Статті в журналах: "Dry electrodes"

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Wong Azman, Amelia, Muhammad Farhan Azman, Siti Mohd Ariff, Yasir Mohd Mustafah, Huda Adibah Mohd Ramli, AHM Zahirul Alam, and Mohamed Hadi Habaebi. "An Analysis of a Flexible Dry Surface Electrodes." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 10, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v10.i1.pp74-83.

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<p>In the medical field, electrodes are commonly used either to retrieve signals or to conduct current. Most of the off-the-shelf surface electrodes are made from metal or rigid substrates. This paper presents a work on designing a new flexible dry electrodes using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate and silver by means of dispenser printing technology. The polyester cotton fabric was selected as the substrate in this electrode designed. To analyse the new proposed composites of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate and silver, different mixtures have been applied. Results from the experiment show that the conductivity of the proposed flexible electrode is comparable with the commercialized pre-gelled electrode when applied to an electrical stimulator device. Eight out of ten subjects under test described no difference in comfort between the proposed electrodes and pre-gelled electrodes.</p>

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S. Rodrigues, Marco, Patrique Fiedler, Nora Küchler, Rui P. Domingues, Cláudia Lopes, Joel Borges, Jens Haueisen, and Filipe Vaz. "Dry Electrodes for Surface Electromyography Based on Architectured Titanium Thin Films." Materials 13, no. 9 (May 5, 2020): 2135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13092135.

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Electrodes of silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) are dominant in clinical settings for surface electromyography (sEMG) recordings. These electrodes need a conductive electrolyte gel to ensure proper performance, which dries during long-term measurements inhibiting the immediate electrode’s reuse and is often linked to skin irritation episodes. To overcome these drawbacks, a new type of dry electrodes based on architectured titanium (Ti) thin films were proposed in this work. The architectured microstructures were zigzags, obtained with different sputtering incidence angles (α), which have been shown to directly influence the films’ porosity and electrical conductivity. The electrodes were prepared using thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and stainless-steel (SS) substrates, and their performance was tested in male volunteers (athletes) by recording electromyography (EMG) signals, preceded by electrode-skin impedance measurements. In general, the results showed that both SS and TPU dry electrodes can be used for sEMG recordings. While SS electrodes almost match the signal quality parameters of reference electrodes of Ag/AgCl, the performance of electrodes based on TPU functionalized with a Ti thin film still requires further improvements. Noteworthy was the clear increase of the signal to noise ratios when the thin films’ microstructure evolved from normal growth towards zigzag microstructures, meaning that further tailoring of the thin film microstructure is a possible route to achieve optimized performances. Finally, the developed dry electrodes are reusable and allow for multiple EMG recordings without being replaced.

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Fiedler, Patrique, Jens Haueisen, Dunja Jannek, Stefan Griebel, Lena Zentner, Filipe Vaz, and Carlos Fonseca. "Comparison of three types of dry electrodes for electroencephalography." ACTA IMEKO 3, no. 3 (September 23, 2014): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v3i3.94.

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A potential new area of routine application for electroencephalography (EEG) is the brain-computer interface, which might enable disabled people to interact with their environment, based on measured brain signals. However, conventional electroencephalography is not suitable here due to limitations arising from complicated, time-consuming and error-prone preparation. Recently, several approaches for dry electrodes have been proposed. Our aim is the comparison and assessment of three types of dry electrodes and standard wet silver/silver-chloride electrodes for EEG signal acquisition. We developed novel EEG electrodes with titanium and polyurethane as base materials, which were coated with nanometer sized titanium-nitride films. Furthermore gold multi-pin electrodes were arranged on printed circuit boards. The results of the comparison of these electrodes with conventional wet silver/silver-chloride electrodes in terms of electrode impedances are presented, as well as open circuit potentials and biosignal measurements. Impedances were significantly higher for all dry electrode types compared to wet electrodes, but still within the measurement range of todayâ€™s standard biosignal amplifiers. It was found that the novel dry titanium and polyurethane based electrodes show biosignal quality equivalent to conventional electrodes. In conclusion, the novel dry electrodes seem to be suitable for application in brain-machine interfaces.

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Haueisen, Jens, Patrique Fiedler, Anna Bernhardt, Ricardo Gonçalves, and Carlos Fonseca. "Novel dry electrode EEG headbands for home use: Comparing performance and comfort." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2020-3036.

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AbstractMonitoring brain activity at home using electroencephalography (EEG) is an increasing trend for both medical and non-medical applications. Gel-based electrodes are not suitable due to the gel application requiring extensive preparation and cleaning support for the patient or user. Dry electrodes can be applied without prior preparation by the patient or user. We investigate and compare two dry electrode headbands for EEG acquisition: a novel hybrid dual-textile headband comprising multipin and multiwave electrodes and a neoprene-based headband comprising hydrogel and spidershaped electrodes. We compare the headbands and electrodes in terms of electrode-skin impedance, comfort, electrode offset potential and EEG signal quality. We did not observe considerable differences in the power spectral density of EEG recordings. However, the hydrogel electrodes showed considerably increased impedances and offset potentials, limiting their compatibility with many EEG amplifiers. The hydrogel and spider-shaped electrodes required increased adduction, resulting in a lower wearing comfort throughout the application time compared to the novel headband comprising multipin and multiwave electrodes.

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Jin, L., K. J. Kim, E. H. Song, Y. J. Ahn, Y. J. Jeong, T. I. Oh, and E. J. Woo. "Highly precise nanofiber web-based dry electrodes for vital signal monitoring." RSC Advances 6, no. 46 (2016): 40045–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra00079g.

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Dry electrodes have been prepared through silver-plating elastic TPU and SBS electrospun nanofiber webs to improve electrode accuracy. The results revealed that the new dry electrodes can exhibit performance comparable to Ag/AgCl gel electrode.

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Huang, Yiping, Yatong Song, Li Gou, and Yuanwen Zou. "A Novel Wearable Flexible Dry Electrode Based on Cowhide for ECG Measurement." Biosensors 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11040101.

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The electrocardiogram (ECG) electrode, as a sensor, is an important part of the wearable ECG monitoring device. Natural leather is rarely used as the electrode substrate. In this paper, wearable flexible silver electrodes based on cowhide were prepared by sputtering and brush-painting. A signal generator, oscilloscope, impedance test instrument, and ECG monitor were used to build the test platform evaluating the performance of electrodes with six subjects. The lossless waveform transmission can be achieved with our electrodes. Therefore, the Pearson’s correlation coefficient calculated with input waveform and output waveform of the electrodes based on the top grain layer (GLE) and the split layer (SLE) of cowhide were 0.997 and 0.998 at 0.1 Hz respectively. The skin electrode impedance (Z) was tested, and the parameters of the equivalent circuit model of the skin electrode interface were calculated by a fitting method, indicating that the Z of the prepared electrodes was comparable with the standard gel electrode when the skin is moist enough. The signal-to-noise ratio of the ECG of the GLE and the SLE were 1.148 and 1.205 times that of the standard electrode in the standing posture, which meant the ECG measured by our electrodes was basically consistent with that measured by the standard electrode.

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7

Lopez-Gordo, M., D. Sanchez-Morillo, and F. Valle. "Dry EEG Electrodes." Sensors 14, no. 7 (July 18, 2014): 12847–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s140712847.

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Di Flumeri, Gianluca, Pietro Aricò, Gianluca Borghini, Nicolina Sciaraffa, Antonello Di Florio, and Fabio Babiloni. "The Dry Revolution: Evaluation of Three Different EEG Dry Electrode Types in Terms of Signal Spectral Features, Mental States Classification and Usability." Sensors 19, no. 6 (March 19, 2019): 1365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19061365.

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One century after the first recording of human electroencephalographic (EEG) signals, EEG has become one of the most used neuroimaging techniques. The medical devices industry is now able to produce small and reliable EEG systems, enabling a wide variety of applications also with no-clinical aims, providing a powerful tool to neuroscientific research. However, these systems still suffer from a critical limitation, consisting in the use of wet electrodes, that are uncomfortable and require expertise to install and time from the user. In this context, dozens of different concepts of EEG dry electrodes have been recently developed, and there is the common opinion that they are reaching traditional wet electrodes quality standards. However, although many papers have tried to validate them in terms of signal quality and usability, a comprehensive comparison of different dry electrode types from multiple points of view is still missing. The present work proposes a comparison of three different dry electrode types, selected among the main solutions at present, against wet electrodes, taking into account several aspects, both in terms of signal quality and usability. In particular, the three types consisted in gold-coated single pin, multiple pins and solid-gel electrodes. The results confirmed the great standards achieved by dry electrode industry, since it was possible to obtain results comparable to wet electrodes in terms of signals spectra and mental states classification, but at the same time drastically reducing the time of montage and enhancing the comfort. In particular, multiple-pins and solid-gel electrodes overcome gold-coated single-pin-based ones in terms of comfort.

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Popović-Maneski, Lana, Marija D. Ivanović, Vladimir Atanasoski, Marjan Miletić, Sanja Zdolšek, Boško Bojović, and Ljupčo Hadžievski. "Properties of different types of dry electrodes for wearable smart monitoring devices." Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik 65, no. 4 (August 27, 2020): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmt-2019-0167.

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AbstractWearable smart monitors (WSMs) applied for the estimation of electrophysiological signals are of utmost interest for a non-stressed life. WSM which records heart muscle activities could signalize timely a life-threatening event. The heart muscle activities are typically recorded across the heart at the surface of the body; hence, a WSM monitor requires high-quality surface electrodes. The electrodes used in the clinical settings [i.e. silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) with the gel] are not practical for the daily out of clinic usage. A practical WSM requires the application of a dry electrode with stable and reproducible electrical characteristics. We compared the characteristics of six types of dry electrodes and one gelled electrode during short-term recordings sessions (≈30 s) in real-life conditions: Orbital, monolithic polymer plated with Ag/AgCl, and five rectangular shaped 10 × 6 × 2 mm electrodes (Orbital, Ag electrode, Ag/AgCl electrode, gold electrode and stainless-steel AISI304). The results of a well-controlled analysis which considered motion artifacts, line noise and junction potentials suggest that among the dry electrodes Ag/AgCl performs the best. The Ag/AgCl electrode is in average three times better compared with the stainless-steel electrode often used in WSMs.

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Eickenscheidt, Max, Patrick Schäfer, Yara Baslan, Claudia Schwarz, and Thomas Stieglitz. "Highly Porous Platinum Electrodes for Dry Ear-EEG Measurements." Sensors 20, no. 11 (June 3, 2020): 3176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20113176.

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The interest in dry electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes has increased in recent years, especially as everyday suitability earplugs for measuring drowsiness or focus of auditory attention. However, the challenge is still the need for a good electrode material, which is reliable and can be easily processed for highly personalized applications. Laser processing, as used here, is a fast and very precise method to produce personalized electrode configurations that meet the high requirements of in-ear EEG electrodes. The arrangement of the electrodes on the flexible and compressible mats allows an exact alignment to the ear mold and contributes to high wearing comfort, as no edges or metal protrusions are present. For better transmission properties, an adapted coating process for surface enlargement of platinum electrodes is used, which can be controlled precisely. The resulting porous platinum-copper alloy is chemically very stable, shows no exposed copper residues, and enlarges the effective surface area by 40. In a proof-of-principle experiment, these porous platinum electrodes could be used to measure the Berger effect in a dry state using just one ear of a test person. Their signal-to-noise ratio and the frequency transfer function is comparable to gel-based silver/silver chloride electrodes.

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Song, Jinzhong, Tianshu Zhou, Zhonggang Liang, Ruoxi Liu, Jianping Guo, Xinming Yu, Zhongping Cao, Chuang Yu, Qingjun Liu, and Jingsong Li. "Electrochemical Characteristics Based on Skin-Electrode Contact Pressure for Dry Biomedical Electrodes and the Application to Wearable ECG Signal Acquisition." Journal of Sensors 2021 (September 15, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7741881.

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Based on one simulated skin-electrode electrochemical interface, some electrochemical characteristics based on skin-electrode contact pressure (SECP) for dry biomedical electrodes were analysed and applied in this research. First, 14 electrochemical characteristics including 2 static impedance (SI) characteristics, 11 alternating current impedance (ACI) characteristics and one polarization voltage (PV), and 4 SECP characteristics were extracted in one electrochemical evaluation platform, and their correlation trends were statistically analysed. Second, dry biomedical electrode samples developed by the company and the laboratory, including textile electrodes, Apple watch, AMAZFIT rice health bracelet 1S, and stainless steel electrodes, were placed horizontally and vertically on the “skin” surface of the electrochemical evaluation platform, whose polarization voltages were quantitatively analysed. Third, electrocardiogram (ECG) collection circuits based on an impedance transformation (IT) circuit for textile electrodes were designed, and a wearable ECG acquisition device was designed, which could obtain complete ECG signals. Experimental results showed SECP characteristics for dry electrodes had good correlations with static impedance and ACI characteristics and the better correlation values among 2-10 Hz. In addition, polarization voltages in vertical state were smaller in horizontal state for dry biomedical electrodes, and polarization voltage of electrode pair (PVEP) values for Apple watch bottom was always smaller than ones for Apple watch crown and LMF-2 textile electrode. And the skin-electrode contact impedance of IT textile electrodes was less than the traditional textile electrodes.

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Alban, Marco Vinicio, Haechang Lee, Hanul Moon, and Seunghyup Yoo. "Micromolding fabrication of biocompatible dry micro-pyramid array electrodes for wearable biopotential monitoring." Flexible and Printed Electronics 6, no. 4 (November 15, 2021): 045008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/ac3561.

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Abstract Thin dry electrodes are promising components in wearable healthcare devices. Assessing the condition of the human body by monitoring biopotentials facilitates the early diagnosis of diseases as well as their prevention, treatment, and therapy. Existing clinical-use electrodes have limited wearable-device usage because they use gels, require many preparation steps, and can be uncomfortable to wear. Dry electrodes can improve these issues and have demonstrated performance on par with gel-based electrodes, providing advantages in mobile and wearable applications. However, the materials and fabrication methods used are not yet at the level of disposable gel electrodes for low-cost mass manufacturing and wide adoption. Here, a low-cost manufacturing process for thin dry electrodes with a conductive micro-pyramidal array (MPA) is presented for large-scale on-skin wearable applications. The electrode is fabricated using micromolding techniques in conjunction with solution processes in order to guarantee ease of fabrication, high device yield, and the possibility of mass production compatible with current semiconductor production processes. Fabricated using a conductive paste and an epoxy resin that are both biocompatible, the developed MPA electrode operates in a conformal, non-invasive manner, with low skin irritation, which ensures improved comfort for brief or extended use. The operation of the developed electrode was examined by analyzing electrode-skin-electrode impedance, electroencephalography, electrocardiography, and electromyography signals and comparing them with those measured simultaneously using gel electrodes.

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Abdullah, Aaisha Diaa-Aldeen, and Auns Q. Al-Neami. "Performance evaluation of a new 3D printed dry-contact electrode for EEG signals measurement." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 24, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v24.i1.pp287-294.

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Traditional wet silver/silver chloride electrodes are used to record electroencephalography (EEG) signals mainly because of their potential repeatability, excellent signal to noise ratio and biocompatibility. This type of electrode is only suitable for conductive glue, which can irritate the skin and cause injury. In addition, as time goes the conductive gel will be dehydrated so the quality of the EEG signal will decrease. To overcome these problems, 3D printed dry-contact electrodes with multi-pins are designed in this work to measure brain signals without prior preparation or gel application. 3D printed electrodes are made from polylactic acids polymer and coated with suitable materials to enhance the conductivity. Electrode-scalp impedance on human was also measured. To evaluate the dry-contact electrode, EEG measurement are performed in subjects and compared with EEG signals acquired by wet electrode by using linear correlation coefficient. Experimentally results showed that the average electrode-skin impedance change of dry electrode in frontal site (9.42-7.25KΩ) and in occipital site (9.56-8.66KΩ). The correlation coefficient between dry and wet electrodes in frontal site (91.4%) and in occipital site (80%). To conclude, the 3D printed dry-contact electrode can be will promising applied on hairy site and provide a promising solutions for long-term monitoring EEG.

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Chen, Yun Hsuan, Maaike Op de Beeck, Luc Vanderheyden, Kris Vanstreels, Herman Vandormael, and Chris van Hoof. "Soft Conductive Polymer Dry Electrodes for High-Quality and Comfortable ECG/EEG Measurements." Advances in Science and Technology 96 (October 2014): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.96.102.

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Wet gel electrodes are widely used for ECG/EEG monitoring, their low impedance results in high-quality signals. But they have important drawbacks too, such as time-consuming electrode set-up for EEG followed by a painful removal, skin irritation by the gel and signal degradation due to gel drying. Hence various dry electrode types are investigated, such as hard metal electrodes with low impedance but limited patient comfort/safety. We focus on flexible conductive polymer-based electrodes to combine low impedance, user comfort and safety. The composition of the conductive polymers is optimized to improve various properties such as conductivity, which directly affects signal quality and sensitivity to motion artifacts, and mechanical properties of the electrodes, important with respect to patient comfort. Electrode impedance and ECG/EEG signal recordings are evaluated using various polymer compositions and compared to wet gel electrode results. Additive optimization to improve processability of the conductive formulations is performed by dedicated flow studies, and will result in a high electrode fabrication yield. Very promising results are obtained regarding impedance, EEG/ECG signal quality and user comfort.

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Euler, Luisa, Li Guo, and Nils-Krister Persson. "Textile Electrodes: Influence of Knitting Construction and Pressure on the Contact Impedance." Sensors 21, no. 5 (February 24, 2021): 1578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051578.

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Textile electrodes, also called textrodes, for biosignal monitoring as well as electrostimulation are central for the emerging research field of smart textiles. However, so far, only the general suitability of textrodes for those areas was investigated, while the influencing parameters on the contact impedance related to the electrode construction and external factors remain rather unknown. Therefore, in this work, six different knitted electrodes, applied both wet and dry, were compared regarding the influence of specific knitting construction parameters on the three-electrode contact impedance measured on a human forearm. Additionally, the influence of applying pressure was investigated in a two-electrode setup using a water-based agar dummy. Further, simulation of an equivalent circuit was used for quantitative evaluation. Indications were found that the preferred electrode construction to achieve the lowest contact impedance includes a square shaped electrode, knitted with a high yarn density and, in the case of dry electrodes, an uneven surface topography consisting of loops, while in wet condition a smooth surface is favorable. Wet electrodes are showing a greatly reduced contact impedance and are therefore to be preferred over dry ones; however, opportunities are seen for improving the electrode performance of dry electrodes by applying pressure to the system, thereby avoiding disadvantages of wet electrodes with fluid administration, drying-out of the electrolyte, and discomfort arising from a “wet feeling”.

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Kaappa, Emma Sofia, Atte Joutsen, Alper Cömert, and Jukka Vanhala. "The electrical impedance measurements of dry electrode materials for the ECG measuring after repeated washing." Research Journal of Textile and Apparel 21, no. 1 (March 13, 2017): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rjta-04-2016-0007.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper was to offer more reliable dry electrode materials for long-term measuring and determine how repeated machine washing affects the measured impedance and surface resistance of the sample electrodes. The aim was to manufacture electrodes that could be used for the measurement of ECG. Skin friendly, metal sheet type, electrodes could be a solution. Design/methodology/approach In addition to two conventional electrodes already used in heart rate belts, the authors prepared and tested three different sheet metal electrodes. Three 20-mm-diameter electrodes were manufactured from the following materials: silvered knit, conductive polymer, stainless steel, silver and platinum. Electrode impedance was measured at seven frequencies from 1 Hz to 1 MHz, by placing two electrodes face-to-face. Measurements were taken on unused electrodes and after multiple machine washes at 40°C. Findings Analysis of the measurements indicates that with every material tested, the impedances are elevated after repeated washes. All metallic materials have impedances in the range of 0.01 to 4.5 Ω. Metal sheet electrodes can be integrated comfortably into the textile, and they endure textile maintenance without loss of electrical properties. Practical implications Metal sheet electrodes function well in long-term vital signs monitoring, provide a reliable signal and are resistant to maintenance. For the reasons described in this research, they can be used as a long-term wearable sensor. Originality/value Novel electrode material for long-term measuring research is important in many disciplines such as health care and apparel manufacturing. These findings suggest that pure metal electrodes are better than conductive textiles in long-term measuring.

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Haueisen, J., P. Fiedler, S. Griebel, L. Zentner, C. Fonseca, F. Vaz, and F. Zanow. "Dry electrodes for electroencephalography." Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology 43, no. 1 (January 2013): 76–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucli.2012.11.028.

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18

Williams, Howard P. "Rehydrating dry reference electrodes." Journal of Chemical Education 70, no. 7 (July 1993): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed070p584.

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Meziane, N., J. G. Webster, M. Attari, and A. J. Nimunkar. "Dry electrodes for electrocardiography." Physiological Measurement 34, no. 9 (August 23, 2013): R47—R69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/34/9/r47.

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Lam, Emily, Milad Alizadeh-Meghrazi, Alessandra Schlums, Ladan Eskandarian, Amin Mahnam, Bastien Moineau, and Milos R. Popovic. "Exploring textile-based electrode materials for electromyography smart garments." Journal of Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies Engineering 9 (January 2022): 205566832110619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20556683211061995.

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Introduction In recent years, electromyography (EMG) has been increasingly studied for wearable applications. Conventional gel electrodes for electrophysiological recordings have limited use in everyday applications such as prosthetic control or muscular therapy at home. This study investigates the efficacy and feasibility of dry-contact electrode materials employed in smart textiles for EMG recordings. Methods Dry-contact electrode materials were selected and implemented on textile substrates. Using these electrodes, EMG was recorded from the forearm of able-bodied subjects. 25% and 50% isometric maximum voluntary contractions were captured. A comparative investigation was performed against gel electrodes, assessing the effect of material properties on signal fidelity and strength compared. Results When isolating for electrode surface area and pressure, 31 of the 40 materials demonstrated strong positive correlations in their mean PSD with gel electrodes (r > 95, p < 0.001). The inclusion of ionic liquids in the material composition, and using raised or flat electrodes, did not demonstrate a significant effect in signal quality. Conclusions For EMG dry-contact electrodes, comparing the performance against gel electrodes for the application with the selected material is important. Other factors recommended to be studied are electrodes’ durability and long-term stability.

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Hua, Haoqiang, Wei Tang, Xiangmin Xu, David Dagan Feng, and Lin Shu. "Flexible Multi-Layer Semi-Dry Electrode for Scalp EEG Measurements at Hairy Sites." Micromachines 10, no. 8 (August 4, 2019): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10080518.

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One of the major challenges of daily wearable electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring is that there are rarely suitable EEG electrodes for hairy sites. Wet electrodes require conductive gels, which will dry over the acquisition time, making them unstable for long-term EEG monitoring. Additionally, the electrode–scalp impedances of most dry electrodes are not adequate for high quality EEG collection at hairy sites. In view of the above problems, a flexible multi-layer semi-dry electrode was proposed for EEG monitoring in this study. The semi-dry electrode contains a flexible electrode body layer, foam layer and reservoir layer. The probe structure of the electrode body layer enables the electrode to work effectively at hairy sites. During long-term EEG monitoring, electrolytes stored in the reservoir layer are continuously released through the foam layer to the electrode–scalp interface, ensuring a lower electrode–scalp contact impedance. The experimental results showed that the average electrode–scalp impedance of the semi-dry electrode at a hairy site was only 23.89 ± 7.44 KΩ at 10 Hz, and it was lower than 40 KΩ over a long-term use of 5 h. The electrode performed well in both static and dynamic EEG monitoring, where the temporal correlation with wet electrode signals at the hairy site could reach 94.25% and 90.65%, respectively, and specific evoked EEG signals could be collected. The flexible multi-layer semi-dry electrode can be well applied to scalp EEG monitoring at hairy sites, providing a promising solution for daily long-term monitoring of wearable EEGs.

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Pedrosa, Paulo, Patrique Fiedler, Vanessa Pestana, Beatriz Vasconcelos, Hugo Gaspar, Maria H. Amaral, Diamantino Freitas, Jens Haueisen, João M. Nóbrega, and Carlos Fonseca. "In-service characterization of a polymer wick-based quasi-dry electrode for rapid pasteless electroencephalography." Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik 63, no. 4 (July 26, 2018): 349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmt-2016-0193.

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Abstract A novel quasi-dry electrode prototype, based on a polymer wick structure filled with a specially designed hydrating solution is proposed for electroencephalography (EEG) applications. The new electrode does not require the use of a conventional electrolyte paste to achieve a wet, low-impedance scalp contact. When compared to standard commercial Ag/AgCl sensors, the proposed wick electrodes exhibit similar electrochemical noise and potential drift values. Lower impedances are observed when tested in human volunteers due to more effective electrode/skin contact. Furthermore, the electrodes exhibit an excellent autonomy, displaying an average interfacial impedance of 37±11 kΩ cm2 for 7 h of skin contact. After performing bipolar EEG trials in human volunteers, no substantial differences are evident in terms of shape, amplitude and spectral characteristics between signals of wick and commercial wet electrodes. Thus, the wick electrodes can be considered suitable to be used for rapid EEG applications (electrodes can be prepared without the presence of the patient) without the traditional electrolyte paste. The main advantages of these novel electrodes over the Ag/AgCl system are their low and stable impedance (obtained without conventional paste), long autonomy, comfort, lack of dirtying or damaging of the hair and because only a minimal cleaning procedure is required after the exam.

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Wu, Qiang, Jim P. Zheng, Mary Hendrickson, and Edward J. Plichta. "Dry Process for Fabricating Low Cost and High Performance Electrode for Energy Storage Devices." MRS Advances 4, no. 15 (2019): 857–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.29.

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AbstractWe report a roll-to-roll dry processing for making low cost and high performance electrodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Currently, the electrodes for LIBs are made with a slurry casting procedure (wet method). The dry electrode fabrication is a three-step process including: step 1 of uniformly mixing electrode materials powders comprising an active material, a carbonaceous conductor and the soft polymer binder; step 2 of forming a free-standing, continuous electrode film by pressing the mixed powders together through the gap between two rolls of a roll-mill; and step 3 of roll-to-roll laminating the electrode film onto a substrate such as a current collector. Compared with the conventional wet slurry electrode manufacturing method, the dry manufactural procedure and infrastructure are simpler, the production cost is lower, and the process eliminates volatile organic compound emission and is more environmentally friendly, and the ability of making thick (>120µm) electrodes with high tap density results in high energy density of final energy storage device. A prototype LIBs of LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC622)/graphite also has 230 Wh/ kg energy density.

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Tseghai, Granch Berhe, Benny Malengier, Kinde Anlay Fante, and Lieva Van Langenhove. "Validating Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) Polystyrene Sulfonate-Based Textile Electroencephalography Electrodes by a Textile-Based Head Phantom." Polymers 13, no. 21 (October 21, 2021): 3629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13213629.

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It is important to go through a validation process when developing new electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes, but it is impossible to keep the human mind constant, making the process difficult. It is also very difficult to identify noise and signals as the input signal is unknown. In this work, we have validated textile-based EEG electrodes constructed from a poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate:/polydimethylsiloxane coated cotton fabric using a textile-based head phantom. The performance of the textile-based electrode has also been compared against a commercial dry electrode. The textile electrodes collected a signal to a smaller skin-to-electrode impedance (−18.9%) and a higher signal-to-noise ratio (+3.45%) than Ag/AgCl dry electrodes. From an EEGLAB, it was observed that the inter-trial coherence and event-related spectral perturbation graphs of the textile-based electrodes were identical to the Ag/AgCl electrodes. Thus, these textile-based electrodes can be a potential alternative to monitor brain activity.

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Fauzhan Warsito, Indhika, René Machts, Stefan Griebel, Patrique Fiedler, and Jens Haueisen. "Influence of silver/silver chloride electroless plating on the Shore hardness of polyurethane substrates for dry EEG electrodes." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2021-2003.

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Abstract Dry electrodes enable a shorter preparation time for infant EEG. Since infant skin is more sensitive than adult skin, soft electrodes are required to reduce the mechanical stress for this sensitive skin. Thus, soft electrodes are crucial for eventual repetitive and long-term use like in neonatal intensive care units. A biocompatible polyurethane (PU) can be produced in low hardness resulting in a soft and flexible electrode substrate. Silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electroless plating provides a conductive, electrochemically stable coating but the process may alter the mechanical properties of the electrode substrate. In this study, we assess the hardness of PU material before and after Ag/AgCl plating. The test sample design for Shore hardness measurement is based on ISO 7619-1:2010. Sample production consists of a 3D print master model, silicone molding, PU casting, and finally electroless plating. UPX 8400-1 (Sika AG, Switzerland) is used for the sample substrates. Test samples are produced with 7 different Shore hardness (range A40-A95) and 14 samples (each hardness: 1 uncoated and 1 coated). The hardness measurements are carried out with a lever-operated test stand Shore hardness tester model with a digital hardness tester (TI-AC with HDA 100-1, KERN &SOHN GmbH, Germany).. It is shown that there is a hardness increase (Shore A) due to Ag/AgCl coating with a grand average of 1.1±0.7 (p<0.05). The largest increase of 2.1±0.2 is seen on the initial lowest Shore hardness sample (Shore hardness: 43.4±0.1). The absolute increase of hardness due to the Ag/AgCl coating decreases with increasing substrate hardness. It is concluded that there is no strong hardness increase of PU substrates due to Ag/AgCl plating. Therefore, the material is suitable as a soft electrode for repetitive and long-term use in infant applications.

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Lopes, Cláudia, Patrique Fiedler, Marco Sampaio Rodrigues, Joel Borges, Maurizio Bertollo, Eduardo Alves, Nuno Pessoa Barradas, Silvia Comani, Jens Haueisen, and Filipe Vaz. "Me-Doped Ti–Me Intermetallic Thin Films Used for Dry Biopotential Electrodes: A Comparative Case Study." Sensors 21, no. 23 (December 6, 2021): 8143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21238143.

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In a new era for digital health, dry electrodes for biopotential measurement enable the monitoring of essential vital functions outside of specialized healthcare centers. In this paper, a new type of nanostructured titanium-based thin film is proposed, revealing improved biopotential sensing performance and overcoming several of the limitations of conventional gel-based electrodes such as reusability, durability, biocompatibility, and comfort. The thin films were deposited on stainless steel (SS) discs and polyurethane (PU) substrates to be used as dry electrodes, for non-invasive monitoring of body surface biopotentials. Four different Ti–Me (Me = Al, Cu, Ag, or Au) metallic binary systems were prepared by magnetron sputtering. The morphology of the resulting Ti–Me systems was found to be dependent on the chemical composition of the films, specifically on the type and amount of Me. The existence of crystalline intermetallic phases or glassy amorphous structures also revealed a strong influence on the morphological features developed by the different systems. The electrodes were tested in an in-vivo study on 20 volunteers during sports activity, allowing study of the application-specific characteristics of the dry electrodes, based on Ti–Me intermetallic thin films, and evaluation of the impact of the electrode–skin impedance on biopotential sensing. The electrode–skin impedance results support the reusability and the high degree of reliability of the Ti–Me dry electrodes. The Ti–Al films revealed the least performance as biopotential electrodes, while the Ti–Au system provided excellent results very close to the Ag/AgCl reference electrodes.

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Tian, Yupeng, Peng Zhang, Kaiyue Zhao, Zhenxing Du, and Tiejun Zhao. "Application of Ag/AgCl Sensor for Chloride Monitoring of Mortar under Dry-Wet Cycles." Sensors 20, no. 5 (March 4, 2020): 1394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20051394.

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An Ag/AgCl electrode used as a corrosion sensor in a reinforced concrete structure is considered as having good application prospect. However, its performance under complex conditions, such as dry-wet cycle condition, is not affirmed. In the current study, the performance of Ag/AgCl as chloride selective electrode in mortar exposed to dry-wet cycle condition was investigated. A simple Ag/AgCl electrode was prepared and fabricated by electrochemical anodization. These Ag/AgCl electrodes were embedded into a mortar specimen with temperature sensors, humidity sensors and anode ladder monitoring system (ALS). After 28 d curing time, the upper surface of mortar specimen was wetted (with 5% NaCl solution) and dried regularly. The obtained results indicate that Ag/AgCl electrode responds to the ingress of chloride ion, sensitively. The chloride ion concentration variation can be reflected by the potential trend. Furthermore, the balance potential of Ag/AgCl electrodes is influenced by dry-wet cycles. Compared with ALS, it demonstrates that Ag/AgCl electrodes are more sensitive to chloride. The research provides the key element for the specific application of Ag/AgCl electrode for corrosion monitoring in the future.

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Galli, Alessandra, Elisabetta Peri, Yijing Zhang, Rik Vullings, Myrthe van der Ven, Giada Giorgi, Sotir Ouzounov, Pieter J. A. Harpe, and Massimo Mischi. "Dedicated Algorithm for Unobtrusive Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring Using Multiple Dry Electrodes." Sensors 21, no. 13 (June 23, 2021): 4298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134298.

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Multi-channel measurements from the maternal abdomen acquired by means of dry electrodes can be employed to promote long-term monitoring of fetal heart rate (fHR). The signals acquired with this type of electrode have a lower signal-to-noise ratio and different artifacts compared to signals acquired with conventional wet electrodes. Therefore, starting from the benchmark algorithm with the best performance for fHR estimation proposed by Varanini et al., we propose a new method specifically designed to remove artifacts typical of dry-electrode recordings. To test the algorithm, experimental textile electrodes were employed that produce artifacts typical of dry and capacitive electrodes. The proposed solution is based on a hybrid (hardware and software) pre-processing step designed specifically to remove the disturbing component typical of signals acquired with these electrodes (triboelectricity artifacts and amplitude modulations). The following main processing steps consist of the removal of the maternal ECG by blind source separation, the enhancement of the fetal ECG and identification of the fetal QRS complexes. Main processing is designed to be robust to the high-amplitude motion artifacts that corrupt the acquisition. The obtained denoising system was compared with the benchmark algorithm both on semi-simulated and on real data. The performance, quantified by means of sensitivity, F1-score and root-mean-square error metrics, outperforms the performance obtained with the original method available in the literature. This result proves that the design of a dedicated processing system based on the signal characteristics is necessary for reliable and accurate estimation of the fHR using dry, textile electrodes.

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Lee, Jung Tae, Changshin Jo, and Michael De Volder. "Bicontinuous phase separation of lithium-ion battery electrodes for ultrahigh areal loading." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 35 (August 19, 2020): 21155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2007250117.

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Ultrathick battery electrodes are appealing as they reduce the fraction of inactive battery parts such as current collectors and separators. However, thick electrodes are difficult to dry and tend to crack or flake during production. Moreover, the electrochemical performance of thick electrodes is constrained by ion and electron transport as well as fast capacity degradation. Here, we report a thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) process for fabricating thick Li-ion battery electrodes, which incorporates the electrolyte directly in the electrode and alleviates the need to dry the electrode. The proposed TIPS process creates a bicontinuous electrolyte and electrode network with excellent ion and electron transport, respectively, and consequently achieves better rate performance. Using this process, electrodes with areal capacities of more than 30 mAh/cm2are demonstrated. Capacity retentions of 87% are attained over 500 cycles in full cells with 1-mm-thick anodes and cathodes. Finally, we verified the scalability of the TIPS process by coating thick electrodes continuously on a pilot-scale roll-to-roll coating tool.

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Krachunov, Sammy, and Alexander Casson. "3D Printed Dry EEG Electrodes." Sensors 16, no. 10 (October 2, 2016): 1635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s16101635.

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Mathewson, Kyle E., Tyler J. L. Harrison, and Sayeed A. D. Kizuk. "High and dry? Comparing active dry EEG electrodes to active and passive wet electrodes." Psychophysiology 54, no. 1 (December 20, 2016): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12536.

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Beak, Dong-Hyun, Hachul Jung, Dahye Kwon, Seung-A. Lee, SongWoo Yoon, and Young-Jin Kim. "Highly Stretchable Dry Electrode Composited with Carbon Nanofiber (CNF) for Wearable Device." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 4708–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17816.

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In this work, we present a highly stretchable dry electrode composited with carbon nanofiber (CNF) for wearable device by simple method. The fabricated electrodes were assembled with snap connector for connect with electric circuit and sticky polymer for improving adhesion strength on the skin. We evaluated the electrical and mechanical properties depending on the weight % (wt%) and thickness of CNF/elastomer composited stretchable electrode. From the results, the electrical characteristic was improved as increasing concentrations of CNF and their dropping volume. And we evaluated a stretchability and electromechanical property using with cycling test. Through these tests, we have demonstrated that fabricated dry electrode has outstanding stretchability and durability under stretching condition. Finally, electrocardiogram (ECG) was measured with these electrodes. The results of ECG measurement showed similar or larger signal that of commercial wet electrode. Consequently, these results are expected to apply as a wearable device such as a bio-signal measurement and strain sensors.

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Oh, Tong In, Tae Eui Kim, Sun Yoon, Kap Jin Kim, Eung Je Woo, and Rosalind J. Sadleir. "Flexible electrode belt for EIT using nanofiber web dry electrodes." Physiological Measurement 33, no. 10 (September 4, 2012): 1603–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/33/10/1603.

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Guo, Yong Feng, Ji Cheng Bai, Li Qing Li, and Cheng Jun Li. "Study on Surface Performance of Carbon-Aluminum-Carbon Electrode of Super-Capacitor in Dry WEDM." Key Engineering Materials 375-376 (March 2008): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.375-376.401.

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Super-capacitors are new equipments for energy storage，and they have wide application in practice. At present, blanking is used to machining the electrodes of super-capacitor; however, the disadvantages of the method are burrs, electrode collapse. A new method processing electrode of super-capacitor, wire electrical discharge machining in gas (dry WEDM), were presented in this paper, and the electrode surface morphologies were studied utilizing scan electron microscope (SEM). First, the surface morphologies comparison studies of super-capacitor electrodes processed with different method, such as shearing, blanking and dry WEDM etc., were performed, and research results show that the super-capacitor electrode surfaces machined by dry WEDM achieve flat machining surface, and electrode edges do not collapse. Further surface morphology analysis was carried out based on different pulse durations and air pressure, and analysis results indicate that better machining surface can be achieved when suitable pulse duration and gas pressure are selected. Finally, surface energy spectrum analysis of the super-capacitor electrode processed by dry WEDM is performed, and the analysis result show that alumina are formed on the middle of electrode, aluminum foil, which is favored to the performance of super-capacitor.

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O’Sullivan, Mark, Andriy Temko, Andrea Bocchino, Conor O’Mahony, Geraldine Boylan, and Emanuel Popovici. "Analysis of a Low-Cost EEG Monitoring System and Dry Electrodes toward Clinical Use in the Neonatal ICU." Sensors 19, no. 11 (June 11, 2019): 2637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19112637.

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Electroencephalography (EEG) is an important clinical tool for monitoring neurological health. However, the required equipment, expertise, and patient preparation inhibits its use outside of tertiary care. Non-experts struggle to obtain high-quality EEG due to its low amplitude and artefact susceptibility. Wet electrodes are currently used, which require abrasive/conductive gels to reduce skin-electrode impedance. Advances in dry electrodes, which do not require gels, have simplified this process. However, the assessment of dry electrodes on neonates is limited due to health and safety barriers. This study presents a simulation framework for assessing the quality of EEG systems using a neonatal EEG database, without the use of human participants. The framework is used to evaluate a low-cost EEG acquisition system and compare performance of wet and dry (Micro Transdermal Interface Platforms (MicroTIPs), g.tec-g.SAHARA) electrodes using accurately acquired impedance models. A separate experiment assessing the electrodes on adult participants was conducted to verify the simulation framework’s efficacy. Dry electrodes have higher impedance than wet electrodes, causing a reduction in signal quality. However, MicroTIPs perform comparably to wet electrodes at the frontal region and g.tec-g.SAHARA performs well at the occipital region. Using the simulation framework, a 25dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was obtained for the low-cost EEG system. The tests on adults closely matched the simulated results.

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Jeong, Ji-Hyeok, Jun-Hyuk Choi, Keun-Tae Kim, Song-Joo Lee, Dong-Joo Kim, and Hyung-Min Kim. "Multi-Domain Convolutional Neural Networks for Lower-Limb Motor Imagery Using Dry vs. Wet Electrodes." Sensors 21, no. 19 (October 7, 2021): 6672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196672.

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Motor imagery (MI) brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) have been used for a wide variety of applications due to their intuitive matching between the user’s intentions and the performance of tasks. Applying dry electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes to MI BCI applications can resolve many constraints and achieve practicality. In this study, we propose a multi-domain convolutional neural networks (MD-CNN) model that learns subject-specific and electrode-dependent EEG features using a multi-domain structure to improve the classification accuracy of dry electrode MI BCIs. The proposed MD-CNN model is composed of learning layers for three domain representations (time, spatial, and phase). We first evaluated the proposed MD-CNN model using a public dataset to confirm 78.96% classification accuracy for multi-class classification (chance level accuracy: 30%). After that, 10 healthy subjects participated and performed three classes of MI tasks related to lower-limb movement (gait, sitting down, and resting) over two sessions (dry and wet electrodes). Consequently, the proposed MD-CNN model achieved the highest classification accuracy (dry: 58.44%; wet: 58.66%; chance level accuracy: 43.33%) with a three-class classifier and the lowest difference in accuracy between the two electrode types (0.22%, d = 0.0292) compared with the conventional classifiers (FBCSP, EEGNet, ShallowConvNet, and DeepConvNet) that used only a single domain. We expect that the proposed MD-CNN model could be applied for developing robust MI BCI systems with dry electrodes.

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Wu, Xiaoting, Li Zheng, Lu Jiang, Xiaoshan Huang, Yuanyuan Liu, Lihua Xing, Xiao Xing, et al. "A Dry Electrode Cap and Its Application in a Steady-State Visual Evoked Potential-Based Brain–Computer Interface." Electronics 8, no. 10 (September 23, 2019): 1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8101080.

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The wearable electroencephalogram (EEG) dry electrode acquisition system has shown great application prospects in mental state monitoring, the brain–computer interface (BCI), and other fields due to advantages such as being small in volume, light weight, and a ready-to-use facility. This study demonstrates a novel EEG cap with concise structure, easy adjustment size, as well as independently adjustable electrodes. The cap can be rapidly worn and adjusted in both horizontal and vertical dimensions. The dry electrodes on it can be adjusted independently to fit the scalp as quickly as possible. The accuracy of the BCI test employing this device is higher than when employing a headband. The proposed EEG cap makes adjustment easier and the contact impedance of the dry electrodes more uniform.

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Voropai, Andrii, and Volodymyr Sarana. "Low-Noise and Cost-Effective Active Electrodes for Dry Contact ECG Applications." Science and Innovation 18, no. 1 (February 14, 2022): 112–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/scine18.01.112.

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Introduction. Active ECG electrodes for daily usable wearable electronics (glasses, headphones) enable making long-term cardiovascular disease diagnostics available to many people.Problem Statement. The methods of ECG recording become more accessible over the years. However, on the way to their general use, even in cases where only reliable registration of the R-wave of the ECG is important, there are certain difficulties associated with the need to apply special electrodes (eg, silver chloride ones) to certain parts of the body through wet pads and to perform specific actions. The problem is solved by using dry electrodes built into the usual devices. However, in this case, a low amplitude of the useful signal and a high contact resistance (for example, on the surface of the head) do not allow recording an ECG by conventional means.Purpose. The purpose of this research is to develop easy-to-use body ECG electrodes that may be built into everyday appliances.Materials and Methods. Active electrodes based on flexible conductive materials and high-quality operational amplifiers have been described. The main parameters of the electronic circuit have been obtained by model and experimental research. The parameters have been compared with the corresponding characteristics of commercial samples.Results. Prototype active ECG electrodes have been developed, created, and studied. The obtained results have shown that the dependence of the input reactance on the frequency plays an important role in terms of the final signal quality. For a low-amplitude ECG signal, the prototype has shown a signal-to-noise ratio that is higher by 4.7 dB than that for high-quality commercial electrodes.Conclusions. The designed electrodes may be used in body devices, on the body parts with a low amplitude of the useful signal and a high resistance of skin-electrode contact.

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Fu, Yulin, Jingjing Zhao, Ying Dong, and Xiaohao Wang. "Dry Electrodes for Human Bioelectrical Signal Monitoring." Sensors 20, no. 13 (June 29, 2020): 3651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20133651.

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Bioelectrical or electrophysiological signals generated by living cells or tissues during daily physiological activities are closely related to the state of the body and organ functions, and therefore are widely used in clinical diagnosis, health monitoring, intelligent control and human-computer interaction. Ag/AgCl electrodes with wet conductive gels are widely used to pick up these bioelectrical signals using electrodes and record them in the form of electroencephalograms, electrocardiograms, electromyography, electrooculograms, etc. However, the inconvenience, instability and infection problems resulting from the use of gel with Ag/AgCl wet electrodes can’t meet the needs of long-term signal acquisition, especially in wearable applications. Hence, focus has shifted toward the study of dry electrodes that can work without gels or adhesives. In this paper, a retrospective overview of the development of dry electrodes used for monitoring bioelectrical signals is provided, including the sensing principles, material selection, device preparation, and measurement performance. In addition, the challenges regarding the limitations of materials, fabrication technologies and wearable performance of dry electrodes are discussed. Finally, the development obstacles and application advantages of different dry electrodes are analyzed to make a comparison and reveal research directions for future studies.

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Kimura, Masaya, Shintaro Nakatani, Shin-Ichiro Nishida, Daiju Taketoshi, and Nozomu Araki. "3D Printable Dry EEG Electrodes with Coiled-Spring Prongs." Sensors 20, no. 17 (August 21, 2020): 4733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174733.

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Various dry electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes have been developed. Dry EEG electrodes need to be pressed onto the scalp; therefore, there is a tradeoff between keeping the contact impedance low and maintaining comfort. We propose an approach to solve this tradeoff through the printing of complex-shaped electrodes by using a stereolithography 3D printer. To show the feasibility of our approach, we fabricated electrodes that have flexible fingers (prongs) with springs. Although dry electrodes with flexible prongs have been proposed, a suitable spring constant has not been obtained. In this study, the spring constant of our electrodes was determined from a contact model between the electrodes and the scalp. The mechanical properties and reproductivity of the electrodes were found to be sufficient. Finally, we measured the alpha waves when a participant opened/closed his eyes by using our electrodes.

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Haueisen, J., P. Fiedler, S. Griebel, C. Fonseca, F. Vaz, L. Zentner, and F. Zanow. "Multichannel-EEG measurements with dry electrodes." Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology 42, no. 1-2 (January 2012): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucli.2011.11.032.

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Laferriere, Pascal, Edward D. Lemaire, and Adrian D. C. Chan. "Surface Electromyographic Signals Using Dry Electrodes." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 60, no. 10 (October 2011): 3259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2011.2164279.

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Gruetzmann, Anna, Stefan Hansen, and Jörg Müller. "Novel dry electrodes for ECG monitoring." Physiological Measurement 28, no. 11 (October 12, 2007): 1375–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/28/11/005.

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Niu, Xin, Xinhua Gao, Yuefeng Liu, and Hao Liu. "Surface bioelectric dry Electrodes: A review." Measurement 183 (October 2021): 109774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2021.109774.

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Gargiulo, Gaetano, Paolo Bifulco, Mario Cesarelli, Alistair McEwan, Armin Nikpour, Craig Jin, Upul Gunawardana, Neethu Sreenivasan, Andrew Wabnitz, and Tara Hamilton. "Fully Open-Access Passive Dry Electrodes BIOADC: Open-Electroencephalography (EEG) Re-Invented." Sensors 19, no. 4 (February 13, 2019): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19040772.

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The Open-electroencephalography (EEG) framework is a popular platform to enable EEG measurements and general purposes Brain Computer Interface experimentations. However, the current platform is limited by the number of available channels and electrode compatibility. In this paper we present a fully configurable platform with up to 32 EEG channels and compatibility with virtually any kind of passive electrodes including textile, rubber and contactless electrodes. Together with the full hardware details, results and performance on a single volunteer participant (limited to alpha wave elicitation), we present the brain computer interface (BCI)2000 EEG source driver together with source code as well as the compiled (.exe). In addition, all the necessary device firmware, gerbers and bill of materials for the full reproducibility of the presented hardware is included. Furthermore, the end user can vary the dry-electrode reference circuitry, circuit bandwidth as well as sample rate to adapt the device to other generalized biopotential measurements. Although, not implemented in the tested prototype, the Biomedical Analogue to Digital Converter BIOADC naturally supports SPI communication for an additional 32 channels including the gain controller. In the appendix we describe the necessary modification to the presented hardware to enable this function.

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Ko, Li-Wei, Yang Chang, Pei-Lun Wu, Heng-An Tzou, Sheng-Fu Chen, Shih-Chien Tang, Chia-Lung Yeh, and Yun-Ju Chen. "Development of a Smart Helmet for Strategical BCI Applications." Sensors 19, no. 8 (April 19, 2019): 1867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081867.

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Conducting electrophysiological measurements from human brain function provides a medium for sending commands and messages to the external world, as known as a brain–computer interface (BCI). In this study, we proposed a smart helmet which integrated the novel hygroscopic sponge electrodes and a combat helmet for BCI applications; with the smart helmet, soldiers can carry out extra tasks according to their intentions, i.e., through BCI techniques. There are several existing BCI methods which are distinct from each other; however, mutual issues exist regarding comfort and user acceptability when utilizing such BCI techniques in practical applications; one of the main challenges is the trade-off between using wet and dry electroencephalographic (EEG) electrodes. Recently, several dry EEG electrodes without the necessity of conductive gel have been developed for EEG data collection. Although the gel was claimed to be unnecessary, high contact impedance and low signal-to-noise ratio of dry EEG electrodes have turned out to be the main limitations. In this study, a smart helmet with novel hygroscopic sponge electrodes is developed and investigated for long-term usage of EEG data collection. The existing electrodes and EEG equipment regarding BCI applications were adopted to examine the proposed electrode. In the impedance test of a variety of electrodes, the sponge electrode showed performance averaging 118 kΩ, which was comparable with the best one among existing dry electrodes, which averaged 123 kΩ. The signals acquired from the sponge electrodes and the classic wet electrodes were analyzed with correlation analysis to study the effectiveness. The results indicated that the signals were similar to each other with an average correlation of 90.03% and 82.56% in two-second and ten-second temporal resolutions, respectively, and 97.18% in frequency responses. Furthermore, by applying the proposed differentiable power algorithm to the system, the average accuracy of 21 subjects can reach 91.11% in the steady-state visually evoked potential (SSVEP)-based BCI application regarding a simulated military mission. To sum up, the smart helmet is capable of assisting the soldiers to execute instructions with SSVEP-based BCI when their hands are not available and is a reliable piece of equipment for strategical applications.

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Heijs, Janne J. A., Ruben Jan Havelaar, Patrique Fiedler, Richard J. A. van Wezel, and Tjitske Heida. "Validation of Soft Multipin Dry EEG Electrodes." Sensors 21, no. 20 (October 14, 2021): 6827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21206827.

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Анотація:

Current developments towards multipin, dry electrodes in electroencephalography (EEG) are promising for applications in non-laboratory environments. Dry electrodes do not require the application of conductive gel, which mostly confines the use of gel EEG systems to the laboratory environment. The aim of this study is to validate soft, multipin, dry EEG electrodes by comparing their performance to conventional gel EEG electrodes. Fifteen healthy volunteers performed three tasks, with a 32-channel gel EEG system and a 32-channel dry EEG system: the 40 Hz Auditory Steady-State Response (ASSR), the checkerboard paradigm, and an eyes open/closed task. Within-subject analyses were performed to compare the signal quality in the time, frequency, and spatial domains. The results showed strong similarities between the two systems in the time and frequency domains, with strong correlations of the visual (ρ = 0.89) and auditory evoked potential (ρ = 0.81), and moderate to strong correlations for the alpha band during eye closure (ρ = 0.81–0.86) and the 40 Hz-ASSR power (ρ = 0.66–0.72), respectively. However, delta and theta band power was significantly increased, and the signal-to-noise ratio was significantly decreased for the dry EEG system. Topographical distributions were comparable for both systems. Moreover, the application time of the dry EEG system was significantly shorter (8 min). It can be concluded that the soft, multipin dry EEG system can be used in brain activity research with similar accuracy as conventional gel electrodes.

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Tuvshinbayar, Khorolsuren, Guido Ehrmann, and Andrea Ehrmann. "50/60 Hz Power Grid Noise as a Skin Contact Measure of Textile ECG Electrodes." Textiles 2, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/textiles2020014.

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The electrocardiogram (ECG) is one of the most commonly measured biosignals. In particular, textile electrodes allow for the measuring of long-term ECG without skin irritation or other discomforts for the patient. Such textile electrodes, however, usually suffer from insufficient or unreliable skin contact. Thus, developing textile electrodes is impeded by the often-complicated differentiation between signal artifacts due to moving and breathing and artifacts related to unreliable skin contact. Here, we suggest a simple method of using 50/60 Hz power grid noise to evaluate the skin contact of different textile electrodes in comparison with commercial glued electrodes. We use this method to show the drying of wetted skin under an embroidered electrode as well as sweating of the originally dry skin under a coated electrode with high water vapor resistance.

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Hu, Chang-Lin, I.-Cheng Cheng, Chih-Hsien Huang, Yu-Te Liao, Wei-Chieh Lin, Kun-Ju Tsai, Chih-Hsien Chi, et al. "Dry Wearable Textile Electrodes for Portable Electrical Impedance Tomography." Sensors 21, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 6789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21206789.

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Electrical impedance tomography (EIT), a noninvasive and radiation-free medical imaging technique, has been used for continuous real-time regional lung aeration. However, adhesive electrodes could cause discomfort and increase the risk of skin injury during prolonged measurement. Additionally, the conductive gel between the electrodes and skin could evaporate in long-term usage and deteriorate the signal quality. To address these issues, in this work, textile electrodes integrated with a clothing belt are proposed to achieve EIT lung imaging along with a custom portable EIT system. The simulation and experimental results have verified the validity of the proposed portable EIT system. Furthermore, the imaging results of using the proposed textile electrodes were compared with commercial electrocardiogram electrodes to evaluate their performance.

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Prima, Jeffry Omega, Bayu Pamungkas, Nugraha, and Suprijanto. "Polyaniline as Novel Polymer Materials for Dry Electrode- Based Electrocardiography (ECG)." Jurnal Elektronika dan Telekomunikasi 18, no. 1 (August 31, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jet.v18.1-8.

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Electrocardiography (ECG) has been instrumental for early detection of cardiovascular anomalies. In this research, we successfully prototyped and evaluated the performance of a novel dry electrode as ECG sensor. Copper was selected as dry electrode material due to its good balance between conductivity and affordability. Polyaniline was used as a conductive coating to facilitate the conversion of ionic currents from the human body into electrical currents in electronic circuits. The coating was carried out via electrodeposition technique. Optimal electrodeposition time of 20 min using acetic acid as a dopant was established. This yields in the dry electrode with comparable performance to the certified wet electrode currently available in the market, shown by PQRST signal correlation between dry electrodes (this study) and the wet electrode (benchmark) which is close to zero. The dry electrode prototyped in this study is characterized to have a conductivity of 7 x 10 -4 S/mm, a resistance of 10 Ω, capacitive reactance of 140 Ω, and excellent signal stability showing a value of 256.5 μV consistently for 2 hours.

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