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1
Nardizzi, V. "Green Desire: Imagining Early Modern English Gardens." Modern Language Quarterly 66, no. 3 (September 1, 2005): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00267929-66-3-393.
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Bentz, Katherine M. "The Afterlife of the Cesi Garden." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 72, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 134–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2013.72.2.134.
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One of the most celebrated gardens in early modern Rome was built by Cardinal Federico Cesi (d. 1565) near St. Peter’s Basilica. Earlier studies of the site have concentrated on the famous sixteenth-century antiquities collection displayed in the garden. The Afterlife of the Cesi Garden: Family Identity, Politics, and Memory in Early Modern Rome shifts the scholarly focus to also examine the changing appearance, functions, and the broader social, political, and economic significance of the garden for the Cesi family and for the city of Rome over the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Through a close analysis of visual evidence, unpublished archival documents, and a plan of the garden by the architect Giovanni Battista Contini (d. 1723), Katherine M. Bentz demonstrates that the long post-Renaissance afterlife of the Cesi Garden reveals the ways in which politics shaped specific urban environments in Rome, how aristocratic Romans considered and used gardens over generations, and the vital and symbolic role that the garden played for centuries.
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Mexi, Alexandru. "Early Modern Garden Design Concepts and Twentieth Century Royal Gardens in Romania." Journal of Early Modern Studies 6, no. 1 (2017): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jems2017619.
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McRae, A. "Review: Green Desire: Imagining Early Modern English Gardens." English Historical Review 119, no. 484 (November 1, 2004): 1420–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/119.484.1420.
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Coch, Christine. "Green Desire: Imagining Early Modern English Gardens (review)." Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies 5, no. 2 (2005): 142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jem.2005.0014.
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Weaver, Karol K., Mirka Benes, and Dianne Harris. "Villas and Gardens in Early Modern Italy and France." Sixteenth Century Journal 34, no. 2 (July 1, 2003): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20061435.
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Fleischer, Alette. "Gardens and Gardening in Early Modern England and Wales." Gardens and Landscapes of Portugal 6, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/glp-2019-0012.
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Toniello, Ginevra, Dana Lepofsky, Gavia Lertzman-Lepofsky, Anne K. Salomon, and Kirsten Rowell. "11,500 y of human–clam relationships provide long-term context for intertidal management in the Salish Sea, British Columbia." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 44 (October 14, 2019): 22106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1905921116.
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Historical ecology can provide insights into the long-term and complex relationships between humans and culturally important species and ecosystems, thereby extending baselines for modern management. We bring together paleoecological, archaeological, and modern clam records to explore the relationship between humans and butter clams (Saxidomus gigantea) throughout the Holocene in the northern Salish Sea of British Columbia, Canada. We compare butter clam size and growth patterns from different temporal, environmental, and cultural contexts spanning 11,500 y to present. Butter clam size and growth were restricted in early postglacial times but increased over the next few millennia. During the early-Late Holocene, humans took increasing advantage of robust clam populations and after 3.5 ka, began constructing clam gardens (intertidal rock-walled terraces). Environmental and cultural variables, including coarse substrate, stabilized sea surface temperature, and the presence of a clam garden wall, increased clam growth throughout the Holocene. Measurements of clams collected in active clam gardens and deposited in middens suggest that clam gardens as well as other mariculture activities enhanced clam production despite increased harvesting pressure. Since European contact, decline of traditional management practices and increases in industrial activities are associated with reduced clam size and growth similar to those of the early postglacial clams. Deeper-time baselines that more accurately represent clam population variability and allow us to assess magnitudes of change throughout time as well as the complex interactions among humans and clams are useful for modern marine resource management.
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Carrión, María M. "Planting dwelling thinking. Natural history and philosophy in sixteenth-century European dried gardens." Gardens and Landscapes of Portugal 6, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/glp-2019-0009.
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Abstract European dried gardens from the 16th century have been traditionally associated with the emergence of early modern botany and its relation to the traditional genre of pharmacopeias. This study reviews a sample of the 37 known exemplars of these bound collections and argues that the design and development of these herbaria or dried gardens (orti sicci), as they were also known, reveal a broader set of questions on nature and about the relationships of humans with the natural world than the ones with which they have been linked. Based on the evidence of a diverse corpus of dried gardens—some richly bound, others composed over recycled paper, some with copious annotations, others with a seemingly random layout and distribution of plants—, this paper argues for a comparative reading of these books as a corpus that contributed significantly to early modern natural history and philosophy.
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Han, Hae-Young, Eui-Je Lim та Jae-Hyun Rho. "Formative Characteristics of the Soudang (素宇堂) Historic House <italic>Byeoldang</italic> Garden in Uiseong". Journal of People, Plants, and Environment 25, № 1 (28 лютого 2022): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.11628/ksppe.2022.25.1.49.
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Background and objective This study aimed to estimate the creation period and creators of Soudang historic house Byeoldang (Annexe) Garden (素宇堂古宅 別堂庭園, Unification as ‘SB Garden’ from now on) located in Uiseong-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do through a literature research and field survey, and establish the construction style and value of the garden through research and analysis of its spatial and visual characteristics and garden design. The findings are as follows. Methods The research method was a combination of literature study, field survey, and comparative review. The architectural history of SB Garden were analyzed through a literature survey, and the spatial configuration of Soudanggotaek and the visual and planting design characteristics of SB Garden were derived through field survey. Also the form and style of SB Garden were identified through comparative studies between Japanese garden style cases, and Japanese gardens created in Korea during the late Joseon and Japanese colonial period. Results It is estimated that SB Garden was built between 1890 and 1920, during the late Joseon Dynasty and the early days of Japanese colonial rule, by Lee Jang-seop (1854–1907) and Lee Hong (1887–1972). Comprehensively considering the form of its small hills, the shape of the pond and the introduction of yarimizu, the presentation of oddly-shaped stones and stone structures (stone settings), the introduction of stone bridges and stone lanterns, the strolling route and stepping stones, and the tree species introduced and their planting methods, the hills of SB Garden are different in form and technique from seokgasan created in Korean traditional gardens. Through the hills, the intention of making a garden is detected, with the motif of “garden of cranes and turtles.” Conclusion The foundation from which SB Garden can be considered a Korean traditional garden is very weak, and this garden is evaluated as a modern garden completed by introducing a Japanese garden style in modern times. Specifically, SB Garden is considered to be a stroll-style garden that enables users to appreciate it by connecting the three gardens with stepping stones and stone bridges, including the garden of cranes and turtles (a sort of pond garden), the tea garden centered on the Byeoldang (Annexe), and the stone garden.
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Baldassarri, Fabrizio. "Manipulating Flora. Gardens as Laboratories in the Renaissance and Early Modern Europe." RIVISTA DI STORIA DELLA FILOSOFIA, no. 1 (March 2017): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sf2017-001007.
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Ribouillault, Denis. "Atlas and Hercules in the Garden." Nuncius 30, no. 1 (2015): 124–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-03001006.
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This essay explores the interplay in early modern Roman gardens between the iconography of instruments and fountains and scientific culture, especially astronomy. Examining the sundials that adorned the garden at the Villa Aldobrandini at Frascati, it suggests a new reading of the garden and its iconographic programme, centred on the iconography of Atlas and Hercules holding the celestial sphere. It stresses the importance of scientific culture for both the conception and the subsequent reception of the programme. Several themes are developed: the relevance of wonder and curiosity in the process of understanding nature, the multiple links between nature and artefacts in the space of the garden, and the scientific interests of the patron, Cardinal Pietro Aldobrandini, and his main adviser, the letterato Giovanni Battista Agucchi.
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Solomon, Deborah. "“All in a Garden Green”: Shakespeare's Staging of Garden Imagery." Ben Jonson Journal 26, no. 2 (November 2019): 227–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/bjj.2019.0256.
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This essay draws attention to the surprising lack of scholarship on the staging of garden scenes in Shakespeare's oeuvre. In particular, it explores how garden scenes promote collaborative acts of audience agency and present new renditions of the familiar early modern contrast between the public and the private. Too often the mention of Shakespeare's gardens calls to mind literal rather than literary interpretations: the work of garden enthusiasts like Henry Ellacombe, Eleanour Sinclair Rohde, and Caroline Spurgeon, who present their copious gatherings of plant and flower references as proof that Shakespeare was a garden lover, or the many “Shakespeare Gardens” around the world, bringing to life such lists of plant references. This essay instead seeks to locate Shakespeare's garden imagery within a literary tradition more complex than these literalizations of Shakespeare's “flowers” would suggest. To stage a garden during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries signified much more than a personal affinity for the green world; it served as a way of engaging time-honored literary comparisons between poetic forms, methods of audience interaction, and types of media. Through its metaphoric evocation of the commonplace tradition, in which flowers double as textual cuttings to be picked, revised, judged, and displayed, the staged garden offered a way to dramatize the tensions produced by creative practices involving collaborative composition and audience agency.
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Park, Sun-Young. "Hygienic Promenades." Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 44, no. 3 (December 1, 2018): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2018.440303.
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Postrevolutionary Paris witnessed a brief flowering of commercial gardens, precursors to the modern-day amusement park, which cultivated nature, exercise, and health in an urbanizing context. Bridging the eighteenth-century jardin-spectacle and the Second Empire network of public parks, pleasure grounds such as the Grand Tivoli and the Beaujon garden offered a range of activities including gymnastic games, bicycling, and, most strikingly of all, exhilarating rides on early roller coasters known as montagnes russes. Situated on the periphery of a rapidly densifying city and abstracting natural forms for urban consumption, these rides integrated discourses of hygiene and recreation. Analyzing these short-lived curiosities from the vantage points of medical, cultural, and urban history, this article argues that the montagnes russes helped disseminate modern conceptions of health and gender in popular culture.
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Edelstein, Bruce L. "Review: Villas and Gardens in Early Modern Italy and France by Mirka Beneš, Dianne Harris." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 61, no. 4 (December 1, 2002): 570–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/991881.
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Ergin, Nina. "Healing by Design? An Experiential Approach to Early Modern Ottoman Hospital Architecture." Turkish Historical Review 6, no. 1 (March 18, 2015): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18775462-00601001.
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Frank Lloyd Wright commented in 1948 that “Hospital patients should never be imbued with the idea that they are sick…” Ironically, in subsequent decades architects moved farther away from restorative environments and made functional efficiency their sole guiding principle. Since the 1980s, however, the medical establishment has once again shown interest in the built environment where healthcare is delivered, and in the ways architecture and gardens can support or undermine healing—a turn summarized by the concept “healing by design”. This essay takes as starting point the present knowledge of successful hospital architecture, as it rests on evidence-based design, and through its lens examines early modern Ottoman hospital architecture, in order to understand how these buildings shaped users’ sensory experiences, how they conformed to four qualities of space essential to “healing by design” (orientation, connection, scale, and symbolic meaning), and how they promoted well-being and assisted in the therapeutic process.
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Black, Jane. "Beautiful Botanicals: Art from the Australian National Botanic Gardens Library and Archives." Art Libraries Journal 44, no. 3 (June 12, 2019): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/alj.2019.17.
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The Australian National Botanic Gardens plays an important role in the study and promotion of Australia's diverse range of unique plants through its living collection, scientific research activities and also through the art collection held in the institution's Library and Archives. Australia's history of formal botanical illustration began with the early voyages of discovery with its popularity then declining until the modern day revival in botanical art. The Australian National Botanic Gardens Library and Archives art collection holds works from the Endeavour voyage through to the more contemporary artists of Celia Rosser, Collin Woolcock, Gillian Scott and Aboriginal artists including Teresa Purla McKeeman as well as photographs and outdoor installations.
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Zhang, Tian Jie, Su Bin Xu, and Yuan Sun. "Building up New Physique: an Investigation on Tianjin Quanye Expo Site in Early Twentieth Century China." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 3340–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.3340.
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This paper takes Tianjin Quanye Expo Site as a specific case, and intends to explore it as an active culture-bearing mechanism in the transformation of physical culture in early-twentieth-century China. In contrast to traditional private gardens, Quanye Expo Site was opened as a public park and furnished with athletic equipments at the center area. The paper argues that one purpose of this Expo Site was to naturalize modern sports, build up new physique, and further strengthen the country.
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Županov, Ines G., and Ângela Barreto Xavier. "Quest for Permanence in the Tropics: Portuguese Bioprospecting in Asia (16th-18th Centuries)." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 57, no. 4 (September 26, 2014): 511–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341357.
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The history of agricultural, botanical, pharmacological, and medical exchanges is one of the most fascinating chapters in early modern natural history. Until recently, however, historiography has been dominated by the British experience from the nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries, with Kew Gardens at the center of the “green imperialism.” In this article we address the hard-won knowledge acquired by those who participated in early modern Portuguese imperial bioprospecting in Asia. The Portuguese were the first to transplant important economic plants from one continent to another, on their imposing colonial chessboard. In spite of this, the history of Portuguese bioprospecting is still fragmentary, especially with respect to India and the Indian Ocean. We argue not only that the Portuguese—imperial officials, missionaries, and the people connected with them, all living and working under the banner of the Portuguese empire—were interested in gathering knowledge but also that the results of their endeavors were relevant for the development of natural history in the early modern period and that they were important actors within the larger community of naturalists.
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Çaliş Kural, B. Deniz. "Three circular gardens in Venice and Constantinople/Istanbul in the context of early modern Mediterranean cross-cultural exchange." Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes 38, no. 2 (January 30, 2018): 158–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14601176.2017.1418270.
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Sigrist, René, and Sonia Zanier. "La botanique dans un contexte local: les jardins de Florence à l’époque des grands-ducs (1569–1859)." Gesnerus 74, no. 1 (November 6, 2017): 5–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-07401001.
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This article describes the social and institutional conditions of the practice of botany in early modern Florence. This practice started with the study of medical plants in hospital and university contexts, with the passion of the Medicis for gardens, and the interest of the Vallombrosian monks for cryptogams. During the XVIIIth century, science of plants focused on classification (morphology), pharmacology (materia medica) and vegetable physiology, but included also the inventory of Tuscan flora and agronomy. These diverging aims created tensions within the nascent community of botanists, crystallizing around the management of gardens and the choice of classification systems. After 1770, a more scientific approach of botany was made possible by the rise of experimental practices and the development of chemistry. Yet, a true professionalization of research did not occur before the political unification of Italy, when the management of institutions and the recruitment of botanists were assumed by a central Ministry of education, instead of being dependent on princely favors and patrician connections.
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Heathcott, Joseph. ""In the Nature of a Clinic": The Design of Early Public Housing in St. Louis." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 70, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 82–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2011.70.1.82.
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Several important episodes in the early history of mass housing in America are the subject of "In the Nature of a Clinic": The Design of Early Public Housing in St. Louis. In the late 1920s housing and reform advocates coalesced out of the strong St. Louis settlement house to push for slum clearance and large-scale home building for the working class. Their first achievement, Joseph Heathcott reports, was Neighborhood Gardens, completed in 1934 with funding from the Public Works Administration. Modern in architectural design and segregated in social plan, the project established a model for the larger undertakings inspired by the landmark 1937 Housing Act. By World War II, housing advocates and officials in St. Louis had created prototypes of a new urban form that would shape postwar activities, including the notorious Pruitt-Igoe.
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Leslie, Michael. "Green Desire: Imagining Early Modern English Gardens. Rebecca W. Bushnell. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003. Pp. x+198." Modern Philology 103, no. 2 (November 2005): 260–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/506546.
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Takamatsu, Masahiko, and Takeyuki Okubo. "Survey Analysis of Wooded Areas Around Temples and Former Samurai Residences in Urban Areas - Their Shapes and Sizes Seen from Their Potential Function as Firebreak Belts." Journal of Disaster Research 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2011.p0109.
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In the early modern age, castle towns prospered all around Japan. Clusters of temples and samurai residences were formed in those towns. Today, we inherit part of those town layouts and buildings in our cities. In these areas, gardens and wooded areas around temples and residences not only provide a good natural environment but also function as firebreaks. The purpose of this research is to contribute to the effective conservation of such wooded areas as firebreak belts. We therefore surveyed the shapes and sizes of the clusters of temples and former samurai residences in castle towns all around Japan and then analyzed their function as firebreaks.
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Hamlin, Madeleine. "A city within itself: Altgeld Gardens and public housing’s utopia." Journal of Urban Cultural Studies 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jucs_00047_1.
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Altgeld Gardens is one of Chicago’s last remaining family public housing developments after the city’s large-scale conversion of public housing into mixed-income communities. Located at the far southern edge of the city, the community today is an island of poverty, disconnected from city services, jobs, amenities and even grocery stores. In this article, I draw on architectural plans and historic housing authority documents to demonstrate that Altgeld’s current condition is a far cry from how planners envisioned the community: as nothing short of a utopian housing development capable of supporting workers and their families and indeed, inculcating an ideal, modern citizen that would justify public investment in housing for the poor. Altgeld was, centrally, envisioned as a city for children, a kind of paradise where young, low-income Chicago families could overcome poverty and model respectability. Throughout, I draw upon theories of utopian communities to argue that geographic and social isolation was the precondition for planners’ utopian imaginations, but that isolation has also, ironically, only exacerbated Altgeld’s problems over the decades. Altgeld thus offers an instructive case study, illustrating both the modernist hopes embedded in early public housing plans and their limitations. Unlike its whiter, more affluent suburban counterparts, Altgeld is a case study in what happens when communities are isolated by policy, rather than by choice.
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Smyth, Gerry. "‘Gardens All Wet With Rain’: Pastoralism in the Music of Van Morrison." Irish University Review 49, no. 1 (May 2019): 171–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/iur.2019.0387.
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‘Ecomusicology’ is a developing field that looks to explore the interface between modern eco-theory and a range of historical and contemporary musical phenomena. Generated as it is by a country in which ideas of space/place and ideas of music feature particularly strongly, it is likely that Irish cultural history will resonate powerfully in relation to an ecomusicological perspective. The early work of Van Morrison is rooted in the hippie counter-culture of the 1960s, one principal strand of which concerned environmental despoliation and the need for some form of re-enchantment with nature. By contrast, the ‘Celtic Music’ phenomenon of the 1990s was brought to its artistic (and financial) apogee by the Donegal singer Enya. Drawing on techniques initially developed by family members in Clannad, Enya evinced a form of mystical Celticism which, even as it harked back to earlier versions, sang to a quasi-environmentalist discourse embedded within the contemporary style known as ‘New Age’. The essay will conclude with a brief description of the other areas of Irish music that would be amenable to an ecomusicological audit.
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Kadurina, A. O. "SYMBOLISM OF ROSES IN LANDSCAPE ART OF DIFFERENT HISTORICAL ERAS." Problems of theory and history of architecture of Ukraine, no. 20 (May 12, 2020): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31650/2519-4208-2020-20-148-157.
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Background.Rosa, as the "Queen of Flowers" has always occupied a special place in the garden. The emergence of rose gardens is rooted in antiquity. Rose is a kind of “tuning fork” of eras. We can see how the symbolism of the flower was transformed, depending on the philosophy and cultural values of society. And this contributed to the various functions and aesthetic delivery of roses in gardens and parks of different eras. Despite the large number of works on roses, today there are no studies that can combine philosophy, cultural aspects of the era, the history of gardens and parks with symbols of the plant world (in particular roses) with the identification of a number of features and patterns.Objectives.The purpose of the article is to study the symbolism of rosesin landscape gardening art of different eras.Methods.The historical method helps to trace the stages of the transformation of the symbolism of roses in different historical periods. The inductive method allows you to move from the analysis of the symbolism of roses in each era to generalization, the identification of patterns, the connection of the cultural life of society with the participation of roses in it. Graph-analytical method reveals the features of creating various types of gardens with roses, taking into account trends in styles and time.Results.In the gardens of Ancient Greece, the theme of refined aesthetics, reflections on life and death dominated. It is no accident that in ancient times it was an attribute of the goddesses of love. In antiquity, she was a favorite flower of the goddess of beauty and love of Aphrodite (Venus). In connection with the legend of the goddess, there was a custom to draw or hang a white rose in the meeting rooms, as a reminder of the non-disclosure of the said information. It was also believed that roses weaken the effect of wine and therefore garlands of roses decorated feasts, festivities in honor of the god of winemaking Dionysus (Bacchus). The rose was called the gift of the gods. Wreaths of roses were decorated: statues of the gods during religious ceremonies, the bride during weddings. The custom of decorating the floor with rose petals, twisting columns of curly roses in the halls came to the ancient palace life from Ancient Egypt, from Queen Cleopatra, highlighted this flower more than others. In ancient Rome, rose gardens turned into huge plantations. Flowers from them were intended to decorate palace halls during feasts. In Rome, a religious theme was overshadowed by luxurious imperial greatness. It is interesting that in Rome, which constantly spreads its borders, a rose from a "female" flower turned into a "male" one. The soldiers, setting out on a campaign, put on pink wreaths instead of helmets, symbolizing morality and courage, and returning with victory, knocked out the image of a rose on shields. From roses weaved wreaths and garlands, received rose oil, incense and medicine. The banquet emperors needed so many roses, which were also delivered by ships from Egypt. Ironically, it is generally accepted that Nero's passion for roses contributed to the decline of Rome. After the fall of the Roman Empire, rose plantations were abandoned because Christianity first associated this flower with the licentiousness of Roman customs. In the Early Middle Ages, the main theme is the Christian religion and roses are located mainly in the monastery gardens, symbolizing divine love and mercy. Despite the huge number of civil wars, when the crops and gardens of neighbors were violently destroyed, the only place of peace and harmony remained the monastery gardens. They grew medicinal plants and flowers for religious ceremonies. During this period, the rose becomes an attribute of the Virgin Mary, Jesus Christ and various saints, symbolizing the church as a whole. More deeply, the symbolism of the rose was revealed in Catholic life, when the rosary and a special prayer behind them were called the "rose garden". Now the rose has become the personification of mercy, forgiveness, martyrdom and divine love. In the late Middle Ages, in the era of chivalry, roses became part of the "cult of the beautiful lady." Rose becomes a symbol of love of a nobleman to the wife of his heart. Courtesy was of a socially symbolic nature, described in the novel of the Rose. The lady, like a rose, symbolized mystery, magnificent beauty and temptation. Thus, in the Late Middle Ages, the secular principle manifests itself on a par with the religious vision of the world. And in the Renaissance, the religious and secular component are in balance. The theme of secular pleasures and entertainments was transferred further to the Renaissance gardens. In secular gardens at palaces, villas and castles, it symbolized love, beauty, grace and perfection. In this case, various secret societies appear that choose a rose as an emblem, as a symbol of eternity and mystery. And if the cross in the emblem of the Rosicrucians symbolized Christianity, then the rose symbolized a mystical secret hidden from prying eyes. In modern times, secular life comes to the fore, and with it new ways of communication, for example, in the language of flowers, in particular roses. In the XVII–XVIII centuries. gardening art is becoming secular; sesame, the language of flowers, comes from Europe to the East. White rose symbolized a sigh, pink –an oath of love, tea –a courtship, and bright red –admiration for beauty and passionate love [2]. In aristocratic circles, the creation of lush rose gardens is in fashion. Roses are actively planted in urban and suburban gardens. In modern times, rose gardens carry the idea of aesthetic relaxation and enjoyment. Many new varieties were obtained in the 19th century, during the period of numerous botanical breeding experiments. At this time, gardening ceased to be the property of the elite of society and became publicly available. In the XX–XXI centuries. rosaries, as before, are popular. Many of them are located on the territory of ancient villas, palaces and other structures, continuing the tradition.
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Petryshyn, Marta J., Halina M. Zahaiska, Oxana V. Liubimova, and Veronika H. Todoshchuk. "MEDICINAL HERBS AND PLANTS IN MEDIEVAL MEDICAL PRACTICE (BASED ON THE LATIN POEM “DE VIRIBUS HERBARUM” BY MACER FLORIDUS)." Wiadomości Lekarskie 75, no. 11 (2022): 2872–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202211226.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim: The aim of our research is to make an inventory and systematize prescriptions for the use of medicinal plants during the early Middle Ages, based on Macerus Floridus’ original Latin text “De viribus herbarum”, to develop awareness of the role of phytotherapy in medieval medicine and the possibility of integrating herbal medicine with modern conventional methods of prevention and treatment. Materials and methods: The material for this study is a medieval Latin didactic poem by the 11th-century French physician and researcher Odo of Meung-sur-Loire (pseudonym Macer Floridus), the extant manuscripts of which are known in the history of medicine as “De viribus herbarum” or “De natura herbarum”. The medical-pharmacological treatise (published in 1831 by Ludwig Choulant) describes the medicinal properties of seventy-seven plants of peasant gardens, grasses of meadows and fields of Europe, medicinal herbs of medieval apothecary gardens as well as aromatic plants and spices of the East. Conclusions: Medicinal plants and herbs were successfully used to treat diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, hepatobiliary system, urinary and respiratory organs and were also applied in gynecology, dermatology, ophthalmology and dentistry.
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Tzortzopoulou-Gregory, Lita. "The Karavas Water Project: an archaeological and environmental study of interaction and community in northern Kythera." Journal of Greek Archaeology 2 (January 1, 2017): 339–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/jga.v2i.589.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper is an attempt to explore how small agricultural communities are able to engage in collective decision-making and constructive collaboration among individuals in the use and management of their limited natural resources, and in particular water, for their own individual benefit and for the benefit of the community at large. The sophisticated use and management of the water system of the small village of Karavas in northern Kythera is a testimony to such community fellowship and solidarity that has survived from at least the beginning of the Early Modern Period (18th century) – if not earlier – until the Present. As the modern settlement developed and expanded around the natural springs and the flowing stream, so did the interconnections among the family-owned vegetable gardens (perivolia) and the numerous water-mills. These mills, in turn, harnessed the power of the flowing water for small-scale ‘industrial’ flour production, serving the local communities and frequently individuals from other settlements farther afield.
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Carrión, María M. "“One Kind of Water Brings Another.” Teresa de Jesús and Ibn ‘Arabi." Religions 11, no. 10 (October 21, 2020): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11100542.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mystical literature and spirituality from 16th-century Spain engage religious images from the three most prominent religions of al-Andalus—Christianity, Islam, and Judaism: among others, the dark night, the seven concentric castles, the gazelle, the bird, the sefirot‘s encircled iggulim or towering yosher, the sacred fountain, ruins, and gardens. Until the 20th-century, however, scholarship read these works mostly as “Spanish” mysticism, alienated from its Andalusī roots. This comparative study deploys theological, historical, and textual analysis to dwell in one of these roots: the figure of the garden’s vital element, water, as represented in the works of Teresa de Jesús and Ibn ‘Arabi. The well-irrigated life written by these mystics underscores the significance of this element as a path to life, knowledge, and love of and by God. Bringing together scholarship on Christian and Sufi mysticism, and underscoring the centrality of movement, flow, and circulation, this article pieces together otherwise disparate readings of both the individual work of these two figures and their belonging in a canon of Andalusī/Spanish mysticism. The weaving of these threads will offer readers a different understanding of early modern religion, alongside traditional readings of Spain’s mystical literature and its place in the global context.
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Reeds, Karen. "Rebecca Bushnell. Green Desire: Imagining Early Modern English Gardens. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2003. x + 198 pp., illus., index. $29.95 (cloth)." Isis 96, no. 1 (March 2005): 107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/432992.
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KUWAKINO, Koji. "REPRESENTATION OF THE HEAVEN IN THE GEOMETRICAL GARDENS OF EARLY MODERN ITALY : An analysis of the theory of garden design in G.B. Ferrari, Flora overo cultura di fiori (1638)." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 69, no. 577 (2004): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.69.197_1.
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Classen, Albrecht. "The Marvels of the World: An Anthology of Nature Writing Before 1700, ed. Rebecca Bushnell. Penn Studies in Landscape Architecture. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2021, xii, 363 pp., 35 b/w ill." Mediaevistik 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 340–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med.2021.01.50.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
After Rebecca Bushnell had taught a graduate course in 2017 dedicated to the early modern English discourse on nature and natural history, she realized the great need for a solid anthology of relevant texts, and the book under review represents the result of her extensive efforts to collect and edit important contributions by philosophers, mystics, and poets from late antiquity to the high and late Middle Ages, and especially from ca. 1500 until ca. 1700, addressing the following subject matters: 1. natural philosophy and natural knowledge; 2. plants; 3. animals; 4. weather, climate, and seasons; 5. inhabiting the land; 6. gardens and gardening; and 7. outlandish natural worlds. This is already an impressive gamut of important topics, but I am sorely missing aspects such as ‘water,’ ‘forests,’ ‘mountains,’ ‘birds,’ ‘fish,’ and then the inner (caves, volcanoes, etc.) and also the outer sphere, the stars, the planets, and the moon.
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Khanbabaeva, O. E., and I. V. Berezkina. "METHOD OF COMPARATIVE VARIETY ASSESSMENT OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS." Scientific Life 15, no. 6 (June 30, 2020): 734–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/1991-9476-2020-15-6-734-742.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
At the present development stage of the ornamental plants selection, there are almost no clear guidelines on the methodology for carrying out variety assessment. Applying the methods used in vegetable and fruit growing for the variety assessment of ornamental crops is incorrect due to the fact that when assessing varieties in ornamental gardening, the leading role belongs to such quality indicators as: color and shape of a leaf, flower or inflorescence, terry, aroma, number of peduncles etc. In addition, such important indicators for industrial floriculture or landscaping of territories as resistance to lodging, resistance to diseases and pests are taken into account indirectly. A characteristic feature of ornamental gardening, in contrast to vegetable growing and fruit growing, is the presence of a very wide variety of varieties within one species, differing in color, doubleness, height, field of use and other qualities, which is extremely important to take into account when carrying out a variety assessment. An integrated method of comparative variety assessment of ornamental plants, when converting all characteristics into relative values (points), simplifies selection and allows choosing the best varieties and hybrids in terms of decorative characteristics that best meet the requirements of modern production. At the same time, as a result of targeted selection, carried out within the relevant garden groups, a recommended assortment is formed, and it covers all existing typical flower colors, including early, middle and late varieties, in terms of flowering time, allowing to prolong the flowering of this crop. The developed methodology for a comprehensive assessment makes it possible to include in the modern assortment varieties that meet various purposes: for cutting in the open field, for forcing in greenhouse complexes and greenhouses, for landscaping gardens and parks.
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Kinra, Rajeev. "Master and Munshī." Indian Economic & Social History Review 47, no. 4 (October 2010): 527–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001946461004700405.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article aims to contribute to a growing body of scholarship on the cultural world of the early modern Indo-Persian state secretary, or munshī. Our guide will be the celebrated Mughal munshī, Chandar Bhān Brahman (d. 1662-63), whose life and career shed considerable light on the ideals of administrative conduct that informed political and intellectual culture during the reigns of the emperors Jahāngīr and Shāh Jahān. After examining Chandar Bhān's background and socio-intellectual milieu, we will focus in particular on a section of his prose magnum opus, Chahār Chaman (_The Four Gardens’), which served as both a memoir of his career in Mughal service and a didactic guide for exemplary ministerial theory and practice, or wizārat. Chandar Bhān's ideal wazīr, embodied by ministers like Afzal Khān Shirazi (d. 1639), Sa’d Allāh Khān (d. 1656), and Raghūnāth Rāy-i Rāyān (d. 1664), was not only tolerant and humane in the exercise of power, but also an expert in the secretarial arts in his own right, and a model of civility (akhlāq) and mystical awareness (ma’rifat) for others. In modern historiography such virtues tend to be primarily associated with Akbar's court, but at least in Chandar Bhān's eyes, they continued to have lasting relevance throughout the Mughal seventeenth century.
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Robin, N., P. Gueriau, J. Luque, D. Jarvis, A. C. Daley, and R. Vonk. "The oldest peracarid crustacean reveals a Late Devonian freshwater colonization by isopod relatives." Biology Letters 17, no. 6 (June 2021): 20210226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0226.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Peracarida (e.g. woodlice and side-swimmers) are, together with their sister-group Eucarida (e.g. krill and decapods), the most speciose group of modern crustaceans, suggested to have appeared as early as the Ordovician. While eucarids' incursion onto land consists of mainly freshwater and littoral grounds, some peracarids have evolved fully terrestrial ground-crawling ecologies, inhabiting even our gardens in temperate regions (e.g. pillbugs and sowbugs). Their fossil record extends back to the Carboniferous and consists mainly of marine occurrences. Here, we provide a complete re-analysis of a fossil arthropod— Oxyuropoda— reported in 1908 from the Late Devonian floodplains of Ireland, and left with unresolved systematic affinities despite a century of attempts at identification. Known from a single specimen preserved in two dimensions, we analysed its anatomy using digital microscopy and multispectral macroimaging to enhance the contrast of morphological structures. The new anatomical characters and completeness of Oxyuropoda , together with a phylogenetic analysis with representatives of all major Eumalacostraca groups, indicate that Oxyuropoda is a crown peracarid, part of a clade including amphipods and isopods. As such, Oxyuropoda is the oldest known species Peracarida, and provides evidence that derived peracarids had an incursion into freshwater and terrestrial environments as early as the Famennian, more than 360 Ma.
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Elsky, Martin. "Rebecca W. Bushnell. Green Desire: Imagining Early Modern English Gardens. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2003. x + 198 pp. $29.95. ISBN: 0-8014-4143-9." Renaissance Quarterly 58, no. 01 (2005): 330–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ren.2008.0603.
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Szczygielska, Marianna. "Animal Sex in Public." Environmental Humanities 14, no. 3 (November 1, 2022): 641–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/22011919-9962948.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Contemporary zoological gardens are hoping to delay the sixth mass extinction through captive breeding of endangered species. This article explores the dominant temporal orders invoked by managing animal sex in captivity in order to unfold unnatural histories of the zoo. Departing from the queer critique of reproductive futurism, it demonstrates that in the modern zoo, reproduction is removed from sexuality. By mapping out the more-than-human dimensions of chronopolitics at the zoo, this article unravels the complex process of transposing sexual acts into temporally fixed sexuality. To account for multiple pasts and futures of captive sex, this analysis employs the category of queer animality. Tracing the fascination with animal homosexuality to early sexological taxonomies, this article argues that anchoring sexual identity in animality is an anachronistic move that rests on the myth of timeless nature. At the same time, the sexological distinction between constitutional and circumstantial homosexuality relies on two types of teleological temporality: developmental and degenerative time of evolutionary change. The zoo is not only a place where education of desire occurs along the deep time line of natural history but also a contested terrain of captivity that can cancel any claim to atemporal naturalness.
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Merezhko, O. E., and A. A. Mushinskiy. "Results of a long-term study of introduced apple varieties in the conditions of the Southern Urals." Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia 68 (April 21, 2022): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/2073-4948-2022-68-40-47.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article presents long-term data on the study of introduced apple varieties. The experiment was carried out on the basis of the Orenburg branch of the Federal Scientific Center for Horticulture. The objects of research were the introduced winter-ripening apple varieties Anis Sverdlovskiy, Blagaya Vest’, VEM YArkij, Krasa Sverdlovska, Otlichnik, Pervoural’skoe, Rumyanka Sverdlovskaya, Samotsvet, Fermer, Ekrannoe, Bratchud (K), Kovrovoe 1, Kovrovoe 3, Bolotovskoe, Kandil’ Orlovskiy, Kulikovskoe. The planting scheme was 3.0x5.0 m. Modern industrial horticulture requires intensive orchards that meet a range of quality requirements: their early fruiting, restrained growth, compact crown type, active increase in yield, high commercial and consumer quality of fruits, reduction care costs compared to gardens on vigorous rootstocks. In this regard, the following features were studied: winter hardiness, tree height, crown diameter, bole circumference, precocity, and yield. After a critical winter, the most winter-hardy varieties turned out to be Blagaya Vesti, Farmer, Screen, Otlichnik, Bratchud (K). The varieties Kovrovoe 1, Kovrovoe 3, Krasa Sverdlovska had the highest reductive capacity. The highest average fruit weight over the years of the study had the Kovrovoe 1 variety (132.0 g), the high-yielding varieties included Kovrovoe 1, Kovrovoe 3, VEM YArkij, Krasa Sverdlovska (from 12.4 to 13.0 t/ha).
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Tyack, Geoffrey. "A Pantheon for Horses: The Prince Regent’s Dome and Stables at Brighton." Architectural History 58 (2015): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066622x00002616.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Domed rotundas have fascinated and challenged architects and engineers for the last two millennia. Examples can be found throughout the world, most commonly in religious and commemorative buildings, but also in the palaces and bath complexes of ancient Rome and in more recent government and legislative buildings. In modern times technological advances have allowed new and increasingly ambitious kinds of rotunda to be built — markets and exchanges, greenhouses and conservatories, concert and exhibition halls, sports arenas. The roots of this latter development lie in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and one of the pioneering buildings still survives in the unexpected setting of the Royal Pavilion gardens at Brighton.The Brighton Pavilion has always been mainly associated with two people: George, Prince of Wales (the Prince Regent), who commissioned it, and John Nash, the architect who gave it its present exotic appearance. But it is easy to forget that the most distinctive features of the Nash exterior — the Indian-style domes and minarets — took their stylistic character from a building that was completed before he became involved with the Pavilion. This was the royal stables, designed by William Porden for the Prince, built in 1804–08, and now an arts complex.
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Jarvis, Charles E. "‘The most common grass, rush, moss, fern, thistles, thorns or vilest weeds you can find’: James Petiver's plants." Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science 74, no. 2 (November 27, 2019): 303–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2019.0012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The dried plant specimens painstakingly acquired by the London apothecary James Petiver ( ca 1663–1718) from around the world constitute a substantial, but underappreciated, component of the vast herbarium of Sir Hans Sloane, now housed at London's Natural History Museum. Petiver was an observant field biologist whose own collecting was focused in south-east England. However, he also obtained specimens from an astoundingly wide geographical area via numerous collectors, more than 160 of whose names are known. While many were wild-collected, gardens in Great Britain and abroad also played a role in facilitating the study of the many new and strange exotics that were arriving in Europe. A new estimate of the number of specimens present in Petiver's herbarium suggests a figure of ca 21 000 gatherings. In this article, the appearance of the bound volumes, and the arrangement of the specimens within them, is assessed and contrasted with those volumes assembled by Leonard Plukenet and Hans Sloane. Petiver's published species descriptions and illustrations are shown to be frequently associated with extant specimens, letters and other manuscripts, making the whole a rich archive for the study of early modern collecting of natural curiosities at a time of increasing ‘scientific’ purpose.
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Weide, Alexander, Amaia Arranz-Otaegui, Ann Frijda Schmidt, Hyunyoung Kim, Michael Charles, Mohsen Zeidi, Hojjat Darabi, Tobias Richter, and Nicholas J. Conard. "Identification of the Triticoid-type grains (Poaceae) from archaeobotanical assemblages in southwest Asia as Heteranthelium piliferum (Banks & Sol.) Hochst." Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 30, no. 5 (January 22, 2021): 657–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00334-020-00822-x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe so-called Triticoid-type grains are known from several prehistoric sites in southwest Asia and their identification has long been unclear. They resemble the grains of wheats and researchers suggested they may represent an extinct Triticeae species, possibly closely related to wild crop progenitors. In this study we identify the Triticoid-type grains as Heteranthelium piliferum (Banks & Sol.) Hochst. and describe the key identification criteria. The identification is based on morphological analyses of modern and archaeological material from several grass species and was first achieved with well-preserved specimens from Early Neolithic Chogha Golan, Iran. We further examined the Triticoid-type grains from recently excavated samples from Early Neolithic Ganj Dareh, Iran, and archived samples from Late Chalcolithic and Late Bronze Age Tell Brak in northeast Syria, confirming their identification as H. piliferum. Based on the study of herbarium specimens at Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, London, we provide a detailed distribution map and review the species’ biology and ecological adaptations. Collected and cultivated herbarium specimens were analysed in order to understand the high phenotypic plasticity of the growth habit, its correlation with environmental variables and its relation to grain size. In order to understand the high morphological variability of the charred Triticoid-type grains from archaeological deposits, we assessed the effects of experimental carbonisation at different temperatures on grains of H. piliferum, Triticum dicoccum, T. thaoudar and Secale vavilovii. In light of the present study, we discuss the relevance of H. piliferum for reconstructing prehistoric subsistence strategies.
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Chaberski, Mateusz. "Thomas Shadwell’s the Virtuoso as an Assemblage Laboratory. A View from Installation Art." Art History & Criticism 13, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mik-2017-0008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Summary The contemporary landscape of performing arts becomes more and more populated by hybrid genres or “artistic installations” (Rebentisch) which fuse traditional artistic, theatrical and performance practices with scientific procedures, political activism and designing new technologies (e.g. bioart, technoart, digital art and site-specific performance). In this context, theatre texts can no longer be perceived as autopoietic means of solely artistic expression but become part of an assemblage of different discourses and practices. As contemporary assemblage theory contends (DeLanda), assemblages are relational entities which change dramatically depending on relations between its different human and nonhuman elements and various contexts in which they function. Taking the contemporary installation art as a vantage point, this paper aims to analyse a Restoration comedy The Virtuoso (1676) by Thomas Shadwell in an assemblage of theatrical, scientific and political discourses and practices of Early Modern England. Staged in Dorset Gardens theatre in London, the play mobilised a plethora of discourses of science (the status of experimental philosophy institutionalized in 1660 as the Royal Society), politics (Restoration of the monarchy under Charles II) and gender (the infamous heac vir or effeminate man). Drawing on contemporary new materialism, the paper focuses predominantly on Shadwell’s use of the laboratory as a site of emerging assemblages rather than objective matters of fact. In this context, the play itself becomes an assemblage laboratory where new ways of thinking and being are being forged and constantly negotiated.
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Morgan, Luke. "The Early Modern "Trompe-L'Oeil" Garden." Garden History 33, no. 2 (October 1, 2005): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25434183.
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Baldassarri, Fabrizio. "Hubertus Fischer; Volker R. Remmert; Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn (Editors). Gardens, Knowledge, and the Sciences in the Early Modern Period. (Trends in the History of Science.) vi + 374 pp., illus., index. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2016. £89.50 (cloth)." Isis 108, no. 4 (December 2, 2017): 897–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/695789.
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Рожак-Литвиненко, Ксенія Богданівна, та Анастасія Андріївна Бережна. "Види квіткового оформлення". Theory and practice of design, № 23 (22 грудня 2021): 150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18372/2415-8151.23.16282.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
У роботі піднімається питання різновиду квіткового оформлення у населених пунктах, в результаті дослідження розкриті основні чинники, від яких залежить якісний стан квітників. Були знайдені найбільш оптимальні форми оформлення квітників. Проаналізовані сучасні тенденції формування різноманітних видів квіткових та орнаментальних композицій, що використовуються у дизайні сучасних інтер’єрів, обговорюються історичні передумови декоративного та лісового садівництва, овочівництва, нові напрямки вирощування декоративних рослин, актуальні аспекти квіткового оформлення. Обґрунтована необхідність використання кімнатних рослин в інтер’єрах. З’ясовано, що при проектуванні квітників необхідно враховувати закони композиції і кольорознавства, обирати асортимент квітково-декоративних рослин з урахуванням безупинного цвітіння з ранньої весни до пізньої осені. Визначено, що основними елементами квітково-декоративного оформлення є: регулярні квіткові композиції і квітники, ландшафтні і абстрактні композиції і виставково-експозиційні об`єкти.У роботі окреслено наступні проблеми: варіації оздоблення, типи клумбових рослин, завдання озеленення, історія клумбових рослин.Розглянуто квіткове оформлення міст яке дає швидкий і ефективний естетичний результат, сучасні тенденції використання квітково-декоративних композицій: раціональність і доцільність розташування, створення яскравих акцентів у ландшафті міста. Основна маса квіткових композицій концентрується у загальноміському центрі, центрах житлових районів, місцях частого відвідування – парках, садах, скверах і т. п. Квітково-декоративне оформлення міського середовища підкоряється законам колористики, композиції, флористики, санітарно-гігієнічним вимогам.Представлено, що введення у міський ландшафт елементів живописності і природності досягається по типу природних, в яких композиційне рішення і асортимент рослин схожі на природне. До природних мотивів можна віднести квітучі і декоративно-листяні рослини у сполученні з компонентами природного ландшафту (кам`янистими матеріалами скельного і валунного типів, водоймами, геопластикою природного характеру, садовими формами живописної конфігурації).Виявлено, що при комплексному вирішенні квіткового оформлення в архітектурному середовищі враховуються: стильове архітектурне рішення будівель і споруд, характер декору фасадів, їх кольорове рішення, кольорові, композиційні і конструктивні особливості малих архітектурних форм, елементів міського дизайну, матеріал і колір дорожного покриття та ін. The paper raises the issue of the variety of flower decoration in settlements, as a result of the study revealed the main factors on which the quality of flower beds depends. The most optimal forms of flower garden design were found. The modern tendencies of formation of various kinds of flower and ornamental compositions used in design of modern interiors are analyzed, historical preconditions of ornamental and forest gardening, vegetable growing, new directions of cultivation of ornamental plants, actual aspects of flower registration are discussed. The need to use houseplants in interiors is justified. It was found that when designing flower beds, it is necessary to take into account the laws of composition and color, choose the range of flowering and ornamental plants, taking into account the continuous flowering from early spring to late autumn.The purpose of the study: to identify the main types of floral design that are used most often. It is determined that the main elements of floral and decorative design are: regular flower arrangements and flower beds, landscape and abstract compositions and exhibition and exhibition objects.The following problems are outlined in the paper: variations of decoration, types of club plants, landscaping tasks, history of flower plants.The floral design of cities which gives fast and effective aesthetic result, modern tendencies of use of flower-decorative compositions are considered: rationality and expediency of an arrangement, creation of bright accents in a city landscape. The bulk of flower arrangements are concentrated in the city center, residential centers, places to visit — parks, gardens, squares, etc. Floral decoration of the urban environment is subject to the laws of color, composition, floristics, sanitary and hygienic requirements.It is presented that the introduction of elements of beauty and naturalness into the urban landscape is achieved by the type of natural, in which the compositional solution and range of plants are similar to natural. The natural motifs include flowering and ornamental deciduous plants in combination with components of the natural landscape (rocky materials of rock and boulder types, ponds, natural geoplastics, garden forms of picturesque configuration).It is revealed that the complex solution of flower design in the architectural environment takes into account: stylistic architectural solution of buildings and structures, the nature of facades, their color scheme, color, compositional and design features of small architectural forms, urban design elements, material and color of pavement, etc.
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COVINGTON, SARAH. "The Garden of Anguish: Gethsemane in Early Modern England." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 65, no. 2 (March 13, 2014): 280–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046912003648.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Few biblical episodes have generated more theological interpretation across the centuries than that of Jesus praying in the Garden of Gethsemane, where he appears fearfully to resist the divine will in the moments before the passion sequence is initiated. Scholars of the early modern period, however, have tended not to notice how central the scene became in the wake of Protestant and Catholic reformation developments, renewed calls for spiritual self-examination and the resurgent phenomenon of martyrdom. This article addresses this lacuna by arguing that, in the case of England, Jesus in Gethsemane not only held acute resonances across different confessions, but resulted in interpretations that perpetuated a new kind of subjectivity, and one that influenced modernity and its notions of the divided self in a state of faith and doubt.
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Tokareva, O. I. "Selection of seed stocks for propagation of apple trees in the Far East." Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia 62 (October 1, 2020): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/2073-4948-2020-62-91-97.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article presents the results of research on the selection of seed stocks aimed at the development of intensive horticulture in the Far Eastern region, which has great potential for growing apple fruits. There were summarized materials on the study of seed stocks of apple trees. In modern conditions in fruit growing, the most relevant direction is the creation of high-yielding apple varieties with high adaptive properties. Varieties must be early-growing, have high immunity and resistance to the most harmful pathogenic, and also have good compatibility with seed stocks that are resistant to the abiotic and biotic environmental factors of the Far Eastern region. The use of seed stocks makes it possible to propagate seedlings of the most promising varieties free from harmful viral infections without losing their genetic stability. Plantings planted with such planting material do not need expensive supports and require significantly fewer mineral fertilizers and water, because they have a powerful root system that penetrates into the deeper layers the soil. Seed stocks of the apple tree are initially free from viral infection, and, unlike the clonal stocks, do not require expensive recovery, which leads to significant material savings. High grafting on seed stock not only contributes to the accelerated entry of gardens into the productive period, but also helps protect trees from damage from sunburn and frost. The production and biological study of the seed stocks of the apple tree was carried out in the form of a collection variety study and production variety testing. The field method is used to evaluate seed stocks. The developed and scientifically substantiated methods for planting apple orchards on seed stocks make it possible to create stands that are resistant to the climate of the Far Eastern region and stably produce marketable fruits for several years. It was revealed that the Siberian berry apple tree, and the variety Ranetka Yantarnaya are the most highly adapted and can be used as a seed stock.
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Smith, Nathan E. C. "Narrative histories in mycology and the legacy of George Edward Massee (1845–1917)." Archives of Natural History 47, no. 2 (October 2020): 361–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2020.0661.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mycology is a relatively small and young discipline that has yet to achieve the institutional presence of similar disciplines such as botany and zoology. Because of this, mycological histories are often written by practitioners aiming to establish a narrative of professionalization that confirms mycology as a scientific discipline instead of a natural history pursuit. George Edward Massee (1845–1917) was one of the foremost mycologists of the late nineteenth century, achieving the top position in the field as Principal Assistant (Cryptogams) at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and publishing over 250 books and articles. Providing a link between the great Victorian mycologists Mordecai Cubitt Cooke (1825–1914) and the Revd Miles Joseph Berkeley (1803–1889) and the more modern school that included the likes of Elsie Maud Wakefield (1886–1972), he achieved this position without a university education. However, since his death, his achievements have been subject to multiple negative assessments and, as a result, he has become increasingly obscured in the history of British mycology. The majority of these unfavourable appraisals originated from the publications of Dr John Ramsbottom (1885–1974), a mycologist and historian who was a key member of the British Mycological Society and a founding member of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History. These articles were published across the first half of the twentieth century, and Ramsbottom's works have since become standard texts in both the biography of Massee and the history of British mycology. Here I question the validity of the substance of Ramsbottom's claims against Massee, given the circumstances under which Ramsbottom's articles were written and the relationship between Massee and the fledgling British Mycological Society, initially run by Carleton Rea (1861–1946) and of which Ramsbottom was a senior member. I examine wider reasons for such strong criticism of Massee and explore the professional differences and relationships between Massee and Ramsbottom, placing the analysis firmly in the context of changing scientific practice occurring in the early twentieth century.
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Leslie, Michael. "Mirka Beneš and Dianne Harris, eds. Villas and Gardens in Early Modern Italy and France. (Cambridge Studies in New Art History and Criticism.) Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. xx + 428 pp. + 167 b/w illus. index. $90. ISBN: 0-521-78225-2." Renaissance Quarterly 56, no. 3 (2003): 834–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1261656.
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