Дисертації з теми "Dynamic Life Cycle Assessments"
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Shimako, Allan. "Contribution to the development of a dynamic Life Cycle Assessment method." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ISAT0014/document.
Повний текст джерелаLife Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a widely used method for the environmental evaluation of an anthropogenic system. However, LCA scholars pointed out the lack of a temporal dimension as a limitation. The processes of technosphere are dynamic which leads to a time dependent life cycle inventory (LCI). Environmental mechanisms involved in impact developments have distinct dynamic behaviors determining specific temporal occurrence. However, the current life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods consider arbitrarily fixed time horizons and/or steady state conditions. The objective of this thesis is to contribute to the development of an operational methodology and adapted tools for the consideration of time dependency in LCA, with emphasis on the development of an integrated modelling solution for both the life cycle inventory and the life cycle impact assessment phases. The first contribution of this thesis concerns the development of a temporal data base, leaning against ecoinvent data base, in which temporal parameters have been attributed to the data sets. Dynamic climate change and toxicity impacts were developed by adapting available models and were implemented in a homemade computational tool. The modelling approach takes into account the noisy nature of substance emissions in function of time as calculated by DyPLCA temporal LCI model
Collinge, William O. "A dynamic life cycle assessment framework for whole buildings including indoor environmental quality impacts." Thesis, University of Pittsburgh, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3573266.
Повний текст джерелаLife cycle assessment (LCA) can aid in quantifying the environmental impacts of whole buildings by evaluating materials, construction, operation and end of life phases with the goal of identifying areas of potential improvement. Since buildings have long useful lifetimes, and the use phase can have large environmental impacts, variations within the use phase can sometimes be greater than the total impacts of other phases. Additionally, buildings are operated within changing industrial and environmental systems; the simultaneous evaluation of these dynamic systems is recognized as a need in LCA. At the whole building level, LCA of buildings has also failed to account for internal impacts due to indoor environmental quality (IEQ). The two key contributions of this work are 1) the development of an explicit framework for DLCA and 2) the inclusion of IEQ impacts related to both occupant health and productivity. DLCA was defined as “an approach to LCA which explicitly incorporates dynamic process modeling in the context of temporal and spatial variations in the surrounding industrial and environmental systems.” IEQ impacts were separated into three types: 1) chemical impacts, 2) nonchemical health impacts, and 3) productivity impacts. Dynamic feedback loops were incorporated in a combined energy/IEQ model, which was applied to an illustrative case study of the Mascaro Center for Sustainable Innovation (MCSI) building at the University of Pittsburgh. Data were collected by a system of energy, temperature, airflow and air quality sensors, and supplemented with a postoccupancy building survey to elicit occupants’ qualitative evaluation of IEQ and its impact on productivity. The IEQ+DLCA model was used to evaluate the tradeoffs or co-benefits of energy-savings scenarios. Accounting for dynamic variation changed the overall results in several LCIA categories—increasing nonrenewable energy use by 15% but reducing impacts due to criteria air pollutants by over 50%. Internal respiratory effects due to particulate matter were up to 10% of external impacts, and internal cancer impacts from VOC inhalation were several times to almost an order of magnitude greater than external cancer impacts. An analysis of potential energy saving scenarios highlighted tradeoffs between internal and external impacts, with some energy savings coming at a cost of negative impacts on either internal health, productivity or both. Findings support including both internal and external impacts in green building standards, and demonstrate an improved quantitative LCA method for the comparative evaluation of building designs.
Negishi, Koji. "Development of a methodology of Dynamic LCA applied to the buildings." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ISAT0013/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe building sector is a key actor to meet the reduction targets in terms of energy consumption and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the most used method for assessing the environmental impacts of a system. In the building sector, the LCA method was adapted with appropriate and simplified tools in order to encourage stakeholders to evaluate the environmental performance of their building products. However, LCA method has some limitations, one of which being the lack of “time dimension” that particularly concerns three points: (i) Lack of consideration of temporal evolution of the system under LCA study, “building system” in our case, (ii) Lack of consideration of temporal discrepancy of activities and associated emissions, (iii) Lack of consideration of dynamic characteristics of environmental impacts (stationary conditions, fixed time horizon, etc.). In this context, the primary objective of the thesis is to develop a dynamic LCA methodology applied to the building sector, on the basis of DyPLCA ANR project. The application of the new dynamic method to a case study with three attached single houses demonstrated that dynamic LCA provides important information on the temporal profile of impacts. The same amount of GHG emissions has a lower effect on temperature peaks when emissions are spread over a long period. The distinction is made between the various GHG, especially according to their lifetime. Instantaneous and cumulated effects (indicators) should be considered in a complete analysis. Actions for mitigation and adaptation need to be decided according to different types of construction product families. Besides, it is necessary to adapt the impact reduction efforts according to the chemical substances
Ahmadi, Achachlouei Mohammad. "Exploring the Effects of ICT on Environmental Sustainability: From Life Cycle Assessment to Complex Systems Modeling." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Miljöstrategisk analys (fms), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-171443.
Повний текст джерелаDen ökande produktionen och konsumtionen av produkter och tjänster inom informations- och kommunikationsteknik (IKT) leder till en ökning av den globala elanvändningen samt direkta miljökonsekvenser kopplade till IKT. Men IKT har även indirekta miljömässiga effekter. Dessa kan vara positiva till exempel genom substitutions- och optimeringseffekter eller negativa genom att till exempel ge upphov till ytterligare efterfrågan på grund av effektivisering (så kallade reboundeffekter). Olika metoder kan användas för att modellera och bedöma både direkta och indirekta effekter av IKT. Syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka metoder för modellering samt att studera miljöeffekter av IKT och elektronisk media med hjälp av livscykelanalys (LCA) och även modellering av komplexa och dynamiska system, samt simuleringsteknik, så som System Dynamics (SD) och agentbaserad (AB) modellering. Avhandlingen omfattar fem artiklar (artikel I-V). Artikel I & II beskriver resultaten från en fallstudie där miljöeffekter kopplade till en svensk tidskrift studeras med LCA. Tidskriftens version för surfplatta samt motsvarande tryckta version studeras och jämförs. Artikel III går ett steg vidare från produktnivåns LCA. Artikeln återkopplar till en SD simuleringsstudie som ursprungligen genomfördes under 2002. Simuleringsstudien gällde framtida miljöeffekter av IKT i 15 europeiska länder med tidspespektivet 2000-2020. I artikeln valideras tre scenarier från simuleringsstudien med hjälp av nya empiriska data från 2000-2012 och ett nytt scenario modelleras. Kvantitativa och kvalitativa resultat från den ursprungliga studien diskuteras. Till exempel visar artikel III att IKT har en stimulerande effekt på den totala persontrafiken genom att göra den mer kostnads- och tidseffektiv (reboundeffekt). Modelleringsmekanismen som används för att representera denna reboundeffekt diskuteras vidare i artikel IV. Artikeln belyser och diskuterar den återkopplingsslinga (feedback-loop) som används för att modellera två typer av reboundeffekter kopplade till persontrafik (direkt ekonomisk rebound och tidsrelaterad rebound) samt jämför med en tidigare studie. Artikel IV behandlar också den roll systemtänkande och modellering kan spela i konceptualisering och kommunikation av reboundeffekters dynamik. För att ytterligare undersöka systemmodelleringens och simuleringens möjligheter att representera icke-linjära komplexa och dynamiska system (exempel på sådana diskuteras i artikel III och IV), sammanställer artikel V tidigare studier som jämför SD och AB-metoder och -modeller. Studiernas mål och metod summeras och resultaten med avseende på vilka kriterier som presenteras för att välja mellan SD och AB sammanställs. Även processen för att omvandla en befintlig SD-modell till en AB-modell beskrivs. Avhandlingens slutsats är att LCA och systemmodelleringsmetoder kan vara användbara för att studera IKTs direkta effekter så väl som indirekta effekter på miljön.
QC 20150813
Pettersen, Johan. "Potentially affected fraction of species from dynamic marine exposure : Life cycle impact assessment of marine ecotoxic impacts from offshore discontinuous discharges." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Industrial Ecology Programme, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-1420.
Повний текст джерелаFor any substance that is used and discharged offshore the contractor has to choose the best alternative in relation to the effects of the substance upon discharge. Any environmental impact that the choice might have in other localities related to either processes before the product is used (e.g. raw material extraction and refining), or in the following treatment of byproducts (offshore or on shore) are neglected. Basing the selection of products solely on the potential marine toxicological impact of the substances will systematically prioritize small local improvements to greater improvement potentials in production or internal and external recycling.
Life cycle impact assessment (LCA) is a tool developed for environmental evaluation of entire product systems; that is all processes for from raw material production to the end-of-life treatment of the product. Material input and output streams to the processes are converted to environmental impacts in the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) stage of LCA. Characterization factors are used to quantify the impact within impact groups.
Eco-indicator 99 and the CLM problem oriented approach (CML-POA) are two LCIA methods that include characterization factors for eco-toxic impacts. Both methods use adapted versions of the EUSES/SimpleBox model to simulate the fate of substances, but the methods do not apply the same definition of eco-toxic damage to quantify the relative impact of different substances. Eco-indicator 99 uses the Potentially affected fraction of species (PAF), while CML-POA uses the Risk Characterization Ratio. EUSES/SimpleBox is a multi media steady-state fate model, and concentrations in different environmental media are calculated from annual continuous emissions.
Offshore discharges are distributed in time and space. The resulting concentrations are high compared to the concentration in the total marine volume, and the affected volume is limited. Given the discontinuous properties of exposure from offshore discharges the EUSES/SimpleBox model is not suited to model such emissions.
A method to calculate characterization factors for discontinuous offshore discharges is proposed in this study. The method is based on the PAF as defined in the Eco-indicator 99 method. Changes from the Eco-indicator 99 method are:
• Replacement of the static hazard unit increase with a time integrated function to better describe the time dependant exposure from offshore discharges.
• Replacement of the static total marine volume with the time integrated volume.
The resulting dynamic marine exposure PAF (dme-PAF) is compatible with the ecotoxicity characterization factors in Eco-indicator 99. It is proposed to omit the acute period in the time integrals and only assess the chronic exposure period beginning from day four.
The Dose-related risk and effect assessment model (DREAM) is used to simulate the time variation of offshore discharges. DREAM is used today by Statoil in environmental risk assessments of such discharges. The model is not a multi-media fate model although it includes most of the processes that are part of the EUSES/SimpleBox model. DREAM produces time dependant profiles of discharges. These are used to calculate the time integrals in the dme-PAF method.
Simulations were performed to calculate ecotoxicity characterization factors for glutaraldehyde with the dme-PAF method. The simulations performed show that one of the settings in DREAM will have great influence on the resulting characterization factors, namely the lower concentration limit (LCL). DREAM calculates concentration in cells, and this data is stored and can be extracted in text format. Cells with concentrations below LCL will not be stored and the volume of these cells will be neglected. In order to be able to calculate dme-PAF properly LCL should be set at zero. This will maximize the number of recorded cells. Given the limitations of MS Office Excel other software must be sought to accommodate calculation of dme-PAF.
Dme-PAF will be affected by changes of the mass, concentration or period of the discharge. Ecotoxicity factors therefore should be calculated for different scenarios regarding the location, concentration, mass and period of the discharge.
Bisinella, de faria Ana barbara. "Development of an integrated approach for wastewater treatment plant optimization based on dynamic modelling and environmental assessment." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ISAT0039/document.
Повний текст джерелаWastewater treatment plants are moving towards energy and nutrients recovery facilities. Simultaneously, they are submitted to stricter regulation with respect to environment and human health. Facing the great challenge of reducing operational costs along with the reduction of environmental impacts and the guaranty of plants robustness, tools might be developed in order to provide an integrated assessment. The goal of this work is to develop a reliable and predictive framework containing rigorous dynamic wide-plant modelling, extended boundaries life cycle assessment for scenarios evaluation and an efficient multi-objective optimization tool. The developed framework for environmental evaluation coupled to dynamic modelling was initially applied to several case studies including urine source separation, enhanced primary clarification and urine treatment by nitritation/ anaerobic ammonium oxidation, offering both performance results and environmental hotspots. Given the important benefits of the urine source separation provided by the previous results, a flexible and dynamic phenomenological influent generator was adapted in order to provide realistic dynamic data concerning urine and wastewater streams in different urine retention scenarios. Finally, as the complex combination of biological, chemical and physical processes leads to a computational expensive problem, a feasibility study (computational time and reliability) on the multi-objective optimization was conducted. Obtaining a set of solutions that avoids any prior discrimination among costs, environment and performance allowed thus the discussion of the involved trade-offs. Finally, the complete framework was applied to several case studies lightening on operational aspects of more sustainable options on wastewater management and treatment
Purushotham, Vineeth. "Dynamic Life Cycle Costing." Thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-102785.
Повний текст джерелаLaratte, Bertrand. "Evaluation dynamique et cumulative des impacts environnementaux dans le cadre d'une analyse de cycle de vie." Thesis, Troyes, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TROY0033/document.
Повний текст джерелаEnvironmental impact assessment methods are now widely used in order to measure environmental impacts associated with human activities (for products, services, and systems). Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is without doubt the foremost assessment method. LCA is also often thought of as the more advanced one, despite serious limitations (e.g. LCA does not include properly economical or social dimensions). In this PhD report, I explore more specifically the issue of integrating time in both inventory models and impact assessments along the life-cycle. In the case of climate change, I offer an evolution of traditional LCA towards a framework that includes dynamic and cumulative aspects as expressed directly in CO2-equivalent. This approach, which is oriented towards reporting practices and/or public policies, is afterwards applied to three different case studies of growing complexity. The central hypothesis of this work is that switching from traditional to so-called “dynamic” LCA would allow for better results with regards to one reality of environmental processes
Emblemsvåg, Jan. "Activity-based life-cycle assessments in design and management." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/32855.
Повний текст джерелаDemou, Evangelia. "Nanoparticles and solvents : exposure, risk and life-cycle-assessments in occupational settings /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2009. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=18189.
Повний текст джерелаFichana, Daniel. "Green engineering and gate-to gate life cycle assessments for pharmaceutical products /." Full text available online, 2005. http://www.lib.rowan.edu/find/theses.
Повний текст джерелаMoraga, Gustavo Longaray. "Avaliação do ciclo de vida e simulação termoenergética em unidade habitacional unifamiliar do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/169822.
Повний текст джерелаBuildings are responsible for expressive environmental impacts, especially for its long life-cycle. In fact, buildings are important potential reducers of environmental damages, because decisions concerning its future impacts can be made at design stage. In Brazil, “My House My Life” program (MHMLP) produced more than two million dwellings, generating significant impacts. Some of MHMLP impacts were already addressed, such as social, urban and architectural, however there is a lack on environmental impacts studies focused on these buildings. This research applies Life Cycle Assessment method to quantify potential environmental impacts of a MHMLP dwelling. Methodology considered three phases, using as reference the case study of a single-story house located at the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre (southern Brazil). Phase 1 quantifies energy use through thermal dynamic simulations, considering different encloses types in comparison to the original option. Phase 2 applies streamlined Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) framework to evaluate the most important contributions to the environmental impacts of the two previously selected models. In phase 3, LCA was developed considering data regionalization and adaptation to the Brazilian context. Results show that operational impacts are the most important ones on the 50 years dwelling life cycle, for both evaluated alternatives. Nevertheless, embodied impacts can represent more than 40% of total global warming and ozone depletion potential impacts. Transportation of raw and construction materials is one of the most important contributors to embodied impacts. Furthermore, recurrent embodied impacts are important, as well as construction materials durability. LCA application validates its importance as a framework to support decision-making, identifying hotspots on buildings environmental qualification.
Chen, Chialin. "Prospects fro automobile recycling, an integrated approach of systems dynamics and life-cycle assessment." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/35426.
Повний текст джерелаLouis, J. N. (Jean-Nicolas). "Dynamic environmental indicators for smart homes:assessing the role of home energy management systems in achieving decarbonisation goals in the residential sector." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2016. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526214535.
Повний текст джерелаTiivistelmä Vähähiilisen talouden saavuttaminen vuoteen 2050 mennessä edellyttää valtavia ponnisteluja energia-alalla. Rakennuksista aiheutuvia päästöjä on vähennettävä radikaalisti, jopa 90 % vuoteen 2050 mennessä. Rakennusten energiatehokkuutta edistävä automaatiotekniikka on yksi keino tämän päämäärän saavuttamiseen. Kotiautomaation kautta voidaan sekä vähentää energian kokonaiskulutusta että tasoittaa energiankäyttöprofiilia. On kuitenkin tutkittava myös, mitkä ovat automaatiotekniikan ympäristö- ja taloudelliset vaikutukset. Tässä työssä käsitellään kotiautomaation vaikutusta sähkön kulutuksen hallintaan asuinrakennuksissa käyttämällä ympäristö- ja talousindikaattoreita. Tätä varten suoritettiin kotiautomaation elinkaariarviointi selvittämällä laitteiden valmistus-, käyttö- ja hävittämisvaiheiden ympäristövaikutukset. Työssä tarkasteltiin myös asukkaiden käyttäytymisen, kotitalouden koon ja eri teknologiavaihtoehtojen vaikutuksia ympäristö- ja talousvaikutuksiin. Arviointi suoritettiin Markovin ketjun simulointityökalulla, joka rakennettiin Matlab-alustalle. Dynaamisia ympäristömittareita kehitettiin ReCiPe-menetelmää käyttäen. Indikaattorit on edelleen yhdistetty yhdeksi indeksiksi käyttäen monikriteeriarviointia. Tulokset viittaavat siihen, että huippukuormitusta voidaan vähentää käyttämällä kotiautomaatiota, mutta sähkön kokonaiskulutus voi kasvaa automaatiojärjestelmän sähkönkulutuksen takia. Kotiautomaation vaikutukset ovat eniten havaittavissa suurissa kotitalouksissa. Lisäksi, dynaamiset indikaattorit edustavat paremmin kotiautomaation vaikutusta ympäristöön kuin staattiset indikaattorit. Automaatioteknologian elinkaaressa suurimmat ympäristövaikutukset ovat valmistusvaiheessa, mutta CO2-päästöjä syntyy eniten käyttövaiheessa. Lopuksi voidaan todeta, että kotiautomaation merkittävin ympäristöhyöty on CO2-päästöjen vähentäminen huippukulutuksen aikana siirtämällä kuormitusta toiseen ajankohtaan
Andersson, Jenny. "Environmental Impacts of Contaminated Site Remediation : a Comparision of two Life Cycle Assessments." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1931.
Повний текст джерелаThe decision process of which technique to choose for remediation of contaminated sites has traditionally focused on the clean up level, the time required and the economical resources. The environmental costs of the remediation are seldom taken into consideration. With a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) it is possible to receive an overall picture of the environmental impacts caused by a remediation technique. In this thesis a comparison of two LCA methods has been made. The methods are named REC and Uva and are used in the Netherlands and Germany. Two remediation techniques, the adsorption technique and the bioremediation technique, were compared and data from a discontinued petrol station were used. The output from the REC method indicated that the adsorption technique causes more environmental costs then the bioremediation technique. The main reason is because the adsorption technique consumes more groundwater and energy. The UvA method presented a different result. According to this method the bioremediation technique causes more environmental costs. This is because the bioremediation technique consumes more energy and causes more emissions. The main reasons of the difference between the REC and the UvA methods are that they use diverse ways to calculate the consumption of energy, have different system boundaries and consider different impact categories. A conclusion of the present study is that a decision process of which remediation technique to use at a contaminated site could be dependent on which method is used as a decision support tool.
Lökholm, Alvestad Ragnvald. "Life Cycle Assessments as a front-end Systems Engineering tool in ship design." Thesis, KTH, Marina system, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-102049.
Повний текст джерелаAlcaraz, Ochoa Maria de Lourdes. "Development of metrics for streamlined life cycle assessments : a case study on tablets." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/107098.
Повний текст джерелаCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 59-63).
Growing concern about climate change and human impact on the environment have resulted in an increase in interest for evaluating the environmental impact of products and services we consume. Life cycle assessment (LCA) has become the most prominent method for environmental evaluation. Life cycle assessment is the quantification of the environmental impacts of a product or service through its whole life cycle, from the extraction of materials to manufacturing and end of life. A carbon footprint is a subset of an LCA. LCAs are required as part of government regulations, used by companies to identify high resource use in their supply chain or to choose between product designs and by consumers to choose between alternative product choices. LCAs provide valuable information; however, they are resource intensive, time consuming and uncertain. Therefore, a methodology that addresses all these issues is needed. This study addresses the following question: Can LCAs be streamlined while still providing useful information? To answer this, an under-specification, probabilistic screening methodology is employed. The screening methodology uses a high level assessment of the footprint, incorporates uncertainty in the inputs, and refines data around the primary drivers of impact. The streamlined LCA procedure is extended to include a Sobol based sensitivity analysis methodology for identifying high impact activities. The effects of partial perfect information in subsequent data acquisition activities on the streamlining methodology are examined. Metrics to determine sufficiency in the data gathering procedure and to determine whether decision makers can sufficiently distinguish between two products or design alternatives are developed. A procedure to quantify the cost of additional information is developed. Finally, an exploration of the scenario space of the impacts is analyzed. The extended streamlined methodology is applied to a case study on tablets, with a focus on integrated circuits. This thesis finds that the streamlined, probabilistic methodology can be used to cost-effectively evaluate the environmental impact of products while still taking uncertainty into account. Metrics to determine sufficiency can be effectively used, and the presence of partial information does not limit the usefulness of the metrics. Furthermore, quantifying the cost of additional information can help determine sufficiency in data collection efforts and can help understand the challenges that companies face when performing an LCA.
by Maria de Lourdes Alcaraz Ochoa.
S.M. in Technology and Policy
Green, Lilian. "Dynamic simulation for whole life appraisal." Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325206.
Повний текст джерелаKim, Sangho. "Comparative Life Cycle Assessments of Conventional Products and 3D-Printed Wood-Plastic Composite Alternatives." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-287737.
Повний текст джерелаEftersom additive tillverkningsteknik ökar marknadspotentialen som en vanlig process inom olika industrisektorer, finns det ett växande behov av att ta itu med miljöaspekterna av denna teknik och de material som är associerade med den. I detta examensarbete avhandling genomfördes jämförande livscykelanalys (LCA) från vagga till grav mellan de konventionella produkterna och 3D-printade alternativ av träplastkomposit (WPC) baserat på ISO 14044: 2006-standarden. Miljöpåverkan av varje produkt kvantifierades för 10 miljöeffekter. Målet med LCA var att avgöra om användningen av de 3D-printade WPC-produkterna kan vara ett hållbart alternativ till de konventionella. Denna avhandling presenterar tre fallstudier där jämförande LCA utfördes. De två första fallstudierna handlar om förvaringsutrymmen för lastbilar från Scania, och den tredje om takskivor från Veidekke. Resultaten visade att de 3D- printade WPC- alternativen i alla fallstudier skulle ha mindre miljöpåverkan jämfört med konventionella produkter. Den mest signifikanta skillnaden observerades i de två första fallstudierna på grund av den lägre vikte viktningseffekten. Alternativen visade 51%, 68% och 13% lägre global uppvärmningspotential (GWP) än de konventionella produkterna i respektive fallstudie. Emellertid föreslog resultaten av vaggan-till-grind-LCA att det 3D-printade WPC-alternativet kan orsaka större miljöpåverkan än de konventionella produkterna avseende vissa miljöeffekter. Därför, i LCA-sammanhang, skulle de 3D-printade WPC-alternativen vara mycket mer fördelaktiga för miljön jämfört med konventionella produkter, men miljöfördelarna kan vara obetydliga ur tillverkarens perspektiv.
Balogun, T. B. "Integrating bridge maintenance life cycle assessments into bridge design for improved sustainable decision making." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2018. http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/33148/.
Повний текст джерелаBiewald, Anne. "A dynamic life cycle model for Germany with unemployment uncertainty." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2008. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/3311/.
Повний текст джерелаDiese Arbeit modelliert das Spar- und Konsumverhalten von Individuen in Deutschland mit einem Lebenszyklusmodell. Dabei hat das Modell zwei Besonderheiten, erstens trifft die Möglichkeit arbeitslos zu werden nicht jeden Agenten des Models mit der gleichen Wahrscheinlichkeit, sondern wird von Bildungsabschluss und dem Beschäftigungsstatus des Agenten beeinflußt und zweitens weicht die verwendete Nutzenfunktion von den Standardnutzenfunktionen ab und implementiert Vererbung, Geld, verschiedene Güter und Subsistenzlevel. Der Optimierungsalgorithmus basiert auf Dynamischer Programmierung.
Schau, Erwin Andreas Meissner. "Environmental life cycle assessments of fish food products with emphasis on the fish catch process." Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for industriell økonomi og teknologiledelse, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-15440.
Повний текст джерелаEn bærekraftig utvikling omfatter økonomi, samfunn og natur og er utgangspunktet for denne doktorgradsavhandlingen. Dagens fiskerier er avhenging av fossile energikilder, noe som skaper vansker for en bærekraftig utvikling. Miljøproblemer er nært beslektet med helseproblemer, som blir viktigere og viktigere for forbrukere og andre interessenter. Hovedfokuset innenfor forskning på fisk har vært på hvordan overfiske kan unngås. Andre miljøproblemer, slik som klimaendringer, forurensning av vann og luft som et resultat av energi- og materialbruk har vært lavere prioritert. Dette gjelder ikke bare for fiskebåten, men hele livsløpet til fiskematproduktet, fra bunn til bord. Dette doktorgradsprosjektet er et bidrag til å rette opp denne skjevheten. Hovedmålet med forskningen bak denne doktorgradsavhandlingen er å demonstrere en metodikk for systematiske livsløpsanalyser (LCA) av fiskematprodukter, med hovedvekt på fisket. Prinsipper og prosesser fra systemteknikk kan benyttes i analyser av miljøproblemer. Denne forskningen er den første til å benytte seg av systemteknikk for å analysere miljøproblemer i tilknytning til fiskematproduktet. Livsløpstenkning er en helhetlig tilnærming og gjør at forskyvning av miljøproblemer fra en fase til en annen i livsløpet blir synlig. LCA har blitt utviklet for vareproduserende industri. Denne forskningen er et bidrag til å anvende LCA også for matproduksjon, med større komplekse systemer som verdikjeder for fisk der fiskebåten og fangstmetodikk utgjør en vesentlig del av miljøprestasjonene. LCA danner grunnlaget for å utarbeide miljødeklarasjoner, kalt EPD, hvis retningslinjer er fastsatt i produktkategorireglene, såkalte PCR. Systemteknikk i kombinasjon med LCA, interessentanalyse og EPD blir brukt til å utvikle et rammeverk for miljøanalyser av fiskeproduktets livsløp. Et sett av forskjellige studier, sammensatt til et case-studie, har resultert i en LCA av fiskeprodukter som har blitt brukt til å utvikle en EPD for sild (Clupea harengus) basert på PCRen utviklet for villfanget fisk. Miljøprestasjonsindikatorer relevante for fiskematprodukter er blitt undersøkt og et utvalg har blitt foreslått for bruk i kommunikasjon av miljøpåvirkning fra fiskematprodukter. Størst fokus har vært på fiskebåten, da særlig dennes energiforbruk bidrar til den største miljøpåvirkningen. Forskningsresultatene bidrar til økt transparens hva gjelder miljøbelastningen fra fiskeprodukter og er dermed et bidrag til å drive utviklingen i fiskerisektoren i en bærekraftig retning. Videre utvikling kan være å utvide rammeverket for fiskematprodukter til også å omfatte flere matprodukter, slik at disse kan sammenlignes.
Nachhaltige Entwicklung beinhaltet Ökonomie, Gesellschaft und Natur und ist der Ausgangspunkt dieser Dissertation. Moderne Fischerei ist von fossilen Energiequellen abhängig, was Schwierigkeiten für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung bereitet. Umweltprobleme sind stark mit gesundheitlichen Problemen verbunden, welche immer größere Bedeutung für Verbraucher und andere Betroffene annehmen. Schwerpunkt der Fischereiforschung war bislang die Überfischung der Fischressourcen. Anderen Umweltproblemen, wie Klimaänderung, Verunreinigung von Luft, Boden und Wasser, resultierend aus Energie- und Materialverbrauch wurde bisher weniger Beachtung geschenkt. Das gilt nicht nur für den Produktzyklus des Fischfangschiffs, sondern auch für den ganzen Lebenszyklus des Fischereierzeugnisses, vom Meeresboden auf den Tisch. Diese Dissertation leistet einen Beitrag zum Ausgleich dieses Ungleichgewichts. Das Hauptziel dieser Forschung ist die Demonstration einer Methodik zur systematischen Ökobilanzierung von Fischereierzeugnissen, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf dem Fischfangprozess liegt. Prinzipien und Prozesse des Systems Engineering kommen in Analysen von Umweltproblemen zur Anwendung. Diese Forschung ist die erste, die das Systems Engineering verwendet, um Umweltprobleme in Verbindung mit Fischereierzeugnissen zu analysieren. Ökobilanzen sind ein ganzheitlicher Ansatz, um Problemverlagerung zwischen den Lebenszyklusphasen eines Produktes zu erkennen und zu vermeiden. Ökobilanzen wurden ursprünglich für Verbrauchsgüter entwickelt. Diese Forschung leistet einen Beitrag, diesen Ansatz auch auf Lebensmittel mit großen komplexen Systemen wie die Wertkette für Fisch, wo das Fischereischiff und verschiedene Fangtechniken einen wesentlichen Teil der Umweltleistung ausmachen, zu übertragen. Ökobilanzen bilden die Grundlage, um Umweltdeklarationen, deren Regeln und Anforderungen in den Produktkategorieregeln festgelegt sind, zu entwickeln. Systems Engineering in Kombination mit der Ökobilanzmethode, Interessentenanalyse und Umweltdeklarationen wird verwendet, um einen Rahmen für Umweltanalysen der Lebenszyklen von Fischereierzeugnissen zu entwickeln. Resultate einer Kombination unterschiedlicher Studien, zusammengesetzt zu einer Fallstudie, werden benutzt um; Umweltdeklarationen für Hering (Clupea harengus) basierend auf den für wild gefangenen Fisch entwickelten Produktkategorieregeln zu demonstrieren, Umweltleistungsindikatoren mit Relevanz für das Fischereierzeugnis zu untersuchen, und eine Auswahl davon zur Bekanntgabe von Umwelteinwirkung durch Fischereierzeugnisse zu empfehlen. Der Schwerpunkt lag dabei auf dem Fischfangschiff, weil dessen Energieverbrauch die größte Umwelteinwirkung ausmacht. Die Forschungsresultate tragen zur einen höheren Transparenz der Umweltbelastung durch Fischereierzeugnisse bei und führen so die Entwicklung innerhalb der Fischerei in eine nachhaltige Richtung. Künftig könnte die in dieser Dissertation entwickelte Methode zur Untersuchung von Fischereierzeugnissen auf weitere Lebensmittel ausgedehnt werden, so dass ein Vergleich unterschiedlicher Lebensmittel möglich wird.
Wildnauer, Margaret T. (Margaret Thea). "Evaluation of probabilistic underspecification as a method for incorporating uncertainty into comparative life cycle assessments." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/78508.
Повний текст джерелаCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-100).
Life cycle assessments are quickly becoming a crucial method through which the environmental impacts of products or processes are evaluated. A concern with current practice, however, is that the use of deterministic values for inputs and final results only represent a single scenario, not all possible values and outcomes, or even a real-world situation. By incorporating uncertainty, an LCA can account for inherent variation and the use of proxy data, both of which are common occurrences in LCA implementation. In a comparative LCA, this uncertainty allows a decision to be made between alternatives with a certain level of confidence. While uncertainty is necessary for credible results, its implementation can also be time consuming. As LCAs grow more common, methods of streamlining are being explored to reduce both the effort and cost. One such streamlining method that also incorporates uncertainty is probabilistic underspecification. This method evaluates environmental parameters by dividing them into different material and process categories. The lowest level of specification, Level 1, is defined by the type of material or process, such as metal or freight transportation. This category is then subdivided based on different characteristics of the material or process. The highest level of specification, Level 5, consists of the individual database processes used by traditional LCAs. This thesis compares the streamlining method of probabilistic underspecification to the more common method of incorporating uncertainty, termed here as individual probabilistic specification. A case study on alternative pavement designs is used to demonstrate and compare both the methodologies. The effort required for each methodology is compared by the percentage of processes specified at Level 5, which is 100% for individual probabilistic specification, but much less for probabilistic underspecification. The results of the case study showed that as little as 32% or less of the processes need to be specified at Level 5 in order to have the required level of confidence in the decision being made. It can be seen that, as a streamlining method to estimate the results of comparative LCAs, probabilistic underspecification is a viable option.
by Margaret T. Wildnauer.
S.M.
Bessou, Cécile. "Greenhouse gas emissions of biofuels: improving Life Cycle Assessments by taking into account local production factors." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00453003.
Повний текст джерелаVan, der Walt Janette. "The application of life cycle assessments (LCA's) in the chemical industry / by Janette van der Walt." Thesis, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/64.
Повний текст джерелаThesis (MSc)--PU for CHE, 1999.
de, Kock Lorren. "Carbon intensive but decarbonising quickly? Retrospective and prospective life cycle assessments of South African pome fruit." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29886.
Повний текст джерелаChaudhary, Osman, and Erdem Yüksek. "Dynamic life-cycle costing in asset management of production equipments with emphasis om maintenance." Thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-41281.
Повний текст джерелаPinilla, Maria Juliana. "Comparative Life Cycle Assessments of Lignocellulosic and Algae Biomass Conversion to Various Energy Products through Different Pathways." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3740.
Повний текст джерелаAriduru, Secil. "Fatigue Life Calculation By Rainflow Cycle Counting Method." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605614/index.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаs empirical expression. After the total number of cycles in both time and frequency domain approaches are found, Palmgren-Miner rule, cumulative damage theory, is used to estimate the fatigue life. Results of fatigue life estimation study in both domains are comparatively evaluated. Frequency domain approach is found to provide a marginally safer prediction tool in this study.
Nishanth, Rini. "Dynamic Response and Life-Cycle Analysis of Floating Production Storage and Offloading Systems." Thesis, Curtin University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/70517.
Повний текст джерелаAmores, Barrero María José. "Environmental Management In Agriculture Based On Water And Climate Change Assessments: Tools For Decision Making By Life Cycle Approach." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/283235.
Повний текст джерелаLa superficie mundial de regadío ha aumentado drásticamente desde la segunda mitad del siglo XX. El uso de agua dulce y su consumo se han convertido en áreas de interés ambiental. Aunque las tierras agrícolas representan sólo el 12% de la superficie terrestre del mundo, aproximadamente el 70% del agua extraída de los acuíferos, ríos y lagos se utiliza para la agricultura de regadío. El cambio climático es un conocido problema global en todo el mundo y la contribución del sector agrícola es significativamente alta. Consiguientemente, los impactos ambientales procedentes del uso del agua debido a las actividades agrícolas y su relativa contribución en la emisión de Gases de Efecto Invernadero deben ser tratados adecuadamente. La presente tesis tiene como objetivo principal evaluar el perfil ambiental de los diferentes sistemas agrícolas a través de la aplicación del Análisis de Ciclo de Vida y otras herramientas complementarias. Principalmente, se consideraron dos impactos ambientales: el Calentamiento Global y la Huella Hídrica. El objetivo es proporcionar a los agricultores herramientas metodológicas y prácticas para la toma de decisiones y poder así practicar una agricultura sostenible.
Pérez, Vilaró Gemma 1985. "Cellular processing bodies and the hepatitis C virus life cycle : characterization of their dynamic interplay." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/97092.
Повний текст джерелаCollado-Vindel, Maria Dolores. "Dynamic econometric models for cohort and panel data : methods and applications to life-cycle consumption." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1994. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2829/.
Повний текст джерелаPflanz, Mark. "Addressing the Reliability and Life Cycle Cost Analysis Problem for Technology and System Developers Early in the DoD System Development Process." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46185.
Повний текст джерелаMaster of Science
Petersen, Abdul Muhaymin. "Comparisons of the technical, financial risk and life cycle assessments of various processing options of sugercane bagasse to biofuels in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20156.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: Through many years of research, a number of production schemes have been developed for converting lignocellulosic biomass into transport fuels. These technologies have been assessed through a number of techno-economic studies for application in a particular context in terms of the technical and economic feasibility. However, previous studies using these methods have tended to lack vigour in various aspects. Either the energy efficiency of the processes were not maximised through adequate heat integration, or a competing technology which existed was not considered. From an economic perspective, the financial models would often lack the vigour to account for the risk and uncertainty that is inherent in the market prices of the commodities. This phenomenon is especially relevant for the biofuel industry that faces the full fledge of uncertainties experienced by the agricultural sector and the energy sector. Furthermore, from an environmental perspective, the techno-economic studies had often ignored the environmental impacts that are associated with biofuel production. Thus, a comparative study could have favoured an option due to its economic feasibility, while it could have had serious environmental consequences. The aim of this study was to address these issues in a South African context, where biofuels could be produced from sugarcane bagasse. The first step would be to modify an existing simulation model for a bioethanol scenario that operates with a Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF process) configuration into a second processing scenario that operates with a Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF process) configuration using reliable experimental data. The second step was to ensure that the maximum energy efficiency of each scenario was realised by carrying out pinch point analysis as a heat integration step. In contrast to these biological models is the thermochemical model that converts bagasse to gasoline and diesel via gasification, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and refining (GFT process). While there were no significant advances in technology concerning this type of process, the energy efficiency was to be maximised with pinch point analysis. The GFT process obtained the highest energy efficiency of 50.6%. Without the affects of pinch point technology, the efficiency dropped to 46%, which thus emphasises the importance of heat integration. The SSF had an efficiency of 42.8%, which was superior to that of the SHF at 39.3%. This resulted from a higher conversion of biomass to ethanol in the SSF scenario. Comparing the SHF model to an identical model found in literature that did not have pinch point retrofits, this study showed lower efficiency. This arose because the previous study did not account for the energy demands of the cold utility systems such as the cooling tower operation, which has been shown in this study to account for 40% of the electrical energy needs. The economic viability of all three processes was assessed with Monte Carlo Simulations to account for the risks that the fluctuations in commodity prices and financial indices pose. This was accomplished by projecting the fluctuations of these parameters from samples of a historical database that has been transformed into a probability distribution function. The consequences were measured in terms of the Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for a large number of simulations. The results of these variables were aggregated and were then assessed by testing the probability that the NPV<0, and that the IRR recedes below the interest rate of 12.64%. The investment was thus deemed unfeasible if these probabilities were greater than 20%. Both biological models were deemed profitable in terms of this standard. The probabilities were 13% for the SSF and 14% for the SHF. The GFT process however was deemed completely unfeasible because the probability that the NPV<0 was 78%. Given that the GFT process had the highest energy efficiency, this result arises mainly because the capital investment of 140,000USD/MWHHV of biomass energy input is to enormous for any payback to be expected. The environmental footprint of each process was measured using Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs). LCAs are a scientifically intricate way of quantifying and qualifying the effects of a product or process within a specified boundary. The impacts are assessed on a range of environmental issues, such as Global Warming, Acidification, Eutrophication and Human toxicity. Furthermore, if the project under concern has multiple output products, then the impacts are distributed between the output products in proportion to the revenue that each generates. The impacts were either relative to the flow of feedstock, which was 600MW of bagasse, or to the functional unit, which was the amount of fuel required to power a standard vehicle for a distance of 1 kilometre. In either case, the GFT scenario was the least burdening on the environmental. This was expected because the GFT process had the highest energy efficiency and the process itself lacked the use of processing chemicals. Relative to the feedstock flow, the SSF was the most environmentally burdening scenario due to the intensive use of processing chemicals. Relative to the functional unit, the SHF was the most severe due to its low energy efficiency. Thus, the following conclusions were drawn from the study: The GFT is the most energy and environmentally efficient process, but it showed no sign of economic feasibility. iv There is no significant difference in the economic and environmental evaluation of the SSF and SHF process, even though the SSF is considered to be a newer and more efficient process. The major cause of this is because the setup of the SSF model was not optimised.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Deur baie jare van navorsing is ‘n aantal produksie-skemas vir die omskakeling van lignosellulose biomassa na vloeibarebrandstof ontwikkel. Hierdie tegnologië is geassesseer ten opsigte van die tegniese en ekonomiese haalbaarheid deur middel van tegno-ekonomiese studies in bepaalde tekste. Tog het hierdie vorige studies besliste beperkings gehad. Of die energie-doeltreffendheid van die proses is nie gemaksimeer deur voldoende hitte-integrasie nie, of 'n mededingende tegnologie wat bestaan is nie oorweeg nie. Vanuit 'n ekonomiese perspektief, was die finansiële modelle dikwels nie die omvattend genoeg om rekening te hou met die risiko en onsekerheid wat inherent is in die markpryse van die kommoditeite nie. Hierdie verskynsel is veral relevant vir die biobrandstof bedryf wat die volle omvang van onsekerhede ervaar waaraan die landbousektor en die energiesektoronderhewig is. Verder het die tegno-ekonomiese studies dikwels die omgewingsimpakte wat verband hou met biobrandstofproduksie geïgnoreer. Dus kon ‘n opsie deur die ekonomiese haalbaarheid bevoordeel word, ten spyte van die ernstige omgewingsimpakte wat dit kon inhou. Die doel van hierdie studie was om hierdie kwessies aan te spreek in 'n Suid-Afrikaanse konteks, waar biobrandstof uit suikerriet bagasse geproduseer kan word. Die eerste stap was om 'n bestaande simulasiemodel vir 'n bio-scenario wat met Afsonderlike Hidroliese en Fermentasie (SHF proses) stappe werk, te modifiseer vir 'n tweede verwerking scenario wat met 'n gelyktydige Versuikering en Fermentasie (SSF proses) konfigurasie werk. Die verandering is gedoen deur die gebruik van betroubare eksperimentele data. Die tweede stap was om te verseker dat elke scenario die maksimum energie-doeltreffendheid het, deur 'n hitte-integrasie stap, wat gebruik maak van “pinch-point” analise. In teenstelling met hierdie biologiese modelle, is daar die thermochemiese roete waar petrol en diesel van bagasse vervaardig word via vergassing, Fischer-Tropsch-sintese en rafinering (GFT proses). Daar was geen betekenisvolle vooruitgang in tegnologie vir hierdie proses nie, maar die energie-doeltreffendheid is gemaksimeer word deur energie-integrasie. Die GFT proses toon die hoogste energie-doeltreffendheid van 50,6%. Sonder die invloed van energie-integrasie het die doeltreffendheid gedaal tot 46%, wat dus die belangrikheid van hitte-integrasie beklemtoon. Die SSF het 'n effektiwiteit van 42,8% gehad, wat beter was as dié 39,3% van die SHF opsie. Hierdie hoër effektiwiteit wasas gevolg van die hoër omskakeling van biomassa na etanol in die SSF scenario. Die energie doeltreffendheid vir die SHF-model was laer as met 'n identiese model (sonder energie-integrasie) wat in die literatuur gevind wat is. Dit het ontstaan omdat die vorige studie nie 'n volledig voorsiening gemaak het met die energie-eise van die verkillingstelselsnie, wat tot 40% van die elektriese energie behoeftes kan uitmaak. Die ekonomiese lewensvatbaarheid van al drie prosesse is bepaal met Monte Carlo simulasies om die risiko's wat die fluktuasies in kommoditeitspryse en finansiële indekse inhou, in berekening te bring. Hierdie is bereik deur die projeksie van die fluktuasies van hierdie parameters aan die hand van 'n historiese databasis wat omskep is in 'n waarskynlikheid verspreiding funksie. Die gevolge is gemeet in terme van die netto huidige waarde (NHW) en Interne Opbrengskoers (IOK) vir 'n groot aantal simulasies. Die resultate van hierdie veranderlikes is saamgevoeg en daarna, deur die toets van die waarskynlikheid dat die NPV <0, en dat die IRR laer as die rentekoers van 12,64% daal, beoordeel. Die belegging is dus nie realiseerbaar geag as die waarskynlikhede meer as 20% was nie. Beide biologieseprosesse kan as winsgewend beskou word in terme van bostaande norme. Die waarskynlikhede was 13% vir die SSF en 14% vir die SHF. Aangesien die NHW van die GFT-proses onder 0 met ‘n waarskynlikheid van 78% is, is die opsie as nie-winsgewend beskou. Gegewe dat die GFT-proses die hoogste energie-doeltreffendheid het, is die resultaat hoofsaaklik omdat die kapitale belegging van 140,000 USD / MWHHV-biomassa energie-inset te groot is, om enige terugbetaling te verwag. Die omgewingsvoetspoor van elke proses is bepaal deur die gebruik van Lewens Siklus Analises (“Life Cycle Assessments”) (LCAS). LCAS is 'n wetenskaplike metodeom die effek van ‘n produk of proses binne bepaalde grense beide kwalitatief en kwantitatief te bepaal. Die impakte word beoordeel vir 'n verskeidenheid van omgewingskwessies, soos aardverwarming, versuring, eutrofikasie en menslike toksisiteit. Voorts, indien die projek onder die saak verskeie afvoer produkte het, word die impakte tussen die afvoer produkte verdeel, in verhouding tot die inkomste wat elkeen genereer. Die impak was met of relatief tot die vloei van roumateriaal (600MW van bagasse), of tot die funksionele eenheid, wat die hoeveelheid van brandstof is om 'n standaard voertuig aan te dryf oor 'n afstand van 1 kilometer. In al die gevalle het die GFT scenario die laagste belading op die omgewing geplaas. Hierdie is te verwagte omdat die GFT proses die hoogste energie-doeltreffendheid het en die proses self nie enige addisionele chemikalieë vereis nie. Relatief tot die roumateriaal vloei, het die SSF die grootse belading op die omgewing geplaas as gevolg van die intensiewe gebruik van verwerkte chemikalieë. Relatief tot die funksionele eenheid, was die SHF die swakste as gevolg van sy lae energie-doeltreffendheid.
Larsson, Mathias. "Environmental assessments and Swedish consumption of biofuels : Review of Swedish biofuel research and aggregated life cycle assessment of Swedish biofuel consumption 2000-2013." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-172050.
Повний текст джерелаI denna masteruppstats bedöms de potentiella miljöeffekterna för Svensk biodrivmedelskonsumtion och analysomfattningen i den Svensk biodrivmedelsforskningen. Sveriges konsumtion av biodrivmedel är miljömässigt bedömd genom livscykelanalys, där emissioner från råvaruframställning och produktion presenteras över uppkomstområde åren 2000-2013. De olika påverkansindikatorerna jämförs med miljöpåverkan från förbränning av fossila drivmedel med samma energiinnehåll. En systematisk litteraturundersökning genomförs över alla svenskpublicerade vetenskapliga artiklar i syfte att kvantitativt bedöma omfattningen av påverkanskategorier. Resultaten visar att samtidigt som växthusgaserna minskat har andra påverkanskategorier ökat dramatiskt. Den bedömda miljöpåverkan till följd av biodrivmedelskonsumtionen skedde till största delen i Europeiska och Sydamerikanska länder. Resultatet från den systematiska litteraturundersökningen visar ett övervägande i miljöpåverkansfokus på växthusgasutsläpp och energiprestanda i forskningen. Valet av påverkanskategorier är ofta undermåligt beskrivet och motivering till de studerade påverkansområdena saknas i majoriteten av rapporterna. Konsekvenserna av denna snäva miljöpåverkanssyn är diskuterad i förhållande till problemförflyttning och svensk miljöpolicy. Biodrivmedels strategier från Europeiska Unionen och den svenska regeringen är bristfälliga för att minska t. ex. övergödning, försurning och toxicitet. Påverkan från förändrad landanvändning och indirekt förändrad landanvändning är även de viktiga att medta i bedömningarna.
Romaniw, Yuriy. "An activity based method for sustainable manufacturing modeling and assessments in SysML." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34717.
Повний текст джерелаKarlsson, Malin, and Linnea Sund. "Life cycle assessments of arable land use options and protein feeds : A comparative study investigating the climate impact from different scenarios in the agricultural sector." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-129462.
Повний текст джерелаHaugsbakk, Frida. "Evaluations of how carbon dioxide calculations can be integrated into 3D models at an early design stage for more efficient Life Cycle Assessments on buildings." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-230168.
Повний текст джерелаLivscykelanalyser på byggnader och olika typer av miljöbyggnads-certifieringar blir allt vanligare för nya byggprojekt i Sverige. Materialet i en byggnad spelar en stor roll av hela byggnadens miljöpåverkan. Tidigare forskning indikerar att livscykelanalyser inte är en rutin i dagens byggprocesser vilket kan bero på att osäkerheter i de olika metoderna bakom koldioxidberäkningar. Den här artikeln fokuserar på hur koldioxidekvivalenter av byggnadsmaterial kan bli integrerade med Byggnadsinformationsmodellering. Genom möten med experter i området har datainsamling gjorts för det ändamålet. För att undersöka integreringen byggdes en 3D-modell upp och som senare användes för beräkningar av koldioxidutsläpp i ett kostnads-kalkyleringsverktyg samt undersöka hur en införing av koldioxidekvivalenter direkt i 3D-modellen kunde göras. Resultaten visade hur kostnads-beräkningsverktyget fungerar för beräkningar av koldioxidekvivalenter, tidigt i byggprocessen. Svårigheter i att hitta motsvarande material i kalkyleringsverktygets databas upptäcktes under utvärderingen samt en sammanfattande rapport för beräkningarna. Integrationen direkt i 3D-modellen med visuell programmering visade att en inmatning av koldioxidutsläpp för varje material fungerade vilket möjliggör uppdateringar under hela byggprocessen. Det var också möjligt att importera materialinformation till ett koldioxidberäkningsverktyg. Det öppnar upp möjligheter att ändra och uppdatera koldioxidutsläpp för material tidigt i byggprocessen med hjälp av Byggnadsinformationsmodellering och visar behov av organisationsförändringar på grund av dagens traditionella byggprocess.
Fujiwara, Ippei. "Three essays on dynamic general equilibrium models." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b963d031-cd68-4bee-91b7-4541e5d600d2.
Повний текст джерелаSchade, Susann [Verfasser], Gabriele I. [Gutachter] Stangl, and Martina [Gutachter] Gerken. "Distinct microalgae for human nutrition : comparative life cycle assessments and techno-economic analysis of microalgae cultivation ; [kumulative Dissertation] / Susann Schade ; Gutachter: Gabriele I. Stangl, Martina Gerken." Halle (Saale) : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1220698180/34.
Повний текст джерелаTorres, De Miranda Pinto Julian. "Sustainable resource management in european steel supply chains." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAD002/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe present thesis delved into the current and future interactions within the European Steel Industry and of it with the environment it is a part of, with the main objective of supporting decision- and policy-making efforts oriented towards sustainability and circularity, helping to shape the future of steel in the European Community. The thesis used the European Steel Industry as a case study to explore the potential benefits of integrating Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) into System Dynamics (SD) under the scopes of Circular Economy and Industrial Ecology. A model representative of the European Steel Industry was built modularly in Stella Architect, following ILCD and ISO guidelines and standards for LCA. Throughout 4 of the 5 articles developed for the present thesis, 21 simulation runs were performed on the aforementioned model: 12 on identifying potential constraints and benefits of End-of-Life policies; 5 assessing the advantages and disadvantages of different Supply Chain Integration (SCI) strategies along European steel supply chains; and 4 addressing the interactions between biophysical and economic dynamics in the steel market. An additional article was developed using the methodologies of Circles of Sustainability and Sustainable Urban Metabolism to appraise the challenges and contributions of steel as part of servitization initiatives in urban environments. Overall results indicated that integrating LCA into SD was not only feasible and capable of reproducing results, trends and behaviors from previous scientific studies, but also of contributing to both methodologies in different levels. This approach has potential to interest policy-makers who seek more granularity within the European Steel Industry as well as decision-makers searching for a broader understanding of their operation’s dynamics beyond the gates, notably regarding raw material scarcity, resource self-sufficiency, and resource ownership retention. From the results of each article it was observed that, (a) pushing for recycling and reuse could generate interesting medium- to long-term results for circularity, transitioning away from fossil fuels and developing a whole new market around end-of-life services; (b) different SCI approaches can be environmentally and strategically promising; (c) six key biophysical variables can distinctively affect spot prices, future prices, EBITDA margins, capacity utilization, dividend payouts, and costs of steelmaking; and (d) servitization can provide significant benefits to sustainable cities, while also being able to substantially alter the supply-side dynamics of steelmaking, highlighting how important it is for steelmakers to pay close attention to the service-providing initiatives that may concern their clients and products
Hüppe, Christian [Verfasser]. "Efficiency loss of household refrigeration appliances over time and associated impacts: Dynamic modelling of operational features and life-cycle / Christian Hüppe." Düren : Shaker, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1236834461/34.
Повний текст джерелаPesonen, L. T. (Lasse T. T. ). "Implementation of design to profit in a complex and dynamic business context." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2001. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514264509.
Повний текст джерелаOzcan-Deniz, Gulbin. "An Integrated Multi-Agent Framework for Optimizing Time, Cost and Environmental Impact of Construction Processes." FIU Digital Commons, 2011. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/455.
Повний текст джерелаBabi, Almenar Javier. "Characterisation, biophysical modelling and monetary valuation of urban nature-based solutions as a support tool for urban planning and landscape design." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/288810.
Повний текст джерелаIl riconoscimento della natura nella risoluzione delle sfide sociali è diventato sempre più importante. Questo riconoscimento è stato associato allo sviluppo di nuovi concetti provenienti dalla scienza e dalla politica, come il capitale naturale, i servizi ecosistemici, le infrastrutture verdi e, più recentemente, le soluzioni basate sulla natura (NBS). NBS intende affrontare le sfide della società in una forma efficace e adattabile fornendo benefici economici, sociali e ambientali. Lo scopo di ricerca di questa tesi di dottorato è quello di sviluppare una valutazione ambientale ed economica delle NBS per territori altamente urbanizzati basata su logiche e modelli che hanno alla base i servizi ecosistemici, l'ecologia urbana e paesaggistica e degli approcci di approcio life cycle. Questo quadro di valutazione combinato aiuterebbe a capire meglio se le NBS sono costo effetive e se contribuiscono a uno sviluppo resiliente e sostenibile. Questo scopo di ricerca è sviluppato secondo quattro obiettivi specifici. Il primo obiettivo corrisponde alla caratterizzazione delle NBS in relazione ai contesti urbani e alle problematiche che possono aiutare ad affrontare o mitigare. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo è stata sviluppata una revisione critica dell letteratura sullo studio della relazione tra NBS, servizi ecosistemici (ES) e sfide urbane (UC). Come risultato principale, si ottiene un grafico delle relazioni causa-effetto plausibili tra NBS, ES ed UC. Il grafico rappresenta un primo passo per supportare la pianificazione urbana sostenibile, passando dai problemi (es. UC) alle azioni (es. NBS) alle risoluzioni (es. ES). Il secondo obiettivo corrisponde alla definizione di un set di metodi e indicatori di valutazione biofisica e monetaria adeguate per valutare il valore della NBS in contesti urbanizzati. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, viene sviluppata una revisione dei metodi esistenti sulla valutazione dei servizi ecosistemici, l'analisi dei costi del ciclo di vita e la valutazione del ciclo di vita. La revisione tiene conto di vincoli specifici come la facilità d'uso e la disponibilità dei dati. Alla fine, sono stati selezionati potenziali metodi e indicatori, che saranno successivamente integrati nel quadro di valutazione combinato. Il terzo obiettivo corrisponde alla progettazione del quadro di valutazione combinato, integrando metodi di valutazione del ciclo di vita, ecologia paesaggistica / urbana e servizi ecosistemici che quantifica il valore ambientale ed economico della NBS informando sull'efficacia in termini di costi del suo intero ciclo di vita. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, prima viene sviluppato un quadro concettuale. Da esso, viene sviluppato un modello di dinamica di sistemi per calcolare i servizi (e disservici) ecosistemici, il quale è interrelazionato con un metodo di valutazione life cycle. Questa valutazione combinata viene testata con un tipo di NBS pertinente (foresta urbana) in un caso di studio nell'area metropolitana di Madrid. Il quarto obiettivo è lo sviluppo di uno strumento di supporto decisionale (DSS) che integri il quadro di valutazione come parte dei processi di progettazione iterativa nella pianificazione urbana e nella progettazione del paesaggio. Il DSS intende migliorare l'interrelazione tra scienza, politica e pianificazione / progettazione. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo è stato sviluppato Nbenefit$® un prototipo di DSS online per la valutazzione NBS di facile uso. Il prototipo DSS fornisce all'utente una forma semplice per quantificare multipli ES e costi (internalizatti o no) durante l'intero ciclo di vita (implementazione, vita operativa e fine vita) del NBS. In conclusione, questa tesi ha contribuito alla caratterizzazione di NBS e alla sua valutazione ambientale ed economica per informare i processi di pianificazione urbana e progettazione del paesaggio, consentendo decisioni più informate.
Augustine, Starrlight. "Metabolic programming of zebrafish, Danio rerio uncovered : Physiological performance as explained by Dynamic Energy Budget Theory and life-cycle consequences of uranium induced perturbations." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4708/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this dissertation is to characterize the toxicity of depleted uranium (U) on the metabolism of zebrafish, Danio rerio. The underlying hypothesis of this work is that effects of U show up as effects on the metabolism of the individual. Consequently, we characterized physiological performance using Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory since it is the only theory which simultaneously specifies ingestion, assimilation, growth, reproduction, maturation, maintenance and ageing over the whole life-cycle at varying food availability. Thus a DEB model was built which quantifies and predicts how the physiological performance of zebrafish relates to food level (and temperature). We showed that development accelerates after birth until metamorphosis after which acceleration ceases. Furthermore, somatic maintenance costs are very high.A module specifying toxico-kinetics of U in a feeding, growing and reproducing individual was incorporated into the DEB model. The model was then applied to toxicity data (from the literature or acquired during this thesis) in order to determine which processes are affected by U. Our results show that, from 0 nM onwards, U increases costs for growth and either increases somatic maintenance or decreases assimilation. We were unable to detect effects on maturation. A histological study showed that U alters histology of the gut wall and may perturb host-microbe homeostasis. By accounting for differences in initial conditions between individuals we were able to explain a number of seemingly contradictory results. The take home message is: observations on individuals should not be averaged for groups of individuals
Ahrens, Kayayan Vartan. "Life cycle assessment comparison of two residential buildings using wood and concrete in Sweden : A Global Warming Potential comparison between material choices within Attacus Stomsystem AB chain of production with considerations for temporal dynamics." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekoteknik- och hållbart byggande, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-41963.
Повний текст джерела2020-06-05
Augustine, Starrlight. "Metabolic programming of zebra fish, Danio rerio, uncovered; physiological performance as explained by Dynamic Energy Budget theory and life cycle consequences of uranium induced perturbations." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille Université, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00761088.
Повний текст джерелаD'importants progrès ont été réalisés dans le domaine de la quantification du développent, de la croissance et de la reproduction du poisson zèbre. Il s'est avéré que le poisson zèbre accélère son développent après la naissance (c'est-à-dire l'instant où l'individu commence à se nourrir), jusqu'à la métamorphose, où l'accélération cesse. Ce processus a été constaté chez d'autre espèces de poissons, mais pas toutes. Une autre conclusion surprenante était que la maintenance somatique est beaucoup plus élevée que la valeur typique d'un poisson. Nous n'arrivons pas encore à expliquer pourquoi. De plus nous avons découvert que les détails sur la physiologie reproductive sont importants pour caractériser les effets de l'uranium: chez l'adulte les ressources allouées à la reproduction sont stockées dans un compartiment où siègent les processus de préparation de "batch " d'œufs (=buffer de reproduction). Il est donc important de comprendre ce processus pour comprendre comment le poisson zèbre élimine l'uranium via les œufs.
La théorie DEB spécifie que l'individu atteint un stade de développement à un niveau de maturité donné. Selon la température et/ou la nourriture, ce niveau de maturité peut être atteint à des tailles ou des âges différents. Nous avons élargi le concept pour inclure tous les stades de développement (définis sur la base de critères morphologiques) publiés dans les atlas de développement. Ce travail nous a permis d'expliquer par la théorie DEB à présent la variabilité en termes de taille et d'âge.
Dans le but de tester si la théorie DEB peut expliquer des perturbations au niveau de la maturation, nous avons étudié le développement de deux espèces de grenouilles taxonomiquement proches et de taille similaires. Une des espèces possède un développement typique comprenant un stade embryonnaire, un stade têtard qui se nourrit et puis un stade juvénile avec la morphologie typique d'une grenouille. Par contre la deuxième espèce témoigne d'une accélération du développement après l'éclosion mais avant la naissance- qui correspond au stade de développement où l'individu commence à se nourrir. Cette accélération est trahie par une augmentation de la respiration et un retard de la croissance avec au final une diminution de la taille à chaque stade de développement par rapport à la première espèce. Cette accélération s'estompe après la métamorphose (le moment où les jeunes grenouilles quittent l'eau). Toutes les différences entre les deux types de développement ont été expliquées par la théorie DEB en considérant qu'un seul paramètre changeait temporairement de valeur: la fraction de la réserve mobilisée vers la croissance et la maintenance somatique. La conclusion est que les perturbations observées au niveau de la maturation et de la variabilité de l'âge et la taille entre les différents stades de développement soutiennent empiriquement la façon que la théorie DEB incorpore la maturation.
Non seulement notre étude requérait une quantification détaillée de la maturation, mais elle requérait aussi la prise en compte de périodes (prolongées) de jeune, et ce plus particulièrement pour les stades précoces. Selon la théorie DEB la maintenance est alimentée avec l'énergie mobilisée de la réserve. Dès lors que la nourriture devient rare ou disparait cette dernière ne suffit plus pour alimenter la maintenance somatique. Nous avons détaillé ce cas de figure en modélisant le lien entre les processus de rajeunissement et d'amaigrissement extrême et la probabilité de survie. Les prédictions du modèle sont en accord avec les trajectoires de survie de larves obtenues en conditions de laboratoire. Certaines poissons libèrent plus d'un million d'œufs par événement de ponte et pourtant, si la dynamique de la population est stable, à chaque génération chaque poisson n'est remplacé que par un seul individu. Le processus de survie des larves représente une grande énigme irrésolue dans le domaine de la dynamique de populations de poisson.
Par le biais de ces travaux de doctorat, nous disposons à présent d'un outil permettant de comprendre, et de prédire, la manière dont la performance physiologique du poisson zèbre dépend de son niveau de nutrition. Le modèle a été utilisé pour détecter les modifications induites par l'uranium sur la performance physiologique d'un individu exposé par rapport à celle du témoin. A cette fin, nous avons développé un modèle dynamique qui spécifie la manière dont l'uranium s'accumule et s'élimine chez un individu qui se nourrit, grandit et se reproduit. Nous avions imaginé que l'uranium pourrait affecter le système immunitaire ainsi que d'autres mécanismes de défense cellulaire (e.g. système antioxydant). Selon la théorie DEB, l'allocation des ressources à la maturation comprend une fraction fixe de la réserve mobilisée auquel est soustrait le coût de maintenance de la maturité. Notre idée est que les coûts du système immunitaire et de défense cellulaire contribuent à la maintenance de la maturité. Si l'uranium augmentait les coûts de ce dernier alors la maturation ralentira, ainsi j'ai porté une attention soutenu aux taux de maturation.
Nous avons montré que l'uranium altère l'histologie de la paroi intestinale (acteur majeure dans l'assimilation des nutriments) et pourrait potentiellement modifier l'homéostasie des interactions hôte-bactérienne (acteur majeur dans l'assimilation et l'immunité inné). De plus nos travaux suggèrent que l'uranium augmenterait les coûts de synthèse de la structure et diminuerait l'assimilation et/ou augmenterait le coût de la maintenance somatique. Chose étonnante, malgré ce que nous pensions, nous n'avons pas pu détecter d'effets notables sur la maturation à ces faibles concentrations. Puisque la maturation interagit avec la croissance, la reproduction et la maintenance, je considère néanmoins que les travaux que j'ai pu mener sur la maturation sont pertinents. La toxicité de l'uranium est telle que les effets sur le coût de la synthèse de la structure et de la maintenance somatique sont estimés proches de 0 nM d'uranium dans l'eau.
Un résultat très important se dégageant de ces travaux est que la condition des poissons (structure, maturité, réserve, buffer de reproduction, stade de préparation des "batch") au début de l'expérience dépend de l'individu et conditionne la réponse de celui-ci au stress pendant (toute) l'expérience. Ce problème s'aggrave lorsque nous travaillons avec des poissons zèbres adultes car la contribution de la masse du buffer de reproduction par rapport à la masse totale diffère de manière important entre chaque individu. Ceci affecte alors non seulement les trajectoires de masse dans le temps, mais aussi la concentration interne, car la reproduction représente une voie importante d'élimination de l'uranium. La quantité totale de réserve (à savoir : réserve + buffer de reproduction) conditionne la sévérité de l'effet toxique contribuant ainsi à la variabilité dans les données. En prenant en compte les différences entre les conditions initiales de chaque individu, j'ai pu expliquer les résultats contradictoires publiés dans la littérature ainsi qu'expliquer mes propres résultats sur les effets de l'uranium. La leçon à retenir est que des données acquises sur des individus ne devraient pas être moyennées sur des groupes d'individus.
Guidani, Beatrice. "Sviluppo di una Piattaforma Multi-decisionale per il controllo di flussi e processi di filiere di produzione e distribuzione agro-alimentari." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
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