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1

Woody, George E., and Marc Auriacombe. "Drug abuse treatment." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 5, no. 3 (June 1992): 420–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-199206000-00014.

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2

Anglin, M. Douglas, and Yih-Ing Hser. "Treatment of Drug Abuse." Crime and Justice 13 (January 1990): 393–460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/449179.

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3

AZRIN, N. H., B. Donohue, V. A. Besalel, E. S. Kogan, and R. ACIERNO. "Youth Drug Abuse Treatment:." Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 3, no. 3 (December 6, 1994): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j029v03n03_01.

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4

Parillo, Kathleen M., Robert C. Freeman, and Paul Young. "Association Between Child Sexual Abuse and Sexual Revictimization in Adulthood Among Women Sex Partners of Injection Drug Users." Violence and Victims 18, no. 4 (August 2003): 473–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vivi.2003.18.4.473.

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Community-recruited women (n = 1490) were interviewed about their early and adult sexual victimization histories to determine whether there was an association between child sexual abuse and adult revictimization by sex partners and strangers/nonsex partners. Adolescent sexual abuse, lifetime sex-trading, drug treatment, and mental health treatment were examined as mediating variables. One-fourth of the women had been revictimized (i.e., experienced child sexual abuse and at least one instance of adult sexual victimization). Child sexual abuse was associated with both rape and other sexual victimization by a sex partner in adulthood, as well as adult rape by a stranger/nonsex partner. Drug and mental health treatments reduced abused women’s chances of being raped by a sex partner; drug treatment also decreased the likelihood of other sexual victimization by a sex partner. Sex-trading increased abused women’s likelihood of rape by a stranger or nonsex partner. Intervention—including drug treatment—can help women with child sexual abuse histories overcome some of the abuse-related sequelae that make them vulnerable to adult revictimization.
5

Hawkins, J. David, and Richard F. Catalano. "Aftercare in Drug Abuse Treatment." International Journal of the Addictions 20, no. 6-7 (January 1985): 917–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826088509047759.

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6

Leukefeld, Carl G., and Frank M. Tims. "Compulsory Treatment for Drug Abuse." International Journal of the Addictions 25, no. 6 (January 1990): 621–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826089009061324.

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7

Coutinho, Roel A., and Christina Hartgers. "AIDS and drug abuse treatment." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 5, no. 3 (June 1992): 426–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-199206000-00015.

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8

Hser, Yih-Ing, M. Douglas Anglin, and Chih-Ping Chou. "Evaluation of Drug Abuse Treatment." Evaluation Review 12, no. 5 (October 1988): 547–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193841x8801200505.

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9

Halikas, James A. "Treatment of Drug Abuse Syndromes." Psychiatric Clinics of North America 16, no. 4 (December 1993): 693–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0193-953x(18)30144-8.

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10

Stephenson, J. "Toolbox for Drug Abuse Treatment." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 284, no. 15 (October 18, 2000): 1915—b—1915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.15.1915-b.

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11

Stephenson, Joan. "Toolbox for Drug Abuse Treatment." JAMA 284, no. 15 (October 18, 2000): 1915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.15.1915-jha00010-3-1.

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12

Sorensen, James L., and Sharon Hall. "Treatment research in drug abuse." Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 39, no. 1 (May 1991): 235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(91)90475-h.

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13

Horton, Arthur MacNeill. "Comorbidity of drug abuse treatment." Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 19, no. 2 (June 1997): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02229035.

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14

Crits-Christoph, Paul. "Psychosocial Treatment for Drug Abuse." Archives of General Psychiatry 53, no. 8 (August 1, 1996): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830080103015.

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15

Fernández-Montalvo, Javier, José J. López-Goñi, Alfonso Arteaga, Raúl Cacho, and Paula Azanza. "Therapeutic Progression in Abused Women Following a Drug-Addiction Treatment Program." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 32, no. 13 (June 30, 2015): 2046–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515591980.

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This study explored the prevalence of victims of abuse and the therapeutic progression among women who sought treatment for drug addiction. A sample of 180 addicted Spanish women was assessed. Information was collected on the patients’ lifetime history of abuse (psychological, physical, and/or sexual), socio-demographic factors, consumption variables, and psychological symptoms. Of the total sample, 74.4% ( n = 134) of the addicted women had been victims of abuse. Psychological abuse affected 66.1% ( n = 119) of the patients, followed by physical abuse (51.7%; n = 93) and sexual abuse (31.7%; n = 57). Compared with patients who had not been abused, the addicted women with histories of victimization scored significantly higher on several European version of the Addiction Severity Index (EuropASI) and psychological variables. Specifically, physical abuse and sexual abuse were related to higher levels of severity of addiction. Regarding therapeutic progression, the highest rate of dropout was observed among victims of sexual abuse (63.5%; n = 33), followed by victims of physical abuse (48.9%; n = 23). Multivariate analysis showed that medical and family areas of the EuropASI, as well as violence problems and suicide ideation, were the main variables related to physical and/or sexual abuse. Moreover, women without abuse and with fewer family problems presented the higher probability of treatment completion. The implications of these results for further research and clinical practice are discussed.
16

Conca, Addison J., and David R. Worthen. "Nonprescription Drug Abuse." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 25, no. 1 (January 3, 2012): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190011431148.

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Nonprescription drug, also referred to as over-the-counter (OTC) abuse, is a serious and growing global health challenge. Drugs from many different therapeutic classes and numerous dosage forms and drug delivery systems are implicated in nonprescription drug abuse. Individuals who commonly abuse certain nonprescription medications are likewise diverse, varying in age, demographics, and overall health status. The clinician is in a unique position to assist in identifying those patients at risk for nonprescription drug abuse and those who are abusers, and may play an important role in intervention, patient care, and in the treatment of nonprescription drug abuse. A concise review of nonprescription drug abuse may be of use to the clinician in this regard.
17

Bloom, Benedict T., and Mary-Jessimine Bushell. "Vaccines against Drug Abuse—Are We There Yet?" Vaccines 10, no. 6 (May 27, 2022): 860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10060860.

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Background: Drug abuse is a worldwide problem that is detrimental to public health. The potential for drug abuse extends to both legal and illicit drugs. Drawbacks associated with current treatments include limited effectiveness, potential side effects and, in some instances, the absence of or concerns with approved therapy options. A significant amount of clinical research has been conducted investigating immunotherapy as a treatment option against drug abuse. Vaccines against drug abuse have been the main area of research, and are the focus of this review. Methods: An extensive search using “EBSCOhost (Multiple database collection)” with all 28 databases enabled (including “Academic Search Ultimate”, “CINAHL Plus with Full Text”, and MEDLINE), interrogation of the ClinicalTrials.gov website, and searches of individual clinical trial registration numbers, was performed in February and March of 2022. This search extended to references within the obtained articles. Results: A total of 23 registered clinical trials for treating drug abuse were identified: 15 for treatment of nicotine abuse (all vaccine-based trials), 6 against cocaine abuse (4 were vaccine-based trials and 2 were metabolic-enzyme-based trials), 1 against methamphetamine abuse (a monoclonal-antibody-based trial), and 1 multivalent opioid treatment (vaccine-based trial). As indicated on the ClinicalTrials.gov website (Home—ClinicalTrials.gov), the status of all but two of these trials was “Completed”. Phase 3 clinical trials were completed only for vaccine treatments against nicotine abuse. Conclusion: Evidence in the form of efficacy data indicates that vaccines are not an option for treating nicotine or cocaine abuse. Efficacy data are yet to be obtained through completion of clinical trials for vaccines against opioid abuse. These findings align with the absence of regulatory approval for any of these treatments. This review further highlights the need for novel treatment strategies in instances where patients do not respond to current treatments, and while the search for efficacious vaccine-based treatments continues.
18

Baigent, Michael, Gwili Holme, and R. Julian Hafner. "Self Reports of the Interaction between Substance abuse and Schizophrenia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 29, no. 1 (March 1995): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679509075894.

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Fifty-three psychiatric hospital inpatients with a dual diagnosis of substance abuse and schizophrenia were given the Brief Symptom Inventory and the Schizophrenia/Substance Abuse Interview Schedule. Mean age was 29; 49 were men. Only 11% were employed. Forty percent abused mainly alcohol, 40% cannabis and 8% amphetamines; 20% abused more than one substance. Mean onset age of drug abuse was 16 years; schizophrenia was diagnosed a mean of 5 years later, and subjects had been admitted to hospital an average of 7 times since then. Most believed that drug abuse initiated or exacerbated their schizophrenia; 80% took drugs primarily to relieve dysphoria and anxiety. Amphetamines improved subjective well-being significantly more than alcohol, but choice of drugs was determined mainly by price and availability. Only cannabis increased positive symptoms of schizophrenia and only amphetamines reduced negative ones. Effectively treating this population requires an integration of psychiatric and drug treatment services, ideally in a community context.
19

Melanson, Stacy E. F., Leland Baskin, Barbarajean Magnani, Tai C. Kwong, Annabel Dizon, and Alan H. B. Wu. "Interpretation and Utility of Drug of Abuse Immunoassays: Lessons From Laboratory Drug Testing Surveys." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 134, no. 5 (May 1, 2010): 735–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/134.5.735.

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Abstract Context.—To assist with patient diagnosis and management, physicians from pain services, drug treatment programs, and the emergency department frequently request that urine be tested for drugs of abuse. However, urine immunoassays for drugs of abuse have limitations. Objective.—To use data from the College of American Pathologists Proficiency Testing Surveys to determine and summarize the characteristics, performance, and limitations of urine immunoassays for drugs of abuse. Design.—Six years of urine drug testing proficiency surveys were reviewed. Results.—Lysergic acid diethylamide and methaqualone are infrequently prescribed or abused and, therefore, testing may be unnecessary. However, implementation of more specific testing for methylenedioxymethamphetamine and oxycodone may be warranted. Each drug of abuse immunoassay exhibits a different cross-reactivity profile. Depending on the cross-reactivity profile, patients with clinically insignificant concentrations of drugs may have false-positive results, and patients with clinically significant concentrations of drugs may have false-negative results. Conclusions.—Laboratory directors should be aware of the characteristics of their laboratories' assays and should communicate these characteristics to physicians so that qualitative results can be interpreted more accurately. Furthermore, manufacturer's claims should be interpreted with caution and should be verified in each organization's patient population, if possible.
20

Hanley, Michael J., and George A. Kenna. "Quetiapine: Treatment for substance abuse and drug of abuse." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 65, no. 7 (April 1, 2008): 611–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2146/ajhp070112.

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21

Cho, Sung Nam. "Treatment of Drug Abuse-Therapeutic Community." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 41, no. 4 (1998): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.1998.41.4.380.

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22

Gorelick, David A. "Sociodemographic Factors in Drug Abuse Treatment." Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 3, no. 1 (1992): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2010.0119.

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23

Tims, F. M., A. M. Horton, B. W. Fletcher, and R. H. Price. "Assessing Outpatient Drug Abuse Treatment Programs." American Journal of Evaluation 13, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109821409201300105.

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24

Wellisch, Jean, Michael L. Prendergast, and M. Douglas Anglin. "Toward a Drug Abuse Treatment System." Journal of Drug Issues 25, no. 4 (October 1995): 759–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269502500408.

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Drug treatment in the United States has been fragmented, underfunded, less than comprehensive, and poorly planned and integrated. To bring about a significant improvement in the number of drug abusers who receive treatment and in the effectiveness of the treatment they receive, the current fragmented approach needs to be replaced with an integrated, coherent system of drug treatment. This paper discusses the characteristics of a drug treatment system and focuses on two elements of such a system: the use of the health care and criminal justice systems as locations to identify persons in need of drug treatment, and matching clients with appropriate services to improve treatment effectiveness. The paper also discusses several issues that will need to be addressed in developing a drug treatment system, offers examples at the federal, state, and local levels indicative of trends in the direction of a systems approach to drug treatment, and emphasizes the importance of federal leadership in systems development.
25

Savion, Naphtali G., and Steven H. Silverman. "Intraarterial drug abuse: New treatment options." Journal of Vascular Surgery 14, no. 1 (July 1991): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mva.1991.27972.

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26

Silverman, Steven H., and William W. Turner. "Intraarterial drug abuse: New treatment options." Journal of Vascular Surgery 14, no. 1 (July 1991): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0741-5214(91)90162-n.

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27

Stitzer, M. "Standards for drug abuse treatment providers." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 71, no. 2 (August 20, 2003): 213–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-8716(03)00217-5.

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28

Johnson, Knowlton W., Linda C. Young, Geetha Suresh, and Michael L. Berbaum. "Drug Abuse Treatment Training in Peru." Evaluation Review 26, no. 5 (October 2002): 480–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019384102236521.

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29

Ghodse, A. H., M. London, T. H. Bewley, and A. V. Bhat. "In-Patient Treatment for Drug Abuse." British Journal of Psychiatry 151, no. 1 (July 1987): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.151.1.72.

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During 1984 there were 253 admissions to the in-patient drug dependence treatment unit at Tooting Bec Hospital. Of the 198 patients responsible for these admissions, 60% were male and 43% were over the age of 30 years. There were 151 patients admitted for opiate detoxification, and 75% completed the withdrawal schedule. However, only 15 out of 25 patients admitted for benzodiazepine withdrawals were found to be physically dependent. Other reasons for admission included stabilisation of the dose of opiate (24%) and the treatment of physical complications of addiction.
30

Leukefeld, Carl, Carrie B. Oser, Jennifer Havens, Michele Staton Tindall, Jennifer Mooney, Jamieson Duvall, and Hannah Knudsen. "Drug Abuse Treatment Beyond Prison Walls." Addiction Science & Clinical Practice 5, no. 1 (April 2009): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1151/ascp095124.

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31

Tims, Frank M., Arthur M. Horton, Bennett W. Fletcher, and Richard H. Price. "Assessing outpatient drug abuse treatment programs." Evaluation Practice 13, no. 1 (February 1992): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0886-1633(92)90021-3.

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32

Leshner, Alan I. "Drug Abuse and Addiction Treatment Research." Archives of General Psychiatry 54, no. 8 (August 1, 1997): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830200015002.

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33

Ramlagan, Shandir, Karl Peltzer, and Gladys Matseke. "Epidemiology of drug abuse treatment in South Africa." South African Journal of Psychiatry 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v16i2.172.

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<p><strong>Background.</strong> The aim of the study was to explore the epidemiology of drug abuse treatment in South Africa.</p><p><strong>Methods.</strong> Treatment demand statistics were analysed from South African National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the South African Community Epidemiology Network on Drug Use records, and a rapid situation assessment was conducted. Twenty-one key informant interviews were conducted in all 9 provinces among provincial substance abuse co-ordinators, and one manager per treatment centre from a sample of treatment centres. Three focus groups were conducted and 46 self-administered questionnaires were distributed among inpatients at 2 selected treatment centres in Free State and North West provinces. Qualitative data were analysed using grounded theory, and quantitative data analysed using SPSS. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results.</strong> Treatment records show that the most frequent substance of abuse was alcohol (51%), followed by cannabis (21%), crack/cocaine (9.6%), heroin/opiates (7.9%), methamphetamine (Tik) (4.5%), prescription/over-the-counter drugs (2.0%), and cannabis/mandrax (1.7%). More substance abusers were male, of lower education, white or black, than were female, more highly educated, coloured and Indian/Asian. Key informant interviews showed that females are the ‘hidden’ substance abusers and tend not to be identified in research statistics and at treatment centres. Poverty, unemployment, lack of recreational facilities, being surrounded by substance abusers, and long work shifts were also mentioned as factors contributing to substance abuse. The age of initiation of substance abuse using non-drugs such as glue was 9 years old, alcohol 10 - 12 years old, dagga 11 - 12 years old, poly-drug use (alcohol, tobacco and dagga) 14 years old, and harder drugs such as cocaine and heroin at 16 - 17 years old, as reported by key informants. Family care and support, improved socio-economic conditions and increased law enforcement would help to discourage substance abuse.</p><p><strong>Conclusion.</strong> Prevention interventions and policies in South Africa should focus on reducing substance abuse by targeting the ‘at risk populations’ identified in this study.</p>
34

Bahr, Stephen J., Amber L. Masters, and Bryan M. Taylor. "What Works in Substance Abuse Treatment Programs for Offenders?" Prison Journal 92, no. 2 (March 21, 2012): 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885512438836.

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The purpose of this article is to review current empirical research on the effectiveness of drug treatment programs, particularly those for prisoners, parolees, and probationers. The authors reviewed empirical research published after the year 2000 that they classified as Level 3 or higher on the Maryland Scale. Participants in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), therapeutic communities, and drug courts had lower rates of drug use and crime than comparable individuals who did not receive treatment. Several different types of pharmacological treatments were associated with a reduced frequency of drug use. Those who received contingency management tended to use drugs less frequently, particularly if they also received cognitive-behavioral therapy. Finally, researchers reported that drug use and crime were lower among individuals whose treatment was followed by an aftercare program. Effective treatment programs tend to (a) focus on high-risk offenders, (b) provide strong inducements to receive treatment, (c) include several different types of interventions simultaneously, (d) provide intensive treatment, and (e) include an aftercare component.
35

Chan, Gloria Hongyee, T. Wing Lo, Gabriel Kwun-Wa Lee, and Cherry Hau-Lin Tam. "Social Capital and Social Networks of Hidden Drug Abuse in Hong Kong." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17 (August 27, 2020): 6231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176231.

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Owing to the increasing prevalence of hidden drug abuse in Hong Kong, yet scarce relevant current local research, this study seeks to carry out an in-depth investigation into the experience of hidden drug abusers, paying particular attention to their relevance to social capital and social networks. Seventy-three abusers attending drug treatment programs were interviewed, and a thematic analysis was performed. The results indicate hidden drug abuse is popular in Hong Kong. Apart from the decline of public, large-scale discos and the change of the types of drugs abused to date, one important contributing factor is the drug supply and transaction networks, which are extensive and multilocused, but secretive, with high closure levels. This kind of network is supported by bonding, bridging, and linking social capital as well as by providing convenient supply modes and offering drug abusers psychological comfort and safety. These factors encourage the hidden drug abuse to prevail and allow drug abusers to remain unidentifiable.
36

Beresford, David. "The abuse of drugs." Psychiatric Bulletin 13, no. 1 (January 1989): 35–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.13.1.35.

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Recent Government policy has encouraged initiatives aimed at preventing the spread of drug misuse and improving treatment for those who already suffer the effects of dependence. There are probably up to 100,000 opiate addicts in the UK and dependence on prescribed drugs such as benzodiazepines presents a problem of increasing medico-legal significance. All doctors have a responsibility to ensure that drug misusers are offered treatment and should be prepared to assist them with withdrawal from drugs if requested to do so. Many doctors still fight shy of becoming involved, often through fear of contravening the controlling legislation.
37

McLellan, A. Thomas, and Enid Hunkeler. "Alcohol & Drug Abuse: Patient Satisfaction and Outcomes in Alcohol and Drug Abuse Treatment." Psychiatric Services 49, no. 5 (May 1998): 573–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ps.49.5.573.

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38

Travis, Trysh. "The Intersectional Origins of Women’s “Substance Abuse” Treatment." Contemporary Drug Problems 44, no. 4 (November 2, 2017): 265–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091450917738074.

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The WOMAN Center was a women’s drug treatment program focused on heroin that existed in Detroit’s Cass Corridor neighborhood between 1971 and 1985. During this period, successful advocacy by the Modern Alcoholism Movement was establishing the “disease model” as the norm in the expanding alcoholism treatment realm; therapeutic communities and methadone maintenance vied for similar prominence in the world of drug treatment. The WOMAN Center approached drug dependence quite differently. Its founders’ allegiance to ideas about grassroots organizing led them to see drug use and related problems as predictable responses to community chaos and blight. Their treatment program hinged on linking individual and community empowerment, achieved through drug cessation but also through consciousness-raising and leadership training. This theory was difficult to operationalize and the WOMAN Center’s tenure was short-lived. This article argues that it is nevertheless an important moment in the theorization of women’s alcohol and other drug problems: WOMAN’s intersectional analysis of gender, which drew special attention to the ways that capitalism and racism affect women’s decisions to use drugs, is a road not taken for women’s treatment. Attention to such a politicized vision of recovery is important as the U.S. grapples with the present wave of narcotics use in rural and rust-belt communities.
39

Emran, Md Ali, Sheikh Shahinur Hossain, AKM Salek, Md Moniruzzaman Khan, Syed Mozaffar Ahmed, Md Nuruzzaman Khandaker, and Mohammad Tariqul Islam. "Drug abuse in sports and doping." Bangladesh Medical Journal 43, no. 1 (December 30, 2014): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v43i1.21379.

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Drug is defined as a substance that alters the physiological processes of the body which is used for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease. Abuse denotes injudicious or irrational application. The use of performance-enhancing drugs is probably the major problem facing sport today. Despite intense efforts by sporting bodies and the medical professionals to eliminate the problem, drug taking to enhance sport performance remains widespread. No player should gain an unfair advantage over other players by using an unethical substance or method. The use of drugs may also be extremely dangerous to the health of players. Drug testing programs have been established by amateur and professional sports authorities to promote a safe and fair competitive environment. Clinicians who treat athletes should be familiar with the commonly abused substances and doping methods DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v43i1.21379 Bangladesh Med J. 2014 January; 43 (1): 46-50
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Alderman, Elizabeth Meller, S. Kenneth Schonberg, and Michael I. Cohen. "The Pediatrician's Role in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Substance Abuse." Pediatrics In Review 13, no. 8 (August 1, 1992): 314–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.13.8.314.

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Abuse of drugs and alcohol is pervasive in our society. The role of the pediatrician as a health-care provider from birth through young adulthood includes recognizing the stigmata in newborns of prenatally ingested drugs as well as being able to treat neonatal drug withdrawal syndromes. Questioning about drug use and other closely related topics should be incorporated into all health-care maintenance visits, starting at the age of 10 y, with parental participation and anticipatory guidance being offered. Physical examination and laboratory testing are not as helpful in confirming an impression of substance abuse as a comprehensive interview and a full appreciation of the warning signs of substance abuse. Treatment of the problematic user with a multidisciplinary team that understands adolescent development and behavior as well as the problem of substance abuse is crucial. The decision to treat the teen in an ambulatory or inpatient setting is determined by the extent of abuse, underlying medical problems and psychopathology, and the degree of family dysfunction. The pediatrician must not avoid addressing these issues with patients. If, however, upon identifying an adolescent or a newborn with a drug problem, the pediatrician feels uncomfortable or ill-prepared to manage the patient, appropriate professional referrals are warranted. Despite exercising the referral option for treatment, as advocate for child and family, the pediatrician remains professionally bound to track all drug abuse-related referrals while continuing to participate in the general ongoing care of the patient and family.
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Talbott, William R. "Drug Abuse Treatment “Models”: Meehl's Lament Revisited." International Journal of the Addictions 24, no. 11 (January 1989): 1083–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826088909047330.

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42

McNulty, Jane, and Christos Kouimtsidis. "Outcomes of treatment interventions in drug abuse." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 14, no. 3 (May 2001): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-200105000-00007.

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43

Yan, Jun. "Drug Abuse Treatment Often Addressed as Afterthought." Psychiatric News 43, no. 8 (April 18, 2008): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/pn.43.8.0009.

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44

Ilja Michels, Ingo, Min Zhao, and Lin Lu. "Drug abuse and its treatment in China." SUCHT 53, no. 4 (January 2007): 228–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/2007.04.04.

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Drogenmissbrauch und Behandlung in China <span class="fett">Hintergrund:</span> Opiatmissbrauch lässt sich in China mehrere Jahrhunderte zurückverfolgen. Zur Zeit der Gründung der Volksrepublik China im Jahre 1949 war die Zahl der Opiummissbraucher auf über 20 Mio. angewachsen (5 % der Bevölkerung). In den frühen 50er Jahren unternahm die neue chinesische Regierung dramatische Anstrengungen, den Opiummissbrauch zu bekämpfen durch landesweite Anti-Drogen-Kampagnen mit z. T. harschen Methoden. Zwischen 1950 bis 1980 wurde China als drogenfreies Land angesehen. Seit der Erneuerung des Landes Ende der 80er Jahre hat sich Drogenmissbrauch sehr schnell wieder zum nationalen Problem entwickelt. </p><p> <span class="fett">Aktuelle Situation:</span> Die Zahl der polizeilich registrierten Drogenmissbraucher stieg von 70.000 im Jahr 1990 auf über 1 Mio. Ende 2006. Ein großes Problem stellt die Ausbreitung von HIV dar mit mehr als 650.000 HIV-Infektionen, wovon rund 50 % auf i. v. Drogenkonsum zurückzuführen sind. Seit 2003 hat China harm reduction orientierte Maßnahmen implementiert wie Spritzenaustausch- und Methadonlangzeitprogramme, um die HIV-Ausbreitung unter Kontrolle zu bringen. Auch wenn noch immer Zwangstherapien vorherrschen, gewinnen freiwillige Behandlungseinrichtungen und psychotherapeutische Methoden zunehmend an Bedeutung. </p><p> <span class="fett">Schlussfolgerungen:</span> Die wachsende Zahl der Methadonprogramme hat vielen i. v. Drogenkonsumenten auch eine neue Behandlungsoption eröffnet und die Ausbaupläne sind ambitioniert.
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Chu, Doris C., and Hung-En Sung. "Causation of Drug Abuse and Treatment Strategy." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 58, no. 4 (October 15, 2012): 496–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x12462855.

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Anderson, DonaldW, me, BradJ Bowland, WilliamS Cartwright, and Gail Bassin. "Service-Level Costing of Drug Abuse Treatment." Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 15, no. 3 (May 1998): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0740-5472(97)00189-x.

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47

Kosten, Thomas, and S. Michael Owens. "Immunotherapy for the treatment of drug abuse." Pharmacology & Therapeutics 108, no. 1 (October 2005): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.06.009.

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48

Waldron, Holly Barrett, Sheryl Kern-Jones, Charles W. Turner, Thomas R. Peterson, and Timothy J. Ozechowski. "Engaging resistant adolescents in drug abuse treatment." Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 32, no. 2 (March 2007): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2006.07.007.

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Inciardi, James A., and Steven S. Martin. "Drug Abuse Treatment in Criminal Justice Settings." Journal of Drug Issues 23, no. 1 (January 1993): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269302300101.

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50

Cohen, Jeff, Abby Ilumoka, and Iman Salehi. "Neural Network-Based Drug Abuse Treatment Optimization." Procedia Computer Science 61 (2015): 454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.09.186.

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