Дисертації з теми "Earthen Settlement"

Research Field The research starts from the need to reflect on the growth of the contemporary city and the land consumption in China, investigating the question in the light of the sustainable development and of the preservation of cultural heritage. In a rapidly developing context as the Chinese one, the relentless rules of industrialization and urbanization have broken the existing balance in the countryside and transformed the entire social structure. The metropolis swallows places and several villages are dismantled without reserves. In addition to this ‘topofagia’ there is the progressive threat of abandonment of a large-scale of rural territory. The landscape, result of the dialogue and the connection between mankind-nature-culture, loses its link with the territory and traditions, becoming a (non) place that support business and economic functions in which the tourism industry fits as an additional factor that sees reducing the identity of rural sites in a mere stereotype of tourist attraction. Research Object The research looks to the agricultural and productive landscape in the north-central China with particular attention to the area of the Loess Plateau, involved in an important process of sustainable development and soil conservation that takes into account the protection of local traditions (cultural, architectural , agricultural, etc.). In particular, the study addresses the issue of preservation of the earthen vernacular heritage represented by Yáodòng, today completely abandoned and at risk. Subject of studies and research, this heritage is becoming a point of reference to look to for the preparation of land development plans driven by the principles of sustainability, inclusion, innovation and social responsibility and which attempting to reconcile the local traditions with the new modern standards in low-cost housing. Research Methodology The research uses a methodology of reading of the landscape, which is divided substantially according to two approaches: a 'sensitive' approach and a 'descriptive' one. Initially a landscape awakens in us emotions and feelings. Our first approach is therefore aesthetic, emotional and sensory. In this meaning, literature and iconography are an interesting method of investigation of the landscape that provides a reading not detached from the experience of the writer/photographer/painter / etc. ('sensitive' approach). Subsequently, the analysis of the landscape for individual layers allows us to highlight the structural elements and trace individual items, which summarize its identity and influence our vision ('descriptive' approach). Research Tools Through involvement in the cultural debate and active participation in the projects of protection of local heritage conducted by the University (Xi’an Jiaotong University. Department of Architecture / Institute of heritage sites & historical architecture conservation), by local research centers (Silk Road Economic Belt Cultural Tourism Union / Xi’an Tourism Design and Research Institute) and international ones (ICOMOS), it was possible to investigate the strategies and guidelines of ongoing development. Bibliographic and archivistic researches, as well as the study of law (local and international) for the protection of cultural heritage, have been useful to track the state of the art and highlight any discrepancies between the legislative guidelines (theory) and modus operandi (practice). Research Outline The research is made up of four chapters. The first chapter traces the main historical stages of post-revolutionary China, with particular attention to land reforms that have affected the country (from agricultural collectivization of the early years of the People's Republic until the decollectivisation following the plenary session of the eighth Central Committee and the reforms dictated by Deng Xiaoping in the late 70s). The second chapter focuses on the study of the conservative practice of cultural and environmental heritage in China, looking to the local instruments of safeguard in the broader context of the international legislation. The third chapter give us a 'sensitive' reading of cultural landscapes, offering a 'vision' of rural China through the lens of literary and iconographic sources. The fourth chapter deals with the vernacular heritage of earthen architecture, investigated and presented through case studies in the territory, offering the occasion to reflect on issues relating to the protection and conservation of the agricultural and productive Chinese landscape. Research Results The commitment of this country to pursue a sustainable development that will necessarily have to pass the sifter of the policies of heritage protection, is an important test bed from which you can identify successful policies and perhaps growth patterns compatible with the protection of the heritage, with advantages, therefore, for both the heritage and for the community. Research Conclusion The aim of the research was to understand and highlight the special features of the agricultural and productive Chinese landscape analyzing the landscape values of the place fixing a starting point for any kind of transformation of the places.

Após muitas décadas de mau uso das técnicas construtivas de terra, associando-as à miséria e habitações subumanas, há tentativas de resgatá-las e reintroduzi-las como opção construtiva digna. A terra, utilizada como material construtivo, possui muitas potencialidades, especialmente quando se trata do meio rural, onde se apresenta em quantidade e variedade abundante, possibilitando maior flexibilidade na técnica a ser utilizada. Além disso, as áreas rurais brasileiras, inclusive os assentamentos rurais de reforma agrária, têm um déficit de moradias proporcionalmente equivalente ao das áreas urbanas, porém não recebem uma atenção equivalente na forma de políticas públicas e investimentos. Os programas habitacionais federais, em sua maioria, são desenhados para a população e dinâmica das áreas urbanas e não contemplam particularidades do campo e do trabalhador rural. No Assentamento Rural Sepé Tiaraju, localizado no município de Serra Azul-SP, 77 famílias acessaram recursos provenientes de um programa habitacional federal e do INCRA para construção de suas casas. Dessas 77, um grupo de 10 famílias auto-intitulado de Grupo Alternativo, optou por construir suas casas utilizando materiais ditos mais sustentáveis, não industrializados e, de preferência, não comercializáveis, escolhendo a terra como material construtivo de vedação. No entanto, após cinco anos de projeto, apenas três famílias permaneceram com a terra como opção construtiva. Diante desse contexto, o objetivo dessa pesquisa é identificar e avaliar as variáveis que tiveram maior influência na adoção da terra como material construtivo para habitação social rural no caso do Grupo Alternativo do Assentamento Rural Sepé Tiaraju. Como método de coleta de dados da pesquisa foi utilizado o levantamento documental e áudio-visual, com consulta à literatura técnica e científica sobre o tema, os registros de pesquisa do grupo Habis e consulta a profissionais e pesquisadores da área de construção em terra. Como métodos de análise de dados da pesquisa foram utilizados a Linha do Tempo e a Matriz de Correlação de Influência (MCI). Como resultado, pode-se identificar que as variáveis que tiveram maior influência na adoção da terra como material construtivo para habitação social rural no presente caso, foram as relacionadas ao \"material construtivo\", \"assessor técnico\" e \"produção\". Já as variáveis relacionadas a Famílias, tiveram muita influência, mas não foram determinantes. As relações de influência que tiveram maior destaque foram as relações dentro do grupo de variáveis relacionadas a elementos técnicos e entre essas e as variáveis relacionadas ao assessor técnico. Os resultados dessa pesquisa permitem indicar que a terra é uma opção viável para construção de habitação rural com recursos de programas habitacionais federais, desde que exista um programa habitacional direcionado para as especificidades do meio rural e uso de materiais não convencionais.
After many decades of misuse of earth-based building techniques, which are associated with poverty and subhuman housing, some people still try to rescue and reintroduce them as a worthy alternative. The earth used as a building material has many potential, mainly when applied to rural areas, where this kind of material is encountered in abundant quantity and variety, being possible to apply more techniques. In addition, the Brazilian rural areas, including rural settlements of agrarian reform have a housing deficit that is proportionally equivalent to the urban areas. However, these rural areas do not receive equivalent attention in terms of public policies and investments. Many federal housing programs are designed for the population and dynamic urban areas, thus, sometimes they do not consider the conditions of rural areas and worker particularities. In Sepé Tiaraju Rural Settlement located in the municipality of Serra Azul, state of São Paulo, 77 families used funds obtained from a federal housing program and from INCRA to build their homes. From these 77 families, a group of 10 families chose to build their homes using more sustainable materials, non-industrialized and non-commercialized, choosing the earth as a building material for walls. This group was called Alternative Group. However, after five years only three families remain using the earth-based building technique. Following this context, the objective of this research is the identification and evaluation of variables that most influenced the adoption of earth-based building technique applied to social housing in rural areas. In order to validate the methodology proposed, this work uses the case of the Alternative Group (Sepé Tiaraju Rural Settlement). In this way, as the method to obtain research data was the use of documents and audio-visual resources, the researches of Habis Group, moreover, consultation to professionals and researchers of this area. After obtained all these data, a timeline and a correlation matrix were employed in order to evaluate the data in a qualitative way. It is important to highlight that the correlation matrix was used to verify the influence between the variables that compose the data previously obtained. Hence, one can identify that the variables related to technical advisor, production and building material were most responsible to use the earth-based building technique in this case study. On the other hand, the variables related to family had some influence, but were not decisive, and the variables related to technical elements and their relationships with the variables related to technical advisor have been highlighted. The final results of this research allow us to indicate that earth is a viable choice for building rural housing using funds from federal housing programs. However, it is important that these programs target the specificities of rural areas and unconventional materials.

Koyulhisar settlement area is located on the northern flank of Kelkit valley which is seismically active and landslide-prone area. The settlement area was adversely affected from active landslides and some of the houses were evacuated. The purpose of this thesis is to delineate areas where slope instability exists within the Koyulhisar settlement area, and to investigate an active landslide by means of field observations, drilling, sampling, field and laboratory testing, and in-situ monitoring using inclinometer. Based on the field studies, it is observed that flyschoidal sequence as bedrock and colluvium consisting clay and silt with some gravel are the main lithological units exposed in the study area. Two landslide affected areas are identified, the one investigated due to its adverse effect to some important governmental buildings, has a non-circular failure surface due to the existence of the flyschoidal sequence below the colluvium. The inclinometer measurements reveal that the displacements are local and their velocities are generally less than 14 mm/year indicating that the landslide is an extremely slow landslide. In addition, high groundwater table is observed as one of the major parameters in occurrence of landslide.

In the design of tank foundations several design techniques are considered. This study focuses on grade supported tanks constructed under an extensive preload and instrumentation program. Settlement estimation methods were performed and compared to field instrumentation data taken at the project sites. Three project sites were selected for this study. The geotechnical investigations were performed by Eustis Engineering Services, L.L.C. and included both undisturbed soil borings and cone penetrometer tests. Conclusions were made about the accuracy of the calculations and how assumptions affect the settlement computation results.

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-73).
Underground construction of the Rio Piedras section of the Tren Urbano project involved the construction of twin tunnels (6.3m diameter) with Earth Pressure Balance machines in weathered alluvial soil. The depth of the cover over the tunnel crown varies from 13m to 10m. The twin tunnels, which connect the Rio Piedras Station and University of Puerto Rico Station, each have a length of 433 meters. Precast concrete linings offered the final structural support. Ground deformations were monitored throughout the construction of both twin tunnels. Volume loss is defined as the volume of ground loss as a proportion of the final tunnel volume and is measured in the plane perpendicular to the tunnel heading. Volume losses corresponding to the process of tunnel construction are identified in this thesis. Settlement troughs both over single and twin tunnels (when symmetric) are often described by a Gaussian curve. However, previous studies have suggested that the settlement trough due to twin tunnels is not symmetric with respect to the midpoint between the two tunnels.
(cont.) The current research shows that the superposition methods proposed by Suwansawat and Einstein (2007) are able to describe the observed settlement trough of the two bored tunnels with volume losses ranging from 0.9 to 1.8% for each bore. These results are up to a factor of 2 larger than volume losses predicted by empirical methods based on overload factors (Macklin, 1999).
by Alejandro J. Abrams.
M.Eng.

Prediction of ground settlements have always been a big challenge for the engineers that are responsible for the design of subway tunnel projects. Since ground settlement is a crucial concept directly affecting the successfulness of a project, it must be taken seriously and should be accurately estimated. Consolidation settlements in the close proximity of Ulus-Keç
iö
ren Subway project due to groundwater drainage is the focus of this study. In this sense, the necessary data about the project characteristics and the site conditions were collected thru project descriptions and the geotechnical investigations conducted at the project site. Utilizing the generated database analytical calculations were carried out to predict the settlements. Upon completion of this stage of analysis several of the locations were numerically modeled for further investigation. Numerical analysis was conducted at four sections by using Plaxis, to determine the amount of expected displacements and the resulting groundwater situation. Despite of the differences between these two methods the resulting settlement estimations displayed consistency.

Thesis (Sc.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2002.
Vita.
Includes bibliographical references.
Although Earth Pressure Balance (EPB) shields have been used for several decades, very little information exists about the actual mechanisms of shield-ground interaction. The ground response mechanism induced by EPB tunneling is difficult to understand, because this requires not only reliable ground deformation measurements in the field but also operational records of the shield. Numerous empirical and analytical relations between characteristics of traditional shields and surface and subsurface deformations exist; also 2-D and 3-D numerical analyses have been applied to such tunneling problems. However, very few approaches have been developed for EPB tunneling. This research makes use of the fact that in the Bangkok MRTA project, data on ground deformation and shield operation were collected. The tunnel sizes are practically identical and the subsurface conditions over long distances are comparable, which allow one to establish relationships between ground characteristics and EPB-operation on the one hand, and surface and subsurface deformations on the other hand. A computerized database, which records much of the information on a ring-by-ring (1.2 meter interval) basis, was developed for this purpose. After using the information to identify which ground- and EPB-characteristic have the greatest influence on ground movements, an approach based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) was used to develop predictive relations. Since the method has the ability to map input to output patterns, ANN enable one to map all influencing parameters to surface settlements.
(cont.) Combining the extensive computerized database and the knowledge of what influences the surface settlements, ANN can become a useful predictive method. This research attempts to evaluate the potential as well as the limitations of ANN for predicting surface settlements caused by EPB shield tunneling and to develop optimal neural network models for this purpose. Specifically, this involves settlement predictions over the tunnel axes of single and twin tunnels; together with other interpretations, it is also possible to predict settlement troughs. Other shield effects such as lateral deformation and liner deformation of the first tunnel caused by the second tunnel are also evaluated.
by Suchatvee Suwansawat.
Sc.D.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, 2008.
Title from document title page (viewed on October 29, 2008). Document formatted into pages; contains: vii, 124 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 98-123).

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura, com a especialização em Arquitetura apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre.
Num mundo onde a globalização é a palavra de ordem e o capital económico a sua ferramenta, outros aspetos da vida são menosprezados, tendoconsequências por vezes irreversíveis. O neocolonialismo sentido nas capitais africanas é um dos exemplos desta realidade, onde projetos de grande escala e esmagadora presença são importados de outros países, e assentamneste território, com géneses descontextualizadas e premissas ilusórias,desprezando a vida destas cidades. Com um crescimento demográfico descontrolado, Luanda, cidade escolhida para o presente estudo, terá que articular de uma maneira sábia estes dois mundos: Luanda que quer crescer à altura das grandes potências mundiaise Luanda cidade com cerca de 80%da sua “fisionomia”urbana compostaporconstrução informal onde se vive em condições precárias. Assim, este trabalho procura mostrar quea arquiteturae o seu executante técnico, o arquiteto, têm um papel muito importante a desempenhar no pensamento e planeamento urbanoeque érecompensado,de várias formas,o trabalho à escala humana,abordando as várias dimensõesda vida das cidades: económica, ecológica, cultural, social, sustentável, étnica e moral. Propõe o pensamento consciente ede resolução prática e lógicados vários problemas urbanos, considera uma inversão de prioridades nos planos e projetos de arquitetura, inova na utilização de materiais não-convencionaisna construção, observa atentamenteos espaços e a sua utilização e cria com base nas premissas intrínsecas à prática de arquitetar.
ABSTRACT: In a world where globalization is the watchword and thetool of economical capital, other life aspects are slighted, sometimes with irreversible consequences. The neocolonialismthat isfeltin thecapital citiesof Africa,is one of the examplesof this reality,where huge projects with overwhelming presence are imported from other countriesand based onthis territory, with decontextualized genesis and illusionary assumptions, scorning the way of life in this cities. With a demographic growth, Luanda, the city chosen for the present studywill have to joinwiselythese two worlds: Luanda that wants to grow to a level of the major world powers,and Luanda with about 80% of its urban “physiognomy” composed by informal construction where people lives in really bad conditions. Therefore, this present work seeks to show that architecture and its technical performer, the architect, have a very important role to play in the way thaturban space are thinking and planning. This project alsowants to show thatthe work on a human scale is rewardedin different levels, approaching the different dimensions of city’s life: economic, culture, social, sustainable, ethnic and moral. This project is proposing theconscious thought,practical and logical resolution of the multiple urban issues andconsiders an inversion of priorities in the plans and architectural designs;is innovative by usesunconventionalmaterials in the construction; watch closely thespaces and their use and promotes creation that isbased on the intrinsic assumptions to the practice of architecture.
N/A

This thesis is about the movement of Scottish Gaels from the Highlands of Scotland to Prince Edward Island during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It demonstrates that for many Scottish Gaels emigration represented a well-informed and considered response to the imposition of unacceptable forms of social control in the Gàidhealtachd. Studies of this subject have usually ignored or discounted the Gaelic perspective and therefore have underestimated the impact of the long and bitter social, political and cultural conflict which was occurring between the Gàidhealtachd and the non-Gaelic centres of power in Britain. This thesis demonstrates that the Gaelic reaction to the economic restructuring of the Highlands during this period was not simply a negative, conservative agrarian protest against "progress"; it was, more importantly, an energetic response to a definition of progress which entailed the extermination of Gaelic culture. This thesis reveals that Gaels actively chose to emigrate rather than face economic and cultural marginalization and that for the first six decades of that movement to Prince Edward Island (c. 1770-c.1830) many landlords, supported by the state, made vigorous efforts to force them to remain in Britain. It also shows that these early emigrants were generally neither destitute nor helpless and that their initial choice of settlement sites was based on a considerable knowledge of the New World and an eagerness to leave Scotland. After initial settlement, emigration and settlement history reveals, to an extraordinary degree, a familial and community based form of chain migration. That history also reflects the continued fragmentation and decline of Gaelic society and illustrates the need for precision regarding time and place when examining migration and cultural transfer.

Como foram organizadas as ações políticas e territoriais na trajetória do processo de formação e ocupação do assentamento Padre Josimo I e II no estado do Tocantins no período de 2003 a 2016? Este é o ponto de partida deste trabalho. A partir daí é preciso entender o que é reforma agrária e porque é preciso que esta política se efetive. Qual o papel do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais sem Terra e que influência este movimento tem neste processo. A reforma agrária surge como uma política para ‘resolver’ a questão da posse da terra, fazendo a divisão das terras particulares e públicas improdutivas. Sendo um processo lento que contraria os interesses das elites, a reforma agrária ainda é utopia para muitas famílias que não possuem a terra. Em 1984 formaliza-se o movimento dos trabalhadores rurais sem terra com o objetivo de lutar pela terra e pela reforma agrária. O movimento pouco a pouco ganhou força em todo território nacional. É um movimento aberto a todos que lutam pela reforma agrária. Possui uma organização coletiva através das frentes de luta. Teve forte influência da CPT e conta com aliados como partidos políticos, sindicatos, instituições religiosas e outros movimentos. No Tocantins este movimento atuou com mais intensidade na região norte, região conhecida como Bico do Papagaio, onde havia muitos conflitos com a questão da terra. Padre Josimo foi um defensor da luta pela terra e lutou junto às famílias do Bico do Papagaio que buscavam dignidade através da posse da terra para morar e produzir o alimento. Foi morto por pistoleiros contratados por grileiros da região. Sua luta e coragem serviram de exemplo a muitos outros que ainda lutam por esta conquista. O movimento de luta existe em todo o estado do Tocantins e, motivados pelo MST muitas famílias se juntam neste processo. Primeiro identificam as fazendas improdutivas da região, as famílias sem terra que acreditam no movimento e na luta e começam a trilhar um caminho longo. Instalam-se no acampamento, com as condições de vida precárias, mas muita vontade e ânimo. O MST faz toda parte de animação e incentivo através de reuniões, palestras, vivências, formação política. Pressionam o INCRA para a desapropriação da fazenda e a divisão de lotes para o assentamento das famílias. O período de luta no acampamento é intensificado pelo desejo de possuir a terra. Assim foi com as famílias que fazem parte hoje do assentamento Padre Josimo I e II em Cristalândia – TO que recebeu o nome do Padre que é símbolo da luta pela terra. Assim, este trabalho busca entender, através da realização de entrevistas a 40 famílias, a atuação do MST na organização do acampamento e no assentamento Padre Josimo I e II.
How were political and territorial actions organized in the trajectory of the formation and occupation process of the Padre Josimo I and II settlement in the state of Tocantins in the period from 2003 to 2016? This is the starting point of this work. From there we must understand what agrarian reform is and why this policy must take effect. What is the role of the Movement of Landless Rural Workers and what influence does this movement have in this process. Agrarian reform emerges as a policy to 'solve' the question of land ownership, making the division of private and public lands unproductive. Being a slow process that runs counter to elite interests, agrarian reform is still a utopia for many families who do not own the land. In 1984, the landless rural workers' movement was formalized in order to fight for land and for agrarian reform. The movement gradually gained force throughout the national territory. It is a movement open to all who struggle for agrarian reform. It has a collective organization through the fronts of struggle. It had strong influence of the CPT and counts on allies like political parties, unions, religious institutions and other movements. In Tocantins, this movement acted more intensely in the northern region known as Bico do Papagaio, where there were many conflicts with the land issue. Father Josimo was a defender of the struggle for the land and fought with the families of the Papagaio Beak who sought dignity through the possession of the land to live and produce food. He was killed by gunmen hired by grileiros in the area. His struggle and courage have served as an example to many others who are still struggling for this achievement. The fighting movement exists throughout the state of Tocantins and, motivated by the MST, many families come together in this process. First they identify the unproductive farms in the region, the landless families who believe in movement and struggle and begin to tread a long path. They settle in the camp, with the poor conditions of life, but much will and spirit. The MST does all part of animation and encouragement through meetings, lectures, experiences, political formation. Pressures INCRA for the expropriation of the farm and the division of lots for the settlement of the families. The fighting period in the camp is intensified by the desire to own the land. So it was with the families who are part of the settlement of Father Josimo I and II in Cristalândia - TO that received the name of the Father who is a symbol of the struggle for the land. Thus, this work seeks to understand, through interviews conducted to 40 families, the MST's performance in the organization of the camp and in the settlement Padre Josimo I and II.

Am Übergang von Brückenbauwerken zu den angrenzenden Hinterfüllungen treten teilweise größere Unebenheiten der Fahrbahnoberfläche im Längsprofil auf. Eine Ursache dafür können Setzungen innerhalb der Hinterfüllung sein. Um diesen Anteil unter realen Bedingungen zu untersuchen, wurden an zwei Autobahnbrücken acht unterschiedlichen Hinterfüllungen ausgeführt und die Verformungen unter Verkehrsbelastung mit einem aufwändigen Messprogramm über einen Beobachtungszeitraum von bis zu vier Jahren erfasst. Im Ergebnis konnte für diese beiden Brücken gezeigt werden, dass die Setzungen unter Verkehrsbelastung nur wenige Millimeter betrugen und deutlich kleiner waren als die Höhenungenauigkeiten beim Einbau der Asphaltdeckschicht. Die Fahrbahnebenheit im Längsprofil wurde allein durch den Zustand vor Verkehrsfreigabe geprägt. Einfache Sofortmaßnahmen zur Erhöhung der Einbaugenauigkeit werden in der Arbeit vorgeschlagen. In einem weiteren Teil werden Erddruck- und Verformungsmessungen an zwei Hinterfüllungen einer integralen Rahmenbrücke vorgestellt.

No âmbito da Arquitetura e Construção com terra, a produção de habitação social rural, nos últimos 30 anos, tem começado a se posicionar como uma solução contemporânea e viável ao problema da necessidade habitacional no mundo. O adobe, apesar de ser uma das técnicas e tecnologias mais antigas, tem sido pouco praticado no Brasil para a construção de obras novas, em contextos como o da habitação social rural. No entanto, dentre outras iniciativas destacam-se as do Grupo de Pesquisa em Habitação e Sustentabilidade HABIS, vinculado ao Instituto de Arquitetura da Universidade de São Paulo IAU-USP, o qual promoveu a implementação do adobe para a produção de três habitações em dois Assentamentos Rurais, ambos localizados no estado de São Paulo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar o processo construtivo em adobe de três habitações, sendo um no Assentamento Rural Pirituba II e dois construídos no Assentamento Rural Sepé Tiaraju, buscando identificar condições possivelmente relacionadas à conservação de duas destas casas e ao colapso da outra. O trabalho se desenvolveu por meio da pesquisa ação e o estudo de múltiplos casos, tendo como principais resultados a definição de etapas, variáveis e características do processo construtivo dos três casos, a partir de: a) um estudo independente, encontrando razões que levaram ao colapso de uma casa e aspectos das etapas construtivas que possibilitaram às outras duas ficarem em pé, em função do Assentamento Rural de que fazem parte; b) um estudo grupal, encontrando, por meio da criação de uma ferramenta de categorização, semelhanças, diferenças, problemas e avanços das etapas construtivas das habitações estudadas; c) uma análise integral considerando os seguintes aspectos do processo construtivo das habitações estudadas: projeto geral no âmbito do qual foram desenvolvidos, atores, tradição construtiva e o meio natural e climático. Com o estudo desenvolvido foi possível realizar um breve panorama, sobretudo internacional, de 16 exemplos similares ao objeto empírico desta pesquisa.
The production of rural housing with earthen construction techniques, in the last 30 years, has represented a modern and viable solution to the problem of housing need in the world. The adobe, despite being one of the oldest earthen techniques, has been little used in Brazil for the construction of new houses, especially as rural social housing. However, among other initiatives, stands out the experience of the Research Group on Housing and Sustainability - HABIS, linked to the Institute of Architecture and Urbanism at the University of São Paulo (IAU-USP São Carlos), which promoted the implementation of adobe on the production of three houses in two rural settlements, both located in the state of São Paulo. This work aimed to investigate the construction process of these three adobe houses, one in the Rural Settlement Pirituba II and two built in Rural Settlement Sepé Tiaraju, and the conditions possibly related to the conservation of two houses and the collapse of another. The work was developed through the action research methodology and the study of multiple cases, and the main results was the definition of the steps, variables and characteristics of the construction process of the three cases, achieved from: a) an independent study, finding reasons that led to the collapse of a house and aspects of constructive steps that enabled the other two to be concluded, according to each Rural Settlement; b) a group of studies, which showed similarities, differences, problems and progress of the construction stages of the studied houses, through the creation of a tool for categorization; c) a comprehensive analysis considering the following aspects of the construction process of the studied houses: general project under which they were developed, actors, building tradition and the natural environment and climate. With this study it was also possible to conduct a brief overview, especially international, of 16 examples, similar to the empirical object of this research.

Este trabalho, integrado ao projeto Levantamento Arqueológico da Área de Confluência dos rios Negro e Solimões, coordenado pelo Dr. Eduardo Góes Neves, é resultado de uma pesquisa no sítio arqueológico Hatahara, município de Iranduba, AM. Nosso principal objetivo é reconstruir a estrutura, funcionamento e ocupação do sítio em questão, através do mapeamento da variabilidade química e física do solo, e sua associação à variabilidade cerâmica no sítio. Pretendemos conhecer as variações nas áreas ocupadas no sítio, além do tamanho e forma de seus antigos assentamentos. Durante o trabalho de investigação, procuramos esclarecer alguns questionamentos, entre eles: a) Qual camada de ocupação relaciona-se ao início do processo de formação das terras pretas? b) Através das análises químicas e físicas dos solos e sua associação com a cerâmica, podemos recontar a história de ocupação do sítio Hatahara? c) É possível entender a morfologia de assentamento de quatro ocupações distintas no sítio através da variabilidade cerâmica, química e física do solo? d) É possível encontrar áreas de atividades específicas através de análises das concentrações químicas? Utilizamos o método de fração de fósforo (P) e potássio (K) disponível para plantas através da Extração Mehlich III, bem como de cálcio (Ca) e magnésio (Mg), muito utilizado nos laboratórios de ciência da terra para determinar a fertilidade do solo através da quantificação desses nutrientes. O carbono (C) e o nitrogênio (N) foram medidos através de combustão a seco. Os dados obtidos com este método serão apresentados em forma de gráficos e tabelas. As análises químicas de solo foram realizadas por Heiko Grosch, da Universidade de Bayreuth - Alemanha, na EMBRAPA Amazônia Ocidental - Manaus. Os resultados apontaram para uma aldeia circular associada a ocupação Paredão e um padrão linear para a ocupação posterior identificada como Guarita.
This work is the result of a research in the Hatahara archaeological site in Iranduba, AM. Our main goal is to reconstruct the site\'s structure, functioning and occupation through the mapping of the soil\'s chemical and physical variability as well as the site\'s ceramics variability, in order to know the variations present and the size and shape of its early settlements. Our investigation aimed at discovering what layer is related to the beginning of the process of black soil\'s formation and whether it is possible to do the following: a) reestablish the Hatahara site\'s occupation history through the chemical and physical soil analyses and their associations with ceramics? b) understand the morphology of settlement of four distinct occupations through the ceramics, chemical and physical soil variability? c) find specific activity areas through chemical concentration analyses? The Mehlich III method was used to extract the soil nutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg, C, N) and the results, which were plotted in a map, showed a circular village associated with Paredao occupation, and a linear village associated with Guarita occupation.

Die Landschaften Mitteleuropas sind das Resultat einer langwierigen Geschichte menschlicher Landnutzung mit ihren unterschiedlichen, z.T. konkurrierenden Nutzungsansprüchen. Durch eine überwiegend intensive Beanspruchung haben die direkten und indirekten Auswirkungen der Landnutzung in vielen Fällen zu Umweltproblemen geführt. Die Disziplin der Landschaftsökologie hat es sich zur Aufgabe gemacht, Konzepte für eine nachhaltige Nutzung der Landschaft zu entwickeln. Eine wichtige Fragestellung stellt dabei die Abschätzung der möglichen Folgen von Landnutzungsänderungen dar. Für die Analyse der relevanten Prozesse in der Landschaft werden häufig mathematische Modelle eingesetzt, welche es erlauben die Landschaft unter aktuellen Verhältnissen oder hinsichtlich veränderter Rahmenbedingungen zu untersuchen. Die hypothetische Änderung der Landnutzung, die als Landnutzungsszenario bezeichnet wird, verkörpert eine wesentliche Modifikation der Rahmenbedingungen, weil Landnutzung maßgeblich Einfluss auf die natürlichen Prozesse der Landschaft nimmt. Während die Antriebskräfte einer solchen Änderung überwiegend von sozio-ökonomischen und politischen Entscheidungen gesteuert werden, orientiert sich die exakte Verortung der Landnutzungsänderungen an den naturräumlichen Bedingungen und folgt z.T. erkennbaren Regeln. Anhand dieser Vorgaben ist es möglich, räumlich explizite Landnutzungsszenarien zu entwickeln, die als Eingangsdaten für die Modellierung verschiedener landschaftsökologischer Fragestellungen wie z.B. für die Untersuchung des Einflusses der Landnutzung auf den Wasserhaushalt, die Erosionsgefahr oder die Habitatqualität dienen können. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurde das rasterbasierte deterministische Allokationsmodell luck (Land Use Change Scenario Kit) für die explizite Verortung der Landnutzungsänderungen entwickelt. Es basiert auf den in der Landschaftsökologie üblichen räumlichen Daten wie Landnutzung, Boden sowie Topographie und richtet sich bei der Szenarienableitung nach den Leitbildern der Landschaftsplanung. Das Modell fußt auf der Hypothese, dass das Landnutzungsmuster als Funktion seiner landschaftsökologischen Faktoren beschrieben werden kann. Das Veränderungspotenzial einer Landnutzungseinheit resultiert im Modell aus einer Kombination der Bewertung der relativen Eignung des Standortes für die jeweilige Landnutzung und der Berücksichtigung von Standorteigenschaften der umliegenden Nachbarn. Die Durchführung der Landnutzungsänderung im Modell ist iterativ angelegt, um den graduellen Prozess des Landschaftswandels nachvollziehen zu können. Als Fallbeispiel für die Anwendung solcher räumlich expliziten Landnutzungsszenarien dient die Fragestellung, inwieweit Landnutzungsänderungen die Hochwasserentstehung beeinflussen. Um den Einfluss auf die Hochwasserentstehung für jede der Landnutzungskategorien – bebaute, landwirtschaftlich genutzte und naturnahe Flächen – abschätzen zu können, wird im Landnutzungsmodell luck exemplarisch für jede Kategorie ein Teilmodell für die Veränderung von Landnutzung angeboten: 1) Ausdehnung der Siedlungsfläche: Dieses Teilmodell fußt auf der Annahme, dass sich Siedlungen nur in direkter Nachbarschaft bereits bestehender Bebauung und bevorzugt entlang von Entwicklungsachsen ausbreiten. Steile Hangneigungen stellen für potenzielle Standorte ein Hemmnis bei der Ausbreitung dar. 2) Stilllegung von Grenzertragsackerflächen: Gemäß der Hypothese, dass sich die Stilllegung von Ackerflächen an der potenziellen Ertragsleistung der Standorte orientiert, werden in diesem Teilmodell alle Ackerstandorte dahingehend bewertet und die Flächen mit der geringsten Leistungsfähigkeit stillgelegt. Bei homogenen Gebietseigenschaften werden die Stilllegungsflächen zufällig auf die Ackerfläche verteilt. 3) Etablierung von Schutzgebieten in Ufer- und Auenbereichen: Ausgehend von der These, dass sich entlang von Flüssen sensible Flächen befinden, deren Schutz positive Folgen für das Leistungsvermögen der Landschaft haben kann, werden in diesem Teilmodell schützenswerte Ufer- und Auenbereiche auf derzeit landwirtschaftlich genutzten Flächen ausgewiesen. Die Größe der Schutzgebietsfläche orientiert sich an der Morphologie der umgebenden Landschaft. Die drei Teilmodelle wurden hinsichtlich der implizierten Hypothesen mit vielen unterschiedlichen Ansätzen validiert. Das Resultat dieser intensiven Analyse zeigt für jedes Teilmodell eine zufriedenstellende Tauglichkeit. Die Modellierung der Landnutzungsänderungen wurden in drei mesoskaligen Flusseinzugsgebieten mit einer Fläche zwischen 100 und 500 km² durchgeführt, die sich markant in ihrer Landnutzung unterscheiden. Besonderer Wert wurde bei der Gebietsauswahl darauf gelegt, dass eines der Gebiete intensiv landwirtschaftlich genutzt wird, eines dicht besiedelt und eines vorwiegend bewaldet ist. Im Hinblick auf ihre Relevanz für die vorliegende Fragestellung wurden aus bestehenden Landnutzungstrends die Szenarien für (1) die prognostizierte Siedlungsfläche für das Jahr 2010, (2) die möglichen Konsequenzen des EU-weiten Beschlusses der Agenda 2000 und (3) die Novelle des Bundesnaturschutzgesetzes aus dem Jahr 2001 abgeleitet. Jedes Szenario wurde mit Hilfe des Modells auf die drei Untersuchungsgebiete angewendet. Dabei wurden für die Siedlungsausdehnung in allen drei Gebieten realistische Landnutzungsmuster generiert. Einschränkungen ergeben sich bei der Suche nach Grenzertragsstilllegungsflächen. Hier hat unter homogenen Gebietseigenschaften die zufällige Verteilung von Flächen für die Stilllegung zu einem unrealistischen Ergebnis geführt. Die Güte der Schutzgebietsausweisung ist maßgeblich an die aktuelle Landnutzung der Aue und die Morphologie des Geländes gebunden. Die besten Ergebnisse werden erzielt, wenn die Flächen in den Ufer- und Auenbereichen mehrheitlich unter derzeitiger Ackernutzung stehen und der Flusslauf sich in das Relief eingetieft hat. Exemplarisch werden für jeden Landnutzungstrend die hydrologischen Auswirkungen anhand eines historischen Hochwassers beschrieben, aus denen jedoch keine pauschale Aussage zum Einfluss der Landnutzung abgeleitet werden kann. Die Studie demonstriert die Bedeutung des Landnutzungsmusters für die natürlichen Prozesse in der Landschaft und unterstreicht die Notwendigkeit einer räumlich expliziten Modellierung für landschaftsökologische Fragestellungen in der Mesoskala.
Today′s landscapes in Central Europe are the result of a long history of land-use, which is characterised by many different demands. The immediate and long-term consequences of predominantly intensive land-use have led to environmental problems in many cases. Therefore it is necessary to develop strategies for the maintenance of landscape efficiency which take into account the different claims of utilisation. In this context the estimation of possible impacts of land-use changes represents an important statement of problem. For the analysis of the relevant processes within the landscape, it is common to apply mathematical models. Such models enable the investigation of the landscape under current conditions or with regard to modified boundary conditions. A hypothetic alteration of land-use, which is termed as land-use scenario, represents a substantial modification of the boundary conditions, because land-use exerts a strong influence on the natural processes of the landscape. While the driving forces are predominantly governed by socio-economical and political decisions, the exact location of land-use changes within the landscape mainly depends on the natural conditions and follows partly transparent rules. With these presumptions it is possible to develop land-use scenarios, which can serve as input data for the modelling of different questions of landscape ecology such as the influence of land-use on the water balance, the danger of erosion or the quality of habitat characteristics. In the context of this thesis the grid-based deterministic allocation model luck (Land Use Change Scenario Kit) for the allocation of land-use changes was developed. It is based upon the types of spatial data, which are commonly used in landscape ecology, such as information on land-use, soils as well as topography. The derivation of scenarios follows the approaches of landscape planning. The model is based upon the hypothesis, that land-use structure can be described as a function of its landscape ecological factors. The potential of a site to become subject to land-use changes, results from a combination of its local qualities and the site characteristics of its neighbourhood. Land-use change is realised iteratively in order to simulate the gradual process of changes in the landscape. The influence of land-use changes on flood generation serves as a case study to demonstrate the need for spatial explicit land-use scenarios. For each land-use category – built up areas, agriculturally used areas and natural/semi-natural land – the model luck offers a submodel for investigating the effect of land-use changes on flood generation: 1) Expansion of settlement area: This submodel is based upon the assumption that settlements spread only in the neighbourhood of already existing built-up areas and preferentially along infrastructural axes of development. Steep slopes inhibit the spreading on potential locations. 2) Set-aside of marginal yield sites under agricultural use: Setting-aside of arable land is based on the hypothesis that the selection of arable land to be set-aside depends on the potential yield efficiency of the locations. Within this submodel all fields under agricultural use are valued to that effect and the ones with the least productive efficiency are selected as set-aside locations. In case of homogeneous area qualities the set-aside locations are selected randomly. 3) Establishment of protected areas in waterside and ripearian areas: This submodel takes into consideration that the protection of sensitive areas along the river courses may have positive consequences for the efficiency of the landscape. Therefore this submodel establishes protection zones on waterside and ripearian sites under currently agricultural use, that might be of value for nature conservation. The size of the protection area depends on the morphology of the surrounding landscape. The three submodels were validated with respect to the implied hypotheses by the help of many different approaches. The result of this intensive analysis shows a satisfying suitability for each of the submodels. The simulation of land-use changes was carried out for three mesoscale river catchments with an area between 100 and 500 km². Special attention was paid to the fact that these areas should be markingly different in their land-use: One study area is predominantly under intensive agricultural use, one is densely populated and the third one is covered by forest in large parts of the area. With regard to their relevance to the onhand question from existing land-use trends scenarios were derived for the prognosed settlement area for the year 2010, for the possible consequences of the EU-wide agreement of Agenda 2000 and for the amending federal conservation law dating to the year 2001, which enhances the enlargement of protected areas. Each scenario was applied to the three study areas utilizing the model luck. For the expansion of the settlement areas in all three study areas realistic land-use patterns were generated. Limitations arose only in the context of the search for marginal yield fields. Here, the random distribution of areas to be set-aside under homogeneous conditions led to unrealistic results. The quality of the establishment of protected areas in waterside and ripearian areas is substantially bound to current land-use and the morphology of the area. The best results for this submodel are achieved if waterside and ripearian areas are mainly arable land and if the river has lowered its course into the morphology. The hydrological consequences are described exemplarily for each land-use trend with a historical flood event. The interpretation of the hydrographs does not allow global statements about the influence of land-use. The study demonstrates the significance of land-use pattern for the natural processes in the landscape and underlines the necessity of spatially explicit modelling for landscape ecological questions at the mesoscale.

Cette thèse porte sur une étude de l'évolution biomécanique de déchets non dangereux selon différentes conditions de prétraitement et d'opération à différentes échelles. Après une introduction aux enjeux et aux données majeures concernant la gestion des déchets, leur stockage et les évolutions en cours (Chapitre I), la caractérisation du milieu déchet est abordée (Chapitre II). Ce milieu, triphasique et donc généralement non saturé en eau, nécessite une étude et des moyens d'investigation particuliers. De nombreuses études antérieures ont démontré la nécessité d'études couplées dédiées aux déchets. Pour ce faire, il est également nécessaire d'adapter un certain nombre de méthodes métrologiques aux déchets (Chapitre III). Ainsi, des méthodes de métrologie spécifique (humidité, masse volumique. . . ) sont étudiées et validées pour leur application à ce milieu, de l'échelle du laboratoire jusqu'à celle du site. Une plateforme d'essai constituée de quatre pilotes semi-industriels conçus avec Veolia Environnement Recherche & Innovation a été utilisé au LTHE pour une étude biomécanique à une échelle suffisante et en conditions très proches de celles rencontrées sur site (compression, température, humidité. . . ) (Chapitre IV). Les résultats obtenus permettent de caractériser la biodégradation en termes de suivis et de bilans, ainsi que d'en identifier les leviers principaux en fonction des conditions de prétraitement et d'opération. Enfin, une exploitation de ces résultats ainsi que d'autres résultats à l'échelle du laboratoire et du site ont permis de démontrer le couplage biomécanique et de proposer un modèle du tassement des déchets (Chapitre V)
This research addresses the biomechanical evolution of municipal solid waste subject to different pretreatment and operational conditions at different scales. After an introduction to the major stakes and figures related to waste management, waste landfilling and its evolution (Chapter I), the characterization of the waste medium is addressed (Chapter II). This triphasic unsaturated medium requires a dedicated scientific approach as well as specific investigation experiments. Several past investigations have demonstrated the need for specific coupled studies of waste. To do so, it seems also essential to adapt measurement methods (moisture, density. . . ) to the waste medium (Chapter III). Hence, measurement techniques have been studied in detail and validated for their use in this medium at scales ranging from the laboratory to the site. An experimental platform consisting of four pilot cells at a semi-industrial scale, designed with Veolia Environnement Recherche & Innovation, has been used at LTHE to investigate waste biomechanics at a sufficient scale and under site-near conditions (compression, temperature, moisture. . . ) (Chapter IV). The results enable to characterize biodegradation in terms of daily monitoring as well as final budgets, but also to identify the major drivers of biodegradation depending on the pre-treatment and operational conditions. Finally, these results and other laboratory- and site-scale results have been used to demonstrate the biomechanical coupling and to propose a model for waste settlement (Chapter V)

Le travail de thèse présenté dans ce mémoire vise à analyser et à comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeu au niveau de l’impact du creusement d’un tunnel par bouclier à front pressurisé sur des fondations profondes avoisinantes. Cette thèse a été réalisée dans le cadre du projet européen NeTTUN, au sein du Laboratoire de Tribologie et de Dynamique des Systèmes (LTDS) de l’ENTPE. L’approche phénoménologique conduite lors de ces travaux repose sur deux importantes campagnes expérimentales réalisées à l’aide d’un dispositif unique au plan international de modèle réduit 1g de tunnelier à pression de terre (échelle de l’ordre de 1/10eme). La forte originalité de ce dispositif est de pouvoir simuler de façon réaliste les principales étapes du processus tridimensionnel d’excavation mécanisé d’un tunnel. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, le dispositif existant de modèle réduit de tunnelier a dans un premier temps été reconfiguré afin de pouvoir répondre aux besoins du programme expérimental envisagé. Des modèles physiques de fondations profondes (pieux et groupes de pieux) et de barrières de protection ont été conçus dans le cadre des lois de similitude, fabriqués et instrumentés. Deux campagnes expérimentales d’envergure ont été réalisées en massif de sable sec : l’une concerne les effets du passage d’un tunnelier à front pressurisé sur des fondations profondes avoisinantes (pieux, groupe de pieux), l’autre traite de l’efficacité de barrières de protection (parois moulées) utilisées pour limiter ces effets. Différents paramètres qui influencent l’interaction tunnelier - sol - fondations ont été considérés comme la distance relative tunnel / fondation, la pression frontale de soutènement appliquée par le TBM sur le terrain ou encore la hauteur des barrières de protection. L’analyse phénoménologique menée à l’échelle du modèle concerne en particulier l’évolution des champs de contraintes et de déplacements dans le terrain autour du tunnelier, les déplacements relatifs sol - pieu et sol- barrière, la redistribution des efforts au sein des fondations. L’importante base de données et d’analyse ainsi constituée a été mise à profit pour la validation d’outils de modélisation numérique développés par l’Université de Rome au sein du projet NeTTUN
The major goal presented in this thesis was to analyze and investigate the mechanisms, which are involved in the impact of the tunnels excavated thanks to an Earth Pressure Balanced Shield on nearby deep foundations. This thesis was realized in European project NeTTUN and the work had been done in the Laboratory of Tribology and Systems Dynamics (LTDS) of ENTPE. During these works, phenomenological approach was based on two important experimental campaigns carried out using a unique device at the international level of a 1g scale model of earth-pressure tunnel boring machine (scale of the order of 1 / 10). The state of the art of this device was to be able to simulate in possibly realistic way the main stages of the three-dimensional process of mechanized excavation of a tunnel. In the framework of this thesis, the existing model tunneling machine device was initially reconfigured in order to reach the expectations of the experimental program envisaged. Physical models of deep foundations (piles and groups of piles) and protective barriers were designed under the similitude laws, manufactured and instrumented. The two large-scale experimental campaigns have been carried out in a dry sand massif. The first one concerned the effects of the passage of a pressurized tunnel boring machine on nearby deep foundations (piles, group of piles), whereas another one dealed with the effectiveness of mitigation procedure (diaphragm walls) used to limit these effects. Different parameters that influenced on the tunneling: soil - foundation interaction considered as the relative tunnel / foundation distance, the frontal face pressure applied by the TBM in the field or the height of the protective barriers. The phenomenological analysis carried out at the scale of the model concerned in particular the evolution of the fields of stresses and displacements in the ground around the tunnel boring machine, relatives pile / soil and wall / soil displacements and the redistribution of stresses along the pile foundations. The large database and analysis constituted was used for the validation of numerical modeling tools developed by the University of Rome within the NeTTUN project

碩士
國立中興大學
土木工程學系
85
ABSTRACTThe earth dams with the finer and more impervious materials placed in an internal core, and the coarser materials utilized in both sides of the core, are used for storing water. The settlement of earth dams occurs during construction and continues after construction. The post-construction settlement of earth dams is influenced by the method of construction, characteristics of placing materials, saturation degree of placing materials, etc. Therefore, it is difficult to evaluate the post-construction settlement of earth dams.The research is aimed at four existing earth dams in Taiwan area. They are Shihmen, Tzengwen, Liyuetan, and Nanhua earth dams. From the measured settlements and the construction materials, a suitable approach to evaluating the post-construction settlement of earth dams is proposed in a trial manner to provide valuable references in engineering design of earth dams.

碩士
國立中興大學
土木工程學系
85
AbstractThe detention facilities are necessary in slopeland developing project. It is used to absorb the increase of peak runoff and sedimentation due to developing activities. Open slot detention dam can often be applied to decrease the maximum efflux and to adjust the sediment transport. However, portion of its volume occupied by sediment will decrease dam's volume so as its function of runoff control. In this research, theoretical analysis together with experimental work are applied to study the function of detention dam in regard to runoff control and sediment transport. The following conclusions can be drawn :1. As concerns the performance of flow hydrograph which can be represented as hydrograph eigenvalue (=) ,that is much easier than coefficient of skewness Cs , and coefficient of kurtosis Ck ,and this study offers a formula to predict the relationship between hydrograph eigenvalue (=) and coefficient of skewness Cs.2. In order to analyze the theory of detention volume , the maximum peak inflow discharge Qim and the peak of time Tip are used to make the discharge Q and time T non-dimensionally . It's also easier and practical to use and to discuss the variety of discharge and time in characteristics of detention. 3. The peak flood declining rate has close relationship between the type of inflow hydrograph , the shape and the size of outlet of detention dam. In this paper ,if the type of inflow hydrograph ,the shape and the size of outlet of detention dam are showed as and respectively , that is a function of the peak flood declining rate . The study regresses a experimental model to apply.4. As concerns the construction of detention dam, we can adopt the triangle flow hydrograph to analyze the inflow ,and outflow hydrographs. When the inflow hydrograph is sure ,it means that , , and could be expected .If the is also definited , then according to the non-dimensional theory , we can predict the minimum detention volume and to get the experimental model .5. The discharge formula of rectangular outlet detention dam has close relationship between width of detention dam (B) and length of pond (L).From the results of the experiments, the outlet discharge have function on the width of open slot(b) and water head (Hd).6. The relationship between the characteristic of sediment flushing and hydrograph time can be qualified using the sediment flushing efficiency ,and has exponential function on relative inflow base time =T/Tib, and it is proved that the sediment flushing efficiency mainly concentration on the rising segment.7. The sediment flushing rate goes up with the increase of width of open slot (b) or the decrease of medium diameter(d50) ;in the contrast to the front , when b decreases and d50 increases, the goes down. Furthermore, this paper takes relative peak discharge Qim/Qmax, relative width (=b/B) and Reynold number Re* as parameters, and provides the experimental model of the sediment flushing rate.

碩士
南華大學
建築與景觀學系環境藝術碩士班
98
This study is an exploration of the relationship between the worship of earth-deities and the development of human settlements in the Nan-tuen District of Taichung. The local temples for earth-deities can be seen quite often in the rural area of Nan-tuen. They function as important worshiping places, as well as social and emotional centers for the residents in the area. Upon further scrutiny, this study finds that these earth-deity temples have been involved with all levels of local life, forming an interesting and important system by itself to understand the spatial structure of this specific locality. 　 　　Earth-deity worship is a very common ritualistic behavior in the daily life of Taiwanese people. The power of the earth-deity can be felt in how people conceive their natural environment, including how the rivers should bring fortune and blessings to the area, and how the crops can become bountiful every year if the area can gain protection from the earth-deities. Also, the societal decorum and the rituals of worship that were connected with the belief of earth-deities are numerous, including they can bring good fortune to local businesses, and keep the house safe from the fire disasters and floods, etc. 　 　　Further, an obvious portion of the earth-deity temples are located by the rivers that run through the area. With an analysis of the river system in the area, we can discover how the temples form an interesting spatial structure by itself. We can thus realize that the so-called "place" or "locality" also has a structure that was constructed by the natural environment, the development of the farming settlements, and the river system, and the earth-deity worship in the local daily life. 　 　　All in all, this study has unveiled the spatial structure of locality, through a systematic study on the temples of earth-deities in the Nan-tuen area. The earth-deity belief regarding nature and culture, and its conception of natural and man-made environment, formulated a most unique landscape and cultural scene for this area.

This Masters by Research project involves two ways of meeting that explore, in complimentary ways, the question of belonging. It comprises this exegesis and a performance at a spot near where I’ve lived for 15 years, on the banks of the Merri Creek in Melbourne. This spot is where John Batman probably met with Wurundjeri elders on June 6th 1835, with the aim of negotiating a treaty for the buying of 500,000 acres of their land. When I walk along the Merri Creek I feel that it is in some way ‘mine’, but know that this is only the case because the original inhabitants were violently prevented from maintaining their traditional lives here. For contemporary Aboriginal people, Australia can be felt as ‘theirs’ and ‘not theirs’; and many immigrant Australians who now ‘belong’ here were, either themselves or their ancestors, violently moved off their own homelands. It could be argued that Australians’ relationship to the land is paradoxical. I am interested in what theatre, specifically site-­‐specific theatre, can do to address the issue of belonging. Neil Leach describes belonging as inherently performative.1 Assuming that the personal, social, historical and spatial are inseparable and interdependent, I have chosen a site that is particularly evocative of my (and hopefully other Australians too), exploration of connection to this country.

碩士
國立東華大學
財經法律研究所
102
China plays an important role of rare earth producer. From the Panel procedure of dispute settlement mechanism, they have not eliminated quantitative restriction regulations, even losing law suit of the Appellate Body procedure. After the Raw Material Case, in fact, dispute settlement mechanism has not solved the similar restrictive measure as result of Rare Earth Cases. From cases of Raw Material and Rare Earth, the issues in action are consisting of two sections: China's Protocol of Accession (Working Party Report included) and GATT. From China's Protocol of Accession, the issue is in Article 11.3," Taxes and Charges Levied on Imports and Exports "; from GATT, the issues are in Article 11.1, " General Elimination of Quantitative Restrictions ," and Article 20," General Exceptions. " Although in Raw Material Case, the Plaintiff raises the issue of Article 10.3(a)," Publication and Administration of Trade Regulations" of GATT, the Rare Earth Case doesn't re-exist. Besides, this paper is going to compare Raw Material Case and Rare Earth Case from the past in order to arrange the using standard of China's Protocol of Accession and GATT. Even though China is losing the suit from Raw Material Case and the Appellate Body procedure of Rare Earth Case, and all quantitative restriction regulations violate China's Protocol of Accession and GATT, there are still various regulations could restrict exporting rare earth productions. This paper is going to examine the legality of regulations and introduce the "Law of the People's Republic of China on Rare Earth Regulations (draft) ". Furthermore, basing "Law of the People's Republic of China on Energy Conservation," China could restrict the exportation of rare earth products or not and examine its legality as well. Finally, it includes predict the Appellate Body ruling on behalf of the conclusions as a result, thereby making the consistency of existing WTO rules and regulations applicable to the relevant standards.

Am Übergang von Brückenbauwerken zu den angrenzenden Hinterfüllungen treten teilweise größere Unebenheiten der Fahrbahnoberfläche im Längsprofil auf. Eine Ursache dafür können Setzungen innerhalb der Hinterfüllung sein. Um diesen Anteil unter realen Bedingungen zu untersuchen, wurden an zwei Autobahnbrücken acht unterschiedlichen Hinterfüllungen ausgeführt und die Verformungen unter Verkehrsbelastung mit einem aufwändigen Messprogramm über einen Beobachtungszeitraum von bis zu vier Jahren erfasst. Im Ergebnis konnte für diese beiden Brücken gezeigt werden, dass die Setzungen unter Verkehrsbelastung nur wenige Millimeter betrugen und deutlich kleiner waren als die Höhenungenauigkeiten beim Einbau der Asphaltdeckschicht. Die Fahrbahnebenheit im Längsprofil wurde allein durch den Zustand vor Verkehrsfreigabe geprägt. Einfache Sofortmaßnahmen zur Erhöhung der Einbaugenauigkeit werden in der Arbeit vorgeschlagen. In einem weiteren Teil werden Erddruck- und Verformungsmessungen an zwei Hinterfüllungen einer integralen Rahmenbrücke vorgestellt.

L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è l’implementazione di metodi e strumenti basati sui dati di Osservazione della Terra (EO) a supporto dell'Obiettivo di Sviluppo Sostenibile (SDG) 11 dell'Agenda 2030 dell’Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite (ONU), che mira a “Rendere le città e gli insediamenti umani inclusivi, sicuri, resilienti e sostenibili”. I dati EO sono stati recentemente riconosciuti come una fonte di informazioni fondamentale per la stima degli indicatori SDG. La distribuzione spaziale e densità della popolazione e le mappe degli insediamenti, ottenute da rilievi e metodologie basate su dati EO, sono considerate, nello specifico, variabili essenziali necessarie a quantificare gli indicatori SDG 11. Tuttavia, la complessità della gestione e dell'elaborazione dei dati EO rende difficile l'integrazione e l'utilizzo di tali dati nelle strategie di monitoraggio degli SDG adottate dai decisori politici locali. Inoltre, gli Enti Locali e Regionali (LRAs), impegnati ad affrontrare quotidianamente le problematiche di crescita urbana che interessano le grandi città, necessitano di indicatori a scala intraurbana per disegnare politiche adeguate all'Obiettivo SDG 11 mentre, invece, la comunità scientifica fornisce loro solo indicatori a scala nazionale, regionale o macro-urbana. Per colmare tali lacune, questo lavoro propone un nuovo avanzato metodo dasimetrico vettoriale (disponibile in diverse versioni e implementazioni) che permette di generare mappe di densità della popolazione aggiornate, affidabili e ad alta risoluzione spaziale 100 x 100 m. Per quanto riguarda gli insediamenti, invece, lo studio propone due diverse tecniche di classificazione automatica, data-driven pixel-based o, in alternativa, knowledge-driven object-based. I dati satellitari usati come input sono immagini Sentinel-2 multistagionali e prive di nuvole, scaricabili gratuitamente dal Copernicus Open Access Hub dell'Agenzia Spaziale Europea (ESA). Le mappe di densità di popolazione e degli insediamenti vengono usate come input per calcolare l'indicatore SDG 11.3.1. —"Rapporto tra il tasso di consumo di suolo e il tasso di crescita della popolazione", conosciuto anche come indicatore di efficienza nell'uso del suolo (LUE). Integrando le stesse variabili essenziali con altre informazioni specifiche settoriali, come dati catastali, rete stradale, mappe di inquinanti atmosferici e dei rischi naturali, è possibile calcolare ulteriori indicatori e sotto-indicatori SDG 11 (quali SDG 11.1.1., 11.2.1 e 11.6.2) a scala intra-urbana. Gli indicatori così ottenuti, se osservati nel tempo e per unità di area, possono fornire trend utili per il monitoraggio dell'andamento degli Obiettivi dell'Agenda ONU 2030. Una serie di strumenti dedicati al calcolo automatico degli input degli indicatori SDG 11, sono stati sviluppati per rendere le procedure riproducibili per altre città. Per condividere e facilitare l'invocazione dei workflow scientifici da parte di potenziali stakeholder, anche non dotati di conoscenze specifiche nel dominio EO, sono stati utilizzati un plugin implementato in QGIS e una piattaforma su cloud (VLab). Nell'area di studio di Bari, tutti gli indicatori sopra elencati nonché le loro variazioni (2011–2020) — stimate nei casi in cui i dati erano disponibili per entrambe le epoche— sono stati quantificati sia per la popolazione totale che per la componente dei migranti regolari, distinti per nazionalità di origine. La valutazione del tasso di crescita della popolazione e degli indicatori evidenzia, a Bari, che gli abitanti autoctoni e i migranti regolarmente residenti seguono logiche insediative differenti. La vicinanza ad aree centrali dove si trovano scuole, ospedali e altri servizi, nonché un più facile accesso ai trasporti pubblici (indicatore SDG 11.2.1), sembra favorire la crescita delle comunità migranti. I residenti nativi sembrano, invece, trasferirsi nei quartieri residenziali di nuova costruzione nelle periferie della città. Pertanto, questi risultati mettono in risalto il grande impatto che può avere l’implementazione su scala intraurbana degli indicatori SDG 11 nelle scelte politiche che riservano attenzione a problematiche di coesione sociale ed inclusione.
The work aims to implement methods and tools based on Earth Observation (EO) data in support of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11 of the United Nations (UN) 2030 Agenda: “Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.” EO data have been recently recognized as a fundamental source of information for SDG indicators estimation. The spatial distribution of population and settlement layers, derived by EO-based surveys and methodologies, are specifically considered essential variables requested for quantifying SDG 11 indicators. However, the complexity of EO data handling and processing makes difficult the integration and usage of such data in SDGs monitoring strategies adopted from local policy makers. Furthermore, Local and Regional Authorities (LRAs), who daily facing urban growth pressures that affect the big cities, require indicators at the intra-urban scale to design adequate policies to foster the achievement of SDG 11, whereas the scientific community provides only national, regional and city scale indicators. To fill such gaps, this work proposes an improved vector-based dasymetric method (available in different versions and implementations) with the aim to provide both updated and more reliable population density maps at high spatial resolution 100 x 100 m. Concerning the settlement maps, the study proposed two different automatic classification procedures, data-driven pixel-based or, alternatively, knowledge-driven object-based. The satellite data selected as input are multi-seasonal and cloud free Sentinel-2 images, freely downloadable from the European Space Agency (ESA) Copernicus Open Access Hub. Grid population map and settlement layer (only buildings) were used as input to implement SDG 11.3.1 — “Ratio of land consumption rate to population growth rate” indicator, i.e., Land Use Efficiency (LUE) indicator. By integrating the essential variables with other domain-specific information, e.g., cadastral data, street network, air particle pollutants and natural hazard maps, additional SDG 11 indicators/sub-indicators (e.g., SDG 11.1.1, 11.2.1 and 11.6.2) can be computed at the local level. When observed over time and per unit area, the obtained indicators can provide trends useful for the progress monitoring of the UN 2030 Agenda. A set of automatic tools, devoted at the automatic computation of inputs of SDGs 11 indicators, were developed to make procedures reproducible for various cities. A Quantum GIS (QGIS) plugin and a cloud-based platform were used for sharing and facilitating the invocation of scientific workflows for all potential stakeholders without extensive expertise on the EO domain. In the Bari study area, all the indicators listed above — as well as their changes (2011–2020), when data are available for different epochs — were quantified for both the total population and the regular migrant population components, with distinctions drawn between nationalities of origin. The evaluation of the population growth rate and indicators evidenced, in Bari, that native and regular migrant components are settling according to different logics. The proximity to central areas where schools, hospitals and other services, as well as easier access to public transportation (SDG 11.2.1 indicator), appears to favour the growth of migrant communities. Native residents, instead, appear to have moved to the newly built residential areas of the suburbs. Thus, these findings stress the great impact of the proposed intra-urban scale implementation of indicators SDGs 11 in designing evidence-based policies, which reserve attention to social cohesion and inclusion issues.

This study explores the utilisation of spatial technologies as a tool to analyse and combat crime. The study deals specifically with remote sensing and its potential for being integrated with geographical information systems (GIS). The integrated spatial approach resulted in the understanding of land use class behaviour over time and its relationship to specific crime incidents per police precinct area. The incorporation of spatial technologies to test criminological theories in practice, such as the ecological theories of criminology, provides the science with strategic value. It proves the value of combining multi-disciplinary scientific fields to create a more advanced platform to understand land use behaviour and its relationship to crime. Crime in South Africa is a serious concern and it impacts negatively on so many lives. The fear of crime, the loss of life, the socio-economic impact of crime, etc. create the impression that the battle against crime has been lost. The limited knowledge base within the law enforcement agencies, limited logistical resources and low retention rate of critical staff all contribute to making the reduction of crime more difficult to achieve. A practical procedure of using remote sensing technology integrated with geographical information systems (GIS), overlaid with geo-coded crime data to provide a spatial technological basis to analyse and combat crime, is illustrated by a practical study of the Tshwane municipality area. The methodology applied in this study required multi-skilled resources incorporating GIS and the understanding of crime to integrate the diverse scientific fields into a consolidated process that can contribute to the combating of crime in general. The existence of informal settlement areas in South Africa stresses the socio-economic problems that need to be addressed as there is a clear correlation of land use data with serious crime incidents in these areas. The fact that no formal cadastre exists for these areas, combined with a great diversity in densification and growth of the periphery, makes analysis very difficult without remote sensing imagery. Revisits over time to assess changes in these areas in order to adapt policing strategies will create an improved information layer for responding to crime. Final computerised maps generated from remote sensing and GIS layers are not the only information that can be used to prevent and combat crime. An important recipe for ultimately successfully managing and controlling crime in South Africa is to strategically combine training of the law enforcement agencies in the use of spatial information with police science. The researcher concludes with the hope that this study will contribute to the improved utilisation of spatial technology to analyse and combat crime in South Africa. The ultimate vision is the expansion of the science of criminology by adding an advanced spatial technology module to its curriculum.
Criminology
D.Litt. et Phil. (Criminology)