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1
Lee, Jongyoon, and Bok-Jik Lee. "Survey on Research and Development of E-Fuel." Journal of The Korean Society of Combustion 27, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15231/jksc.2022.27.1.037.
2
Nadiri, Solmaz, Paul Zimmermann, Laxmi Sane, Ravi Fernandes, Friedrich Dinkelacker, and Bo Shu. "Kinetic Modeling Study on the Combustion Characterization of Synthetic C3 and C4 Alcohols for Lean Premixed Prevaporized Combustion." Energies 14, no. 17 (September 2, 2021): 5473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175473.
Анотація:
To reach sustainable aviation, one approach is to use electro-fuels (e-fuels) within the gas turbine engines. E-fuels are CO2-neutral synthetic fuels which are produced employing electrical energy generated from renewable resources, where the carbon is taken out of the atmosphere or from biomass. Our approach is, to find e-fuels, which can be utilized in the lean premixed prevaporized (LPP) combustion, where most of the non-CO2 emissions are prevented. One of the suitable e-fuel classes is alcohols with a low number of carbons. In this work, the autoignition properties of propanol isomers and butanol isomers as e-fuels were investigated in a high-pressure shock tube (HPST) at temperatures from 1200 to 1500 K, the pressure of 10 bar, and lean fuel-air conditions. Additional investigations on the low-temperature oxidation and flame speed of C3 and C4 alcohols from the literature were employed to develop a comprehensive mechanism for the prediction of ignition delay time (IDT) and laminar burning velocity (LBV) of the above-mentioned fuels. A numerical model based on newly developed chemical kinetics was applied to further study the IDT and LBV of fuels in comparison to the Jet-A surrogate at the engine-related conditions along with the emissions prediction of the model at lean fuel-air conditions.
3
Zlenko, M. A., and A. S. Terenchenko. "Electric power, hydrogen or e-fuel?" Trudy NAMI, no. 1 (April 7, 2023): 56–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.51187/0135-3152-2023-1-56-81.
Анотація:
Electrifi cation of motor vehicles is one of the most discussed and relevant issues of the modern society. Is it really the way to perfection and harmonization of coexistence of human civilization and nature? Should Russia follow the road that Europe is paving? Or do we as usual have our own unique way? Are there any objective prerequisites for sensitive changes for us, Russian citizens, in the energy sector, transport infrastructure and, as a result, in the life of our society? The paper contains a comparative analysis of various vehicle electrifi cation scenarios in Russia and shows that the energy and environmental effi ciency of vehicle electrifi cation considerably depends on the type of electric energy used for electrifi cation. The key goal of the energy transition, which is to limit the greenhouse gases emissions, can be achieved only by means of non-carbon electric power generation. The authors studied 20 variants of electrifi cation of an average passenger vehicle with various electric power generation quality (electric power generating systems’ carbon footprint) and diverse power units – pure electric (BEV), hybrid (HEV and PHEV), fuel cells (FC), with diff erent types of primary power sources, and concluded that, fi rst, the role of hydrogen as vehicle fuel is vastly overestimated; second, it is rather hydrogen derivatives such as e-fuels that have brighter prospects to be used in transport; and, third, besides BEV, the urban niche of which is long and quite reasonably predefi ned, PHEV-type vehicles can be the most effi cient in terms of both customer requirements for the quality of mobility and social requirements for environmental effi ciency of the vehicles on the whole.
4
d’Amore, Federico, Andrea Nava, Paolo Colbertaldo, Carlo G. Visconti, and Matteo C. Romano. "Turning CO2 from fuel combustion into e-Fuel? Consider alternative pathways." Energy Conversion and Management 289 (August 2023): 117170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117170.
5
Agudelo, John, Álvaro Delgado, and Pedro Benjumea. "lubricity of ethanol-gasoline fuel blends." Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia, no. 58 (February 27, 2013): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.redin.14157.
Анотація:
In this work the lubricity of several ethanol (hydrated or anhydrous) / gasoline fuel blends was measured by using a conventional HFRR tester. Tests were carried out at 25ºC with no water vapour pressure control, according to the ASTM D6079 standard. According to the results the range of variation of the mean wear scar diameter was small among tested fuels in the range E-20 to E-85, indicating that the addition of ethanol, anhydrous or hydrated, did not impact significantly blend lubricity. The addition of hydrated ethanol (96% v/v) slightly improved blend lubricity in comparison with the addition of anhydrous ethanol. The higher mean wear scar diameters, lower fluid film traces and higher friction coefficients obtained for all tested fuels, in comparison with the typical values for diesel fuels, indicate the necessity of using lubricity additives when gasoline or ethanol / gasoline blends are used in new engine technologies requiring higher pressures in the fuel injection system.
6
Dimitriadis, Athanasios, Loukia P. Chrysikou, and Stella Bezergianni. "Automotive e-Fuels via Hydrocracking of FT-Wax: e-Gasoline and e-Diesel Production." Energies 17, no. 11 (June 5, 2024): 2756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17112756.
Анотація:
The main goal of this research is the production of e-fuels in gasoline- and diesel-range hydrocarbons via the hydrocracking of wax from Fischer–Tropsch (FT-wax) synthesis. The hydrogen for the hydrocracking process originated from solar energy via water electrolysis, thus, the produced fuels were called e-fuels. The FT-wax was produced via the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis of syngas stream from the chemical looping gasification (CLG) of biogenic residues. For the hydrocracking tests, a continuous-operation TRL3 (Technology Readiness Level) pilot plant was utilized. At first, hydrocracking catalyst screening was performed for the upgrading of the FT-wax. Three hydrocracking catalysts were investigated (Ni-W, Ni-W zeolite-supported, and Ni-W Al2O3-supported catalyst) via various operating conditions to identify the optimal operating window for each one. These three catalysts were selected, as they are typical catalysts that are used in the petroleum refinery industry. The optimal catalyst was found to be the NiW catalyst, as it led to high e-fuel yields (38 wt% e-gasoline and 47 wt% e-diesel) with an average hydrogen consumption. The optimum operating window was found at a 603 K reactor temperature, 8.3 MPa system pressure, 1 hr−1 LHSV, and 2500 scfb H2/oil ratio. In the next phase, the production of 5 L of hydrocracked wax was performed utilizing the optimum NiW catalyst and the optimal operating parameters. The liquid product was further fractionated to separate the fractions of e-gasoline, e-diesel, and e-heavy fuel. The e-gasoline and e-diesel fractions were qualitatively assessed, indicating that they fulfilled almost all EN 228 and EN 590 for petroleum-based gasoline and diesel, respectively. Furthermore, a 12-month storage study showed that the product can be stored for a period of 4 months in ambient conditions. In general, green transportation e-fuels with favorable properties that met most of the fossil fuels specifications were produced successfully from the hydrocracking of FT-wax.
7
Labunski, Frank, Birte Schnurr, Julia Pössinger, and Thomas Götz. "Environmental Impact of e-Fuels via the Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cell (SOEC) and Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) Route for Use in Germany." Energies 17, no. 5 (February 23, 2024): 1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17051078.
Анотація:
This paper examines the current and prospective greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of e-fuels produced via electrolysis and Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) for the years 2021, 2030, and 2050 for use in Germany. The GHG emissions are determined by a scenario approach as a combination of a literature-based top-down and bottom-up approach. Considered process steps are the provision of feedstocks, electrolysis (via solid oxide co-electrolysis; SOEC), synthesis (via Fischer–Tropsch synthesis; FTS), e-crude refining, eventual transport to, and use in Germany. The results indicate that the current GHG emissions for e-fuel production in the exemplary export countries Saudi Arabia and Chile are above those of conventional fuels. Scenarios for the production in Germany lead to current GHG emissions of 2.78–3.47 kgCO2-eq/L e-fuel in 2021 as the reference year and 0.064–0.082 kgCO2-eq/L e-fuel in 2050. With a share of 58–96%, according to the respective scenario, the electrolysis is the main determinant of the GHG emissions in the production process. The use of additional renewable energy during the production process in combination with direct air capture (DAC) are the main leverages to reduce GHG emissions.
8
Altaf C., Azmath Khan, Nashra Karim, Ajay Kumar Thakur,. "Solar Based Station Digital E Fuel Monitoring System for Automobiles." Proceeding International Conference on Science and Engineering 11, no. 1 (February 18, 2023): 1667–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/cienceng.v11i1.318.
Анотація:
This proposal introduces an innovative approach to revolutionize the monitoring and optimization of e-fuel consumption in automobiles through the implementation of a solar-powered station. With the increasing demand for electric vehicles (EVs) and the urgent need to reduce carbon emissions, e-fuels have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional fossil fuels. However, efficient monitoring and management of e-fuel usage remain a significant challenge. This paper proposes a comprehensive solar-based station that leverages renewable energy sources to monitor and analyze e-fuel consumption patterns, providing real-time data and insights to vehicle owners and fleet managers. The proposed system aims to enhance the efficiency, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness of e-fuel usage, leading to reduced carbon emissions and increased energy savings. Pure electric vehicles (EVs) are more and more popular in current automotive markets. Many services for EVs such as intelligent battery charging systems and mobile apps are developed to monitor battery energy information (energy consumption time series) for users. However, it consumes power from the grids and if there is no power charging EV vehicles will not be possible, and there is no alternatives. It is neglected such that EV energy consumption takes time in this we design the solar based EV charging station. An E-vehicle charging station, otherwise known as an EV charging station, an electric re-energize point a charging point, an electronic charging station (ECS), or an electric vehicle supply hardware (EVSE), is a piece of a framework that gives electric energy to the reenergizing of module electric vehicles, like electric vehicles, local area electric vehicles, and module mixtures. The main objective of this paper “Solar Based Charging Station for E-Vehicle” is to generate maximum power from the solar panel by tilting its angle based on the intensity of the light that falls on the solar panel .Also, the amount of power available in the charge station is continually monitored locally and from the remote area by using the concepts of Internet of things.
9
Yao, Yingfang, Jianguo Liu, Wenming Liu, Ming Zhao, Bingbing Wu, Jun Gu, and Zhigang Zou. "Vitamin E assisted polymer electrolyte fuel cells." Energy Environ. Sci. 7, no. 10 (2014): 3362–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ee01774a.
10
Likhanov, V. A., O. P. Lopatin, A. S. Yurlov, and N. S. Anfilatova. "Study of indicators of the working process of tractor diesel when working on ethanol and rapeseed oil." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 839, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): 052054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/839/5/052054.
Анотація:
Abstract The use of alternative fuels derived from natural gas, coal, and renewable energy sources in tractor diesel engines (TDE) will solve the problem of replacing petroleum fuels, significantly expand the raw material base for obtaining motor fuels, and reduce the negative impact of motor vehicles on the environment. The use of alternative oxygenate fuels, such as ethanol (E), in diesel engines is particularly promising. As a result of the analysis of the conducted studies, it was found that it is possible to organize the working process in the cylinder of a TDE when it operates on E and rapeseed oil (RO), with their separate supply directly to the cylinders and ignition from the ignition fuel (pilot) with a high cetane number. As a starting fuel, it is possible to use RO, which is capable of self-ignition due to its physical and chemical properties. At the same time, it is expected to improve the performance of the working process, environmental and efficient performance of the TDE with the complete replacement of diesel fuel (DF).
11
Peters, Ralf, Maximilian Decker, Janos Lucian Breuer, Remzi Can Samsun, and Detlef Stolten. "Ramping-Up Electro-Fuel Production." Energies 17, no. 8 (April 18, 2024): 1928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17081928.
Анотація:
Future transport systems will rely on new electrified drives utilizing batteries and hydrogen-powered fuel cells or combustion engines with sustainable fuels. These systems must complement each other and should not be viewed as competing. Properties such as efficiency, range, as well as transport and storage properties will determine their use cases. This article looks at the usability of liquid electro-fuels in freight transport and analyzes the production capacities that will be necessary through 2050 in Germany. Different scenarios with varying market shares of electro-fuels are considered. A scenario with a focus on fuel cells foresees a quantity of 220 PJ of electro-fuels, i.e., 5.1 million tons, which reduces 80% of carbon dioxide emissions in LDV and HDV transport. A further scenario achieves carbon-neutrality and leads to a demand for nearly 17 million tons of e-fuel, corresponding to 640 PJ. Considering a final production rate of 5.1 million tons of electro-fuels per year leads to maximum investment costs of around EUR 350 million/year in 2036 during the ramp-up phase. The total investment costs for synthesis plants amount to EUR 4.02 billion. A carbon-neutrality scenario requires more than a factor 3 for investment for the production facilities of electro-fuels alone.
12
Lebedevas, Sergejus, and Galina Lebedeva. "THE PROBLEMS OF USING ALCOHOL BIOFUEL MIXTURES IN THE LITHUANIAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM." TRANSPORT 24, no. 1 (March 31, 2009): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648-4142.2009.24.58-65.
Анотація:
The article presents the technological aspects of the problems aimed at using alcohol biofuel mixtures in diesel engines kept in operation in Lithuania concerning a gradual replacement of fuel oils with biofuels. It is shown that three‐component fuels such as D‐RME‐E possess the motor characteristics close to mineral diesel fuel. The use of the EC standardized rapeseed oil methyl esters RME as a solvent allows compensating the unfavorable motor characteristics of ethanol E and increasing the number of biocomponents in the fuel at the same time. The key aspects of research on the indicator process and the operating characteristics of diesel engines running on alcohol biofuel mixtures are substantiated.
13
Tharun, Chittala. "Simulation of Electric Bike using Simulink." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 4674–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35159.
Анотація:
Modern world demands the high technology which can solve the current issues and future problems. Now-a-days Fossil fuel shortage is the main problem. Considering current rate of usage of fossil fuels will let its life up to next five decades only. Because of undesirable change in climate is the red indication for not to use more fossil fuel any more. Best alternative for the automobile fuels to provide the mobility & transportation to peoples is sustainable electrical bike. Future e-bike is the best technical application as a visionary solution for the better world, upcoming generation and environment. E-bike comprises the features like high mobility efficiency, compact, electrically powered, comfortable riding experience, light weight vehicle. E-bike is the most versatile current and future vehicle considering its advantages.
14
Gosper, Carl R., Colin J. Yates, Suzanne M. Prober, and Georg Wiehl. "Application and validation of visual fuel hazard assessments in dry Mediterranean-climate woodlands." International Journal of Wildland Fire 23, no. 3 (2014): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf13096.
Анотація:
Understanding fire behaviour and vegetation flammability is important for predicting the consequences of fires. Visual assessments of fuel, such as those developed in Project Vesta, have been widely applied to facilitate rapid data acquisition to support fire behaviour models. However, the accuracy and potential wider application to other plant communities of Vesta visual fuel assessments has received limited attention. We conducted visual fuel assessments and detailed quantitative structural measurements in Eucalyptus salubris (gimlet) woodlands in the world’s largest extant Mediterranean-climate woodland. With one exception, there was moderate to strong correlation between visual assessments of cover in vegetation layers and quantitative measurements, indicating that visual assessments adequately capture changes in fuels. This suggests that the Vesta visual fuel assessment methodology may have wide application in Australian eucalypt forests and woodlands and perhaps in similar communities around the world. However, several issues limiting the wider application of Vesta visual fuel assessments were identified, mainly associated with differences in community ecology between non-resprouter dominated E. salubris woodlands and the epicormic resprouter-dominated dry forests where the method was developed. Patterns of change in fuels suggest that flammability in E. salubris woodlands peaks at intermediate times since fire, potentially providing opportunities for fire management interventions.
15
Haidai, Olga, Vladimir Pilyavskiy, Yevgenij Shelud’ko, and Yevgenij Polunkin. "IMPROVEMENT OF PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF ETHANOL MOTOR FUELS THROUGH USE OF ADDITIVES BASED ON NANOSCALE CARBON CLUSTERS." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 6 (November 30, 2016): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2016.00213.
Анотація:
A new way to overcome the disadvantages of ethanol motor fuels by introducing of multifunctional additives based on carbon nanoscale clusters in their composition is given. It is shown that the modified nanoclusters contribute to the formation of supramolecular structure of ethanol fuels in the form of solvent domains around the nanoparticles. Orientation local ordering of these supramolecular structures changes such physicochemical properties of oxygenate fuels as dielectric constant and the load-bearing capacity of the liquid phase in the dynamic mechanical load. The influence of synthetic carbon spheroidal clusters on the corrosive properties of ethanol fuels is studied. It is shown that by using small amounts (0.01 % wt.) of nanocluster-based additives in the composition of mixed fuel E–85 it is unnecessary to introduce the anticorrosion additives. The effect of nanocarbon clusters on the tribological properties of ethanol motor fuels is studied. A decrease in damage of the metal surface for friction pairs of the fuel pumps is observed with the introduction of carboxylic nanoclusters into the ethanol fuel. This indicates the occurrence of friction processes in the hydrodynamic regime due to the increased bearing capacity of the fuel. It is shown that the introduction of additives based on carbon nanoscale clusters into the ethanol fuel allows to create a high-performance motor fuel with improved performance.
16
Nugroho, Arif Setyo, Suhartoyo, Y. Yulianto Kristiawan, and Karminto. "Modified Copper for Reducing CO and HC Vehicle Exhaust Gas Emissions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 911 (January 4, 2023): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-04f6wt.
Анотація:
This study aims to determine the effect of installing modified copper C-SiO2-ZSM5 in the exhaust, installing modified copper in the exhaust to reduce CO and HC. The two methods used to reduce CO and HC exhaust emissions are as follows: the first method is by mixing fossil fuels with ethanol. The fuel used is a mixture of gasoline + ethanol with variations of gasoline, E10, and E20. The second method is to provide a CO and HC reformer catalyst made of modified copper with the addition of SiO2 and MZM5 as much as 10% and 20%, respectively. The test uses a four-stroke two-wheel motor in a neutral gear position. Exhaust emission data retrieval is at 1500, 3000, 5000, 7000, 9000 rpm. With gasoline fuel mixed with ethanol with E 10 and E 20. There is a decrease in CO at each engine speed in each fuel variation, because the more ethanol content, the greater the supply of O2 in combustion because ethanol has oxygen bonds that can increase combustion. The emission of CO and HC gas on gasoline-fueled motors are greater than those of E 10 and E 20 motors. The use of a copper converter catalyst SiO2-C-ZSM5 is very significant and can reduce CO levels for gasoline fuel from the highest value of 4,7% to 2.82%, gasohol fuel E 10 with the highest value of CO 3.02% decreased to 1.2% and gasohol fuel E 20 the highest value of CO 2.78% decreased to 0.17%. Changes were seen visually on the surface of the copper used for the CO and HC reduction test, the surface copper became darker in color, especially when testing using gasoline. When using a mixture of ethanol and gasoline, copper is purplish brown color.
17
Szamrej, Grzegorz, and Mirosław Karczewski. "Exploring Hydrogen-Enriched Fuels and the Promise of HCNG in Industrial Dual-Fuel Engines." Energies 17, no. 7 (March 22, 2024): 1525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17071525.
Анотація:
This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the selected properties of HCNG fuel calculations and a literature review of the other fuels that allow the storage of ecologically produced hydrogen. Hydrogen has the most significant CO2 reduction potential of all known fuels. However, its transmission in pure form is still problematic, and its use as a component of fuels modified by it has now become an issue of interest for researchers. Many types of hydrogen-enriched fuels have been invented. However, this article will describe the reasons why HCNG may be the hydrogen-enriched fuel of the future and why internal combustion (IC) piston engines working on two types of fuel could be the future method of using it. CO2 emissions are currently a serious problem in protecting the Earth’s natural climate. However, secondarily, power grid stabilization with a large share of electricity production from renewable energy sources must be stabilized with very flexible sources—as flexible as multi-fuel IC engines. Their use is becoming an essential element of the electricity power systems of Western countries, and there is a chance to use fuels with zero or close to zero CO2 emissions, like e-fuels and HCNG. Dual-fuel engines have become an effective way of using these types of fuels efficiently; therefore, in this article, the parameters of hydrogen-enriched fuel selected in terms of relevance to the use of IC engines are considered. Inaccuracies found in the literature analysis are discussed, and the essential properties of HCNG and its advantages over other hydrogen-rich fuels are summarized in terms of its use in dual-fuel (DF) IC engines.
18
Da Silva, Robson Leal, Yuri Britto Perissinotto, Sergio Renado da Silva Soares, and Marcelo Mendes Vieira. "ENSAIO DE TORQUE E CONSUMO DE COMBUSTÍVEL DE UMA MOTOSSERRA UTILIZANDO TRÊS MISTURAS DE BIOCOMBUSTÍVEL." ENERGIA NA AGRICULTURA 34, no. 2 (June 12, 2019): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17224/energagric.2019v34n2p253-262.
Анотація:
ENSAIO DE TORQUE E CONSUMO DE COMBUSTÍVEL DE UMA MOTOSSERRA UTILIZANDO TRÊS MISTURAS DE BIOCOMBUSTÍVEL
ROBSON LEAL DA SILVA1, YURI BRITTO PERISSINOTTO2, SÉRGIO RENATO DA SILVA SOARES2, MARCELO MENDES VIEIRA2
1 FAEN - Faculdade de Engenharia, UFGD - Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Rodovia MS-270, km 12, CEP: 79.804-970, Dourados-MS, Brasil. e-mail: rlealsilva@hotmail.com
2, 3 e 4 ICAT - Engenharia Mecânica, UFR - Universidade Federal de Rondonópolis, Rodovia MT-270, km 06, CEP: 78.735-901, Rondonópolis-MT, Brasil. e-mail: yuribritt@hotmail.com; sergeva2004s@yahoo.com.br; mmendes@ufmt.br
RESUMO: Motores de combustão interna de pequeno porte são utilizados em diversas atividades agrícolas, dentre os quais motosserras e similares. O desempenho destas máquinas térmicas é modificado em função do teor de etanol na mistura combustível, o qual é atualmente 27,5% na gasolina comercializada no Brasil. O objetivo é identificar as melhores condições de desempenho experimentais (torque e consumo de combustível) de uma motosserra ciclo Otto. A metodologia foi baseada em normas técnicas; uma bancada dinamométrica foi construída para as condições operacionais. Cada ensaio foi repetido três vezes e analisado os dois mais coerentes; com quatro rotações distintas, três diferentes cargas e três amostras de misturas combustíveis - (A)73%G/27%E, (B)60%G/40%E, e (C)50%G/50%E. Os resultados são curvas características e as seguintes conclusões: i) Em rotações até 8.200 RPM o combustível (A) apresentou o menor consumo; acima de 8.500 RPM o combustível (B) apresentou maior torque e menor consumo; e o combustível (C) mostrou-se inadequado para quaisquer das condições ensaiadas; ii) Comparando as condições de carga máxima e mínima, o consumo é praticamente duplicado, e o torque é ampliado em cerca de 4 a 5 vezes; iii) Ocorre aumento significativo do consumo acima de 10.000 RPM, nas condições de carga intermediária com combustíveis A e B, e de carga máxima para todos os combustíveis.
Palavras-chaves: Máquinas térmicas, Motor de combustão 2T, Biocombustíveis, Engenharia experimental.
TORQUE AND FUEL CONSUMPTION TESTS FOR A CHAINSAW USING THREE BIOFUEL BLENDS
ABSTRACT: Small-scale internal combustion engines are broadly used in agricultural activities, including chainsaws and similar equipment. The performance of these thermal machines is modified according to the ethanol content in the fuel blend, which is currently 27.5% in commercial gasoline in Brazil. The aim of this study was to identify the best experimental performance conditions (torque and fuel consumption) for an Otto cycle engine chainsaw. The methodology was based on technical standards and a dynamometric workbench was built to match the operating conditions. Each test was repeated three times and the two more coherent ones were analyzed; with four distinct rotations, three different loads and three samples of fuel blends - (A)73%G/27%E, (B)60%G/40%E, and (C)50%G/50%E. The results are characteristic curves and the following conclusions were i) in rotations up to 8,200 RPM the fuel (A) presented the lowest consumption; Above 8.500 RPM the fuel (B) showed higher torque and lower consumption; and the fuel (C) proved inadequate for any of the conditions tested; ii) comparing the maximum and minimum load conditions, the consumption is practically doubled, and the torque is enlarged by about 4 to 5 times; iii) There is a significant increase in consumption above 10,000 RPM, at the intermediate load condition with fuels A and B, and at maximum load for all fuels.
Keywords: Thermal machines, 2-stroke engine, biofuels, experimental engineering.
19
Nietiedt, Gustavo H., José F. Schlosser, Alexandre Russini, Ulisses G. Frantz, and Rodrigo L. Ribas. "Perfomance evaluation of a direct injection engine using different blends of soybean (Glycine max) methyl biodiesel." Engenharia Agrícola 31, no. 5 (October 2011): 916–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162011000500009.
Анотація:
Diesel fuel is used widely in Brazil and worldwide. On the other hand, the growing environmental awareness leads to a greater demand for renewable energy resources. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the use of different blends of soybean (Glycine max) methyl biodiesel and diesel in an ignition compression engine with direct injection fuel. The tests were performed on an electric eddy current dynamometer, using the blends B10, B50 and B100, with 10; 50 e 100% of biodiesel, respectively, in comparison to the commercial diesel B5, with 5% of biodiesel added to the fossil diesel. The engine performance was analyzed trough the tractor power take off (PTO) for each fuel, and the best results obtained for the power and the specific fuel consumption, respectively, were: B5 (44.62 kW; 234.87 g kW-1 h-1); B10 (44.73 kW; 233.78 g kW-1 h-1); B50 (44.11 kW; 250.40 g kW-1 h-1) e B100 (43.40 kW; 263.63 g kW-1 h-1). The best performance occurred with the use of B5 and B10 fuel, without significant differences between these blends. The B100 fuel showed significant differences compared to the other fuels.
20
M H MAHALAKSHMI. "ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINIBILITY: NEW PERSPECTIVES AND PARADIGMS." International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences (IJFAS) 11, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.59415/ijfas.v11i1.155.
Анотація:
Over dependence on fossil fuels is a worldwide problem, currently the uncontrolled use of fossil fuel is harming the earth and emptying the resources. We have just been through the hottest decade ever recorded and besides climate change, combustion engines spit out pollution that causes millions of deaths each year. Hence the world needs rapid transition away from fossil fuels. Due to this the pressure is on to develop new technologies, one of which is e-fuels. It is a sustainable alternative carbon-based fuel where inside the container’s hydrogen and air captured carbon dioxide are turned into gaseous hydrocarbons, further processing turns them into liquid synthetic fuels. This syn fuel can be almost carbon neutral as long as the entire production process is powered only by excess electricity from renewable sources. But all these electricity based syn fuels have some minor disadvantages: all that green electricity has to be generated in the first place and that can only happen in presence of enough sun, wind, water or geothermal power. Syn fuels aren’t cheap either about 4 euros 50 a liter in current scenario. So, while e-fuels might have their use cases this doesn’t marks end of combustion engines yet, it will be around for another few years but there will also be electric cars and new technologies.
21
Muharam, Yuswan, Chandra Hadiwijaya, and Jacquin Suryadi. "PENENTUAN ANGKA OKTANA BAHAN BAKAR KOMERSIAL DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN MODEL KINETIKA OKSIDASI DAN PEMBAKARAN HIDROKARBON MULTIKOMPONEN." Reaktor 14, no. 2 (October 14, 2012): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.14.2.109-117.
Анотація:
One of the characteristics of gasoline fuel is anti-knock property represented by its octanenumber. The determination of octane numbers in Indonesia is by using cooperative fuel researchengines. The usage of cooperative fuel research engines in Indonesia has constraints, i.e. the limitednumber of the units and the old age. This study aims to obtain the octane numbers of commercialfuels by using kinetic models. The kinetics models of the oxidation and combustion of primaryreference fuel and multi component hydrocarbons are used to calculate the ignition delay times ofprimary reference fuel and commercial fuels, respectively. The ignition delay times of primaryreference fuel and commercial fuels are calculated at the same initial pressure and temperature, aswell as the same equivalence ratio. The octane number of a commercial fuel is known if its ignitiondelay time agrees with that of PFR possessing a certain volume percentage of isooctane. The modelgenerates the octane numbers of commercial fuels BB-A being 92.5, BB-B being 94.5, BB-C being89, BB-D being 90.5 and BB-E being 91.5 with the good agreement with those claimed by the fuelproducers. Salah satu karakteristik bahan bakar bensin adalah sifat anti ketukan yang dinyatakan dengan angkaoktana. Penentuan angka oktana di Indonesia menggunakan mesin CFR (cooperative fuel research).Pemakaian mesin CFR di Indonesia memiliki kendala, yaitu jumlah unit terbatas dan usia tua.Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan angka oktana bahan bakar komersial dengan menggunakanmodel kinetika. Model kinetika oksidasi dan pembakaran bahan bakar rujukan utama dan modelhidrokarbon multikomponen yang telah divalidasi masing-masing digunakan untuk menghitungwaktu tunda ignisi bahan bakar rujukan utama dan bahan bakar komersial. Waktu tunda ignisibahan bakar rujukan utama dan bahan bakar komersial dihitung pada tekanan dan temperatur awal,serta rasio ekuivalensi yang sama. Angka oktana suatu bahan bakar komersial diketahui apabilawaktu tunda ignisinya cocok dengan waktu tunda ignisi bahan bakar rujukan utama yang memilikipersen volume isooktana tertentu. Model menghasilkan angka oktana bahan bakar komersial BB-Asebesar 92,5, BB-B 94,5, BB-C 89, BB-D 90,5 dan BB-E 91,5 yang memiliki ketepatan yang tinggiterhadap klaim produser bahan bakar komersial.
22
Shi, Xingyi, Xiaoyu Huo, Oladapo Christopher Esan, Liang An, and T. S. Zhao. "Performance characteristics of a liquid e-fuel cell." Applied Energy 297 (September 2021): 117145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117145.
23
Song, Chie Hoon. "Examining the Patent Landscape of E-Fuel Technology." Energies 16, no. 5 (February 22, 2023): 2139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16052139.
Анотація:
Although the end of combustion engine vehicles seems inevitable under a new climate target for 2030, a complete ban on the combustion engine would be counterproductive. E-fuels, which are produced using renewable electricity from hydrogen and carbon dioxide, could act as a possible large-scale solution for achieving climate-neutral mobility, as they allow us to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while leveraging the existing energy infrastructure. Against such a background, it is critical to examine how the related technological landscape is constructed and might affect the subsequent knowledge generation. By adopting a social-network perspective, the aim of this study is to investigate the degree of technological knowledge relatedness of e-fuel technology using patent data. This is accomplished by analyzing the influence of individual knowledge areas and categorizing them into a matrix model, with each quadrant playing a unique role. The main findings show that the patent landscape is dominated by applications from the private sector, and the main knowledge base is centered around chemical engineering and production techniques for liquid hydrocarbon mixture. Furthermore, the analyzed knowledge flows are dominated by intra-technology knowledge flows, thereby being less prone to convergent technology evolution. In particular, the knowledge areas C10L 01 and C10J 03 demonstrated a high influencer role. The findings can also support R&D advisors and decision makers in policy development in reducing their efforts required for conducting technical intelligence activities and determining adequate policies for R&D portfolio management.
24
Khan, Abdul Manan, Ghulam Hassan Askari, and Zaheer Ahmed. "The Performance and Cost Analysis on Bio Fuel Blends for Internal Combustion Engine." MATEC Web of Conferences 381 (2023): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202338101012.
Анотація:
Petrol, Diesel or CNG are useful fuels in most of auto-mobile industry. Increment in fuel prices and its highly demands created a need of research to make its use optimistic, cost effective and its burning gases environment friendly by considering its environment degradation effect. Bio-Ethanol Fuel is best replacement as a solution same as renewable energy resource. To measure the impact of several kinds of mixtures of ethanol-gasoline on spark ignited single cylinder engine an experimental investigation was performed. To perform investigation analysis, test bench was prepared first as a CAD model and then a proper experimental setup made with mild steel structure on which engine was mounted with all additional devices like fuel measuring device, gas analyzer, tachometer, stopwatch and dynamometer. Several kinds of ethanol-gasoline blends i.e. E-0, E-2, E-4, E-6, E-8, E-9, E-10, E-12 and E-14 were considered for investigation. The digits 0 to 14 represent the percentage of ethanol in gasoline. Gasoline Outcomes were analyzed after assessments from test results to find out best conditions in which it operates optimal. Cost Economic Analysis were performed to check the economical values of the blends, it becomes clear that the running cost of ethanol gasoline blend E10 is lower than the running cost of hi-octane gasoline.
25
Vazzolér, Luiz Fernando Rigacci, and Maria Beatriz Machado Bonacelli. "Geração e Uso de Etanol Combustível: oportunidades e limites da tecnologia flex fuel." Revista Gestão & Conexões 3, no. 2 (November 17, 2014): 111–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.13071/regec.2317-5087.2014.3.2.8293.111-133.
Анотація:
Este artigo explora o projeto da tecnologia flex-fuel, resgatando a história do pioneirismo das pesquisas e do uso do etanol como combustível desde os anos 1930, passando pelo Pró-álcool nos anos 1970 e chegando ao motor flex-fuel nos anos 2000. Destaca a instalação da indústria automobilística nacional e o próprio projeto e desenvolvimento do motor de combustão interna no século XIX, utilizando os conceitos de trajetórias tecnológicas e coevolução técnica e institucional. Mesmo com o conhecimento e a experiência na geração e uso de combustível alternativo e, recentemente, em tecnologias alternativas para motores, discute-se se o Brasil está perdendo uma oportunidade para alçar o etanol e a tecnologia do motor flex-fuel como opções às trajetórias tecnológicas vigentes.
26
Borysenko, O. L., M. I. Blyznyukova, F. А. Clasin, and T. M. Kedun. "Alternative fuels based on coke chemistry products." Journal of Coal Chemistry 2 (2023): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31081/1681-309x-2023-0-2-14-20.
Анотація:
ALTERNATIVE FUELS BASED ON COKE CHEMISTRY PRODUCTS © O.L. Borysenko, PhD in Technіcal Sciences, M.I. Blyznyukova (State Enterprise "Ukrainian State Scientific Research Institute of Coal Chemistry (UKHIN), 7 Vesnina str., Kharkiv, 61023, Ukraine), F. Clasin (LLC "A-POWER", st. Nikopolske Shosse, 2, s.m.t. Radushne, Kryvorizky district, Dnipropetrovsk region, 53081, Ukraine.), T.M. Kedun (National Technical University «Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute», 2 Kyrpychova Str., Kharkiv, 61002, Ukraine) The article examines the types of liquid alternative motor and furnace fuels that are manufactured using products and waste from the coke-chemical, chemical, and petrochemical industries. It is shown that the interest in alternative (renewable) types of fuels in world practice is explained, first of all, by the solution of a number of environmental problems, since these types of fuels make it possible to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the consumption of petroleum products, and the use of combustible fossils. Mixtures containing 5-15 % alcohol and 85-95% gasoline, as well as oxygenated fuels containing various oxygen-containing substances (alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, etc.) have become widespread as alternative automotive fuels. The most common additive is bioethanol, which is obtained from vegetable raw materials by fermentation. Liquid alternative furnace and boiler fuel is used for burning in power plants, boilers, etc. Such fuels can be made from many secondary petroleum products, waste oils, diesel fuel and non-liquid fuel oil, as well as using combustible liquid non-target by-products, non-liquid products and tarry waste from the coke and chemical industry. The article provides a list of boiler and furnace fuels with an indication of the technical conditions currently in force in Ukraine, and raw materials for their preparation. The principle technological diagram of the method of obtaining a mixed alternative boiler fuel developed by SE "UKHIN" is provided. The process includes the following main stages: reception and preparation of raw materials; production of boiler (stove) fuel; quality control; paperwork; packaging and labeling; shipment of the finished product. Key words: motor fuel, furnace fuel, secondary products, waste, mixed fuel, technical conditions, alternative mixed boiler fuel, technological scheme. Corresponding author: Oleksandr Ludvikovich Borysenko, e-mail: zd@ukhin.org.ua
27
Ovaska, Teemu, Seppo Niemi, Katriina Sirviö, Sonja Heikkilä, Kaj Portin, and Tomas Asplund. "Effect of Alternative Liquid Fuels on the Exhaust Particle Size Distributions of a Medium-Speed Diesel Engine." Energies 12, no. 11 (May 29, 2019): 2050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12112050.
Анотація:
We mainly aimed to determine how alternative liquid fuels affect the exhaust particle size distributions (PSD) emitted by a medium-speed diesel engine. The selected alternative fuels included: circulation-origin marine gas oil (MGO), the 26/74 vol. % blend of renewable naphtha and baseline low-sulfur marine light fuel oil (LFO), and kerosene. PSDs were measured by means of an engine exhaust particle sizer from the raw exhaust of a four-cylinder, turbocharged, intercooled engine. During the measurements, the engine was loaded by an alternator, the maximum power output being set at 600 kW(e) at a speed of 1000 rpm. The partial loads of 450, 300, 150 and 60 kW(e) were also used for measurements. At each load, the PSDs had a distinct peak between 20 and 100 nm regardless of fuel. Relative to the other fuels, circulation-origin MGO emitted the lowest particle numbers at several loads despite having the highest viscosity and highest density. Compared to baseline LFO and kerosene, MGO and the blend of renewable naphtha and LFO were more beneficial in terms of total particle number (TPN). Irrespective of the load or fuel, the TPN consisted mainly of particles detected above the 23 nm size category.
28
Mustain, William. "Welcome Remarks - I01E: Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells & Electrolyzers 20 (PEFC&E 20) - Materials for Alkaline Fuel Cells and Direct-Fuel Fuel Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2020-02, no. 37 (November 23, 2020): Open. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2020-0237openmtgabs.
29
Salashenko, Tetiana I., Dmytro M. Kostenko, and Mykyta M. Khaustov. "The Fuel Security of Ukraine: Challenges and Ways to Overcome." Business Inform 11, no. 550 (2023): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2023-11-209-217.
Анотація:
Guaranteeing fuel security is an integral part of the problem of ensuring the national security of each country, on which its socioeconomic stability and defense capability depend. Over the past 20 years, Ukraine has not paid much attention to strengthening fuel security, gradually losing its own oil refining complex. The article presents a methodical approach to assessing fuel security by components of the product balance of crude hydrocarbons and motor fuels of Ukraine and highlights how it changed in 2000–2021. This approach is based on 14 local indicators and allows identifying the fuel security challenges both by component and in general. It is found that the lack of government attention to fuel security issues led to the fact that initially part of the oil refining complex of Ukraine went into russian ownership, was extensively exploited, and products were exported even under conditions of import dependence of the domestic market of motor fuels. The absence of a balanced investment policy has made Ukrainian motor fuels uncompetitive and led to the closure of most of the industry’s enterprises. Consequently, the overall level of fuel security decreased from 61% in 2001 to 36% in 2020. The destruction of the last oil refining capacities as result of russian armed aggression turned Ukraine into a country with a zero resource cycle of motor fuel and reduced the level of fuel security to almost 0. Among the ways of strengthening Ukraine’s fuel security in the post-war period are considered both the conventional ones: through maximizing its own oil production and importing crude hydrocarbons from world markets, and the non-conventional ones, e. g.: developing a resource cycle of synthetic motor fuel based on coal raw materials.
30
Boretti, Alberto. "Fuel cycle CO2-e targets of renewable hydrogen as a realistic transportation fuel in Australia." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 36, no. 5 (March 2011): 3290–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.12.071.
31
Berdiyev, S. A. "STUDYING THE EFFECTIVE IMPACT OF OXYGEN-CONTAINING ORGANIC ETHERS ON THE OCTANE NUMBER OF OIL FUEL." Journal of Science and Innovative Development 6, no. 5 (October 31, 2023): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36522/2181-9637-2023-5-1.
Анотація:
The article studies the best effect of organic oxygen-containing esters on the octane number of petroleum fuels obtained as pre-medicines and analyzes their physical and mechanical properties. The impact of the proposed additives that help to raise the octane numbers E-1, E-2, and E-3 on the octane number of fuel was studied in two ways: research and motor. Preliminary findings show that the proposed additives have a positive effect on the octane number compared to analogues. Based on the results of experimental tests, it was proven that the additives can be used to raise the octane number of fuels. When introducing additives based on organic esters E-1, E-2, and E-3 into reformed gasoline, their efficiency in terms of octane number was determined to be 0.1–1.1 units higher than that of analogues by research and motor methods.
32
Esan, Oladapo Christopher, Xingyi Shi, Xiangyu Su, Yichen Dai, Liang An, and T. S. Zhao. "A computational model of a liquid e-fuel cell." Journal of Power Sources 501 (July 2021): 230023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230023.
33
Shi, Xingyi, Xiaoyu Huo, Oladapo Christopher Esan, Yining Ma, Liang An, and T. S. Zhao. "A liquid e-fuel cell operating at −20 °C." Journal of Power Sources 506 (September 2021): 230198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230198.
34
Amine, Khalil. "E-fuel system: a conceptual breakthrough for energy storage." Science Bulletin 64, no. 4 (February 2019): 227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2019.01.020.
35
Guilford, Parry. "E-cadherin downregulation in cancer: fuel on the fire?" Molecular Medicine Today 5, no. 4 (April 1999): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1357-4310(99)01461-6.
36
Kim, Hyung Joo. "Book Review: Microbial Fuel Cells. By Bruce E. Logan." Chemical Engineering & Technology 32, no. 6 (June 2009): 858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200990026.
37
Labeckas, Gvidonas, Stasys Slavinskas, and Irena Kanapkienė. "Study of the Effects of Biofuel-Oxygen of Various Origins on a CRDI Diesel Engine Combustion and Emissions." Energies 12, no. 7 (April 1, 2019): 1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071241.
Анотація:
The paper presents the effects made by a fossil diesel–HRD (Hydrotreated Renewable Diesel) fuel blend containing Ethanol (E) or Biodiesel (B) on the combustion process, Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ITE), smoke, and pollutant emissions when running a turbocharged Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) engine under medium (50% of full load), intermediate (80% of full load), and full (100%) loads at maximum torque speed of 2000 rpm. These loads correspond to the respective Indicated Mean Effective Pressures (IMEP) of 0.75, 1.20, and 1.50 MPa, developed for the most common operation of a Diesel engine. The fuel-oxygen mass content was identically increased within the same range of 0 (E0/B0), 0.91 (E1/B1), 1.81 (E2/B2), 2.71 (E3/B3), 3.61 (E4/B4), and 4.52 wt% (E5/B5) in both E and B fuel groups. Nevertheless, these fuels still possessed the same blended cetane number value of 55.5 to extract as many scientific facts as possible about the widely differing effects caused by ethanol or biodiesel properties on the operational parameters of an engine. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses of the effects made by the combustion of the newly designed fuels with the same fuel-oxygen mass contents of various origins on the engine operational parameters were conducted comparing data between themselves and with the respective values measured with the reference (‘baseline’), oxygen-free fuel blend E0/B0 and a straight diesel to reveal the existing developing trends. The study results showed the positive influence of fuel-oxygen on the combustion process, but the fuel oxygen enrichment rate should be neither too high nor too low, but just enough to achieve complete diffusion burning and low emissions. The Maximum Heat Release Rate (HRRmax) was 3.2% (E4) or 3.6% (B3) higher and the peak in-cylinder pressure was 4.3% (E3) or 1.1% (B5) higher than the respective values the combustion of the reference fuel E0/B0 develops under full load operation. Due to the fuel-oxygen, the combustion process ended by 7.3° (E4) or 1.5° crank angle degrees (CADs) (B4) earlier in an engine cycle, the COV of IMEP decreased to as low as 1.25%, the engine efficiency (ITE) increased by 3.1% (E4) or decreased by 2.7% (B3), while NOx emissions were 21.1% (E3) or 7.3% (B4) higher for both oxygenated fuels. Smoke and CO emissions took advantage of fuel-oxygen to be 2.9 times (E4) or 32.0% (B4) lower and 4.0 (E3) or 1.8 times (B5) lower, respectively, while THC emissions were 1.5 times (E4) lower or, on the contrary, 7.7% (B4) higher than the respective values the combustion of the fuel E0/B0 produces under full load operation. It was found that the fuel composition related properties greatly affect the end of combustion, exhaust smoke, and pollutant emissions when the other key factors such as the blended cetane number and the fuel-oxygen enrichment rates are the same in both fuel groups for any engine load developed at a constant (2000 rpm) speed.
38
Rifal, Mohamad, and Wawan Rauf. "Analisis Penggunaan Bahan Bakar Etanol-Pertalite Pada Motor Honda Scoopy 110 cc." Gorontalo Journal of Infrastructure and Science Engineering 1, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32662/gojise.v1i1.141.
Анотація:
The production of the crude oil in Indonesia is slowly deceasing by the year, while the consumption of the fuel is still increasing. The matter being comparable within its consumtion is that it makes Indonesia keep impoerting the fuel in order to fulfill its need in every year. It is because there is no new invention of the new oil-mill. Thus, a new penetration to provide an alternative fuel to press the consumption level is needed. Ethanol however, is one of the newest alternative fuels which can be used as the additional substance of the use of the fossil fuel. Ethanol contains of up to 35% oxygen so that it will produce the perfect combustion even if it is in small unit of substance. The aim of this research was to find out the effect of the use of the mixture of the ethanol-pertalite toward the fuel combustion. The research was using the Honda Scoopy 110 cc motorcycle with 1 cylinder injection system. The liquid tank is designed by using plastic container so that it will be possible to be detached and paired to make the consumtion measuring easier. The test vehicle was operated above chasis dynamometer. Engine scanner, especially for Honda was used to sett the rpm, finding out the throotle position, ignition timing, oxygen sensor and the ratio of water fuel. The result of the research was showing that the use of the mixture fuel E-40 is the best mixture, in which E-40 usage is 14,3% more frugal rather that the combustion of the pure pertalite.
39
Dr. Y. Mallikarjuna Rao, Beegala Surendra, Konda Govardhan, A. Madhava Reddy, B. Mallikarjuna, and P. Sayyed Basha. "AN IOT BASED SMART E-FUEL STATION USING ESP-32." International Journal of Social Science, Educational, Economics, Agriculture Research and Technology (IJSET) 2, no. 5 (April 26, 2023): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54443/ijset.v2i5.156.
Анотація:
IoT and Cloud computing is becoming more in demand now days due to advancement in its technology. Most of the fuel stations these days are operated manually which are time consuming and require more manpower. It is very difficult and costly to provide excellent facility to the consumers in a fuel station present in a distant area. All these problems can be solved by the use of the proposed project. This paper presents the design and implementation of a smart e-fuel station using IoT technology in which the system is capable of deducting the amount of petrol dispensed from a user-based card using RFID technology and measure the level of fuel in the station and upload it to the cloud server. This cloud server is only accessible to the admin. If the fuel level is low then the main station will provide the fuel to that station. Everything is getting automated in today’s world.
Existing system:
In previous we have seen in fuel station to fill the fuel we need human help needed for filling the fuel and there is no proper protection in fuel stations like fire sensor, smoke sensor etc. this lead to damage and also fire accidents.
Proposed system:
The system proposed describes the creation and management of a smart fuel. An interactive, digital system is designed to improve user interface.
It uses a data procurement system based on the microcontroller that uses AC to bring control data from analog to digital format. Tough the in-vehicle information systems are spread throughout a practical vehicle’s body, a communication module is adopted which supports the incorporation of a controlled fuel dispensing system for vehicles through an ESP32 microcontroller-controlled device.
In this work the Automatic vehicle identification (AVI) system is adopted and further the customer will scan his RFID/Wi-Fi card with all the details installed in it.
40
Reiter, Bernd. "(Digital Presentation) SOEC - Enabler of Highly Efficient Hydrogen & E-Fuel Production." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 40 (August 28, 2023): 2785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01402785mtgabs.
Анотація:
Production of green hydrogen from renewable sources shows a promising pathway for the long-term de-fossilization, now adopted by many countries in their national strategic vision. The business case hinges on widespread application in transport, stationary and industrial sectors. Cross-sectoral approach is critical, interconnection user profiles to guarantee energy security, despite intermittency. Energy efficiency of the hydrogen production process is of utmost importance to achieve hydrogen cost which are required for industry and energy applications. SOEC represents a particularly interesting technology to improve the production efficiency of hydrogen and e-fuels. This paper will discuss the technology advantages and potentials for improvement. Keywords: SOEC, hydrogen, e-fuel, production
41
Demuynck, Joachim, Roland Dauphin, Marta Yugo, Pablo Mendoza Villafuerte, and Dirk Bosteels. "Advanced Emission Controls and Sustainable Renewable Fuels for Low Pollutant and CO2 Emissions on a Diesel Passenger Car." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 17, 2021): 12711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212711.
Анотація:
Research efforts into advanced emission control systems led to significant reduction of pollutant emissions of modern internal combustion engines. Sustainable renewable fuels are used to further reduce their Well-to-Wheels greenhouse gas emissions. The novel aspect of this paper is the compatibility investigation of existing advanced emission control technologies for achieving low pollutant emissions with the use of sustainable renewable fuels with vehicle tests. This is done on a diesel demonstrator vehicle, equipped with Lean NOx trap and dual-SCR technologies in combination with a 48V mild-hybrid powertrain. Tailpipe pollutant and CO2 emissions are measured for market diesel fuel with 7% renewable fatty-acid-methyl-ester (FAME) (B7), diesel fuel with 30% FAME (B30), and 100% renewable hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO). Results show no significant difference in pollutant emissions between the different fuels used. In a second part of the study, a Well-to-Wheels (WTW) analysis is conducted. This includes different pathways for the biomass-to-liquid fuels that were tested on the vehicle, as well as a power-to-diesel (e-diesel) assessment. Results show that significant WTW CO2 reductions are possibly compared to the state-of-the-art market diesel fuel. Part of this reduction is already possible for the existing fleet as most of paraffinic compounds are drop-in for market diesel fuel.
42
Firsan, Muhammad, Lukas Kano Mangalla, and La Hasanudin. "Pengujian Eksperimental Perbandingan Konsumsi Bahan Bakar dan Emisi Gas Buang Dengan Beberapa Jenis Bahan Bakar Pada Sepeda Motor." Enthalpy : Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Teknik Mesin 7, no. 1 (April 3, 2022): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.55679/enthalpy.v7i1.24560.
Анотація:
Air pollution is caused by the activities of motorized vehicles that emit exhaust gas emissions, including CO, CO2, HC, NOX, SOX, and particulates. The purpose of this study was to determine how the effect of fuel variations on the time of fuel consumption and exhaust emissions on motorcycles and to find out how the composition of mixing premium fuel with ethanol affects the time of fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. This study uses 4 types of fuel, namely premium, pertalite, E-5, and E-10 and tested using 3 variations of throttle openings. From the test results, it is found that the most fuel consumption is found in the wide throttle opening on premium fuel = 0.77 L/h. For the results of the lowest CO and HC exhaust emissions found in the wide throttle opening on the E-10 fuel where the emission value of CO = 1.98% and HC = 1425 ppm. So it can be concluded that in comparison with the time of fuel consumption, the higher the throttle opening, the faster the fuel consumption will be and for exhaust gas emissions, the higher the throttle opening, the lower the CO and HC emission values. Mixing premium fuel with ethanol can make the fuel consumption time slower than pure premium and can also reduce the content of CO and HC exhaust emissions.Key words: Fuel, Exhaust emissions, Fuel consumption
43
Ong, Benjamin H. Y., Timothy G. Walmsley, Martin J. Atkins, and Michael R. W. Walmsley. "A Kraft Mill-Integrated Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process for Liquid Fuel Co-Production." Processes 8, no. 10 (September 28, 2020): 1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8101216.
Анотація:
There is a growing awareness of the need to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and the inevitable depletion of fossil fuel. With the market pull for the growth in sustainable and renewable alternative energy, the challenge is to develop cost-effective, large-scale renewable energy alternatives for all energy sectors, of which transport fuels are one significant area. This work presents a summary of novel methods for integrating kraft mills with a hydrothermal liquefaction process. The application of these methods has resulted in a proposed kraft mill-integrated design that produces a liquid fuel and could provide net mitigation of 64.6 kg CO2-e/GJ, compared to conventional petrol and diesel fuels, at a minimum fuel selling price of 1.12–1.38 NZD/LGE of fuel, based on the case study. This paper concludes that a hydrothermal liquefaction process with product upgrading has promising economic potential and environmental benefits that are significantly amplified by integrating with an existing kraft mill. At the current global kraft pulp production rate, if each kraft mill transforms into a biorefinery based on hydrothermal liquefaction, the biofuel production is an estimated 290 Mt (9.9 EJ).
44
Petrovic, Djordje, Dalibor Pesic, Maja Petrovic, and Radomir Mijailovic. "Electric cars: Are they solution to reduce CO2 emission?" Thermal Science 24, no. 5 Part A (2020): 2879–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci191218103p.
Анотація:
Reducing CO2 emission is one of the major environmental challenges for transportation. One way to solve this problem is to replace old cars that use fossil fuels (petrol, diesel) with new electric cars. In this paper, the existing model for calculating well-to-wheels CO2 emission during the life cycle of the car (fossil fuel car and electric car) is upgraded. The developed model is used for comparing optimal lifetime and optimal car?s kilometers driven during a lifetime in the replacement process of a fossil fuel car with a new electric car. We find that reducing CO2 emission depends on the type of fossil fuel, and the weight of fossil fuel cars and electric cars. Changing petrol fossil fuel cars with lower weight electric cars have the greatest potential for reducing CO2 emission. However, the introduction of electric cars does not achieve a significant reduction of CO2 emission in countries where electricity is primarily produced in thermal power plants, i. e. in countries with a high emission factor of electricity production.
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Kijo-Kleczkowska, Agnieszka. "Analysis of Coal With Coal-Mule and Biomass Co-Combustion in Slurry Form/Analiza Współspalania Węgla Z Mułem Węglowym I Biomasą W Postaci Zawiesiny." Archives of Mining Sciences 59, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 347–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amsc-2014-0025.
Анотація:
Abstract Combustion technology of coal-water fuels creates a number of new possibilities to organize the combustion process fulfilling contemporary requirements e. g in the environment protection. Therefore an in-depth analysis is necessary to examine the technical application of coal as energy fuel in the form of suspension. The paper undertakes the complex research of the coal with coal-mule and biomass co-combustion. The mathematical model enables the prognosis for change of the surface and the centre temperatures and a mass loss of the fuel during combustion in air and in the fluidized bed.
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Usman, Muhammad, Muhammad Ali Ijaz Malik, Tariq Nawaz Chaudhary, Fahid Riaz, Sohaib Raza, Muhammad Abubakar, Farrukh Ahmad Malik, et al. "Comparative Assessment of Ethanol and Methanol–Ethanol Blends with Gasoline in SI Engine for Sustainable Development." Sustainability 15, no. 9 (May 5, 2023): 7601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15097601.
Анотація:
Growing environmental concerns over global warming and depleting fossil fuel reserves are compelling researchers to investigate green fuels such as alcoholic fuels that not only show the concrete decrement in emissions but also enhance engine performance. The current study emphasizes the influence of different alcoholic fuel blends in gasoline on engine performance and emissions for an engine speed ranging from 1200 to 4400 rpm. The obtained performance results demonstrate that the brake power and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increased with an incrementing blend percentage of ethanol and methanol in gasoline (EM). The minimum brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was ascertained using pure gasoline followed by E2 and then E5M5. The NOx and CO2 emissions can be described in the decreasing order of E, EM and gasoline due to same trend of exhaust gas temperature (EGT). CO results were in reverse order of CO2. HC emissions were found in the increasing order of E, EM and pure gasoline. E10 performed better among all blends in terms of less exhaust emissions and engine performance. However, EM blended with gasoline significantly reduced NOx. E5M5 produced 1.9% lower NOx emission compared to E10 owing to 1.2% lower EGT. Moreover, greenhouse gases such as CO2, which is mainly responsible for global warming reducing by 1.1% in case E5M5 as compared to E10.
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Wang, Jihe, Dexin Zhang, GuoZhong Chen, and Xiaowei Shao. "A new fuel-balanced formation keeping reference trajectories planning method." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 90, no. 6 (September 3, 2018): 927–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-03-2017-0084.
Анотація:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose a new fuel-balanced formation keeping reference trajectories planning method based on selecting the virtual reference center(VRC) in a fuel-balanced sense in terms of relative eccentricity and inclination vectors (E/I vectors). Design/methodology/approach By using the geometrical intuitive relative E/I vectors theory, the fuel-balanced VRC selection problem is reformulated as the geometrical problem to find the optimal point to equalize the distances between the VRC and the points determined by the relative E/I vectors of satellites in relative E/I vectors plane, which is solved by nonlinear programming method. Findings Numerical simulations demonstrate that the new proposed fuel-balanced formation keeping strategy is valid, and the new method achieves better fuel-balanced performance than the traditional method, which keeps formation with respect to geometrical formation center. Research limitations/implications The new fuel-balanced formation keeping reference trajectories planning method is valid for formation flying mission whose member satellite is in circular or near circular orbit in J2 perturbed orbit environment. Practical implications The new fuel-balanced formation keeping reference trajectories planning method can be used to solve formation flying keeping problem, which involves multiple satellites in the formation. Originality/value The fuel-balanced reference trajectories planning problem is reformulated as a geometrical problem, which can provide insightful way to understand the dynamic nature of the fuel-balanced reference trajectories planning issue.
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Yfantis, Elias, Kleanthis Kleanthous, Angelos Ktoris, George Mallouppas, Sofia Damianou, Constantina Ioannou, Dimitris Shiali, and Ioannis Nikolaou. "Shipping decarbonization: E-fuels as a potential solution and the role of resources." E3S Web of Conferences 436 (2023): 11009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343611009.
Анотація:
The scope of this paper is to examine proposed e-fuels (e-hydrogen, e-ammonia, e-methanol) as alternative maritime fuels. A techno-economic analysis is conducted considering the current energy demand of the shipping sector, the solutions for decarbonisation that are based on e-fuels, and the projections and scenarios regarding the energy mix towards 2050, to meet the IMO targets. According to the current preliminary study, apart from the barriers related to technological maturity levels, applicability and safety, there are barriers related to (a) the Well-to-Wake characteristics of e-H2, e-NH3, and e-CH3OH, (b) the existing infrastructure that utilises Renewable Energy Sources and the current and projected percentage of RES in the global energy mix, and (c) the availability of resources required for the development of the infrastructure to support e-fuels’ utilisation. Estimated fuel prices in 2050 that include production and distribution costs, indicate that alternative fuels are expected to be uncompetitive. Though they become relatively competitive when carbon-price is added to production and distribution costs of fossil fuels, the Well-to-Wake Analysis of biofuels and e-fuels proves that a significant RES rump-up is required, which further requires huge capital investment costs and raw materials. Ultimately, a re-prioritisation is proposed targeting decarbonisation of “easier-to-abate” sectors before decarbonising “hard-to-abate” sectors such as shipping and aviation.
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Esan, Oladapo Christopher, Xingyi Shi, Yichen Dai, Liang An, and T. S. Zhao. "Operation of liquid e-fuel cells using air as oxidant." Applied Energy 311 (April 2022): 118677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.118677.
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Kim, Hyung Joo. "Book Reviews: Microbial Fuel Cells. Edited by Bruce E. Logan." CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water 37, no. 6 (June 2009): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clen.200990025.