Статті в журналах: "DUCTILE DESIGN"

1

Radončić, Nedim, Wulf Schubert, and Bernd Moritz. "Ductile support design." Geomechanik und Tunnelbau 2, no. 5 (October 2009): 561–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/geot.200900054.

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2

Castro, Julia de, and Thomas Keller. "Design of robust and ductile FRP structures incorporating ductile adhesive joints." Composites Part B: Engineering 41, no. 2 (March 2010): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2009.10.003.

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3

Lyamina, Elena, and Sergei Alexandrov. "Incorporation of a Fracture Criterion in Ideal Flow Design." Key Engineering Materials 713 (September 2016): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.713.143.

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The theory of sheet and bulk ideal plastic flows is used for the preliminary design of metal forming processes. The present paper develops an approach to incorporate the Cockroft and Latham ductile fracture criterion in this design method for stationary bulk flows. In particular, it is demonstrated that the initiation of ductile fracture can be predicted without having the ideal flow solution for stress and strain in the plastic zone (it is only necessary to know that the solution exists). Using the approach proposed the initiation of ductile fracture in axisymmetric drawing is predicted.

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4

Li, Yunjie, Guo Yuan, Linlin Li, Jian Kang, Fengkai Yan, Pengju Du, Dierk Raabe, and Guodong Wang. "Ductile 2-GPa steels with hierarchical substructure." Science 379, no. 6628 (January 13, 2023): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.add7857.

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Mechanically strong and ductile load–carrying materials are needed in all sectors, from transportation to lightweight design to safe infrastructure. Yet, a grand challenge is to unify both features in one material. We show that a plain medium-manganese steel can be processed to have a tensile strength >2.2 gigapascals at a uniform elongation >20%. This requires a combination of multiple transversal forging, cryogenic treatment, and tempering steps. A hierarchical microstructure that consists of laminated and twofold topologically aligned martensite with finely dispersed retained austenite simultaneously activates multiple micromechanisms to strengthen and ductilize the material. The dislocation slip in the well-organized martensite and the gradual deformation-stimulated phase transformation synergistically produce the high ductility. Our nanostructure design strategy produces 2 gigapascal–strength and yet ductile steels that have attractive composition and the potential to be produced at large industrial scales.

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5

Megget, Leslie M. "From brittle to ductile." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 39, no. 3 (September 30, 2006): 158–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.39.3.158-169.

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This paper traces the development of seismic structural design in New Zealand since the 1931 Hawke’s Bay Earthquake, with emphasis on reinforced concrete buildings. From the mainly rigid and brittle unreinforced masonry structures which behaved so poorly in the 1931 earthquake through the development of flexible ductile seismic design and base (seismic) isolation of the 60’s to 80’s to today where the structural engineer is expected to design and construct a building which will not only remain standing with little damage but will be operational a short time after the major earthquake. In some ways the structural design aims and objectives have turned full circle in the intervening 75 years. We have gone from brittle rigid structures through a period where flexibility was paramount to now where flexibility is limited and greater lateral stiffnesses are required, but with ductile elements in the structure. This paper traces the efforts of New Zealand’s pre-eminent structural engineers and scientists to make seismic design techniques world leading. In most facets they have been successful (in my view) but as I will say more than once, only time will tell!

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6

Park, Robert. "Ductile Design Approach for Reinforced Concrete Frames." Earthquake Spectra 2, no. 3 (May 1986): 565–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585398.

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In the design of multistorey moment-resisting reinforced concrete frames to resist severe earthquakes the emphasis should be on good structural concepts and detailing of reinforcement. Poor structural concepts can lead to major damage or collapse due to column sidesway mechanisms or excessive twisting as a result of soft storeys or lack of structural symmetry or uniformity. Poor detailing of reinforcement can lead to brittle connections, inadequate anchorage of reinforcement, or insufficient transverse reinforcement to prevent shear failure, premature buckling of compressed bars or crushing of compressed concrete. In the seismic provisions of the New Zealand concrete design code special considerations are given to the ratio of column flexural strength to beam flexural strength necessary to reduce the likelihood of plastic hinges forming simultaneously in the top and bottom of columns, the ratio of shear strength to flexural strength necessary to avoid shear failures in beams and columns at large inelastic deformations, the detailing of beams and columns for adequate flexural strength and ductility, and the detailing of beams, columns and beam-column joints for adequate shear resistance and bar anchorage. Differences exist between current United States and New Zealand code provisions for detailing beams and columns for ductility and for the design of beam-column joints.

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7

Tomasi, Roberto, Maria Adelaide Parisi, and Maurizio Piazza. "Ductile Design of Glued-Laminated Timber Beams." Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 14, no. 3 (August 2009): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0680(2009)14:3(113).

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8

Paulay, Thomas. "Are Existing Seismic Torsion Provisions Achieving the Design Aims?" Earthquake Spectra 13, no. 2 (May 1997): 259–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585945.

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A simple approach to the consideration of torsional effects on the ductile seismic response of buildings is suggested. Instead of increasing torsional strength, the control of twist, which may amplify local inelastic translational deformations, is emphasised. This may be achieved when assuring in the design that some residual stiffness in ductile systems is available. To this end a classification in terms of torsional restraint is suggested. It is postulated that traditional codified techniques, based on the evaluation of torsional effects on elastic systems, are largely irrelevant to ductile structural response. The primary consideration of inelastic deformation demands rather than strength is advocated. The presentation addresses foremost concepts of torsional behaviour and their relevance to routine seismic design, rather than advancement in analytical techniques.

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9

Rhee, Inkyu, Nakhyun Chun, and Jae-Min Kim. "Failure Analysis of a Concrete Anchor under Severe Seismic Action." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (October 26, 2021): 10019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110019.

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We explored the usage of a response modification factor and overstrength factor for analyzing brittle or ductile failure of anchor system. Parametric studies on the tension and shear behaviors of anchor systems were compared in terms of elastic and ductile design using tuned Gyeongju earthquake data (ca. 0.3 g). We evaluated the yields of concrete anchors in terms of ductile failure and reviewed the various anchors, anchor attachments, and facilities and equipment that ensure anchor safety and functionality. The pseudo-static pushover test and elastic/inelastic dynamic tests revealed that a ductile design reduces the seismic demand relatively efficiently. As the DS-0050 design standards are based on strength design, no displacement limit for non-structural facilities/equipment is imposed. Despite the advantages of ductile design, large displacements of equipment or facilities during seismic action can cause permanent deformation and fall-out of major compartments; also, rapid functional recovery may be difficult. Thus, displacement limits for non-structural equipment or facilities should be included in the design code.

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10

Paulay, T., and W. J. Goodsir. "The capacity design of reinforced concrete hybrid structures for multistorey buildings." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 19, no. 1 (March 31, 1986): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.19.1.1-17.

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To complement existing capacity design procedures used in New Zealand for reinforced concrete buildings in which earthquake resistance is provided by ductile frames or ductile structural walls, an analogous methodology is presented for the design of ductile hybrid structures. Modelling and types of structures in which the mode of wall contribution is different are briefly described. A step by step description of a capacity design procedure for a structural system in which fixed base ductile frames and walls, both of identical height, interact, is presented. The rationale for each step is outlined and, where necessary, evidence is offered for the selection of particular design parameters and their magnitudes. A number of issues which require further study are briefly outlined. These relate to irregularity in layout, torsional effects, diaphragm flexibility, shortcomings in the predictions for dynamic shear demands in walls, and to limitations of the proposed design procedure. It is believed that the methodology is logical, relatively simple and that it should ensure, when combined with appropriate detailing, excellent seismic structural response.

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11

Bayrak, Oguzhan, and Shamim A. Sheikh. "Confinement Reinforcement Design Considerations for Ductile HSC Columns." Journal of Structural Engineering 124, no. 9 (September 1998): 999–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1998)124:9(999).

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12

KAMIURA, Tomohiro, Takeyoshi TAYA, Fuminori NISHIMURA, and Kousuke NAGAI. "Application of Ductile Fracture Criterion in Die Design." Journal of the Japan Society for Technology of Plasticity 53, no. 620 (2012): 809–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9773/sosei.53.809.

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13

Pinelli, Jean-Paul, James I. Craig, and Barry J. Goodno. "Energy-Based Seismic Design of Ductile Cladding Systems." Journal of Structural Engineering 121, no. 3 (March 1995): 567–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1995)121:3(567).

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14

Lotfollahi, Mehrdad, and Massood Mofid. "On the design of new ductile knee bracing." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 62, no. 3 (March 2006): 282–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2005.07.004.

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15

Paulay, T. "Seismic design for torsional response of ductile buildings." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 29, no. 3 (September 30, 1996): 178–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.29.3.178-198.

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A simple approach to the consideration of torsional effects in the seismic design of ductile building structures is postulated. Instead of increasing torsional strength, the control of twist, which may amplify local inelastic translational deformations, is emphasised. This may be achieved by assuring that some residual torsional stiffness of the system is available. A number of examples illustrate the simple principles involved. It is demonstrated that traditional codified techniques, based on the evaluation of torsional effects in elastic systems, are largely irrelevant to ductile structural response. It is recommended that, in accord with the philosophy of capacity design, torsional response should be controlled by elastic elements, while hysteretic damping is derived from inelastic translational mechanisms. As a general rule critical conditions for torsional response of well proportioned structures are likely to arise only when inelastic displacements are imposed in a narrow band of directions diagonal to the principal reference axes of orthogonal systems. It is suggested that in the presence of significant eccentricities the displacement ductility demand on the system should be reduced. Thereby elements with defined ductility capacity can be protected against excessive imposed inelastic deformations. The presentation addresses primarily concepts of torsional behaviour rather than advancement in analytical techniques.

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16

Bourne, N. K., and G. T. Gray. "Computational design of recovery experiments for ductile metals." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 461, no. 2062 (August 31, 2005): 3297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2005.1501.

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Previous work on the shock loading of metals, has shown that one-dimensional strain histories may be only be approximated in a loaded sample if it is to be recovered at late times to examine microstructure. This proceeds through the use of a system of partial momentum traps and soft, shock-recovery techniques. However, limitations in the degree of uniaxial loading, and on the trapping of tensile pulses, have led to redesign of the target. In the current paper the technique is first assessed, and then modifications are explored to further refine it. Additionally it is illustrated how it may be applied to successfully recover targets of lower innate fracture toughness than has been previously documented. In the first part of the paper, the authors review work undergone to shock recover metals, and highlight associated constraints. In the latter part of the paper, a series of hydrocode simulations is presented to illustrate the design of an improved shock recovery technique that has now been adopted.

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17

Hänzi, A. C., F. H. Dalla Torre, A. S. Sologubenko, P. Gunde, R. Schmid-Fetzer, M. Kuehlein, J. F. Löffler, and P. J. Uggowitzer. "Design strategy for microalloyed ultra-ductile magnesium alloys." Philosophical Magazine Letters 89, no. 6 (June 2009): 377–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500830902960125.

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18

Naruse, T., and D. Mackenzie. "Design analysis of ductile failure in dovetail connections." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 43, no. 5 (May 2008): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/03093247jsa368.

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19

Gao, Michael C., Ömer N. Doğan, Paul King, Anthony D. Rollett, and Michael Widom. "The first-principles design of ductile refractory alloys." JOM 60, no. 7 (July 2008): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-008-0092-1.

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20

Zheng, Xiaomeng, Kui Wu, Zhushan Shao, Bo Yuan, and Nannan Zhao. "Tunnel Squeezing Deformation Control and the Use of Yielding Elements in Shotcrete Linings: A Review." Materials 15, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010391.

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Shotcrete lining shows high resistance but extremely low deformability. The utilization of yielding elements in shotcrete lining, which leads to the so-called ductile lining, provides a good solution to cope with tunnel squeezing deformations. Although ductile lining exhibits great advantages regarding tunnel squeezing deformation control, little information has been comprehensively and systematically available for its mechanism and design. This is a review paper for the purpose of summarizing the development history and discussing the state of the art of ductile lining. It begins by providing a brief introduction of ductile lining and an explanation of the importance of studying this issue. A following summary of supporting mechanism and benefits of ductile lining used in tunnels excavated in squeezing ground conditions is provided. Then, it summarizes the four main types of yielding elements applied in shotcrete lining and introduces their basic structures and mechanical performances. The influences of parameters of yielding elements on the supporting effect are discussed and the design methods for ductile lining are reviewed as well. Furthermore, recommendations for further research in ductile lining are proposed. Finally, a brief summary is presented.

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21

Kook, Seungkyu, and Junbum Kim. "Earthquake-resistant Design of Circular RC Pier Columns." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 21, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2021.21.1.261.

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The purpose of earthquake-resistant design for typical bridges is to secure no-collapse requirements, and pier columns are essential structural members. To secure no-collapse requirements, a ductile/brittle mechanism should be designed according to the seismic behaviors of pier columns. These formations should be based on the flexure/shear performance curves of pier columns. In this study on the circular reinforced concrete pier columns of typical bridges, the effects of design factors such as height, diameter, and transverse reinforcement ratio on the flexure/shear performance curves are determined. The seismic behaviors of the pier columns are analyzed by overlapping the performance curves. Conditions are proposed for ductile mechanism formation based on the study results.

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22

Negulescu, Caterina, Kushan K. Wijesundara, and Evelyne Foerster. "Seismic Damage Assessment of Regular Gravity Design Buildings." Key Engineering Materials 569-570 (July 2013): 294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.569-570.294.

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During the past earthquakes, different low ductile failure modes are observed in the gravity design structures and thus, the most of existing damage indices may fail to assess the damage of gravity design structures accurately in referring to the two main performance levels: immediate occupancy and ultimate limit state. Therefore, this study investigates the possible damage indices for the damage assessment of gravity design frames. For this purpose, among the existing damage indices in the literature, this study considers the inter-story drift and the natural period based damage indices. In addition, two new damage indices based on the wavelet based energy and the dominant inelastic period of a building are also considered in this study. Furthermore, the damage assessment results from the four damage indices for three gravity design buildings are compared and discussed. From the comparison, linear correlations between the inter-storey drift based damage index and the wavelet energy based index, and dominant inelastic period based damage index are observed. Finally, this study concludes based on the observations that no significant effects of number of inelastic cycles to the damage assessment results for low ductile structures. However, this study also highlights the effects of number of inelastic cycles to the damage for medium and high ductile structures.

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23

Sheng, Qin Zhu, Qun Xie, and Xin Wang. "Design and Analysis of Anchor Group under Eccentric Shear Loading." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 3457–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.3457.

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Adhesive anchors are widely used as post-installed fasteners in civil engineering. A typical steel-to-concrete connection includes multiple anchors which are commonly subjected to combined moment and shear loading. Based on the assumption that all anchors take up shear load, a revised method is developed for the design of ductile anchors, which considers that only the row of most stressed anchors in the tension zone are needed to meet the elliptical interaction of tension and shear capacity requirement during the design process of anchorage group under combined shear and moment loading. The ultimate strength of post-installed fastenings should be controlled by the strength of anchor steel for the purpose of connection safety and full utilization of anchor capacity. For the objective of ductile design in anchor group, the ratio of shear span could be used as an evaluation parameter in the process of strength prediction. According to the theoretical analysis and results comparison, the ductile failure of anchor steel in post-installed fastenings can be guaranteed when the ratio of shear span is greater than 0.6.

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24

GE, HANBIN, LAN KANG, and KEI HAYAMI. "RECENT RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS IN DUCTILE FRACTURE OF STEEL BRIDGE STRUCTURES." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 07, no. 03 (September 2013): 1350021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431113500218.

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Results from 23 cyclic tests, including 18 cantilever-typed steel bridge piers and five beam-to-column connections, are presented to investigate their ductile fracture behavior as related to the seismic design of steel bridge structures, and based on shell and fiber models, two evaluation methods of ductile crack initiation are proposed. The effect of various parameters, including plate width-thickness and column slenderness ratios, cross-section shape, loading history, repeated earthquakes and initial weld defect is investigated experimentally. Among these parameters, width-thickness ratio, loading history and initial weld defect are shown to have significant influence on ductile fracture behavior. The test data suggest that for unstiffened box specimens, current seismic design provision limits on ultimate strain may not provide sufficient ductility for seismic design. On the other hand, based on the experimental results, two damage index-based evaluation methods respectively using shell model and fiber model are successfully employed to predict ductile fracture of steel bridge structures. Comparisons between experimental and analytical results show that they can predict ductile fracture behavior with good accuracy across the specimen geometries, steel types, loading histories and initial weld defects.

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25

Paulay, Tom. "A Displacement-Focused Seismic Design of Mixed Building Systems." Earthquake Spectra 18, no. 4 (November 2002): 689–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1517066.

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A postulated prediction of displacements in ductile reinforced concrete building systems is based on a redefinition of basic structural properties. Contrary to the ability of traditional techniques, the proposed approach permits displacement limits, relevant to ductile mixed systems, i.e., those with markedly differing components, to be established before details, such as strengths, are addressed. This should lead to significant benefits at the stage of preliminary design. Acceptable displacement limits, associated with currently introduced direct displacement-based seismic design strategies, can be readily and simply established. Similarly, limits of displacement ductility demands on components and the system, associated with current force-based approaches, can be estimated already as part of the preliminary design.

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26

Fragassa, Cristiano. "Material selection in machine design: The change of cast iron for improving the high-quality Iin woodworking." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 231, no. 1 (August 9, 2016): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406216639996.

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This paper analyzes the possibility to substitute the gray iron, traditionally used for the production of relevant parts in woodworking machines, with ductile iron or vermicular iron. A large experimental campaign to determine the mechanical beavior of ductile and vermicular irons respect to tensile, fatigue, and fracture loads was conducted and the microstructures were also analyzed. Results show that ductile or vermicular cast iron in parts and components of machine tools could provide additional stiffness and resistance for the high precision woodworking respect to Gray Iron. A balanced utilization of these alternative irons would permit to take a full advantage by each specific property (as strength, hardness, weight, etc.).

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27

Dutta, A., and J. B. Mander. "Energy Based Methodology for Ductile Design of Concrete Columns." Journal of Structural Engineering 127, no. 12 (December 2001): 1374–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2001)127:12(1374).

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28

Sabouri-Ghomi, Saeid, Carlos E. Ventura, and Mehdi H. Kharrazi. "Shear Analysis and Design of Ductile Steel Plate Walls." Journal of Structural Engineering 131, no. 6 (June 2005): 878–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2005)131:6(878).

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29

Sheikh, Saad, Samrand Shafeie, Qiang Hu, Johan Ahlström, Christer Persson, Jaroslav Veselý, Jiří Zýka, Uta Klement, and Sheng Guo. "Alloy design for intrinsically ductile refractory high-entropy alloys." Journal of Applied Physics 120, no. 16 (October 28, 2016): 164902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4966659.

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30

Thomas, G. "Design of Strong, Ductile HSLA and Dual Phase Steels." Key Engineering Materials 84-85 (January 1993): 437–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.84-85.437.

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31

Gouthama and R. Balasubramaniam. "Alloy design of ductile phosphoric iron: Ideas from archaeometallurgy." Bulletin of Materials Science 26, no. 5 (August 2003): 483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02707345.

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32

Ichinose, T. "A shear design equation for ductile R/C members." Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 21, no. 3 (1992): 197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290210302.

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33

Paulay, Tom. "Understanding torsional phenomena in ductile systems." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 33, no. 4 (December 31, 2000): 403–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.33.4.403-420.

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Recent studies provided opportunities to review some of the principles, which have been used in the formulations of internationally accepted code-recommendations relevant to the seismic design of ductile buildings also subjected to torsional phenomena. With the progress of this study, features emerged which are considered to have contributed to a better understanding of structural behaviour. Moreover, the identification of deeply embedded fallacies, relevant to ductile response, suggested the introduction of some changes in seismic design strategies, yet not widely known or appreciated. Reasons for necessary re-interpretations of traditional structural properties, together with illustrative examples, demonstrating applications, rather than set code-type rules, are offered.

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34

Alexandrov, Sergei, Dragisa Vilotic, Elena Lyamina, and Yeau Ren Jeng. "Effect of Intensive Plastic Deformation Near Frictional Interfaces on Ductile Fracture." Advanced Materials Research 586 (November 2012): 306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.586.306.

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A layer of intensive plastic deformation often appears in the vicinity of frictional interfaces in metal forming processes. The paper presents a study to reveal a possible effect of intensive plastic deformation in such a layer on ductile fracture. To this end, an upsetting test of special design is used to move the site of ductile fracture initiation to the friction surface independently of the effect of intensive plastic deformation on the occurrence of ductile fracture. Experimental results obtained are compared to the theoretical prediction based on a conventional empirical ductile fracture criterion. It is shown that there is some deviation of the fracture conditions predicted theoretically from the experimental results.

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35

Li, Hong. "The seismic design suggestions of girder bridge." E3S Web of Conferences 165 (2020): 04034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016504034.

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This article mainly analyses different representations of bridge seismic damage and their causes, discusses mostly the analytic means of bridge structures’ elastic-plastic earthquake response and the design method of ductile earthquake-resistance. In the end, the developing trends of the method in future are introduced, the suggestions of modifying the specification are given.

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36

Ampaw, E. K., E. K. Arthur, O. O. Adewoye, A. R. Adetunji, S. O. O. Olusunle, and Winston O. Soboyejo. "Carbonitriding “Pack Cyaniding” of Ductile Irons." Advanced Materials Research 1132 (December 2015): 330–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1132.330.

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In this paper, ductile iron was produced using a rotary furnace. The microstructures of the ductile iron (with and without cyanided coatings) were then characterized using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy diffraction X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The surfaces of the ductile iron were then subjected to high temperature carbonitriding using a pack cementation process in which carbon and nitrogen were diffused into the ductile iron from powder mixtures consisting of ground cassava leaves and barium carbonate (BaCO3) energizers. The wear behavior of the coated and uncoated ductile iron was studied using the pin-on-disk method. The wear mechanisms were also elucidated using a combination of SEM and EDS. The mechanisms of wear were also studied using nanoscratch experiments. The resulting wear rates are then compared with those from micron-scale wear tracks obtained from pin-on-disk experiments. The implications of the results are then discussed for the design of wear resistant ductile irons.

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37

Marriott, Dion. "Implementation of the structural performance factor (Sp) within a displacement-based design framework." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 51, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.51.3.159-165.

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This paper discusses the application of the Structural Performance factor (SP) within a Direct Displacement-Based Design framework (Direct-DBD). As stated within the New Zealand loadings standard, NZS1170.5:2004 [1], the SP factor is a base shear multiplier (reduction factor) for ductile structures, i.e. as the design ductility increases, the SP factor reduces. The SP factor is intended to acknowledge the better-than-expected structural behaviour of ductile systems (both strength, and ductility capacity) by accounting for attributes of response that designers are unable to reliably estimate. The SP factor also recognizes the less dependable seismic performance of non-ductile structures, by permitting less of a reduction (a larger SP factor) for non-ductile structures. Within a traditional force-based design framework the SP factor can be applied to either the design response spectrum (a seismic hazard/demand multiplier), or as a base shear multiplier at the end of design (structural capacity multiplier) – either of these two approaches will yield an identical design in terms of the required design base shear and computed ULS displacement/drift demands. However, these two approaches yield very different outcomes within a Direct-DBD framework – in particular, if SP is applied to the seismic demand, the design base shear is effectively multiplied by (SP)2 (i.e. a two-fold reduction). This paper presents a “DBD-corrected” SP factor to be applied to the design response spectrum in Direct-DBD in order to achieve the intent of the SP factor as it applies to force-based design. The proposed DBD-corrected SP factor is attractive in that it is identical to the SP relationship applied to the elastic site hazard spectrum C(T) for numerical integration time history method of analysis within NZS 1170.5:2004 [1], SP,DDBD = (1+SP)/2.

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38

Siddique, Farah, Fuguo Li, Mirza Zahid Hussain, Qian Zhao, and Qinghua Li. "Design and Performance of Layered Heterostructure Composite Material System for Protective Armors." Materials 16, no. 14 (July 22, 2023): 5169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16145169.

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A new layered heterostructure composite material system (TC4 as front layer and 2024Al alloy as back layer) was developed and analyzed for its design and performance in terms of an enhanced absorption capability and anti-penetration behavior. The Florence model for energy absorption was modified, so that it can be utilized for the layered heterostructure composite material system with more efficacy. Numerical simulation through Ls-Dyna validated the analytical model findings regarding the energy absorption of the system and both were in good agreement. Results showed that two ductile materials with diverse properties, the hardness gradient and varied layer thickness joined together, specifically behaved like a unified structure and exhibited elastic collision after slight bending, which is possibly due to the decreased yield strength of the front layer and increased yield strength of the second layer. To validate the analytical and numerical findings, the samples of the layered heterostructure composite material system were subjected to a SHPB (Split Hopkinson pressure bar) compression test. The deformation behavior was analyzed in the context of the strain energy density and stain rate sensitivity parameter at different strain rates. The encouraging results proposed that two ductile materials with a hardness gradient can be used as an alternate structure instead of a brittle–ductile combination in a layered structure.

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39

Xiong, Zhi Hua, Yun Cheng Feng, Song Lin Song, and Jiang Bo Wang. "Optimization Design of Large Span Cable-Stayed Bridge in High Seismic Risk Zone." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 2015–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.2015.

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To ensure seismic safety of a large span cable-stayed bridge, two alternative pylon shapes and section types were studied. Nonlinear time history analysis was performed in the context. It is found that the A-shaped pylon is much stiffener than the H-shaped pylon in terms of deformation. The steel A-shaped pylon can significantly reduce the seismic demands of the key member including tower drift and moment. A ductile steel link between towers is proposed for the optimization of design in the paper. The A-shaped reinforced concrete tower with ductile steel link was proved to be a relatively balanced plan considering engineering, aesthetic and economic factors.

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40

Mindivan, Harun. "Investigation of thermochemical boriding effect on wear behavior of a GGG 50 quality as-cast ductile iron." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 68, no. 4 (June 13, 2016): 476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-10-2015-0148.

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Purpose This study aims to investigate the microstructure and the abrasive wear features of the untreated and pack borided GGG 50 quality ductile iron under various working temperatures. Design/methodology/approach GGG 50 quality as-cast ductile iron samples were pack borided in Ekabor II powder at 900°C for 3 h, followed by furnace cooling. Structural characterization was made by optical microscopy. Mechanical characterization was made by hardness and pin-on-disc wear test. Pin-on-disc test was conducted on a 240-mesh Al2O3 abrasive paper at various temperatures in between 25 and 450°C. Findings Room temperature abrasive wear resistance of the borided ductile iron increased with an increase in its surface hardness. High-temperature abrasive wear resistances of the borided ductile iron linearly decreased with an increase in test temperature. However, the untreated ductile iron exhibited relatively high resistance to abrasion at a temperature of 150°C. Originality/value This study can be a practical reference and offers insight into the effects of boriding process on the increase of room temperature wear resistance. However, above 150°C, the untreated ductile iron exhibited similar abrasive wear performance as compared to the borided ductile iron.

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41

Zhang, Yanming, Huijuan Zhao, Binghui Deng, Swastik Basu, Liping Huang, and Yunfeng Shi. "Design ductile and work-hardenable composites with all brittle constituents." Acta Materialia 208 (April 2021): 116770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2021.116770.

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42

Onsøien, M. I., Ø. Grong, G. Rørvik, A. Nordmark, and T. Skaland. "Design and development of treatment alloys for ductile cast iron." International Journal of Cast Metals Research 10, no. 1 (July 1997): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13640461.1997.11819214.

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43

David, P., J. Massone, R. Boeri, and J. Sikora. "Gating system design to cast thin wall ductile iron plates." International Journal of Cast Metals Research 19, no. 2 (April 2006): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/136404605225023171.

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PAULAY, T. "SOME DESIGN PRINCIPLES RELEVANT TO TORSIONAL PHENOMENA IN DUCTILE BUILDINGS." Journal of Earthquake Engineering 5, no. 3 (July 2001): 273–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632460109350395.

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45

Leelataviwat, Sutat, Bunyarit Suksan, Jarun Srechai, and Pennung Warnitchai. "Seismic Design and Behavior of Ductile Knee-Braced Moment Frames." Journal of Structural Engineering 137, no. 5 (May 2011): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0000301.

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46

Wang, Shubin, Dongle Wu, Huan She, Mingxu Wu, Da Shu, Anping Dong, Hongchang Lai, and Baode Sun. "Design of high-ductile medium entropy alloys for dental implants." Materials Science and Engineering: C 113 (August 2020): 110959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.110959.

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47

Zona, Alessandro, Hervé Degée, Graziano Leoni, and Andrea Dall'Asta. "Ductile design of innovative steel and concrete hybrid coupled walls." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 117 (February 2016): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2015.10.017.

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48

Zheng, N., R. T. Qu, S. Pauly, M. Calin, T. Gemming, Z. F. Zhang, and J. Eckert. "Design of ductile bulk metallic glasses by adding “soft” atoms." Applied Physics Letters 100, no. 14 (April 2, 2012): 141901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3700721.

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49

Ganapathysubramanian, Shankar, and Nicholas Zabaras. "Computational design of deformation processes for materials with ductile damage." Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 192, no. 1-2 (January 2003): 147–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-7825(02)00538-8.

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Filiatrault, André, Éric Lachapelle, and Patrick Lamontagne. "Seismic performance of ductile and nominally ductile reinforced concrete moment resisting frames. I. Experimental study." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 25, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l97-097.

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This paper is the first of two companion papers on the evaluation of the level of protection offered by ductile and nominally ductile reinforced concrete structures in Canada. In this paper, the seismic behaviour of two half-scale reinforced concrete moment resisting frames is investigated by shake table tests. In the second paper, the experimental results obtained from the shake table tests are compared with the results generated from inelastic time-history dynamic analyses. Each frame had two bays and two storeys with overall dimensions of 5 m in width and 3 m in height. The first structure was designed as a ductile frame according to current Canadian standards; and the second structure incorporated only nominally ductile details. Two levels of intensity were retained for the historical ground motion used in the tests. The first level was representative of the design earthquake considered; the amplitudes were doubled for the second intensity. The ductile structure performed well during both tests. The frame with nominal ductility performed well during the first test, but was on the verge of collapse after the second test. Based on these experimental results, recommendations are presented to harmonize the seismic protection of ductile and nominally ductile reinforced concrete frames in Canada.Key words: moment resisting frames, earthquakes, reinforced concrete, seismic, shake table.

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