Дисертації з теми "Dynamique des polluants particulaires"
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Djeddou, Mokhtar. "Étude de la dynamique des polluants particulaires dans un habitacle automobile." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0231.
Air pollution, especially that caused by fine and ultrafine particles, has significant deleterious effects on human health. Several studies have established a direct link between exposure to particulate pollution and various respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Within vehicles, the threat is even more concerning due to the significant concentrations of particulate pollutants recorded. Therefore, improving air quality inside vehicle cabins is now a major priority for automotive manufacturers. In this context, this study aims to understand the interior environment of vehicles by characterizing the spatial distribution of pollutants, particularly fine and ultrafine particles, as a function of their size and parameters such as flow topology and turbulence level. This knowledge will be crucial for targeting localized air purification solutions, optimizing the placement of the micro-sensors that will equip future vehicles, and providing solutions for the more effective management of filtration systems as a function of the distribution and concentrations of these particles in the car cabin. First, special attention was devoted to modeling the single-phase flow. Two numerical modeling approaches have been adopted: the RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) approach, based on solving the mean flow fields of the Navier-Stokes equations, and the LES (Large Eddy Simulation) approach, which involves solving the large structures containing the major part of the kinetic energy and modeling the contributions of the smaller scales. In the case of the RANS approach, various closure models, of first- and second-order, have been tested and compared. Furthermore, the turbulence structure of the flow inside the car cabin has been analyzed using Lumley's Anisotropy Invariant Mapping method (AIM). Finally, to validate the results of the numerical models, a velocity field measurement campaign, based on hot-wire anemometry technique, was conducted inside the cabin of an SUV-type car. Next, the dynamics of particulate pollutants in the car cabin was studied using the Diffusion-Inertia Model (DIM). This Eulerian model of inertial particle diffusion takes into account various transport mechanisms, including transport by the mean field, the effect of volume forces (i.e., gravity), particle deviation from fluid streamline (centrifugal effects), Brownian and turbulent diffusion, and turbophoresis or transport by turbulent kinetic energy gradients. The model was first validated on standard configurations such as dispersion in small-scale ventilated enclosures, deposition in 90° circular bends, and particle transport in a round jet flow. The model was then applied to simulate particle transport inside a large-scale vehicle. The influence of particle size on internal concentration fields was first analyzed. Then, the influence of passenger presence was studied. Finally, a particle concentration measurement campaign was conducted in the cabin to assess the relevance of the two-phase model. This study has led to the development of a complete model for simulating the dispersion of particulate pollutants inside a car cabin based on ventilation conditions and particle characteristics
Pérard-Lecomte, Aude. "Caractérisation de la dispersion des polluants particulaires dans le sillage des poids lourds en milieu urbain." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0207.
Road transportation is a major contributor to air quality pollution in urban areas, particularly in fine and ultrafine particles. These pollutants are harmful to human health, as they can worsen or cause lung and cardiovascular diseases. In this context, we are interested in the evolution of particles emitted from heavy truck exhausts, starting from their emission. The main objective of this thesis is to study the extent of particle dispersion emitted by heavy truck's exhausts, around and in the wake of heavy trucks. Numerical methods based on an Euler-Lagrange approach were used to simulate and characterize the airflow topology around the truck, using the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) method for the fluid phase and a Lagrangian approach for the dispersed phase. These simulations were supported by wind tunnel measurements in the wake of a reduced-scale model of a heavy truck. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was used for analyzing the air velocity fields, while the dispersion of ultrafine solid particles was characterized by measuring concentration fields using a granulometer. The truck's wake flow is completely detached at the rear of the trailer, revealing a recirculation zone mainly composed of a large vortex, coming from the under-trailer. Particles' dynamics appears to be dominated by turbulence and strongly correlated with vortical structures, especially in the wake of the truck. Indeed, particles tend to concentrate preferentially on the periphery of the main vortex formed behind the truck, as well as in areas of low turbulent intensity. The movement of most inertial particles (diameter > 2.5~mu m) is dominated by gravity, while turbulence is mainly responsible for the movement and deposition of the finest particles (diameter < 2.5~mu m). The position and orientation of the exhaust pipe also have a significant influence on the extent of dispersion and the distribution of particles in the underbody and in the wake of the heavy truck. Indeed, when particles are emitted from the under-trailer, most of them are concentrated in the recirculation zone, less than 1.85H away from the trailer (H being the height of the trailer), and at human height. On the other hand, the particles emitted on the top of the truck are very rarely re-entrained in the recirculation zone, and are mostly concentrated above it, at a height equivalent to 2.6~m (0,9H) above ground level. The exposure of populations to the particles emitted by heavy goods vehicles could therefore be sharply limited when the exhausts are released from top of the truck
Golly, Benjamin. "Etude des sources et de la dynamique atmosphérique de polluants organiques particulaires en vallées alpines : apport de nouveaux traceurs organiques aux modèles récepteurs." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENA019/document.
Recently, Air quality has become a sensitive topic for Rhône-Alpes region due to the formal notice which was addressed by the European Commission for non-compliance with legislation in force. Indeed, certain geographic areas in the region present a lot of overruns in PM10, especially in Alpine valleys during winter. These overruns particles are also accompanied by high concentrations of organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which constitute these PMs. An increase in khowledge about the sources of particulate air pollution and their dynamics in Alpine valleys is necessary, in order to improve the implementation of policies to reduce emissions through better knowledge of the influence of different sources at regional level. This thesis is focused around emissions from industrial sources still poorly known and particularly of the carbon industry highly present in these industrial areas of the valley bottoms. Traditional approaches by metallic elements being not specific, exploration of the organic fraction allowed to propose a complete organic chemical profile. In addition they led us to evidence the benzo(b)naphtho(2,1-d)thiophene (BNT(2,1)), the most abundant particulate compound of the family of sulfur-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PASHs), as a tracer of this source. This compound was detected and quantified on multiple sites in near industrial activities confirming its potential source. In addition the industrial profile was introduced as profile “source” in order to assess its robustness in methodologies of receptor model like the “Chemical Mass Balance “(CMB) and the “Positive Matrix Factorization” (PMF). The results confirmed the interest of the addition of organic compounds to these methodologies. Thus, the industrial profile and the PASHs compounds have allowed to better trace the source usually called “carbon industry” (coal, coke and graphite materials combustions) in the Alpine valleys but also in different French urban sites. In parallel, a non linear regression model (NLRM) was developed to PAH source apportionment, based on the use of specific molecular markers (levoglucosan, hopanes…) and of meteorological data (altitudinal temperature lapse rate). Its implementation has been validated on a set of sites of the Alpine valleys of Arve and Tarentaise. Coupling between this model and the optical measurements of black carbon (BC) by aethalometer, allowed to propose a solution to the poor performance of correlation between PAHs measured and modeled by NLRM model on this site of the Maurienne valley. These low correlations may be related to poor representativeness of organic compounds used to correctly trace the emission sources at some sites. Finally, the inter-comparison of these methodologies for the determination of PAH sources and especially of industrial source allows to validate this methodology in an operational perspective of monitoring of PAH levels on these sites. The work performed during this thesis highlights the interest of the characterizatin of the organic fraction of PM and the biases that may exist on the use of organic compounds for the study of the emission sources. Some alternatives are suggested to clarify ambiguities and improve the source apportionment of PAHs by receptor models
Hafhouf, Asma. "Caractérisation du comportement des polluants particulaires dans les réseaux d'assainissement." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33474.
Water pollution in combined and sanitary sewers can be affected by changes in hydraulic behaviour in sewer systems. The Total Suspended Solids (TSS) are considered a major indicator of this type of pollution. It is in this context that this study fits. Its main objective is to characterize the behaviour of particulate pollutants in sewer systems under different hydraulic conditions. In order to achieve the research objectives, analyses of TSS, VSS (Volatile Suspended Solids) and ViCAs (Settling velocity in sewage) were performed with combined and sanitary water samples from Québec City. In addition, a database was provided by the city to study the hydraulic behaviour. The results obtained in terms of the hydraulic behaviour in wet weather show that the variation of the flow rate depends on the characteristics of the rain in the combined sewer system. Also, an important increase in flow in the old sanitary sewer was observed in wet weather. In terms of water quality, the evolution of the concentration of TSS and VSS in dry weather follows the evolution of the flow. In wet weather, decreasing TSS profiles are obtained for some events where high concentrations can be associated to first flush. These variations of the system hydraulics and concentrations of TSS and VSS also affected the particle settling velocity distribution measured with the ViCAs protocol. In fact, the settling velocity increases with the flow (flow velocity). On the other hand, an increase in the organic fraction coincides with a decrease in the settling velocity. In conclusion, this study has provided a better understanding of the processes affecting the behaviour of particles in sewer systems, which will contribute to the improvement and the prediction of water quality.
Piot, Christine. "Polluants atmosphériques organiques particulaires en Rhône-Alpes : caractérisation chimique et sources d'émissions." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00661284.
Saari, Hanna-Kaisa Schmidt Sabine. "Dynamique saisonnière des transferts particulaires dans les systèmes fluviaux-estuariens." S. l. : Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://ori-oai.u-bordeaux1.fr/pdf/2008/SAARI_HANNA-KAISA_2008.
Dallagi, Anès. "Méthodes particulaires en commande optimale stochastique." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00226353.
La résolution des problèmes d'optimisation stochastique nécessite deux étapes : une étape d'approximation et une étape d'optimisation. Les deux premiers chapitres de ce manuscrit seront consacrées a la partie optimisation. Nous traiterons dans les chapitres qui suivront de l'approximation des problèmes d'optimisation dans l'incertain. Nous commencerons, dans ce manuscrit, (chapitre I) par présenter les problèmes qui seront abordés ; nous nous attarderons surtout sur la représentation de la structure d'information d'un probléme d'optimisation stochastique. Deux principales représentations se dégagent : une représentation algébrique et une représentation fonctionnelle. A partir de la nature de cette structure d'information, nous ferons la typologie des problémes d'optimisation stochastique : boucle ouverte, boucle fermée, information statique ou information dynamique. Le deuxième chapitre (chapitre II) traitera des conditions d'optimalité pour les problèmes de commande optimale stochastique : à partir des représentations algébriques ou fonctionnelles de l'information, nous présenterons des conditions d'optimalité du type Karush-Kuhn-Tucker. Les conditions présentées dans le chapitre II comportent presque invariablement des opérateurs d'espérance conditionnelle. La résolution de ces problèmes impose alors d'approximer ces opérateurs. Nous commencerons dans le chapitre III par motiver notre approche avant de passer à une revue de la littérature des problèmes d'estimation de densité, densité conditionnelle et espérance conditionnelle. Dans le chapitre IV, nous présentons la méthode des élements finis particulaires qui consiste en l'approximation de la structure d'information par une restriction du feedback à une classe donnée a priori de fonctions de base. Différents résultats de convergence et d'erreur asymptotique seront donné. L'avant dernier chapitre (chapitre V) présentera un algorithme chaotique de gradient pour la résolution de problémes d'optimisation stochastique en boucle fermée. Un résultat de convergence, de vitesse ainsi qu'une application numérique seront donnés. Nous nous intéresserons dans le dernier chapitre (chapitre VI) aux aspects numérique de la résolution des problèmes de commande optimale stochastique à partir des difféerentes méthodes présentes dans les chapitres précedents. Nous présenterons diffèrents algorithmes et heuristiques pour résoudre un problème de gestion de production d'un barrage hydro-électrique.
Audebrand, Michel. "Etude des polluants particulaires de l'atmosphère par spectroscopie de vibration et de leur rétention par l'appareil respiratoire." Bordeaux 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985BOR10503.
Lanson, Nathalie. "Étude des méthodes particulaires renormalisées : applications aux problèmes de dynamique rapide." Toulouse, INSA, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ISAT0004.
Faye, Cheikh Benoit. "Détection des polluants métalliques particulaires dans les liquides par la spectroscopie de plasma induit par laser." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10099/document.
Water pollution is a major concern, as noted by the European Community. This problem is accentuated with metallic particles and the emergence of nanostructured products such as Nano-Objects, their Aggregates and their Agglomerates (NOAA). These are the special types of pollutants owing their physicochemical properties. The monitoring and control of these pollutants in water require the development of measurement instruments which are capable to anwer this environmental problem. In this context, the technique of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) has been developed at INERIS. It not only allows the chemical identification of these particles pollutants present in liquids, but also the determination of their concentrations in situ and in real time. This thesis has optimized the analysis of suspensions by LIBS with two sampling modes. The first mode focused on coupling LIBS with a liquid jet in which the detection limits of titanium dioxide were estimated at 0.5 mg/L. In the second mode, the suspensions were aerosolized with a nebulizer and analyzed by LIBS. The results obtained by comparing these two sampling modes show that the liquid jet may be advantageous for the analysis of suspensions. However, the aerosol mode has a practical interest if it has an aerosolization efficiency of over 50%. Finally, this work demonstrates the applicability of LIBS as a potential tool for in situ particle analysis of suspensions such as monitoring and control of wastewater
Sandu, Adrian. "Contribution à l'étude numérique du transport turbulent de polluants particulaires en cavité : application à la prédiction de la diffusion d'éléments contaminants particulaires dans un local ventilé." La Rochelle, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LAROS044.
Rjimati, El Arbi. "Microfiltration tangentielle de suspensions particulaires : modélisation." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20029.
Witschger, Olivier. "Étude théorique et expérimentale des facteurs physiques d'échantillonnage des polluants particulaires : application aux capteurs à fente annulaire." Paris 12, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA120029.
Ledoux, Frédéric. "Les aérosols particulaires atmosphériques sur le Dunkerquois : caractérisations chimiques, physiques, spectroscopiques et évaluation de leur toxicité." Littoral, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DUNK0096.
The northern part of the France and especially the city of Dunkerque is subject to an intense and heavy industrial activity. This high industrialized city emits in the atmosphere about 13% of the french industrial total of particles. This study was done in this frame and the aim of this work is to characterize atmospheric aerosols in Dunkerque, to evaluate its influence upon nearest locations, and to test the toxicity of the particles. Results fromtwo seasonal sampling campaigns shows that mean atmospheric concentrations are in the same order than those of other North Sea sites, and this is the consequence of very favorable meteorological conditions. This study underlines that during specific meteorological conditions, impacts of emissions from urban sources can be much higher than those of the industrial park. Specific tracers of sources of emissions sources were investigated, and very positive results are obtained with Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectroscopy. Measurements performed at about 15 km from Dunkerque shows that this industrial city influences atmospheric concentrations of some metals like Fe, Pb or Zn. Impact of atmospheric particules upon human pulmonary epithelial cells (L132) evidences that such particles produces an oxidative stress
Brassard, Patrick. "Étude des émissions gazeuses et particulaires de la combustion de biomasses agricoles et forestières." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29173/29173.pdf.
Besse-Deleaval, Julie. "Dynamique des micro-polluants semi-volatils : transferts à l'interface sol-air." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00976002.
Toubin, Céline. "Etude par dynamique moléculaire de l'adsorption de polluants sur des surfaces de glace." Besançon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BESA2008.
Garnier, Jérémie. "Sources et dynamique du chrome dans les sols ultramafiques de Niquelandia, Brésil." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112334.
Chromium availability and mobility were studied on four soils developed on the complex ultramafic of Niquelândia (Goias state, Brazil), using laboratories and in situ experiments. Total chromium content is particularly high, and its partitioning evolves according to landscape position and depth. Chromium is mainly associated to well crystallized iron oxides, forming the soil matrix. However, extractable chromium is important, and mainly under the toxic form (CrVI). It reached 1,000 mg kg-1 (more than 10 % of total chromium), those contents are ten times higher than those observed in New Caledonia. Results indicate that Cr (VI) in solution is released from the fine fraction composed by iron-oxides, which consequently control the Cr(VI) availability and mobility. Isotopic exchange kinetics of chromate has confirmed the exchange between the bearing phases and solution. They also highlighted a rapid exchange between the Cr-bearing phases and the solution, and the important Cr(VI) buffer capacity of these soils. They also suggest that the chromate is slightly absorbed on iron-oxides. The chromate concentrations in soil solutions are important, higher than the usual hazardous contents. The chromate labibily is very heterogeneous with the locality at a centimetric and metric scale. The soil solution and surface water study on the catchment area has highlighted an important Cr(VI) mobility at soil and complex scale, suggesting an impact on organisms of the complex and surrounding ecosystems. Moreover, the soil solutions analysis show the low nutrients content, the imbalance Ca:Mg and the metals (Cr, Ni) availability, often considered responsible to the low fertility of those soils and the specificity of ultramafic ecosystems. Finally, results suggest that the Cr(VI) availability of those results from their anionic exchange capacity and not from their capacity to oxidize Cr (III)
Dieme, Denis. "Caractérisation physicochimique et étude des effets toxiques sur des cellules pulmonaires BEAS-2B des polluants particulaires de la ville de Dakar (Sénégal)." Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00818732.
Boucher, Uriel. "Dynamique des associations Matières Organiques Particulaires - Elements Traces Métalliques dans les sols au cours de leur biodégradation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0070.
In soil – plant systems contaminated by Trace Metals (TM), these metals are expected to be closely bound to particulate organic matter (POM) coming from plant debris. The present work aims at characterizing the dynamic of TM – POM associations and the interactions between the fate of trace metals and of particulate organic matter, during in vitro incubations of more or less contaminated plant parts mixed into a soil matrix.Experiments using leaves of metallophyte A. halleri and an unpolluted arable soil sample have shown:• Overall mineralization of C of studied microcosms was not affected by Zn and Cd load of A. halleri leaves, but the mineralization of less biodegradable plant fractions was slower in case of metal rich ones.• When leaves are mixed within the soil matrix, a major part of Cd and Zn that they contained was quickly dissolved by abiotic processes and fixed back onto other soil constituents, whereas parts of soil Pb and soil Cu are extracted and moved onto incorporated POM, via the liquid phase.• Then the incorporated plant residues progressively tend to accumulate all studied TM but only during the first 14 days, the essential period with respect to mineralization. So, the relative increase of TM contents due to loss of organic matter partly explains increasing metal contents, but other transformations, especially around POM – microorganism – solution interfaces, must be considered.Apart from these experiments, a comparative literature review allowed to further understand and generalize the processes of metal enrichment, accumulation or release by plant residues during their decomposition. It is noteworthy that, independently of plant residue type, their trend to accumulate TM during the first stages of transformation comes to a reversal beyond about 45-50% of mass loss; from that point, they start to become a source of TM for other soil constituents.These fluxes of trace metals related to the biodegradration of TM – POM are important phenomena to be taken into account for the risk assessment of phyto-management options and especially of phyto-stabilization of metal polluted soils
Revel, Marie. "Dynamique des courants profonds en Atlantique Nord, depuis 200. 000 ans, retracée par les flux particulaires advectés." Bordeaux 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR1A665.
Revel, Marie. "Dynamique des courants profonds en Atlantique Nord, depuis 200. 000 ans, retracée par les flux particulaires advectés." Bordeaux 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR10699.
Barré, Chloé. "Physique statistique des phénomènes de blocage dans les flux particulaires." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066227/document.
This manuscript presents a study of blocking phenomenon in particulate streams flowing through anarrow channel. In particular, it examines situations in which blocking is controlled by the limitedcarrying capacity of the channel. It builds on a simple stochastic model, introduced by Gabrielli etal. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 170601, 2013), in which particles arrive randomly according to a Poissondistribution at the entrance of a one-dimensional channel with an intensity λ and, unless interrupted,exit after a transit time, τ. Blocking occurs instantaneously when N=2 particles are simultaneouslypresent in the channel. The quantities of interest include the probability that the channel is still openat time t (survival probability) and the flux and total number of exiting particles. The thesisexamines a number of generalizations including when more than two particles must be present toinduce blockage, N>2, a time dependent intensity, a finite blocking time, and multi-channelsystems. We obtain exact and approximate analytical results using tools such as the masterequations describing the evolution of the n-particle partial probabilities, large deviation theory andqueuing theory. The theoretical results are validated by comparison with the results of numericalsimulations. The final chapter of the thesis uses a different approach, namely a brownian dynamics simulation of a two dimensional system of soft particles subjected to an external driving and dragforces. The presence of an obstacle in the middle of the channel can cause irreversible orintermittent clogging depending on the system geometry, temperature and particle stiffness
Mikolajczak, Guillaume. "Dynamique de l'eau et des apports particulaires originaires du Rhône sur la marge continentale du Golfe du Lion." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/5424/.
The continental shelves are the outlet of rivers and their sediment load resulting from continental erosion. Due to the anthropization of watersheds, rivers also carry contaminants, most of which, in particulate form, are fixed to fine sedimentary particles. The filtering role of the continental shelves with regard to these inputs is poorly known and strongly depends on the morphological, hydrodynamic and river regime characteristics of the site. The Gulf of Lions is an area whose functioning with regard to river inputs has been intensely studied for several decades. Easterly storms have been recognized as an essential component of transport across the Gulf of Lions shelf. They induce strong southwesterward currents that export coastal waters out of the Gulf of Lions to the Spanish margin, as well as swells that resuspend sediment. The first objective of this thesis is to study the fate of the Rhône's inputs to the Gulf of Lions and more precisely to determine the residence times of river water on the shelf in response to physical forcings. The second objective is to study the dynamics of sediment budgets in the Gulf, in terms of storage and erosion for different regions of the shelf, but also of transfer between these regions, and finally of export to the slope and the Spanish continental margin. The methodology used is based on hydro-sedimentary numerical modelling and relies on innovative observation sets. The numerical tool is based on the coupling of the 3D SYMPHONIE model with the WW3 sea state model and the MUSTANG sediment transport model. The abundance of observations during the winter 2010-2011 motivated the choice to carry out the numerical modelling from September 2010 to May 2011. The observations are constitued of permanent moorings on the shelf and many deployed intruments during the CASCADE campaign (March 2011). The thesis is organized in two parts. The first part deals with the residence times of water of Rhodanian origin on the Gulf of Lions shelf and its export outside the Gulf. The results show that the residence times can vary from 30 to 55 days with an important role of strong winds to reduce them. Export routes in southwest of the Gulf of Lions were then investigated. For this purpose, the end of the continental shelf, which opens towards the Spanish continental shelf, and the continental slope, which leads to the deep domain, were separated. Due to the mild winter under study, 70% of exports are toward the Spanish shelf, in contrast to previous results showing that for a cold winter this percentage corresponds to a transfer to great depths via the Cap de Creus canyon. The second part concerns the transfer of sediments. We then focus on the retention of matter on the Rhône prodelta. Over the 8 months considered, 20% of the contributions from the Rhône are stored over 140 km2 in front of the mouth. The sand deposit is limited to the 0-20 m zone while beyond 20 m, the deposit only concerns mud. In these deeper areas, storms erode a relatively small portion of the mud deposits and create new sand deposits. The second zone studied is the entire continental shelf on which erosive zones north of Cap d'Agde and an accumulation on the mudflat between Narbonne and Leucate, in the upper part of the Cap de Creus canyon and at the exit of the Gulf of Lions in front of Rosas Bay are highlighted. Finally, over the period studied, the export of matter out of the Gulf of Lion shelf is about 5.7 M tons for an input of 3.2 M tons by the Gulf of Lions rivers
Marcadon, Vincent. "Effets de taille et d'interphase sur le comportement mécanique de nanocomposites particulaires." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001804.
Zedek, Sifax. "Dynamique de polluants émergents (parabènes, triclosan et triclocarban) dans le continuum eaux grises - milieu récepteur." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1167/document.
This Phd thesis is part of both the Cosmet’Eau project and the OPUR programme. It provides new insights into the dynamics of parabens, triclosan and triclocarban in urban areas under strong human pressure. These molecules are biocides commonly used as preservatives in a wide range of consumer products, such as cosmetics, food and pharmaceutical products, textiles and cleaning products. Despite their toxicity, these molecules are not subject to any regulatory monitoring in the environment. Also, this work deals with the dynamics of these micropollutants in urban areas: from their sources (namely gray water and sewage) to the receiving environment (upstream-downstream of the Parisian conurbation with punctual and passive sampling) along with their behavior at different stages of a wastewater treatment plant.At the source level, five types of greywater from shower, washbasin, washing machine, dishwasher and manual dish washing were considered. Significant variability in concentrations within each greywater and between different types of greywater was observed. This variability reflects the consumption practices of the different volunteers. Besides, the waters from washing machines and showers are the most contaminated. For parabens, clothes are the main source of contamination of washing machine waters, while in shower waters, people and personal care products are the main sources of contamination.Since 2010, per capita daily flows of these molecules have decreased significantly (by a factor between 2 and 7 depending on the molecule). This decrease can be explained by (i) changes in the formulation of cosmetic products and (ii) the emergence of new, more restrictive regulations. The monitoring of the fate in wastewater treatment plant (Seine Centre), at the scale of the device, showed that primary treatment (lamellar physico-chemical decantation) allows a quasi-total removal of triclosan, while parabens are predominantly eliminated during the biofiltration, at the level of the first stage (Biofor). The general use of a tertiary treatment (like Carboplus®, studied during this work) would reduce discharges to receiving waters of parabens, triclosan and triclocarban.Urban discharges during wet weather period (here combined sewer overfows) constitute a major source of contamination for the receiving waters with respect to the measured levels. The combination of sewage treatment plant discharges, during dry and wet weather periods, and combined sewer overfows contributes to increasing levels of parabens, triclosan and triclocarban in the Seine River, as the monitoring of two sites, upstream and downstream of the Paris conurbation, has highlighted it. Passive samplers are promising tools for determining the bioavailable fraction of TCS and TCC. Indeed, the method developed within the framework of the Cosmet'eau project has been successfully applied to the Seine
Perdrial, Nicolas. "Nature et rôle des matières solides en suspension dans la dynamique du transfert des éléments polluants." Phd thesis, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00760435.
Perdrial, Nicolas Liewig Nicole Elsass Françoise. "Nature et rôle des matières solides en suspension dans la dynamique du transfert des éléments polluants." Strasbourg : Université Louis Pasteur, 2008. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/887/01/PERDRIAL_Nicolas_2007.pdf.
Gilbert, Jean-Philippe. "La qualité de l'air au Québec : évolution spatio-temporelle de l'ozone troposphérique et des matières particulaires." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30329.
Caron, Alexandre. "Mesure de la dynamique des polluants gazeux en air intérieur : évaluation des performances de systèmes multi-capteurs." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10161/document.
Nowadays, indoor air quality is a major health issue and a growing research challenge. Many pollutants are presentinside buildings. They are directly emitted by indoor sources such as building materials, furniture, occupants and theiractivities or transferred from outdoors. Due to an increasing concern for energy saving, recent buildings are much moreairtight, reducing the pollutants elimination to the outside. Standard analyzers are not suitable for monitoring the airquality indoors. These techniques are usually bulky, expensive, noisy and require skilled people. An alternative to theseconventional methods recently appeared under the form of microsensors. In this work, the performances and limitationsof different type of sensors such as infrared sensors, electrochemical sensors, photoionisation detectors orsemiconductive sensors for the measurement of CO2, CO, NOx, O3 or VOC, were evaluated in laboratory conditions andalso during measurement campaigns in order to monitor the major indoor air pollutants. Although the response of thesesensors is highly correlated with the concentration measured by reference instruments, their lack of selectivity does notalways allow a quantitative analysis. Naive Bayes classifier and bisecting k-means clustering were used to help analyzethe output of the sensors, and allow identifying typical pollution events, reflecting the dynamics of the indoor air quality
POULET, DAVID. "Modelisation meso-echelle de la redistribution des polluants gazeux et particulaires emis par les feux de vegetation en afrique centrale. Comparaison avec les mesures aeroportees (campagne expresso)." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CLF22232.
Diercxsens, Philippe. "Contribution à la connaissance des sources et de la dynamique de quelques polluants prioritaires organiques dans l'écosystème sol /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1987. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=681.
Zebracki, Mathilde. "Devenir des polluants métalliques associés aux sédiments contaminés dans un cours d'eau en relation avec la dynamique sédimentaire." Paris 11, 2008. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01180203.
In industrialised areas, the sediments often constitute a sink for many pollutants but may act as a source of contamination under particular conditions. The fate of the contaminants associated to the sediments depends on the chemical (e. G. Adsorption) and physical processes (deposition/erosion) occurring in the sediments and at the water-sediment interface. The thesis interested in the characterisation of sedimentary processes at different time scales and in the transfer of metallic contaminants at water-sediment interface. The study area is situated in a reach of the Scarpe River (North of France). The sediments display high concentrations of Zn-Pb-Cu-Cd. The use of 137Cs and 210Pb permitted to evaluate the sedimentation rate (1-3 cm/y) and a chronology of the pollution, largely associated to past human activities. However, currently the discharge of runoff waters into the river contributes to decrease the quality of the aquatic media. The study of the sedimentary dynamics at a shorter time scale (i. E. Monthly) was performed thanks to a sediments survey and is based on the original use of the 7Be. Our data show that the sediments are submitted to a variation of sediment deposition and erosion periods, partly due to hydrologic and climatic factors, and that the half of particles associated metallic pollutants recently deposited at sediments surface may return to the water column. The diagenetic reactions of organic matter degradation occur rapidly in the sediments (few cm) : oxygen consumption (use of microelectrodes) and Fe-Mn remobilisation (use of DET). The diffusion of Zn-Pb-Cd-Cu through the water-sediment interface could be observed only punctually
Nsir, Khalifa. "Experimental and numerical study of the migration of dense non-aqueous phase liquid in saturated porous medium at Darcy scale." Strasbourg, 2009. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2009/NSIR_Khalifa_2009.pdf.
The immiscible displacement processes of a dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) were studied in a sand-filled column. The considered pollutant is the Trichloroethylene, volatile and soluble chlorinated solvent, usually found in soils and ground water industrial pollution. Experiments were performed using two flow modes, namely vertical-upwards and vertical- downwards. A Fibre optic sensors were developed to measuring the arrival times of water/DNAPL at a control section of experiment device. The DNAPL pressure at the inlet and outlet section of the system was also monitored. The experiment program also allowed for measuring the local DNAPL saturations. Thereby, permitting to quantify evolving fingering patterns of non aqueuse phase liquid in the saturated porous medium. It has also been shown that the distribution of the non aqueuse phase liquid in the porous medium is heterogeneous. Furthermore, the obtained results underline that buoyancy forces (gravity) can have significant effects on the stability of the displacement process and on the oil recovery efficiency during injection of water. Numerically, a pore-scale network model based on spherical pore bodies and cylindrical pore throats was developed to simulate laboratory experiment. A computational approach based on the theory of packing spheres has also been developed to assess the geometric characteristics of the equivalent network of the used porous medium in the experiment. Good agreement between the numerical and experimental results was obtained. An important feature of the model is its capability to reproduce the observed pressure behaviour for stable and unstable displacement regimes
Marion, Cédric. "Dynamique et bilans des transferts particulaires de radioéléments d’origine anthropique et naturelle dans le Golfe du Lion : cas particulier des apports rhodaniens." Perpignan, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PERP1006.
Due to its 30. 2 year half-life and of its great affinity with silts and clays, 137Cs was used as a Rhône River inputs tracer. Rhône prodelta sediments recorded values of 137Cs activities originated by nuclear power plants releases, global fallout and Tchernobyl accident (600 Bq. Kg-1). A sharp decrease in liquid radioactive effluents releases and the dismantlement of the Marcoule fuel reprocessing plant in 1997 induced 137Cs fluxes decrease to the Mediterranean Sea. At present time, mean concentrations are around 10 Bq. Kg-1 in the prodelta sediments. Sedimentary records of oceanographic campaigns achieved between 2001 and 2008 enabled to map a 20 km² 137Cs accumulation area close to the Rhône River mouth and to estimate a store of 3. 35 TBq, i. E. The eighth of the Gulf of Lions store. The CARMA and EXTREMA projects (2006-2008) allowed to observe prodelta sedimentation. Short-live radionuclides like 7Be and 234Th were used to estimate sedimentary pluridecimetric thicknesses deposits generated by some Rhône River floods. Altimeter data showed 8 cm thick sediment total accretion during two mean floods recorded by a current profiler. They also showed an important erosion phase linked to a south-east swell episode with a bottom shear stress reaching 5 Pa. Results showed that the sediment remobilization was very important in this area but that the exports of suspended solid matters towards the Gulf of Lions were weak, or even deposited in fine on the prodelta
Saari, Hanna-Kaisa. "Dynamique saisonnière des transferts particulaires dans les systèmes fluviaux-estuariens : application des radioisotopes à courtes périodes : 234 Th, 7 Be et 210 Pb." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13701/document.
The main objective of this study was to develop short-lived radioisotopes (234Th, 7Be and 210Pb) as tracers of particle transport in the Garonne-Dordogne-Gironde watershed. Firstly, the possibility to use 234Th/238U pair to study particle residence time in the Gironde fluvial-estuarine system was tested. The results show that dissolved 238U should be greater than 5 mBq l-1 to permit this application in fluvial systems. Secondly, the two years monitoring of natural radioisotopes, 234Th, 7Be and 210Pb, and artificial radioisotopes, 137Cs and 131I, in the Garonne and Lot rivers and in the Gironde Estuary, had allowed to observe the dynamic of particle transport, linked to the river flow. Based on this database, preliminary particle residence times and percentages of the new and old sediments were estimated. In the Lot and Garonne rivers, the particle retention ranges between 2-89 days during low and mean river discharges. The percentage of the new sediments is average 25 %, which indicates that the old resuspended sediments are dominated the suspended particulate matters (SPM). In the Gironde estuary, the particle residence time is mainly controlled by river discharge. The particle residence time during low river discharge is about 400 days. When the river discharge is increasing, the freshwaters are predominant in the estuary, the maximum turbidity zone (TMZ) is dispersed and the old sediments transported toward the ocean. During this period the particle residence time is only few months
Idrissi, Mohammed. "Evolution du littoral Casablanca-Mohammedia (Maroc) : Etude de la dynamique sédimentaire et des impacts anthropiques." Toulon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOUL0014.
The littoral Casablanca-Mohammedia (Morocco), strongly anthropized, with a harbour industry, directed in particular towards the petroleum products, and of constructions of works during these last years, an urbanization of the littoral and rivers coastal. The objective ; to study the incidence of the processes natural and anthropic on current sedimentary dynamics of this littoral. One uses measurements in locates granulometry, mineralogy, variation of the prof les of beaches and the analysis of the air photographs and models digital of the propagation of the swell at the coast, means of transport of the sediments and the simulation of the evolution of the feature of coast. The results obtained relate to the impact of coastal installations from a hydrodynamic point of view and to the localization of the sectors subjected to erosion and sectors prone to accretion. The study relating to One phenomena of the infiltration and the fixing of pollutants in a porous environment made up of sands of bay of Mohammedia, initially consisted in studying in laboratory, the permeability of a pollutant according to the nature of sand. The analyses carried out in laboratory made it possible to conclude that fine sands retain more the organic matter and organic carbon. The size of the grains plays an important part in the fixing of pollutants, plus the size of the grains increases more the permeability increases as well as porosity and consequently, less the sediments retain pollutants. From these data, one notes that the granulometry of the sediments influences the fixing of pollutants
Tran, Viet Chi. "Modèles particulaires stochastiques pour des problèmes d'évolution adaptative et pour l'approximation de solutions statistiques." Phd thesis, Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00125100.
Polo, Rehn Lucie. "Caractérisation et impacts des émissions de polluants du transport routier : Apports méthodologiques et cas d'études en Rhône Alpes." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENU013/document.
Fine particles (PM10-P2.5) are recognized to be deleterious to human health particularly in the roadway vicinity. In European countries, and in particular in France, the European daily limit value is exceeded in many sites more than 35 times a year. One of the major sources of fine particles in urban and roadside sites is road traffic. Emissions from road traffic involve exhaust and non-exhaust emissions (resuspension of road dusts, from the brakes, tyres and road-surface-wear, from the corrosion of vehicle components…). Numerous studies have been performed in order to account for exhaust emissions, however not in France. Generally, the profiles used in source apportionment models are not adapted (since they are American profiles) to the French or European fleets. In addition, the contribution of the nonexhaust fraction to total particulate matter (PM) mass is generally not accounted for in the source apportionment results. Therefore, PM10 emissions are underestimated. As a result, better knowledge about formation, characterization and quantification of particles from traffic are becoming necessary. The goals of this work are numerous because ambient air and exhaust emission measurements have been involved. The aim is to accurately discriminate exhaust and nonexhaust sources, in order to provide groundbreaking insights into the contribution and chemical composition of traffic sources. Therefore, the analyses of gas and particle tracers represent a big part of this work. The relationships between the measurements of 5 in-use vehicles well-represented in the French fleet and measurements performed in the vicinity of a suburban highway (southern ring road of Grenoble) have been firstly examined. In the first study, several chemical compounds, organics and inorganics, appeared as tracers of vehicular exhaust (EC, light PAHs, typical alkanes profiles, metals like Fe, Cu etc.). Large differences are noticeable between Diesel vehicles without DPF and petrol vehicles/diesel vehicle retrofitted with a DPF. In the second study, comparison with results from an urban background site (Grenoble-Les Frênes) and from the traffic site (Grenoble-Echirolles) highlighted several specific chemical compounds of exhaust and non-exhaust sources (EC, Cu, Fe, Sn, Mn…). Large increments due to the local traffic have been observed (EC (+78%), Cu (82%), Fe (88%), etc.). The 4-hour temporal resolution allowed for the detailed characterization of chemical species during rush hours and less busy periods. An additional field campaign was performed in another roadside site (Grenoble-Le Rondeau) but in winter during salting conditions. Supplementary information was obtained concerning non-exhaust sources. Finally, thanks to the results from the first part of this work, a Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis was applied to roadside data (Echirolles and Le Rondeau) in order to discriminate non-exhaust and exhaust traffic sources and to estimate their contribution to PM10. Major contributions for traffic sources (exhaust and non-exhaust) were 34% (Echirolles) and 53% (Le Rondeau). Uncertainties linked to these results are discussed with the results of the first part (detailed chemical study) of this work
Rehn, Lucie. "Caractérisation et impacts des émissions de polluants du transport routier : Apports méthodologiques et cas d'études en Rhône Alpes." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00876623.
Auvray, Isabelle. "Biodégradabilité - stabilité des matières organiques des sédiments de rivières : caractérisation et dynamique des fractions extractibles et des nutriments et polluants associés." Nancy 1, 2007. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2007_0135_AUVRAY.pdf.
River sediments of Moselle catchment area (Moselle, Madon and Fensch) have been studied to improve the knowledge about this compartment of major interest for environmental questions (drinking water, transfer of pollutants and nutriments. . . ). The studies were focused on organic matter which represents a major reactive pool. The characterization of 15 sediments by measurements of abiotic parameters (physical, chemical and physico-chemical) allows proposing a first typology related to human activities. Some sedimentation sites were defined, accumulating fine particles rich in organic matter and associated to anthropic modifications of the river bed (dam, channel, pollution). By studying the organic matter biodegradation, criteria of bioavailability could be defined on one hand, and evolution of extractable fraction of organic matter based on their physico-chemical properties (water soluble, lipidic, acid soluble, alkaline soluble) was assessed on the other hand in two selected sediments, polluted and unpolluted. Depending on the type of sediment and the conditions of incubation (aerobic vs. Anaerobic), models of evolution of the organic fractions are observed either qualitatively and quantitatively. Specific or not microbial communities were numbered from field and laboratory experiments in relation with the presence of two model substrates: cellulose and phenanthrene
Auvray, Isabelle Berthelin Jacques. "Biodégradabilité - stabilité des matières organiques des sédiments de rivières caractérisation et dynamique des fractions extractibles et des nutriments et polluants associés /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2007_0135_AUVRAY.pdf.
Al, Ali Saja. "Modélisation semi-distribuée de la production et du transfert des MES, HAPs et métaux dans les eaux urbaines de temps de pluie." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1012/document.
Urban runoff contamination is recognized as a major source of the deterioration of the quality of surface water. Commonly used stormwater quality models have poor performance in predicting the pollutant dynamics at the surface outlet, mainly due to the lack of precise knowledge on the governing processes and the difficulties of acquiring representative and continuous databases on real sites. The main purpose of this Ph.D. thesis is to improve the state of stormwater quality modeling. It aims in particular to develop a conceptual modeling tool for stormwater quality prediction at the scale of a city district catchment, based on a deep understanding of the build-up and the wash-off. The application of commonly used stormwater build-up/wash-off models to simulate the dynamics of total suspended solids (TSS) at the outlet of the road catchment suggests that the models poorly replicate the temporal variability of the TSS concentrations unless short periods are considered. The unpredictable nature of the accumulation is largely responsible for the model failure. The evaluation of the contribution of atmospheric dry deposition to stormwater loads for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metals shows that atmospheric deposition is not a major source of contaminants in stormwater runoff. Thus, linking the air and water compartment in a modeling chain to have more accurate estimates of pollutant loads in stormwater runoff may not be relevant unless the direct traffic emissions are accounted for. The investigation of the wash-off process on elementary surfaces shows that the fine particles are the most likely to be mobilized and transported during a rainfall event. Stormwater samples were collected for this study using an innovative rainfall simulator that allows continuous, on-site monitoring of instantaneous flow and turbidity measurements and that can be easily transported and used on real sites. The new knowledge acquired on the build-up and wash-off processes underlines the great variability of these processes and calls into question their modeling with deterministic approaches. Hence, this knowledge is incorporated into developing a new conceptual stormwater quality model based on the stochastic drawing of event mean concentrations (EMC) of TSS and water quality parameters. The model is integrated within the hydrological model URBS. The application of this approach accounts for the spatial and temporal variability of pollutant emissions by distinguishing the contributions of each land use separately. The obtained results are promising in terms of estimating the concentration levels of TSS at the outlet of the city district catchment and replicating the general behavior of the TSS dynamics. However, improvements can be envisaged to consolidate the approach and improve its predictions. Comparison of this model with global empirical, semi-distributed conceptual and distributed physical modeling approaches shows that in terms of predictive power and stability, the stochastic-URBS and the physically distributed approaches are the most efficient. However, in terms of ease of implementation and best fit between observations and simulations, the global empirical and semi-distributed conceptual modeling approaches are the most powerful. This comparison shows that the perfect model that covers all aspects of stormwater quality modeling does not exist. The choice of the most appropriate modeling approach should mainly be driven by modeling objectives
Prud'homme, Sophie. "Conséquences de l'exposition de l'insecte modèle Aedes aegypti aux polluants des eaux de surface : Des mécanismes moléculaires à la dynamique des populations." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAV030/document.
Human activities daily release a wide variety of chemicals in the environment. Populations of aquatic organisms are thus exposed to pollutants throughout their life cycle, raising the question of the impacts of these pollutants on aquatic ecosystems. In this work, we study life history traits of populations of Aedes aegypti mosquito exposed to three pollutants: ibuprofen, bisphenol A and benzo[a]pyrene. Our observations reveal life history traits alterations likely to affect Aedes aegypti populations dynamic at environmental concentrations, more particularly showing the importance of transgenerational effects in those modifications. An integrative approach combining transcriptomic, metabolomic and hormonal studies on several phases of the life cycle of individuals exposed to ibuprofen was adopted in order to deepen the understanding of impacts of this pharmaceutical on individuals. This approach reveals a mechanism of action similar to the pharmacological mode of action on vertebrates of this pharmaceutical. Those perturbations are associated with crucial changes in the physiological state of their progeny. The identified modifications include ecdysone signalling potentialization and stress response mechanism over-representation, leading to a faster development and an increased tolerance to starvation of this progeny. Overall, our approach highlights the importance of taking into account the all life cycle of organisms, including their progeny, in ecotoxicological risk assessment
Mayer-Laigle, Claire. "Étude dynamique et effet du changement d'échelle pour plusieurs systèmes particulaires en mélangeur Turbula® : application à un mélange destiné à la fabrication de plaques composites." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012INPT0051/document.
The optimization of a powder mixing step typically involves an experimental work at lab scale in order to be transposed to larger mixers. Defining scale-up laws and improving our knowledge of the mixing dynamics remains some of the mains industrial issues of this century. In this work, the mixing dynamics of several particulate systems has been studied in Turbula mixers thanks to the analysis of mixing kinetics and autocorrelation functions. According to the engine speed, three flow regimes have been defined. The corresponding main mixing and segregation mechanisms at play for each of these regimes have been identified in relation with the flow properties of the products. In a second phase, the qualities of the mixtures obtained in the different mixer sizes have been compared on the basis of the principle of similarities in order to shed light the factors which influencing scale-up. Finally, as part of an industrial application, a methodology has been developed using the concept of intensity of segregation and the spatial autocorrelation tools to identify heterogeneities in bipolar plates made of composite materials
Ouaret, Rachid. "Déterminants et prévision des fluctuations de la concentration en polluants dans un environnement intérieur." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1141/document.
The time fluctuation features of particulate concentrations in a real occupied indoor environment are strongly dependent of several parameters and in particular the occupation and occupants’ activities and behaviors. These parameters considerably alter the statistical variability of the time series dynamics. These fluctuations are rarely available and described in the literature. These types of fluctuations are rarely available and described in the literature. The availability of continuous measurements of concentrations of formaldehyde and particulate matter (from 0.35 to 20 µm of diameter) in an indoor environment (office and a test house) during several months with a fine time resolution (from 1 min to 1 hour) permitted to initiate a process of reflection on the nature of these fluctuations and their predictability. The aim of the thesis follows three main axis of research: (i) characterizing indoor environment pollutant concentrations variability; (ii) revealing the sources of variability of these fluctuations and (iii) forecasting the pollutant concentrations in a real indoor environment. The first axis concerns the determination of the common features shared by the different pollutants. The second axis focuses on the sources variability estimating using a Blind Source Separation (BSS) approach. Lastly, the third axis focuses on the forecasting of pollutant concentrations. The time series analysis for this type of data (high frequency) should take into account the time scale on which microstructures evolve. Several tools were employed, such as the spectral analysis (long-range dependency by fractal dimension measures and R/S statistic), the omega-predictability, as well as the time series decomposition into latent components by STL (Seasonal Trend Decomposition using Loess), SSA (Singular Spectrum Analysis) and SBD (Spectral Band Decomposition).The identification of the sources of particles concentrations is developed using BSS based methods which are based on a matrix factorization as profiles and contributions under a statistical independence constraint (ICA) or a non-negativity constraint (NNMF or PMF). The factorizations were applied to the matrix of the time series of different particle size bins. Some profiles or source contributions could be interpreted using exogenous variables as fingerprints of some sources (such as CO2 concentrations used as indicator of the “occupation”).Concerning the pollutant concentrations forecasting, the model selection was made in agreement with the time series structures, highlighted in the characterization stage. One can notice better performances forecasts when using the series having been preprocessed by decomposition: STL, SSA or decomposition in spectral bands (based Transform Fourier), SBD. Several types of stochastic models (linear or nonlinear) were then applied to these components and the final forecast result is given by their combination. A special type of nonlinearities involving a special treatment is the abrupt concentration changes in time series concentrations due mainly to windows manipulation and graft on the regular evolution of the dynamic system. A new type of forecast models has been developed in adequacy with the requirements of the nature of high-frequency data. This model combine spectral band decomposition step (SBD) coupled with a modeling stage based on autoregressive switching threshold model (TAR) or chaos dynamic: FFT- (TAR / Chaos).The results show that the pretreatment by spectral band decomposition or STL improves significantly formaldehyde and fine particles concentrations forecast on 10-hour horizon for formaldehyde (sampled every minute) and on a horizon of 1 to 4 days for the particles (sampled every hour), depending on their size bins
Clarisse, Olivier. "Approche géochimique du fonctionnement et de la dynamique des vasières de l'estuaire de la Seine." Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-105.pdf.
Launay, Marina. "Flux de matières en suspension, de mercure et de PCB particulaires dans le Rhône, du Léman à la Méditerranée." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10004/document.
The knowledge of particulate contaminant fluxes transported by rivers is crucial for the management of environmental pollution, but it is compromised by significant technological, methodological and scientific difficulties. Through an intensive observational effort made possible by the Rhône Sediment Observatory, this research focused on the spatio-temporal dynamics of particulate contaminant -mercury and PCBs- fluxes in the Rhône and its major tributaries as regards suspended particulate matters (SPM) contribution : the Arve, Saône, Isère and Durance rivers. The chosen and validated observation strategy is based on the quasi-continuous monitoring of discharge, SPM concentrations (by turbidimetry) and contaminant contents (using sediment integrative traps), associated with samples of reference (manual sampling or centrifugation) and a detailed characterization of particles in terms of grain-size and organic carbon contents. From measured and existing data, the study of spatio-temporal variability of parameters and of their factors of influence allowed us to propose and validate suitable methods for the quantification of particulate fluxes at the event, annual and inter-annual scales. These results provide a new insight into the particulate fluxes throughout the Rhône river system and highlight the importance of major hydro-sedimentary events and of the interactions with hydro-power schemes. Such complex hydro-sedimentary processes motivate the improvement of the numerical simulation of the Rhône river
Cazelles, Bernard. "Modélisation d'un écosystème lotique : dynamique du carbone organique dissous et des microorganismes benthiques dans un cours d'eau cours." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10068.
Laratte, Bertrand. "Evaluation dynamique et cumulative des impacts environnementaux dans le cadre d'une analyse de cycle de vie." Thesis, Troyes, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TROY0033/document.
Environmental impact assessment methods are now widely used in order to measure environmental impacts associated with human activities (for products, services, and systems). Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is without doubt the foremost assessment method. LCA is also often thought of as the more advanced one, despite serious limitations (e.g. LCA does not include properly economical or social dimensions). In this PhD report, I explore more specifically the issue of integrating time in both inventory models and impact assessments along the life-cycle. In the case of climate change, I offer an evolution of traditional LCA towards a framework that includes dynamic and cumulative aspects as expressed directly in CO2-equivalent. This approach, which is oriented towards reporting practices and/or public policies, is afterwards applied to three different case studies of growing complexity. The central hypothesis of this work is that switching from traditional to so-called “dynamic” LCA would allow for better results with regards to one reality of environmental processes