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Книги з теми "Earch convection"

Щоб переглянути інші типи публікацій з цієї теми, перейдіть за посиланням: Earch convection.

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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1

Dynamic earth: Plates, plumes, and mantle convection. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

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2

Royal Society (Great Britain). Discussion Meeting. Chemical reservoirs and convection in the earth's mantle: Papers of a discussion meeting. London: The Royal Society, 2002.

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3

Van der Hilst, Robert D. (Robert Dirk), 1961-, ed. Earth's deep mantle: Structure, composition, and evolution. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, 2005.

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4

Erickson, Gary M. A mechanism for magnetospheric substorms. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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5

Chassignet, Eric P. Buoyancy-driven flows. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

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6

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences., eds. Lateral variation in upper mantle temperature and composition beneath mid-ocean ridges inferred from shear-wave propagation, geoid, and bathymetry. [Cambridge, Mass.]: Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991.

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7

A, Gnoffo Peter, and Langley Research Center, eds. Convective and radiative heating for vehicle return from the Moon and Mars. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1995.

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8

Wilson, Gordon R. The high latitude ionosphere-magnetosphere transition region: Simulation and data comparison. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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9

Gordon, Howard R. Ocean observations with EOS/MODIS: Algorithm development and post launch studies : semi-annual report (for July - December 1995). [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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10

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Ocean observations with EOS/MODIS: Algorithm development and post launch studies : semi-annual report (for January - June 1996), contract number NAS5-31363. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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11

Gordon, Howard R. Ocean observations with EOS/MODIS: Algorithm development and post launch studies : semi-annual report (for July - December 1994). [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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12

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Ocean observations with EOS/MODIS: Algorithm development and post launch studies : semi-annual report (for January-July 1995). [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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13

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Ocean observations with EOS/MODIS: Algorithm development and post launch studies : semi-annual report (for January - June 1997), contract number NAS5-31363. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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14

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Ocean observations with EOS/MODIS: Algorithm development and post launch studies : semi-annual report (for January-July 1995). [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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15

Gordon, Howard R. Ocean observations with EOS/MODIS: Algorithm development and post launch studies : semi-annual report (for January - June 1996), contract number NAS5-31363. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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16

Gordon, Howard R. Ocean observations with EOS/MODIS: Algorithm development and post launch studies. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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17

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Ocean observations with EOS/MODIS: Algorithm development and post launch studies : semi-annual report (for July - December 1994). [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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18

Gordon, Howard R. Ocean observations with EOS/MODIS: Algorithm development and post launch studies : semi-annual report (for January - June 1997), contract number NAS5-31363. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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19

Davies, Geoffrey F. Mantle Convection for Geologists. Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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20

Davies, Geoffrey F. Mantle Convection for Geologists. Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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21

Davies, Geoffrey F. Mantle Convection for Geologists. Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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22

Forte, Alessandro Marco. Mantle convection and the aspherical earth. 1985.

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23

Davies, Geoffrey F. Dynamic Earth: Plates, Plumes and Mantle Convection. Cambridge University Press, 2000.

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24

Davies, Geoffrey F. Dynamic Earth: Plates, Plumes and Mantle Convection. Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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25

Davies, Geoffrey F. Dynamic Earth: Plates, Plumes and Mantle Convection. Cambridge University Press, 2000.

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26

Davies, Geoffrey F. Dynamic Earth: Plates, Plumes and Mantle Convection. Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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27

Schubert, Gerald, Donald L. Turcotte, and Peter Olson. Mantle Convection in the Earth and Planets. Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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28

Schubert, Gerald, Donald L. Turcotte, and Peter Olson. Mantle Convection in the Earth and Planets. Cambridge University Press, 2005.

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29

Schubert, Gerald, Donald L. Turcotte, and Peter Olson. Mantle Convection in the Earth and Planets. Cambridge University Press, 2001.

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30

Mantle Convection For Geologists. Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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31

Davies, Geoffrey F. Mantle Convection for Geologists. Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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32

Mantle Convection in the Earth and Planets 2 Volume Set. Cambridge University Press, 2001.

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33

Mantle convection and the state of the Earth's interior. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1987.

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34

Mantle Convection in the Earth and Planets (Cambridge Monographs on Mechan). Cambridge University Press, 2001.

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35

Convective And Advective Heat Transfer In Geological Systems. Springer, 2008.

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36

Livermore, Roy. Ups and Downs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717867.003.0011.

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Анотація:

Despite the dumbing-down of education in recent years, it would be unusual to find a ten-year-old who could not name the major continents on a map of the world. Yet how many adults have the faintest idea of the structures that exist within the Earth? Understandably, knowledge is limited by the fact that the Earth’s interior is less accessible than the surface of Pluto, mapped in 2016 by the NASA New Horizons spacecraft. Indeed, Pluto, 7.5 billion kilometres from Earth, was discovered six years earlier than the similar-sized inner core of our planet. Fortunately, modern seismic techniques enable us to image the mantle right down to the core, while laboratory experiments simulating the pressures and temperatures at great depth, combined with computer modelling of mantle convection, help identify its mineral and chemical composition. The results are providing the most rapid advances in our understanding of how this planet works since the great revolution of the 1960s.

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37

Furbish, David Jon. Fluid Physics in Geology. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195077018.001.0001.

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Fluid Physics in Geology is aimed at geology students who are interested in understanding fluid behavior and motion in the context of a wide variety of geological problems, and who wish to pursue related work in fluid physics. The book provides an introductory treatment of the physical and dynamical behaviors of fluids by focusing first on how fluids behave in a general way, then looking more specifically at how they are involved in certain geological processes. The text is written so students may concentrate on the sections that are most relevant to their own needs. Helpful problems following each chapter illustrate applications of the material to realistic problems involving groundwater flows, magma dynamics, open-channel flows, and thermal convection. Fluid Physics in Geology is ideal for graduate courses in all areas of geology, including hydrology, geomorphology, sedimentology, and petrology.

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38

Bouchet, Freddy, Tapio Schneider, Antoine Venaille, and Christophe Salomon, eds. Fundamental Aspects of Turbulent Flows in Climate Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855217.001.0001.

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This book collects the text of the lectures given at the Les Houches Summer School on “Fundamental aspects of turbulent flows in climate dynamics”, held in August 2017. Leading scientists in the fields of climate dynamics, atmosphere and ocean dynamics, geophysical fluid dynamics, physics and non-linear sciences present their views on this fast growing and interdisciplinary field of research, by venturing upon fundamental problems of atmospheric convection, clouds, large-scale circulation, and predictability. Climate is controlled by turbulent flows. Turbulent motions are responsible for the bulk of the transport of energy, momentum, and water vapor in the atmosphere, which determine the distribution of temperature, winds, and precipitation on Earth. Clouds, weather systems, and boundary layers in the oceans and atmosphere are manifestations of turbulence in the climate system. Because turbulence remains as the great unsolved problem of classical physics, we do not have a complete physical theory of climate. The aim of this summer school was to survey what is known about how turbulent flows control climate, what role they may play in climate change, and to outline where progress in this important area can be expected, given today’s computational and observational capabilities. This book reviews the state-of-the-art developments in this field and provides an essential background to future studies. All chapters are written from a pedagogical perspective, making the book accessible to masters and PhD students and all researchers wishing to enter this field. It is complemented by online video of several lectures and seminars recorded during the summer school.

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39

Inertial currents in isotropic plasma. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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40

Zeitlin, Vladimir. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804338.001.0001.

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The book explains the key notions and fundamental processes in the dynamics of the fluid envelopes of the Earth (transposable to other planets), and methods of their analysis, from the unifying viewpoint of rotating shallow-water model (RSW). The model, in its one- or two-layer versions, plays a distinguished role in geophysical fluid dynamics, having been used for around a century for conceptual understanding of various phenomena, for elaboration of approaches and methods, to be applied later in more complete models, for development and testing of numerical codes and schemes of data assimilations, and many other purposes. Principles of modelling of large-scale atmospheric and oceanic flows, and corresponding approximations, are explained and it is shown how single- and multi-layer versions of RSW arise from the primitive equations by vertical averaging, and how further time-averaging produces celebrated quasi-geostrophic reductions of the model. Key concepts of geophysical fluid dynamics are exposed and interpreted in RSW terms, and fundamentals of vortex and wave dynamics are explained in Part 1 of the book, which is supplied with exercises and can be used as a textbook. Solutions of the problems are available at Editorial Office by request. In-depth treatment of dynamical processes, with special accent on the primordial process of geostrophic adjustment, on instabilities in geophysical flows, vortex and wave turbulence and on nonlinear wave interactions follows in Part 2. Recently arisen new approaches in, and applications of RSW, including moist-convective processes constitute Part 3.

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41

Ocean observations with EOS/MODIS: Algorithm development and post launch studies. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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42

Ocean observations with EOS/MODIS: Algorithm development and post launch studies : semi-annual report (for July - December 1995). [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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43

Benestad, Rasmus. Climate in the Barents Region. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.655.

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The Barents Sea is a region of the Arctic Ocean named after one of its first known explorers (1594–1597), Willem Barentsz from the Netherlands, although there are accounts of earlier explorations: the Norwegian seafarer Ottar rounded the northern tip of Europe and explored the Barents and White Seas between 870 and 890 ce, a journey followed by a number of Norsemen; Pomors hunted seals and walruses in the region; and Novgorodian merchants engaged in the fur trade. These seafarers were probably the first to accumulate knowledge about the nature of sea ice in the Barents region; however, scientific expeditions and the exploration of the climate of the region had to wait until the invention and employment of scientific instruments such as the thermometer and barometer. Most of the early exploration involved mapping the land and the sea ice and making geographical observations. There were also many unsuccessful attempts to use the Northeast Passage to reach the Bering Strait. The first scientific expeditions involved F. P. Litke (1821±1824), P. K. Pakhtusov (1834±1835), A. K. Tsivol’ka (1837±1839), and Henrik Mohn (1876–1878), who recorded oceanographic, ice, and meteorological conditions.The scientific study of the Barents region and its climate has been spearheaded by a number of campaigns. There were four generations of the International Polar Year (IPY): 1882–1883, 1932–1933, 1957–1958, and 2007–2008. A British polar campaign was launched in July 1945 with Antarctic operations administered by the Colonial Office, renamed as the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS); it included a scientific bureau by 1950. It was rebranded as the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) in 1962 (British Antarctic Survey History leaflet). While BAS had its initial emphasis on the Antarctic, it has also been involved in science projects in the Barents region. The most dedicated mission to the Arctic and the Barents region has been the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), which has commissioned a series of reports on the Arctic climate: the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) report, the Snow Water Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) report, and the Adaptive Actions in a Changing Arctic (AACA) report.The climate of the Barents Sea is strongly influenced by the warm waters from the Norwegian current bringing heat from the subtropical North Atlantic. The region is 10°C–15°C warmer than the average temperature on the same latitude, and a large part of the Barents Sea is open water even in winter. It is roughly bounded by the Svalbard archipelago, northern Fennoscandia, the Kanin Peninsula, Kolguyev Island, Novaya Zemlya, and Franz Josef Land, and is a shallow ocean basin which constrains physical processes such as currents and convection. To the west, the Greenland Sea forms a buffer region with some of the strongest temperature gradients on earth between Iceland and Greenland. The combination of a strong temperature gradient and westerlies influences air pressure, wind patterns, and storm tracks. The strong temperature contrast between sea ice and open water in the northern part sets the stage for polar lows, as well as heat and moisture exchange between ocean and atmosphere. Glaciers on the Arctic islands generate icebergs, which may drift in the Barents Sea subject to wind and ocean currents.The land encircling the Barents Sea includes regions with permafrost and tundra. Precipitation comes mainly from synoptic storms and weather fronts; it falls as snow in the winter and rain in the summer. The land area is snow-covered in winter, and rivers in the region drain the rainwater and meltwater into the Barents Sea. Pronounced natural variations in the seasonal weather statistics can be linked to variations in the polar jet stream and Rossby waves, which result in a clustering of storm activity, blocking high-pressure systems. The Barents region is subject to rapid climate change due to a “polar amplification,” and observations from Svalbard suggest that the past warming trend ranks among the strongest recorded on earth. The regional change is reinforced by a number of feedback effects, such as receding sea-ice cover and influx of mild moist air from the south.

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44

Xue, Yongkang, Yaoming Ma, and Qian Li. Land–Climate Interaction Over the Tibetan Plateau. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.592.

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The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is the largest and highest plateau on Earth. Due to its elevation, it receives much more downward shortwave radiation than other areas, which results in very strong diurnal and seasonal changes of the surface energy components and other meteorological variables, such as surface temperature and the convective atmospheric boundary layer. With such unique land process conditions on a distinct geomorphic unit, the TP has been identified as having the strongest land/atmosphere interactions in the mid-latitudes.Three major TP land/atmosphere interaction issues are presented in this article: (1) Scientists have long been aware of the role of the TP in atmospheric circulation. The view that the TP’s thermal and dynamic forcing drives the Asian monsoon has been prevalent in the literature for decades. In addition to the TP’s topographic effect, diagnostic and modeling studies have shown that the TP provides a huge, elevated heat source to the middle troposphere, and that the sensible heat pump plays a major role in the regional climate and in the formation of the Asian monsoon. Recent modeling studies, however, suggest that the south and west slopes of the Himalayas produce a strong monsoon by insulating warm and moist tropical air from the cold and dry extratropics, so the TP heat source cannot be considered as a factor for driving the Indian monsoon. The climate models’ shortcomings have been speculated to cause the discrepancies/controversies in the modeling results in this aspect. (2) The TP snow cover and Asian monsoon relationship is considered as another hot topic in TP land/atmosphere interaction studies and was proposed as early as 1884. Using ground measurements and remote sensing data available since the 1970s, a number of studies have confirmed the empirical relationship between TP snow cover and the Asian monsoon, albeit sometimes with different signs. Sensitivity studies using numerical modeling have also demonstrated the effects of snow on the monsoon but were normally tested with specified extreme snow cover conditions. There are also controversies regarding the possible mechanisms through which snow affects the monsoon. Currently, snow is no longer a factor in the statistic prediction model for the Indian monsoon prediction in the Indian Meteorological Department. These controversial issues indicate the necessity of having measurements that are more comprehensive over the TP to better understand the nature of the TP land/atmosphere interactions and evaluate the model-produced results. (3) The TP is one of the major areas in China greatly affected by land degradation due to both natural processes and anthropogenic activities. Preliminary modeling studies have been conducted to assess its possible impact on climate and regional hydrology. Assessments using global and regional models with more realistic TP land degradation data are imperative.Due to high elevation and harsh climate conditions, measurements over the TP used to be sparse. Fortunately, since the 1990s, state-of-the-art observational long-term station networks in the TP and neighboring regions have been established. Four large field experiments since 1996, among many observational activities, are presented in this article. These experiments should greatly help further research on TP land/atmosphere interactions.

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