the ESI-07 scale. With that objective, this study will also make a substantial contribution to any future revision of the ESI-07 scale, which mostly comprises case studies from Europe and South America. The comparison of the ESI-07 scale with traditional intensity scales similar to the intensity scale used by the Korean Meteorological Administration for the epicentral areas showed 1–2-degree differences in intensity. Moreover, the ESI scale provided a clearer picture of the intensity around the epicentral area, which is mostly agricultural land with a lack of urban units or buildings. This study urges the integration of the traditional and ESI-07 scale for such small magnitude earthquakes in the Korean Peninsula as well as around the world in future. This will predict seismic intensity more precisely and hence provide a more-effective seismic hazard estimation, particularly in areas of low seismic activity. The present study will also provide a useful and reliable tool for the seismic hazard assessment of similar earthquakes around the study area and land-use planning at a local scale considering the secondary effects.
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Pura, Turgut, Peri Güneş, Ali Güneş, and Ali Alaa Hameed. "Earthquake Prediction for the Düzce Province in the Marmara Region Using Artificial Intelligence." Applied Sciences 13, no. 15 (July 27, 2023): 8642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13158642.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
By definition, an earthquake is a naturally occurring event. This natural event may be a disaster that causes significant damage, loss of life, and other economic effects. The possibility of predicting a natural event such as an earthquake will minimize the negative effects mentioned above. In this study, data collection, processing, and data evaluation regarding earthquakes were carried out. Earthquake forecasting was performed using the RNN (recurrent neural network) method. This study was carried out using seismic data with a magnitude of 3.0 and above of the Düzce Province between 1990 and 2022. In order to increase the learning potential of the method, the b and d values of earthquakes were calculated. The detection of earthquakes within a specific time interval in the Marmara region of Turkey, the classification of earthquake-related seismic data using artificial neural networks, and the generation of predictions for the future highlight the importance of this study. Our results demonstrated that the prediction performance could be significantly improved by incorporating the b and d coefficients of earthquakes, as well as the data regarding the distance between the Moon and the Earth, along with the use of recurrent neural networks (RNNs).
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Mann, Michael Everett, and Geoffrey A. Abers. "First‐Order Mantle Subduction‐Zone Structure Effects on Ground Motion: The 2016 Mw 7.1 Iniskin and 2018 Mw 7.1 Anchorage Earthquakes." Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 1 (October 30, 2019): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220190197.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The 24 January 2016 Iniskin, Alaska earthquake, at Mw 7.1 and 111 km depth, is the largest intermediate‐depth earthquake felt in Alaska, with recorded accelerations reaching 0.2g near Anchorage. Ground motion from the Iniskin earthquake is underpredicted by at least an order of magnitude near Anchorage and the Kenai Peninsula, and is similarly overpredicted in the back‐arc north and west of Cook Inlet. This is in strong contrast to the 30 November 2018 earthquake near Anchorage that was also Mw 7.1 but only 48 km deep. The Anchorage earthquake signals show strong distance decay and are generally well predicted by ground‐motion prediction equations. Smaller intermediate‐depth earthquakes (depth>70 km and 3<M<6.4) with hypocenters near the Iniskin mainshock show similar patterns in ground shaking as the Iniskin earthquake, indicating that the shaking pattern is due to path effects and not the source. The patterns indicate a first‐order role for mantle attenuation in the spatial variability of strong motion. In addition, along‐slab paths appear to be amplified by waveguide effects due to the subduction of crust at >1 Hz; the Anchorage and Kenai regions are particularly susceptible to this amplification due to their fore‐arc position. Both of these effects are absent in the 2018 Anchorage shaking pattern, because that earthquake is shallower and waves largely propagate in the upper‐plate crust. Basin effects are also present locally, but these effects do not explain the first‐order amplitude variations. These analyses show that intermediate‐depth earthquakes can pose a significant shaking hazard, and the pattern of shaking is strongly controlled by mantle structure.
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Kaya, Basturk, and Caner Aladag. "Determining the Cognitive Structures of Geography Teacher Candidates on “Earthquake”." International Education Studies 10, no. 1 (December 26, 2016): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v10n1p122.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objective of this study is to determine the cognitive structures of the students of geography teaching department by identifying their conceptual frameworks about the concept of earthquake. A case study design from qualitative research approaches was used in this research. Sample group of the study constitutes 155 students from the Department of Geography Teaching who took the course of natural disasters. Free Word Association Test was used to collect the data. The data were evaluated according to the content analysis, categories were formed according to the results of this evaluation and frequencies and percentages of the response words in each category were calculated. A total of 9 categories were created according to their semantic associations. Some of them are; “concepts about earthquake, damages of the earthquake, a category of defining earthquake, types and causes of earthquakes, landforms caused by earthquakes and other effects” and they form the dominant categories. The frequencies and percentages of some categories are low such as; “The things that earthquake makes feel, regions where earthquakes happened before or there is a possibility to happen, people, institutions and organizations about earthquakes, helping to the victims of the earthquakes, factors affecting the safety of life and property in the earthquake”. In addition, this study revealed that students have some alternative concepts about earthquake.
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Turgay Yıldırım, Özge, Demet Laflı Tunay, and Ayşegül Turgay. "The Impacts of The Earthquake on The Cardiovascular System." Cukurova Anestezi ve Cerrahi Bilimler Dergisi 7, no. 2 (June 30, 2024): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36516/jocass.1270533.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction: Various physiological and psychological effects of earthquakes can be seen on the human body, even without a direct physical impact from the earthquake. Both the experience of the earthquake process and the earthquake-related subsequent life changes cause stress through the activation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems in the body. This stress can affect various physiological processes, including the cardiovascular system. In this review, the effect of earthquakes on the cardiovascular system was aimed to be discussed in line with the available evidence. Discussion: There are studies showing that natural events such as earthquakes increase the incidence of adverse cardiac events, such as myocardial infarction, heart failure, hypertension, and sudden cardiac death, or cause existing cardiac diseases to worsen during these periods. However, there are also some evidences with conflicting results. Therefore, the effect of earthquakes on cardiovascular diseases has not been clearly demonstrated yet. Conclusion: Even survivors of earthquakes without physical injury are exposed to stress secondary to both internal and external factors. Studies indicate that individuals who are involved in the earthquake process may have adverse effects on cardiovascular health in the short and long term. Therefore, it is important to take necessary precautions and create appropriate conditions, especially in people with cardiovascular disease.
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Hirahara, Kazuro. "Toward Advanced Earthquake Cycle Simulation." Journal of Disaster Research 4, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2009.p0099.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recent earthquake cycle simulation based on laboratory derived rate and state friction laws with super-parallel computers have successfully reproduced historical earthquake cycles. Earthquake cycle simulation is thus a powerful tool for providing information on the occurrence of the next Nankai megathrust earthquake, if simulation is combined with data assimilation for historical data and recently ongoing crustal activity data observed by networks extending from the land to the ocean floor. Present earthquake cycle simulation assumes simplifications in calculation, however, that differ from actual complex situations. Executing simulation relaxing these simplifications requires huge computational demands, and is difficult with present supercomputers. Looking toward advanced simulation of Nankai megathrust earthquake cycles with next-generation petaflop supercomputers, we present 1) an evaluation of effects of the actual medium in earthquake cycle simulation, 2) improved deformation data with GPS and InSAR and of inversion for estimating frictional parameters, and 3) the estimation of the occurrence of large inland earthquakes in southwest Japan and of Nankai megathrust earthquakes.
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Kitzberger, Thomas, Thomas T. Veblen, and Ricardo Villalba. "Tectonic influences on tree growth in northern Patagonia, Argentina: the roles of substrate stability and climatic variation." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, no. 10 (October 1, 1995): 1684–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-182.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In northern Patagonia, Argentina, we examined the influences of climatic variation and inter-site variation in substrate stability on the dendroecological effects of earthquakes. In association with the great earthquake in 1960 centered off the coast of nearby Valdivia, Chile, extensive tree mortality occurred in northern Patagonia in Nothofagusdombeyi–Austrocedruschilensis stands on unstable debris fans. To examine the effects of the 1960 and earlier earthquakes on tree growth, we developed tree-ring chronologies from samples of the surviving A. chilensis on unstable debris fan sites and at adjacent nonfan sites of more stable substrates. For controlling the effects of regional climatic variation, we also produced a tree-ring chronology from this species in a more distant and undisturbed stand. Strong variations in tree-growth patterns on fan sites were associated with the historically documented major seismic events of south central Chile that occurred in 1737, 1751, 1837, and 1960. Tree-ring chronologies from nonfan sites (i.e., sites of greater substrate stability) showed much less response to these earthquakes. On the fan sites, strong growth suppressions were associated with the former three earthquakes, whereas strong releases followed the 1960 earthquake. The difference in response is explained by the occurrence of the 1960 earthquake during a period of drought, which in combination with the violent shaking of the ground, resulted in extensive tree mortality followed by growth releases of the survivors. However, severe droughts in the absence of earthquakes also can produce tree mortality and subsequent release of the survivors. Consequently, the synergistic effects of climatic variation and earthquake events must be carefully considered in developing records of both climatic variation and earthquakes.
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Naik, Sambit Prasanajit, Klaus Reicherter, Miklos Kázmér, Jens Skapski, Asmita Mohanty, and Young-Seog Kim. "Archeoseismic Study of Damage in Medieval Monuments around New Delhi, India: An Approach to Understanding Paleoseismicity in an Intraplate Region." GeoHazards 5, no. 1 (February 14, 2024): 142–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geohazards5010007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The seismic shaking observed around Delhi and the surrounding region due to near-field and far-field earthquakes is a matter of concern for the seismic safety of the national capital of India, as well as the historical monuments of the region. Historical seismicity indicates that the Delhi region has been affected by several damaging earthquakes originating from the Himalayan region as far-field events, as well as due to near-field earthquakes with epicenters close to Delhi. The historical records, along with recent archeoseismological studies, suggest that Qutab Minar, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, was damaged by the earthquake of 1803 CE. This event represents the only evidence of seismic damage from the region, as there has been no detailed study of other historical monuments in the area or earthquakes that have caused damage. In this context, the earthquake damage to other monuments might have been overlooked to some extent around the Qutab Minar due to the lack of proper earthquake damage surveys and documentation in historical times. The main goal of this study is to identify evidence of earthquake archeological effects around the Qutab Minar and to shed new light on the occurrence and characteristics of ancient earthquakes while providing data to inform seismic risk assessment programs. With this aim, we describe different earthquake-related damage (EAE, earthquake archeological effects) at the Isa Khan Tomb and Humayun’s Tomb, built between 1548 CE and 1570 CE, respectively, as well as the older Tomb of Iltutmish (built in 1235 CE) along with the Qutab Minar, which was built between 1199 CE and 1220 CE. The damage was probably caused by seismic events with intensities between VIII and IX on the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS). Based on the methodology of paleo ShakeMaps, it is most likely that the 1803 CE earthquake was the causative earthquake for the observed deformation in the Isa Khan Tomb, Tomb of Iltutmish, and Humayun’s Tomb. More detailed regional paleoseismological studies are required to identify the responsible fault. In conclusion, the impressive cultural heritage of Delhi city and the intraplate region is constantly under seismic threats from near-field earthquakes and far-field Himalayan earthquakes.
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Islam, MS, N. Sultana, N. Bushra, LN Banna, TR Tusher, and MA Ansary. "Effects of Earthquake on Urbanization in Dhaka City." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 6, no. 1 (February 10, 2015): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v6i1.22049.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recent earthquakes with low to moderate magnitude very close to Dhaka are certainly indications of its earthquake source and vulnerability. The study was conducted to bring out the present earthquake vulnerability status of 10 wards, out of 91 wards, in Dhaka and to assume the probable loss of lives and property by studying the previous records in the city and getting respondents opinion about it. The ward no. 15 show higher building density with older age of building i.e. more than 30 years of age, and present more unreinforced buildings than other wards which might be the cause of increased vulnerability to earthquake. Among the 10 wards, the ward no. 13 and 17 are more vulnerable to earthquake due to highest soft storey buildings, heavy overhang, presence of short columns and poor physical condition of buildings. The result of the survey found that more than half (64%) of the respondents considered Dhaka city as the highly vulnerable to earthquake because of most of the infrastructures were built without maintaining the building code and also without keeping proper spaces among them. Besides these, 40% respondents stated that the impact would be obvious on life as there would not be enough time to escape people from the high rise buildings to safer places during the earthquake. Almost all the respondents (86%) consider that the southern part of Dhaka city is more vulnerable than other parts of the city due to the increasing urbanization and poorly structured old buildings.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v6i1.22049 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 6(1): 107-112 2013
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Jalal Kamali, H., A. A. Bidokhti, and H. Amiri. "Relation between integral effect of sub-surface temperature variation (<i>I</i>) and seismic effects." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9, no. 6 (November 5, 2009): 1815–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1815-2009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. There will be a change in the Earth's local sub-surface thermal structure before and/or after an earthquake. In this work we have introduced a new parameter (I) which relates integral effect of temperature variation and seismic activity. This parameter in its various forms integrates the temperature variations during one year before and after earthquake. Some recent earthquakes are chosen throughout Iran on Alps-Himalayas fault zone with magnitudes 4.5 and more. Subsurface temperatures up to one meter depth measured in nearby weather stations are used as there is no deeper data available. We found the new defined parameter (I) has a direct relation with earthquakes magnitude (M) and reverse relation with distance (d) between earthquake focus and station in which temperature is measured. Suitable formulas for these relations are suggested regarding the magnitude ranges and time period with respect to the earthquake time. There may be a way to use this new parameter as a quake precursor.
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Hegai, Valery, Zhima Zeren, and Sergey Pulinets. "Seismogenic Field in the Ionosphere before Two Powerful Earthquakes: Possible Magnitude and Observed Ionospheric Effects (Case Study)." Atmosphere 14, no. 5 (April 30, 2023): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14050819.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A retrospective analysis of complex geophysical data around the time of the two most powerful earthquakes that occurred in Alaska and had magnitudes M = 8.2 (29 July 2021) and M = 9.2 (28 March 1964), respectively, is carried out. The aim of the research is to assess the maximum possible magnitude of the electric field of a seismogenic nature that penetrated the ionosphere/plasmasphere, which could cause the ionospheric effects observed experimentally. Theoretical calculations have shown that under the geophysical conditions that existed before these earthquakes (favorable for the penetration of the seismogenic field into the ionosphere), the maximum value of a quasi-static electric seismogenic field in the ionosphere, perpendicular to geomagnetic field lines (tens of hours/units of days before the earthquake) for earthquakes with magnitudes M = 8–9 could reach 1–2 mV/m. Such values are sufficient for the formation of a plasmaspheric ULF-ELF-VLF-duct, which is formed in the vicinity of the geomagnetic field-line passing through the epicenter of the earthquake under the influence of a seismogenic electric field that penetrated into the ionosphere/plasmasphere. This leads to an anomalous amplification of the captured ULF-ELF-VLF waves, ULF (DC-16 Hz), ELF (6 Hz–2.2 kHz), VLF (1.8–20 kHz), not only above the epicenter of the future earthquake, but also at the point magnetically conjugated with the epicenter of the earthquake, testifying to the formation of such a duct, stretched along the geomagnetic field from one hemisphere to another, and formed on closed L-shells shortly before the earthquake. This result is confirmed by the measurements of the mission of the CSES satellite (China-Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite) for the 29 July 2021 earthquake with magnitude M = 8.2.
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Rovida, Andrea N., Paola Albini, Mario Locati, and Andrea Antonucci. "Insights into Preinstrumental Earthquake Data and Catalogs in Europe." Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 5 (May 27, 2020): 2546–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200058.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract In current catalogs, the parameters of preinstrumental earthquakes represent the final synthesis of earthquake records of very different type, quality, and reliability. Parameters may be derived from actual and contemporary observations of earthquake effects interpreted as intensity distributions or may be supplied by later seismological studies and descriptive catalogs, consisting of the reinterpretation of already interpreted accounts. The content of earthquake catalogs results from piling data of different origin, interpreted according to diverse approaches. Consequently, the homogeneity and reliability of earthquake parameters strongly vary from one region or period to another, and it is not as straightforward as assumed by end users. The analysis of the wealth of data in the European Archive of Historical Earthquake Data (AHEAD) evidences many differences in their typology and update of the studies supporting European preinstrumental earthquake catalogs, for both moderate and large earthquakes, over a period of 1000 yr.
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Gao, Lei, Xiaoxue Liu, Yiming Zhao, Longjie Chen, Yihua Que, and Zining Wang. "The effect of provincial policies on seismic disaster mitigation in China: An empirical study." PLOS ONE 19, no. 7 (July 9, 2024): e0306867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306867.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the development of earthquake disaster reduction efforts in China, the content of earthquake disaster reduction policies has become increasingly enriched and improved. Particularly, multiple provincial governments have proposed earthquake disaster reduction planning policies. It is important to explore whether these policies can affect disaster mitigation. Therefore, this paper summarizes the earthquake disaster reduction plans and factors influencing seismic resilience. Panel data from 24 provinces between 2012 and 2021 were collected, and a difference-in-differences approach was used to construct an econometric model to evaluate the policy effects and analyze the enhancement of seismic resilience. The results show that the implementation of earthquake disaster reduction policies has a positive impact on earthquake monitoring, evacuation, and emergency relief capabilities, and the estimated policy effects are statistically significant. Moreover, a series of tests were conducted. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Earthquake disaster reduction policies have a positive impact on the improvement of seismic resilience in provinces. (2) Provinces with a higher number of earthquakes experience more significant effects from earthquake disaster reduction policies. (3) Provinces with higher seismic peak ground acceleration values exhibit more pronounced improvements in seismic resilience.
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Lekkas, E., S. Mavroulis, and V. Alexoudi. "FIELD OBSERVATIONS OF THE 2015 (NOVEMBER 17, MW 6.4) LEFKAS (IONIAN SEA, WESTERN GREECE) EARTHQUAKE IMPACT ON NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND BUILDING STOCK OF LEFKAS ISLAND." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 50, no. 1 (July 27, 2017): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11751.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
On Tuesday, November 17, 2015 at 07:10:07 (UTC) a strong earthquake struck Lefkas Island (Ionian Sea, Western Greece) with magnitude Mw 6.4, depth of about 7 km and epicenter located 20 km southwest of Lefkas town. The seismic activity in the region was essentially expected after the 2003 Lefkas earthquake and the 2014 Cephalonia earthquakes. Between these earthquake affected areas, the tectonic stresses were not released after the 1948 Lefkas earthquakes. Instead, they were intensifying and accumulating until the generation of the 2015 event. It was felt in Lefkas and the surrounding region and caused the death of 2 people, the injury of 8 others, earthquake environmental effects (EEE) and damage to buildings and infrastructure. Secondary EEE were observed in western Lefkas and included ground cracks, slope movements and liquefaction. Primary effects were not detected in the field. Buildings damage were mainly observed in villages of Dragano-Athani graben in southwestern Lefkas. Among structures constructed with no seismic provisions, the stone masonry buildings and monumental structures suffered most damage, while the traditional buildings with dual structural system performed relatively well. Reinforced-concrete buildings were affected not so much by the earthquake itself but by the generation of secondary effects.
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Pérez-López, R., J. L. Giner-Robles, M. A. Rodríguez-Pascua, P. G. Silva, E. Roquero, T. Bardají, J. Elez, and P. Huerta. "Lichenometric dating of coseismic rockfall related to the Great Lisbon Earthquake in 1755 affecting the archaeological site of "Tolmo de Minateda" (Spain)." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementary Issues 62, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 271–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg_suppl/2019/0504.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dating earthquake geological effects associated with historical earthquakes gives us relevant information for estimating the seismic acceleration value experienced in the ground. Historical manuscripts describing earthquakes and its effects help to assign a seismic intensity about the ground motion. In this context, lichenometry represents a good semi-quantitative method for dating exposed rock surfaces related to earthquake phenomena. In this work, we have carried out a lichenometry analysis for dating a large rockfall located 700 km from the epicentre of the Great Lisbon Earthquake, which occurred in 1755 CE and which was probably triggered by the surface shaking, according to the historical transcripts. A rock mobilization of about 2300 m 3 was caused by the earthquake, the largest historical earthquake affecting Western Europe (estimated magnitude of M 8.5, and close to 100,000 fatalities). The macroseismic intensity of the geological and environmental effects ESI07 estimated ranges between VI and VII, in contrast to the attributed European Macroseismic scale EMS98 of V from other studies. The EMS98 estimation was derived from a contemporaneous document of 1756 CE, describing the earthquake effects in buildings and environmental effects throughout the entire Kingdom of Spain. Aspicilia radiosa was used as the lichen species for dating purposes, and the annual growth-curve was estimated as 0.25 mm/yr as a linear growth rate. The resulting age for 19 analyzed blocks was 1733 CE, for the oldest lichen measured on the block side related to the broken-face. The error was estimated in 33 years based upon the comparison between the observed thalli and the calculated values from the linear fitting. The delayed time for lichen colonization was not estimated. Other error sources as lichen mortality, coalescence of thallus could ex- plain the deviation between the resulting lichen age and the earthquake occurrence.
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Liperovskaya, E. V., C. V. Meister, O. A. Pokhotelov, M. Parrot, V. V. Bogdanov, and N. E. Vasil'eva. "On Es-spread effects in the ionosphere connected to earthquakes." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 6, no. 5 (August 22, 2006): 741–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-6-741-2006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. In the present work, phenomena in the ionosphere are studied, which are connected with earthquakes (16 events) having a depth of less than 50 km and a magnitude M larger than 4. Analysed are night-time Es-spread effects using data of the vertical sounding station Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (φ=53.0°, λ=158.7°) from May 2004 until August 2004 registered every 15 min. It is found that the maximum distance of the earthquake from the sounding station, where pre-seismic phenomena are yet observable, depends on the magnitude of the earthquake. Further it is shown that 1–2 days before the earthquakes, in the pre-midnight hours, the appearance of Es-spread increases. With a probability of more than 0.95, this increase of Es-spread observations before midnight is not casual.
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MAVİ, Duran, and Gamze TUTİ. "The Reflections of Earthquakes on Education: Insights From School Managers." Sakarya University Journal of Education 13, no. 4 (Disaster) (December 24, 2023): 701–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.19126/suje.1380907.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Earthquakes are natural disasters that can affect the performance of schools, educators, and student success. In light of the recent earthquakes that occurred in Türkiye on February 6, 2023, efforts by both authorities and researchers are underway to assess the effects of the earthquake on the education, staff, and students. In this regard, the perspectives of school managers who remained in their positions following the earthquakes and diligently fulfilled crucial responsibilities hold significant value. A limited number of studies have narrowly examined past educational crises caused by earthquakes. However, the effects of these earthquakes, labeled by government officials as the disaster of the millennium, on education services in the zone have not been fully clarified. Consequently, the current study concentrates on the educational conditions, practices, and expectations within the earthquake-devastated zone. The study was conducted in Elbistan district of Kahramanmaraş, known to be one of the two epicenters of the earthquake. The methodology of phenomenological design was employed during the investigations. The views of 10 school managers (four principals and six vice principals) were obtained for the purpose of the study. The results unveiled insufficiencies in the educational environment within the earthquake zone, with limited and challenging educational practices prevalent. However, respondents highly appreciated the efforts made. Findings uncovered that the educational services in the earthquake zone were incapacitated due to physical problems and managerial inefficiencies. Participants had significant expectations regarding enhancing physical conditions, receiving psychological support services, and improving staff procedures (such as payments, transfers, and professional development). Based on the results, some recommendations were made for the researchers and authorities.
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Toppozada, Tousson R., and Glenn Borchardt. "Re-evaluation of the 1836 “Hayward fault” and the 1838 San Andreas fault earthquakes." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 88, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 140–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0880010140.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Current seismic hazard models include two major earthquakes (M ∼ 7) in the San Francisco Bay area that are close in space and time: an 1836 event on the northern Hayward fault and an 1838 event on the peninsula section of the San Andreas fault. Analysis and interpretation of the available historical accounts indicate that the 1836 event occurred east of Monterey Bay, far from the Hayward fault, and was of M ∼ 6¼. Also, the 1838 event was not confined to the 60-km peninsula San Andreas as current models indicate. Instead, faulting probably extended from San Francisco to San Juan Bautista (∼ 140 km), indicating a significantly larger earthquake (M ∼ 7½) than previously thought. Damaging effects of the 1836 earthquake were reported only from Santa Clara to Carmel, and no contemporary effects were reported to the north of Santa Clara or near the Hayward fault. The illusion of an “1836 Hayward earthquake” evolved from a newspaper reminiscence published following the 1868 Hayward earthquake, stating that the 1868 effects in the East Bay were similar to those of an 1836 event. The article describes various strong effects in the East Bay that differ completely from the effects recorded for the 1836 earthquake but are very similar to those documented for the major 1838 San Andreas earthquake that caused extensive damage on both sides of San Francisco Bay. Based on this and other evidence, we conclude that the reminiscence describes the destructive June 1838 effects, but it erroneously indicates the date as June 1836. There is no evidence for any major historical earthquakes in the San Francisco Bay area before the 1838 earthquake, back to the founding of Mission San Francisco Dolores in 1776. During the 1838 San Andreas fault earthquake, the shaking intensity in Monterey was as strong as or stronger than during the great 1906 San Andreas fault earthquake. This suggests that the 1838 San Andreas fault rupture may have extended to San Juan Bautista as it did in 1906. Numerous probable aftershocks were felt in the area south of San Juan Bautista. These damaged Carmel and Santa Cruz in 1840, and Alisal, 16 km west of the San Andreas fault, in 1841. The northern end of the 1838 faulting was previously assumed to be 25 km south of San Francisco. However, Mission San Francisco Dolores was damaged in 1838 but not in 1906, suggesting that the 1838 faulting extended to San Francisco. Also, the 1838 aftershocks were felt in Oakland as frequently and violently as those following the major 1868 Hayward earthquake, suggesting that the 1838 faulting on the San Andreas extended to the latitude of Oakland. The 1838 fault segment ruptured again 68 years later as part of the overlapping 1906 San Andreas fault rupture. This, and similar evidence from southern California, indicates that M ∼ 7½ San Andreas fault earthquakes can recur at intervals of 68 years or less when they are followed by M ∼ 8 earthquakes on overlapping segments of the fault.
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Ortega, Roberto, Dana Carciumaru, Alfredo Aguirre, Israel Santillan, and Saúl Martínez. "Insights of the September 2007 Cerralvo Earthquake–Hurricane Henriette Crisis in La Paz, Mexico: Aftershocks Detection with Artificial Neural Networks." Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 1 (December 9, 2020): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200254.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Disastrous earthquakes and hurricanes, in general, are not contemporaneous. Here, we report the 2007 Cerralvo earthquake that had stricken the Gulf of California (GoC) when Hurricane Henriette landed during the aftershock activity. The greatest aftershock struck almost at the same time with Hurricane Henriette inducing panic among the inhabitants of La Paz, Baja California, peninsula. After the earthquake’s main event, the disaster preparedness professionals’ effort focused more on hurricane protocols than on the effects that the earthquake’s aftershocks could have been produced. This decision was probably related to the fact that the southern region of the GoC did not experience an earthquake greater than Mw 6.0 since 1995. The Cerralvo earthquake was unusual for its high number of aftershocks. After a visual inspection of the 24 hr heliplots, we noticed that many aftershocks were missing when we used the short-term average/long-term average method. For this reason, we developed an artificial neural network to recognize earthquakes more efficiently. We could not count a precise number of aftershocks during the crisis, but we detected ∼800 earthquakes using standard techniques from September to December. Eventually, a total of 1475 aftershocks were detected with the artificial neural network, contrasting with the low number of aftershocks usually reported in the middle GoC, which on average is about a dozen. Accurate information about the development of the seismic and hurricane phenomena is the most critical issue for authorities and people in general during this unusual experience. We learned that a robust algorithm to detect a huge number of aftershocks and better communication between researchers and authorities is a successful key in these situations.
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ZHANG, CHUHAN. "THE PERFORMANCE OF DAMS DURING THE WENCHUAN 5-12 EARTHQUAKE AND LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE EVENT." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 05, no. 04 (November 2011): 309–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179343111100111x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The performance of dams and hydropower structures during the Wenchuan 5-12 Earthquake is reviewed. Experiences and lessons learned from the seismic catastrophe of the earthquake are summarized and comments and discussions are forwarded, on the following subjects: (1) current seismic design specifications for hydraulic structures; (2) reservoir triggered earthquakes; (3) effects of secondary earthquake disasters, especially landslides and barrier lakes; and (4) mitigation measures and facilities especially for rescue activities.
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Hiscock, Adam, Emily Kleber, Adam McKean, Ben Erickson, Greg McDonald, Richard Giraud, Jessica Castleton, and Steve Bowman. "The March 2020, Mw 5.7 Magna, Utah, earthquake—documentation of geologic effects and summary of new research." Geology of the Intermountain West 10 (March 24, 2023): 113–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31711/giw.v10.pp113-129.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The March 18, 2020, Mw 5.7 Magna earthquake was the largest earthquake in Utah since the 1992 ML 5.8 St. George earthquake. The Magna earthquake occurred in the northwest corner of the Salt Lake Valley, home to 1.2 million people. Immediately following the earthquake, the Utah Geological Survey organized teams to collect perishable field data on the geologic effects of ground shaking near the epicenter, as well as establish a web-based digital clearinghouse to collect, distribute, and archive data related to the earthquake. This earthquake also coincided with the beginning of the COVID-19 global pandemic, which added extra challenges to our earthquake response. Teams used a small, unmanned aircraft system to obtain aerial photos and videos of geologic effects to supplement ground-based reconnaissance. The observed geologic effects of ground motions from the Magna earthquake include liquefaction in the form of sand boils, tension cracks, lateral spreading, and localized subsidence. No primary surface fault rupture was observed. The areas with the highest observed concentration of liquefaction features were close to the shore of Great Salt Lake and near the epicenter, northeast of the town of Magna. Photos and other documentation of the geologic effects associated with this earthquake are critical in helping to understand the hazards associated with moderate magnitude earthquakes in the Wasatch Front region. The earthquake sequence and associated geologic effects were well documented, due to the proximity to a major metropolitan area and the mainshock and aftershocks occurring within the densest part of the Utah Regional Seismic Network. In the two years since the earthquake, numerous studies have been published documenting and interpreting data to characterize the Magna event and discuss how new data add to what is known about seismic hazards along the Wasatch Front.
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Abid, Muhammad, Haytham F. Isleem, Khan Shahzada, Afed Ullah Khan, Muhammad Kamal Shah, Salman Saeed, and Fahid Aslam. "Seismic Hazard Assessment of Shigo Kas Hydro-Power Project (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)." Buildings 11, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11080349.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper, a seismic hazard assessment (SHA) of the Shigo Kas hydropower project has been performed by deterministic and probabilistic approaches. The previously developed MATLAB-based code has been used for deterministic SHA, incorporating local site effects through deep soil analysis. On the other hand, for probabilistic SHA, CRISIS 2007 has been used through diffuse areal source zones. The latest updated earthquake instrumental and historical catalogs have been developed. Based on the recommendations of the International Commission on Large Dams, peak ground acceleration (PGA) values for the maximum credible earthquake (MCE), safety evaluation earthquake (SEE), design basis earthquake (DBE) and operating basis earthquake (OBE) have been assessed, which are 0.50 g, 0.68 g, 0.35 g and 0.24 g, respectively, at the intake location, and 0.50 g, 0.61 g, 0.30 g and 0.22 g, respectively, at the powerhouse location. Hazard maps have been developed for scenario-based earthquakes (MCE) and for the peak ground acceleration of 145-, 475- and 2500-year return periods. The de-aggregation process has evaluated the combined effects of magnitude and distance. At a distance of 30 to 70 km from the earthquake source, earthquakes of magnitude 5 Mw to 5.6 Mw and 5.9 Mw to 6.5 Mw are more hazardous for the current project.
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Goswami, Nandona. "COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF SHEAR WALL AND BRACING ON MULTISTORIED BUILDING." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v07i02.020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
High rise structures are susceptible to failure and collapse in case of earthquakes. Now a days, shear wall and steel bracings are most popular systems to resist lateral loads due to earthquakes. Both the systems have significant roles in reducing the damage caused due to lateral loads in case of an earthquake. In this study, an attempt has been made to study the performance of a G+9 story building with shear wall and bracing in seismic zone V and comparison has been made between the two systems to find the most suitable earthquake resistant structure. Response Spectrum Analysis has been performed in the software ETABS. The performance is evaluated on the basis of story displacement and story drift.
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Aydan, Ömer, Nasir Zia Nasiry, Yoshimi Ohta, and Reşat Ulusay. "Effects of Earthquake Faulting on Civil Engineering Structures." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 12, no. 04 (October 2018): 1841007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431118410075.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ground motion characteristics, deformation and surface breaks of earthquakes depend upon the causative faults. Their effects on the seismic design of engineering structures are almost not considered in the present codes of design although there are attempts to include in some countries (i.e. USA, Japan, Taiwan, and Turkey). In this study, the authors first describe ground motions, crustal deformation and surface break observations caused by earthquakes having different faulting mechanism. Then some laboratory experiments were carried out to simulate the motions during normal and thrust faulting and their effects on model structures. And then, the effects of surface ruptures and deformations due to earthquake faulting on the response and stability engineering structures through observations in recent great earthquakes are presented. Finally, some recommendations for the design of structures with the consideration of permanent ground deformation in addition to ground shaking, which may be used in the development of seismic codes incorporating the effect of permanent deformation on structures, are proposed.