Готові списки джерел за темами / Dry electrodes

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Dry electrodes"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Dry electrodes"

Wong Azman, Amelia, Muhammad Farhan Azman, Siti Mohd Ariff, Yasir Mohd Mustafah, Huda Adibah Mohd Ramli, AHM Zahirul Alam, and Mohamed Hadi Habaebi. "An Analysis of a Flexible Dry Surface Electrodes." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 10, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v10.i1.pp74-83.

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<p>In the medical field, electrodes are commonly used either to retrieve signals or to conduct current. Most of the off-the-shelf surface electrodes are made from metal or rigid substrates. This paper presents a work on designing a new flexible dry electrodes using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate and silver by means of dispenser printing technology. The polyester cotton fabric was selected as the substrate in this electrode designed. To analyse the new proposed composites of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate and silver, different mixtures have been applied. Results from the experiment show that the conductivity of the proposed flexible electrode is comparable with the commercialized pre-gelled electrode when applied to an electrical stimulator device. Eight out of ten subjects under test described no difference in comfort between the proposed electrodes and pre-gelled electrodes.</p>

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S. Rodrigues, Marco, Patrique Fiedler, Nora Küchler, Rui P. Domingues, Cláudia Lopes, Joel Borges, Jens Haueisen, and Filipe Vaz. "Dry Electrodes for Surface Electromyography Based on Architectured Titanium Thin Films." Materials 13, no. 9 (May 5, 2020): 2135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13092135.

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Electrodes of silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) are dominant in clinical settings for surface electromyography (sEMG) recordings. These electrodes need a conductive electrolyte gel to ensure proper performance, which dries during long-term measurements inhibiting the immediate electrode’s reuse and is often linked to skin irritation episodes. To overcome these drawbacks, a new type of dry electrodes based on architectured titanium (Ti) thin films were proposed in this work. The architectured microstructures were zigzags, obtained with different sputtering incidence angles (α), which have been shown to directly influence the films’ porosity and electrical conductivity. The electrodes were prepared using thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and stainless-steel (SS) substrates, and their performance was tested in male volunteers (athletes) by recording electromyography (EMG) signals, preceded by electrode-skin impedance measurements. In general, the results showed that both SS and TPU dry electrodes can be used for sEMG recordings. While SS electrodes almost match the signal quality parameters of reference electrodes of Ag/AgCl, the performance of electrodes based on TPU functionalized with a Ti thin film still requires further improvements. Noteworthy was the clear increase of the signal to noise ratios when the thin films’ microstructure evolved from normal growth towards zigzag microstructures, meaning that further tailoring of the thin film microstructure is a possible route to achieve optimized performances. Finally, the developed dry electrodes are reusable and allow for multiple EMG recordings without being replaced.

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Fiedler, Patrique, Jens Haueisen, Dunja Jannek, Stefan Griebel, Lena Zentner, Filipe Vaz, and Carlos Fonseca. "Comparison of three types of dry electrodes for electroencephalography." ACTA IMEKO 3, no. 3 (September 23, 2014): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v3i3.94.

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A potential new area of routine application for electroencephalography (EEG) is the brain-computer interface, which might enable disabled people to interact with their environment, based on measured brain signals. However, conventional electroencephalography is not suitable here due to limitations arising from complicated, time-consuming and error-prone preparation. Recently, several approaches for dry electrodes have been proposed. Our aim is the comparison and assessment of three types of dry electrodes and standard wet silver/silver-chloride electrodes for EEG signal acquisition. We developed novel EEG electrodes with titanium and polyurethane as base materials, which were coated with nanometer sized titanium-nitride films. Furthermore gold multi-pin electrodes were arranged on printed circuit boards. The results of the comparison of these electrodes with conventional wet silver/silver-chloride electrodes in terms of electrode impedances are presented, as well as open circuit potentials and biosignal measurements. Impedances were significantly higher for all dry electrode types compared to wet electrodes, but still within the measurement range of todayâ€™s standard biosignal amplifiers. It was found that the novel dry titanium and polyurethane based electrodes show biosignal quality equivalent to conventional electrodes. In conclusion, the novel dry electrodes seem to be suitable for application in brain-machine interfaces.

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Haueisen, Jens, Patrique Fiedler, Anna Bernhardt, Ricardo Gonçalves, and Carlos Fonseca. "Novel dry electrode EEG headbands for home use: Comparing performance and comfort." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2020-3036.

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AbstractMonitoring brain activity at home using electroencephalography (EEG) is an increasing trend for both medical and non-medical applications. Gel-based electrodes are not suitable due to the gel application requiring extensive preparation and cleaning support for the patient or user. Dry electrodes can be applied without prior preparation by the patient or user. We investigate and compare two dry electrode headbands for EEG acquisition: a novel hybrid dual-textile headband comprising multipin and multiwave electrodes and a neoprene-based headband comprising hydrogel and spidershaped electrodes. We compare the headbands and electrodes in terms of electrode-skin impedance, comfort, electrode offset potential and EEG signal quality. We did not observe considerable differences in the power spectral density of EEG recordings. However, the hydrogel electrodes showed considerably increased impedances and offset potentials, limiting their compatibility with many EEG amplifiers. The hydrogel and spider-shaped electrodes required increased adduction, resulting in a lower wearing comfort throughout the application time compared to the novel headband comprising multipin and multiwave electrodes.

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Jin, L., K. J. Kim, E. H. Song, Y. J. Ahn, Y. J. Jeong, T. I. Oh, and E. J. Woo. "Highly precise nanofiber web-based dry electrodes for vital signal monitoring." RSC Advances 6, no. 46 (2016): 40045–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra00079g.

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Dry electrodes have been prepared through silver-plating elastic TPU and SBS electrospun nanofiber webs to improve electrode accuracy. The results revealed that the new dry electrodes can exhibit performance comparable to Ag/AgCl gel electrode.

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Huang, Yiping, Yatong Song, Li Gou, and Yuanwen Zou. "A Novel Wearable Flexible Dry Electrode Based on Cowhide for ECG Measurement." Biosensors 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11040101.

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The electrocardiogram (ECG) electrode, as a sensor, is an important part of the wearable ECG monitoring device. Natural leather is rarely used as the electrode substrate. In this paper, wearable flexible silver electrodes based on cowhide were prepared by sputtering and brush-painting. A signal generator, oscilloscope, impedance test instrument, and ECG monitor were used to build the test platform evaluating the performance of electrodes with six subjects. The lossless waveform transmission can be achieved with our electrodes. Therefore, the Pearson’s correlation coefficient calculated with input waveform and output waveform of the electrodes based on the top grain layer (GLE) and the split layer (SLE) of cowhide were 0.997 and 0.998 at 0.1 Hz respectively. The skin electrode impedance (Z) was tested, and the parameters of the equivalent circuit model of the skin electrode interface were calculated by a fitting method, indicating that the Z of the prepared electrodes was comparable with the standard gel electrode when the skin is moist enough. The signal-to-noise ratio of the ECG of the GLE and the SLE were 1.148 and 1.205 times that of the standard electrode in the standing posture, which meant the ECG measured by our electrodes was basically consistent with that measured by the standard electrode.

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Lopez-Gordo, M., D. Sanchez-Morillo, and F. Valle. "Dry EEG Electrodes." Sensors 14, no. 7 (July 18, 2014): 12847–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s140712847.

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Di Flumeri, Gianluca, Pietro Aricò, Gianluca Borghini, Nicolina Sciaraffa, Antonello Di Florio, and Fabio Babiloni. "The Dry Revolution: Evaluation of Three Different EEG Dry Electrode Types in Terms of Signal Spectral Features, Mental States Classification and Usability." Sensors 19, no. 6 (March 19, 2019): 1365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19061365.

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One century after the first recording of human electroencephalographic (EEG) signals, EEG has become one of the most used neuroimaging techniques. The medical devices industry is now able to produce small and reliable EEG systems, enabling a wide variety of applications also with no-clinical aims, providing a powerful tool to neuroscientific research. However, these systems still suffer from a critical limitation, consisting in the use of wet electrodes, that are uncomfortable and require expertise to install and time from the user. In this context, dozens of different concepts of EEG dry electrodes have been recently developed, and there is the common opinion that they are reaching traditional wet electrodes quality standards. However, although many papers have tried to validate them in terms of signal quality and usability, a comprehensive comparison of different dry electrode types from multiple points of view is still missing. The present work proposes a comparison of three different dry electrode types, selected among the main solutions at present, against wet electrodes, taking into account several aspects, both in terms of signal quality and usability. In particular, the three types consisted in gold-coated single pin, multiple pins and solid-gel electrodes. The results confirmed the great standards achieved by dry electrode industry, since it was possible to obtain results comparable to wet electrodes in terms of signals spectra and mental states classification, but at the same time drastically reducing the time of montage and enhancing the comfort. In particular, multiple-pins and solid-gel electrodes overcome gold-coated single-pin-based ones in terms of comfort.

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Popović-Maneski, Lana, Marija D. Ivanović, Vladimir Atanasoski, Marjan Miletić, Sanja Zdolšek, Boško Bojović, and Ljupčo Hadžievski. "Properties of different types of dry electrodes for wearable smart monitoring devices." Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik 65, no. 4 (August 27, 2020): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmt-2019-0167.

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AbstractWearable smart monitors (WSMs) applied for the estimation of electrophysiological signals are of utmost interest for a non-stressed life. WSM which records heart muscle activities could signalize timely a life-threatening event. The heart muscle activities are typically recorded across the heart at the surface of the body; hence, a WSM monitor requires high-quality surface electrodes. The electrodes used in the clinical settings [i.e. silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) with the gel] are not practical for the daily out of clinic usage. A practical WSM requires the application of a dry electrode with stable and reproducible electrical characteristics. We compared the characteristics of six types of dry electrodes and one gelled electrode during short-term recordings sessions (≈30 s) in real-life conditions: Orbital, monolithic polymer plated with Ag/AgCl, and five rectangular shaped 10 × 6 × 2 mm electrodes (Orbital, Ag electrode, Ag/AgCl electrode, gold electrode and stainless-steel AISI304). The results of a well-controlled analysis which considered motion artifacts, line noise and junction potentials suggest that among the dry electrodes Ag/AgCl performs the best. The Ag/AgCl electrode is in average three times better compared with the stainless-steel electrode often used in WSMs.

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Eickenscheidt, Max, Patrick Schäfer, Yara Baslan, Claudia Schwarz, and Thomas Stieglitz. "Highly Porous Platinum Electrodes for Dry Ear-EEG Measurements." Sensors 20, no. 11 (June 3, 2020): 3176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20113176.

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The interest in dry electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes has increased in recent years, especially as everyday suitability earplugs for measuring drowsiness or focus of auditory attention. However, the challenge is still the need for a good electrode material, which is reliable and can be easily processed for highly personalized applications. Laser processing, as used here, is a fast and very precise method to produce personalized electrode configurations that meet the high requirements of in-ear EEG electrodes. The arrangement of the electrodes on the flexible and compressible mats allows an exact alignment to the ear mold and contributes to high wearing comfort, as no edges or metal protrusions are present. For better transmission properties, an adapted coating process for surface enlargement of platinum electrodes is used, which can be controlled precisely. The resulting porous platinum-copper alloy is chemically very stable, shows no exposed copper residues, and enlarges the effective surface area by 40. In a proof-of-principle experiment, these porous platinum electrodes could be used to measure the Berger effect in a dry state using just one ear of a test person. Their signal-to-noise ratio and the frequency transfer function is comparable to gel-based silver/silver chloride electrodes.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Dry electrodes"

Gabran, Salam. "Design and Optimization Methodology of Sub-dermal Electroencephalography Dry Spike-Array Electrode." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/2793.

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Monitoring bio-electric events is a common procedure, which provides medical data required in clinical and research applications. Electrophysiological measurements are applied in diagnosis as well as evaluation of the performance of different body organs and systems, e. g. the heart, muscles and the nervous system. Furthermore, it is staple feature in operation rooms and extensive care units. The performance of the recording system is affected by the tools and instrumentation used and the bio-electrode is a key-player in electrophysiology, hence, the improvements in the electrode recording technique will be directly reflected in the system?s performance in terms of the signal quality, recording duration as well as patient comfort. In this thesis, a design methodology for micro-spike array dry bio-electrodes is introduced.

The purpose of this methodology is to meet the design specifications for portable long-term EEG recording and optimize the electrical performance of the electrodes by maximizing the electrode-skin contact surface area, while fulfilling design constraints including mechanical, physiological and economical limitations. This was followed by proposing a low cost fabrication technique to implement the electrodes. The proposed electrode design has a potential impact in enhancing the performance of the current recording systems, and also suits portable monitoring and long term recording devices. The design process was aided by using a software design and optimization tool, which was specifically created for this application.

The application conditions added challenges to the electrode design in order to meet the required performance requirements. On the other hand, the required design specifications are not fulfilled in the current electrode technologies which are designed and customized only for short term clinical recordings.

The electrode theory of application was verified using an experimental setup for an electrochemical cell, but the overall performance including measuring the electrode impedance is awaiting a clinical trial.

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AL-Shroofy, Mohanad N. "UNDERSTANDING AND IMPROVING MANUFACTURING PROCESSES FOR MAKING LITHIUM-ION BATTERY ELECTRODES." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/cme_etds/76.

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used as the most popular rechargeable energy storage and power sources in today’s portable electronics, electric vehicles, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. LIBs have gained much interest worldwide in the last three decades because of their high energy density, voltage, rate of charge and discharge, reliability, and design flexibility. I am exploring the possibility of developing battery manufacturing technologies that would lower the cost, reduce the environmental impact, and increase cell performance and durability. This dissertation is focused firstly on understanding the effect of mixing sequence (the order of introducing materials) and optimizing the electrode fabrication for the best electrochemical performance, durability, lower cost, and improve the existing manufacturing processes. The electrode system consists of active material, polymer binder, conductive agent, and solvent. I have investigated four different mixing sequences to prepare the slurries for making the positive electrode. The key sequence-related factor appears to be whether the active material and conductive agent are mixed in the presence of or prior to the introduction of the binder solution. The mixing sequences 1, 2, 3, and 4 were optimized, and the rheological behavior of the slurries, morphology, conductivity, and mechanical and electrochemical properties of electrodes were investigated. Slurries from sequences 1 and 4 show different rheological properties from 2 and 3. The amount of NMP required to achieve a comparable final slurry viscosity differed significantly for the sequences under study. The sequence 1 shows better long-term cycling behavior than sequences 2, 3 and 4. This study quantifies the link between electrode slurry mix parameters and electrode quality. Secondly, a new method of making lithium-ion battery electrodes by adapting an immersion precipitation (IP) technology commonly used in membrane manufacturing was developed and demonstrated. The composition, structure, and electrochemical performance of the electrode made by the IP method were compared favorably with that made by the conventional method. The toxic and expensive organic solvent (NMP) was captured in coagulation bath instead of being released to the atmosphere. The IP electrodes show an excellent performance and durability at potentially lower cost and less environmental impact. Thirdly, I have developed and demonstrated a solvent-free dry-powder coating process for making LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC) positive electrodes in lithium-ion batteries, and compared the performance and durability of electrodes made by the dry-powder coating processes with that by wet-slurry coating processes. The technology that has been used is the electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) process. This process eliminates volatile organic compound emission, reduces thermal curing time from hours to minutes, and offers high deposition rates onto large surfaces. The long-term cycling shows that the dry-powder coated electrodes have similar performance and durability as the conventional wet-slurry made electrodes.

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Прокопчук, Артем Миколайович. "Сенсор біомедичних сигналів для цифрової електронної лабораторії". Master's thesis, Київ, 2018. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/22972.

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Магістерська робота містить основну частину на 110 аркушах, 22 ілюстрацій, 22 таблиці кількість джерел за переліком посилань 53 джерела. Об’єктом дослідження є процес зняття електрокардіограми людини. Предметом дослідження є електроди для моніторингу біомедичних сигналів. Метою роботи є огляд роботи електродів в комплексі із датчиком ЕКГ для цифрової електронної лабораторії і запропонування оптимального варіанту електродів для подальшого застосування. Методом дослідження є теоретичний огляд існуючих різновидів біомедичних електродів та можливості їх технічного вдосконалення, а також практична перевірка роботи електродів у цифровій електронній лабораторії. Результатом роботи є отримані зображення ЕКГ при різних дослідженнях з використанням існуючих електродів та визначення оптимального варіанту електродів для застосування. Новизна результатів роботи полягає у застосуванні їх до цифрової електронної лабораторії, де будуть проводитися подальші дослідження та у визначенні вектору подальших досліджень у напрямку сухих ємнісних голчастих електродів. Результати даної роботи можуть бути використанні для подальшого їх застосування у лабораторних роботах та для проектування комбінованого типу електродів. Можливі напрямки продовження досліджень: проектування комбінованого типу сухих ємнісних голчастих електродів. Галузь застосування: навчальна цифрова електронна лабораторія, медицина.
Master's work contains the main part of 110 sheets, 22 illustrations, 22 tables and a number of sources by the list of references 53 source. The object of research is the process of taking human's electrocardiogram. The subject of the study is electrodes for monitoring biomedical signals. The aim of the work is to review the work of electrodes in conjunction with an ECG sensor for a digital electronic laboratory and to offer an optimal variant of electrodes for further application. The research method is a theoretical review of existing varieties of biomedical electrodes and the possibilities for their technical improvement, as well as practical verification of the work of electrodes in a digital electronic laboratory. The result of the work is the obtained ECG images in various studies using existing electrodes and the determination of the optimal variant of electrodes for use. The novelty of the results of the work is to apply them to a digital electronic laboratory, where further research will be carried out and in determining the vector of further research in the direction of dry capacitive needle electrodes. The results of this work can be used for their further application in laboratory work and for the design of a combined type of electrodes. Possible directions for the continuation of research: design of a combined type of dry capacitive needle electrodes. Field of application: educational Digital Electronic Laboratory, Medicine.

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Schofield, Jamie Rae. "Electrocardiogram Signal Quality Comparison Between A Dry Electrode and A Standard Wet Electrode over a Period of Extended Wear." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1334707695.

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Monnin, Jason. "A VALIDATION OF A PROTOTYPE DRY ELECTRODE SYSTEM FOR ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1316771492.

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Leleux, Pierre. "Conception et validation de dispositifs à base de polymères conducteurs pour enregistrements électrophysiologiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5080/document.

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Анотація:

Il existe un réel besoin de développer des matériaux et des technologies avancés pour améliorer l’interface avec le cerveau humain. De tels enregistrements électrophysiologiques sont nécessaires pour des fins diagnostiques ou dans des domaines innovants tels que l’interface homme/machine. Les dispositifs issus de l’électronique organique représentent des alternatives prometteuses grâce à leurs propriétés mécaniques et leur biocompatibilité. L’utilisation de polymères conducteurs ouvre la voie vers une nouvelle interface avec le milieu biologique. Ce travail présente un procédé de fabrication innovant permettant d’intégrer le polymère conducteur PEDOT:PSS sur des électrodes sèches pour une application à l’électroencéphalographie (EEG). L’étape suivante consiste en l’utilisation d’un dispositif actif tel que le transistor organique électrochimique (OECT) afin de profiter de l’amplification locale qu’il permet. Cette dernière est extrêmement importante dans le cas de la neurophysiologie, domaine dans lequel l’amplitude des signaux enregistrés est très basse. En ce sens, l’intégration d’OECTs à des dispositifs d’enregistrement de signaux neuronaux a montré un bien supérieur rapport signal / bruit (SNR) en comparaison à des électrodes conventionnelles. La bioélectronique est un domaine innovant à applications variées. Cette thèse présente la conception et la validation par l’application de dispositifs organiques dans le domaine des neurosciences. D’autres progrès dans les domaines du diagnostic, des biocapteurs, ou de la distribution de médicaments pavent la voie pour de nouvelles applications dans l’agroalimentaire ou encore la qualité de l’eau ou de l’air
There is a tremendous need for developing advanced materials technologies for interfacing with brain and record neural activity. Such electrophysiological recordings are necessary for diagnostic purposes and brain/machine interfaces. Among the existing technologies, organic electronic devices constitute a promising candidate because of their mechanical flexibility and biocompatibility. The use of conducting polymers, which allow both ionic and electronic transport, allows new modes for interfacing with the biological milieu. This work presents an innovative process to incorporate the conducting polymer poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene: poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) onto electrodes for applications in electroencephalography (EEG). A step beyond conducting polymer electrodes is provided by the Organic Electrochemical Transistor (OECT). The primary advantage of using active devices is the local amplification they provide. This local amplification becomes extremely important in the case of electrophysiological signals, for which the amplitude is very low. The use of the OECT for various electrophysiological measurements is presented, done for clinical purposes like ECG or EEG, for new marketing studies like EOG, and for more fundamental neurological applications, like the recording in vitro of neuronal unitary activity. Bioelectronics is an inspiring field with broad scope. This thesis deals with applications of organic electronic devices in neuroscience. Other applications in diagnostics, biosensing, or drug delivery will offer huge opportunities for food safety, pollution control or even environmental applications

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Gabaudan, Vincent. "Composés à base d’éléments du groupe p comme matériaux d’électrode négative pour accumulateurs K-ion." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTS143.

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L’utilisation massive de batteries Li-ion au cours des deux dernières décennies a poussé les chercheurs de la communauté scientifique à s’intéresser à des systèmes alternatifs basés sur des éléments abondants et peu coûteux. Parmi ces nouveaux systèmes, les batteries Na-ion sont rapidement passées de simples prototypes de laboratoire à des systèmes sur le point d’être commercialisés. Plus récemment, l’intérêt de la communauté des batteries s’est porté sur l’utilisation du potassium. Cet élément présente des atouts non négligeables pour le développement de batteries à haute densité d’énergie et de puissance en raison du faible potentiel standard du couple K+/K (vs. ESH) et des faibles énergies de désolvatation des ions K+ dans les solvants organiques usuels. Les travaux de cette thèse ont été dédiés à l’étude des mécanismes réactionnels de potassiation/dépotassiation de matériaux d’électrodes négatives. La compréhension des mécanismes qui régissent le fonctionnement des batteries est essentielle pour le développement de ces dernières. Elle permet aussi de prévenir des défaillances et de guider les recherches sur l’optimisation des matériaux d’électrode et d’électrolyte. Pour cela, deux grandes familles de matériaux d’électrodes négatives ont été étudiées au cours de cette thèse : les matériaux carbonés et plus spécifiquement le graphite, et les matériaux d’alliages à base d’éléments du bloc p de la classification périodique comme l’antimoine, le bismuth, le plomb et l’étain. L’emploi de différentes techniques de caractérisation en conditions ex situ et operando a permis d’obtenir de nouvelles informations approfondies sur les mécanismes réactionnels de ces matériaux dans les batteries K-ion. Enfin, les formulations de l’électrode et de l’électrolyte ont été identifiées comme points clés batteries pour l’optimisation des performances du graphite et des matériaux d’alliages. Même si la recherche sur les batteries K-ion reste encore au stade fondamental, ces premiers résultats sont prometteurs et laissent entrevoir un possible avenir de ces batteries pour le stockage de l’énergie d’applications stationnaires
During the last two decades, the massive use of Li-ion batteries led the scientific research community to focus on alternatives systems based on low cost and abundant elements. Among these new systems, Na-ion batteries grew rapidly from the laboratory scale to reach a real commercial application. More recently, the research community focused on the interest of potassium. This element present significant assets for the development of high energy density and high power density batteries because of the low standard potential of K+/K redox couple (vs. SHE) and low desolvation energies of K+ ions in conventional organic solvents.This thesis was focused on the electrochemical reaction mechanism of negative electrode materials in K-ion batteries. The understanding of the reaction mechanisms occurring during cycling is essential for the battery development, it allows preventing the failure and optimise the electrode materials and electrolytes.In that way, two distinct materials for negative electrodes were studied during the thesis: carbonaceous materials, more specially graphite and alloy type materials from the p block of the periodic table such as antimony, bismuth, lead and tin. The use of different characterizations in operando and ex situ conditions allowed obtaining new insights on the reaction mechanism of these electrode materials in K-ion batteries. Finally, the electrode and electrolyte formulations were identified as a key point for the performance optimisation of graphite and alloy materials.Even if the research on K-ion batteries are still in its infancy, the first results are promising and suggest a possible future solution for the energy storage for stationary applications

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Rathnayake-Arachchige, Dilshani. "Metallisation and structuring of low temperature Co-fired ceramic for micro and millimetre wave applications." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/19343.

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The recent developments in Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) as a substrate material enable it to be used in the micro and millimetre wave range providing low dissipation factors at high frequencies, good dielectric properties and a high degree of integration for further miniaturised devices. The most common metallisation method used in LTCC technology is screen printing with high cost noble metals such as silver and gold that are compatible with the high sintering temperatures (850°C). However, these techniques require high capital cost and maintenance cost. As the commercial world requires convenient and low cost process technologies for mass production, alternative metallisation methods should be considered. As a result, electroless copper plating of fired LTCC was mainly investigated in this research. The main goals of this project were to carry out electroless plating of fired LTCC with sufficient adhesion and to extend the process to metallise closed LTCC channel structures to manufacture Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) components. The objectives were focused on electroless copper deposition on fired LTCC with improved adhesion. Electroless deposits on the Sn/Pd activated LTCC surface showed poor adhesion without any surface pre-treatments. Hence, chemical etching of fired LTCC was carried out using concentrated NaOH solution. NaOH pre-treatment of LTCC led to the formation of flake like structures on the LTCC surface. A number of surface and chemical analysis techniques and weight measurements were used to investigate the mechanism of the modification of the LTCC surface. The results showed that the flake like structures were dispersed in the LTCC material and a material model for the LTCC structure was proposed. SEM EDX elemental mapping showed that the flake like structure consisted of aluminium, calcium, boron and oxygen. Further experiments showed that both the concentration of NaOH and the immersion time affect the surface morphology and the roughness of fired LTCC. The measured Ra values were 0.6 μm for untreated LTCC and 1.1 μm for the LTCC sample treated with 4M NaOH for 270 minutes. Adhesion tests including peel test and scratch test were carried out to examine the adhesion strength of the deposited copper and both tests indicated that the NaOH pre-treatment led to an improvement, with the best results achieved for samples treated with 4M NaOH. A second aspect of the research focused on the selective metallisation of fired LTCC. Excimer laser machining was used to pattern a resist film laminated on the LTCC surface. This process also roughened the substrate and created channels that were characterised with respect to the laser operating parameters. After patterning the resist layer, samples were activated using Sn/Pd catalyst solution followed by the electroless copper deposition. Electroless copper was selectively deposited only on the patterned LTCC surface. Laser parameters clearly affected the copper plating rate. Even with a similar number of shots per area, the tracks machined with higher repetition rate showed relatively more machining depth as well as good plating conditions with low resistance values. The process was further implemented to realize a complete working circuit on fired LTCC. Passive components including a capacitor and an inductor were also fabricated on LTCC using the mask projection technique of the excimer laser system. This was successful for many designs, but when the separation between conductor lines dropped below 18 μm, electroless copper started to deposit on the areas between them. Finally, a method to deposit copper films on the internal walls of closed channel structures was developed. The method was first demonstrated by flowing electroless copper solutions through silane treated glass capillaries. A thin layer (approx. 60 nm) of electroless copper was deposited only on the internal walls of the glass capillaries. The flow rate of the electroless copper solution had to be maintained at a low level as the copper deposits tended to wash away with higher flow rates. The structures were tested for transmission losses and showed low (<10dB) transmission losses in the terahertz region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The process was further applied to deposit electroless copper on the internal walls of the LTCC closed channel structures to manufacture a LTCC Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW).

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Verlet, Romain. "Influence de l’irradiation et de la radiolyse sur la vitesse et les mécanismes de corrosion des alliages de zirconium." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EMSE0806/document.

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Le combustible nucléaire des Réacteurs à Eau sous Pression (REP), sous forme de pastilles d’oxyde d’uranium UO2 (ou MOx), est confiné dans un gainage en alliage de zirconium. Ce gainage est très important car il représente la première barrière de confinement contre la dissémination des produits de fission, générés par la réaction nucléaire, vers le milieu extérieur. La corrosion par le milieu primaire des alliages de zirconium, en particulier l’alliage Zircaloy-4, est un des facteurs limitant le temps de séjour en réacteur des crayons combustibles (pastilles UO2 + gainage). Afin de permettre aux exploitants de centrales d’optimiser la gestion des cœurs et de prolonger la durée de vie des crayons combustibles en réacteur, de nouveaux alliages à base de zirconium-niobium (M5®) ont été développés. Or, les mécanismes de corrosion de ces derniers ne sont, en l’état, pas complètement élucidés du fait notamment de la complexité de ces matériaux, de l’environnement de corrosion et de la présence de l'irradiation venant du combustible nucléaire. De ce fait, cette thèse porte spécifiquement sur l’effet de la radiolyse et des défauts induits par l’irradiation aux ions dans la matrice métallique et dans la couche d’oxyde sur la vitesse de corrosion de l’alliage Zircaloy-4 et M5®. L’objectif est de déconvoluer la part de l’influence des dommages d’irradiation subis par la matrice métallique, de celle relative aux défauts créés dans l’oxyde et de celle liée à la radiolyse du milieu primaire sur la vitesse d’oxydation des alliages de zirconium en réacteur.1) Concernant l’effet de l’irradiation de la matrice métallique sur la vitesse d’oxydation : des boucles de dislocation de type apparaissent et entrainent une augmentation de la vitesse d’oxydation des deux alliages. Pour le M5®, en plus de ce premier effet, une précipitation d’aiguilles fines de niobium diminue la concentration en niobium en solution solide dans la matrice métallique et in fine dans l’oxyde, ce qui réduit fortement la vitesse d’oxydation de l’alliage.2) Concernant l’effet de l’irradiation de la couche d’oxyde sur la vitesse d’oxydation : les défauts générés par les cascades de déplacement dans l’oxyde augmentent la vitesse d’oxydation des matériaux. Pour le M5®, la germination de zones enrichies en niobium par irradiation de l’oxyde entraine une également diminution de la concentration en niobium en solution solide dans l’oxyde, ce qui réduit une nouvelle fois, la vitesse d’oxydation de cet alliage.3) Concernant l’effet de la radiolyse de l’eau : nous n’avons pas relevé d’effet considérable de la radiolyse sur la corrosion de l’alliage Zy4 ou M5® dans nos conditions expérimentales
The nuclear fuel of pressurized water reactors (PWR) in the form of uranium oxide UO2 pellets (or MOX) is confined in a zirconium alloy cladding. This cladding is very important because it represents the first containment barrier against the release of fission products generated by the nuclear reaction to the external environment. Corrosion by the primary medium of zirconium alloys, particularly the Zircaloy-4, is one of the factors limiting the reactor residence time of the fuel rods (UO2 pellets + cladding). To optimize core management and to extend the lifetime of the fuel rods in reactor, new alloys based on zirconium-niobium (M5®) have been developed. However, the corrosion mechanisms of these are not completely understood because of the complexity of these materials, corrosion environment and the presence of radiation from the nuclear fuel. Therefore, this thesis specifically addresses the effects of radiolysis and defects induced by irradiation with ions in the matrix metal and the oxide layer on the corrosion rate of Zircaloy-4 and M5®. The goal is to separate the influence of radiation damage to the metal, that relating to defects created in the oxide and that linked to radiolysis of the primary medium on the oxidation rate of zirconium alloys in reactor.1) Regarding effect of irradiation of the metal on the oxidation rate: type dislocation loops appear and increase the oxidation rate of the two alloys. For M5®, in addition to the first effect, a precipitation of fines needles of niobium reduced the solid solution of niobium concentration in the metal and ultimately in the oxide, which strongly reduces the oxidation rate of the alloy.2) Regarding the effect of irradiation of the oxide layer on the oxidation rate: defects generated by the nuclear cascades in the oxide increase the oxidation rate of the two materials. For M5®, germination of niobium enriched zones in irradiated oxide also causes a decrease of the niobium concentration in solid solution in the oxide, which once again, reduced the oxidation rate of this alloy.3) Regarding the effect of water radiolysis: We did not identify any significant effect of radiolysis on corrosion of the alloys under our experimental conditions

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Vos, Etienne Eben. "Cosmic ray modulation processes in the heliosphere / Vos E.E." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7266.

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The solar minimum of 2009 has been identified as an exceptional event with regard to cosmic ray (CR)modulation, since conditions in the heliosphere have reached unprecedented quiet levels. This unique minimum has been observed by the Earth–orbiting satellite, PAMELA, launched in June, 2006, from which vast sets of accurate proton and electron preliminary observations have been made available. These simultaneous measurements from PAMELA provide the ideal opportunity to conduct an in–depth study of CR modulation, in particular charge–sign dependent modulation. In utilizing this opportunity, a three–dimensional, steady–state modulation model was used to reproduce a selection of consecutive PAMELA proton and electron spectra from 2006 to 2009. Thiswas done by assuming full drifts and simplified diffusion coefficients, where the rigidity dependence and absolute value of themean free paths for protons and electrons were sequentially adjusted below 3 GV and 300 MV, respectively. Care has been taken in calculating yearly–averaged current–sheet tilt angle and magnetic field values that correspond to the PAMELA spectra. Following this study where the numerical model was used to investigate the individual effects resulting from changes in the tilt angle, diffusion coefficients, and global drifts, it was found that all these modulation processes played significant roles in contributing to the total increase in CR intensities from 2006 to 2009, as was observed by PAMELA. Furthermore, the effect that drifts has on oppositely charged particles was also evident from the difference between the peak–shaped time profiles of protons and the flatter time profiles of electrons, as is expected for an A < 0 polarity cycle. Since protons, which drift into the heliosphere along the heliospheric current–sheet, haven’t yet reached maximum intensity levels by 2008, their intensities increased notably more than electrons toward the end of 2009. The time and energy dependence of the electron to proton ratios were also studied in order to further illustrate and quantify the effect of drifts during this remarkable solar minimum period.
Thesis (M.Sc. (Physics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

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Книги з теми "Dry electrodes"

Election Day. Chicago: Heinemann Library, 2011.

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Частини книг з теми "Dry electrodes"

Hao, Liu, and Tao Xiaoming. "Evaluation Methods and Instruments of Dry Biopotential Electrodes." In Handbook of Smart Textiles, 1–28. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4451-68-0_33-1.

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Hao, Liu, and Xiaoming Tao. "Evaluation Methods and Instruments of Dry Biopotential Electrodes." In Handbook of Smart Textiles, 775–808. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4451-45-1_33.

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Guerrero, Federico N., and Enrique Spinelli. "Surface EMG Multichannel Measurements Using Active, Dry Branched Electrodes." In VI Latin American Congress on Biomedical Engineering CLAIB 2014, Paraná, Argentina 29, 30 & 31 October 2014, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13117-7_1.

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Xiong, Fan, Dongyi Chen, Zhenghao Chen, Chen Jin, and Shumei Dai. "Impedance Characteristics of the Skin-Electrode Interface of Dry Textile Electrodes for Wearable Electrocardiogram." In Internet of Things, 343–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02819-0_26.

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Kakizaki, Alex Toshio, Marcos Henrique Mamoru Otsuka Hamanaka, Vinícius do Lago Pimentel, Carlos Alexandre Ferri, and Antônio Augusto Fasolo Quevedo. "Biopotential Amplification System Developed for Surface Electromyography Using Dry Electrodes." In Proceedings of the 3rd Brazilian Technology Symposium, 239–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93112-8_24.

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Domínguez, Rodrigo Soto, Uriel Anguiano Piña, and Bersaín A. Reyes. "Reusable, Cased and Mechanically Held Graphite-Based Dry ECG Electrodes." In IFMBE Proceedings, 1085–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30648-9_141.

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Rai, Newton, Habibuddin Shaik, N. Veerapandi, Veda Sandeep Nagaraj, and S. Veena. "Carbon-Based Textile Dry and Flexible Electrodes for ECG Measurement." In Advances in Renewable Energy and Electric Vehicles, 37–53. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1642-6_4.

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Mihajlović, Vojkan, Gary Garcia-Molina, and Jan Peuscher. "Dry and Water-Based EEG Electrodes in SSVEP-Based BCI Applications." In Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies, 23–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38256-7_2.

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Cañadas, G. E., C. R. Dell’Aquila, A. Garces, and E. Laciar. "Validation of a Wireless and Portable EEG Acquisition System with Dry Electrodes." In IFMBE Proceedings, 833–37. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-9038-7_153.

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Fiedler, P., S. Brodkorb, C. Fonseca, F. Vaz, F. Zanow, and J. Haueisen. "Novel TiN-based dry EEG electrodes: Influence of electrode shape and number on contact impedance and signal quality." In XII Mediterranean Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing 2010, 418–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13039-7_105.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Dry electrodes"

Li Xie, Geng Yang, Linlin Xu, Fernando Seoane, Qiang Chen, and Lirong Zheng. "Characterization of dry biopotential electrodes." In 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2013.6609791.

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Gargiulo, Gaetano, Paolo Bifulco, Rafael A. Calvo, Mario Cesarelli, Craig Jin, and Andre van Schaik. "Mobile biomedical sensing with dry electrodes." In 2008 International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/issnip.2008.4761997.

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Voica, Stefan-Cristian, Andrei Dragulinescu, and Ana-Maria Dragulinescu. "Dry-electrode based ECG monitoring device with electrodes reliability test capabilities." In 2020 IEEE 8th Electronics System-Integration Technology Conference (ESTC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/estc48849.2020.9229866.

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Damalerio, Ramona, and Ming-Yuan Cheng. "Development of Dry EEG Electrodes and Dry EEG Cap for Neuromonitoring." In 2020 IEEE 70th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ectc32862.2020.00137.

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Gargiulo, Gaetano, Paolo Bifulco, Rafael A. Calvo, Mario Cesarelli, Craig Jin, and Andre van Schaik. "A mobile EEG system with dry electrodes." In BioCAS 2008. IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference - Intelligent Biomedical Systems. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/biocas.2008.4696927.

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Martin, A. I., C. Toledo, J. A. Mercado, A. Vera, L. Leija, and J. Gutierrez. "Evaluation of dry electrodes for sEMG recording." In 2018 Global Medical Engineering Physics Exchanges/Pan American Health Care Exchanges (GMEPE/PAHCE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gmepe-pahce.2018.8400758.

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Posada-Quintero, Hugo F., Ryan Rood, Yeonsik Noh, Ken Burnham, John Pennace, and Ki H. Chon. "Novel dry electrodes for recording electrodermal activity." In 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2016.7592021.

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Fiedler, P., D. Strohmeier, A. Hunold, S. Griebel, R. Muhle, M. Schreiber, P. Pedrosa, et al. "Modular multipin electrodes for comfortable dry EEG." In 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2016.7592022.

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Virtanen, Juhani, Joni Leivo, Antti Vehkaoja, Sanni Somppi, Heini Törnqvist, Patrique Fiedler, Heli Väätäjä, and Veikko Surakka. "Dry contact electrodes performance in canine ECG." In ACI18: Fifth International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3295598.3295609.

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Higashi, Yuichiro, Yusuke Yokota, and Yasushi Naruse. "Signal correlation between wet and original dry electrodes in electroencephalogram according to the contact impedance of dry electrodes." In 2017 39th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2017.8037010.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Dry electrodes"

Jones, Scott B., Shmuel P. Friedman, and Gregory Communar. Novel streaming potential and thermal sensor techniques for monitoring water and nutrient fluxes in the vadose zone. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7597910.bard.

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The “Novel streaming potential (SP) and thermal sensor techniques for monitoring water and nutrient fluxes in the vadose zone” project ended Oct. 30, 2015, after an extension to complete travel and intellectual exchange of ideas and sensors. A significant component of this project was the development and testing of the Penta-needle Heat Pulse Probe (PHPP) in addition to testing of the streaming potential concept, both aimed at soil water flux determination. The PHPP was successfully completed and shown to provide soil water flux estimates down to 1 cm day⁻¹ with altered heat input and timing as well as use of larger heater needles. The PHPP was developed by Scott B. Jones at Utah State University with a plan to share sensors with Shmulik P. Friedman, the ARO collaborator. Delays in completion of the PHPP resulted in limited testing at USU and a late delivery of sensors (Sept. 2015) to Dr. Friedman. Two key aspects of the subsurface water flux sensor development that delayed the availability of the PHPP sensors were the addition of integrated electrical conductivity measurements (available in February 2015) and resolution of bugs in the microcontroller firmware (problems resolved in April 2015). Furthermore, testing of the streaming potential method with a wide variety of non-polarizable electrodes at both institutions was not successful as a practical measurement tool for water flux due to numerous sources of interference and the M.S. student in Israel terminated his program prematurely for personal reasons. In spite of these challenges, the project funded several undergraduate students building sensors and several master’s students and postdocs participating in theory and sensor development and testing. Four peer-reviewed journal articles have been published or submitted to date and six oral/poster presentations were also delivered by various authors associated with this project. We intend to continue testing the "new generation" PHPP probes at both USU and at the ARO resulting in several additional publications coming from this follow-on research. Furthermore, Jones is presently awaiting word on an internal grant application for commercialization of the PHPP at USU.

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