Дисертації з теми "Drinking water treatment processes"
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Arnette, Verna J. "Cyanotoxin Removal in Drinking Water Treatment Processes." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1258475751.
Philippe, Karine K. "The role of advanced oxidation processes in drinking water treatment." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2010. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/6782.
Rolph, Catherine. "21st Century biological processes for metaldehyde removal in drinking water treatment." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2016. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/10011.
Sanches, Sandra. "Integration of Membrane Filtration and Photolysis Processes for Drinking Water Treatment." Doctoral thesis, Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/12031.
Water is a fundamental resource for life. The presence of hazardous micropollutants such as pesticides and hormones in drinking water sources as well as the evidence of their presence in several treated waters raised concerns regarding the quality of the water intended for human consumption. The development of new technologies which are able to cope with these micropollutants and ensure the fulfillment of future more stringent regulations is therefore needed. Low pressure ultraviolet direct and indirect photolysis (using hydrogen peroxide and titanium dioxide) and nanofiltration are extremely promising technologies to effectively remove organic micropollutants from water.(...)
Liu, Yen-Ling. "The Fate of Cyanotoxins in Drinking Water Sources and Treatment Processes." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1515021263671957.
Holland, Valerie Ann. "Evaluation of conventional treatment processes for removal of nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) from drinking water /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1426067.
Ferrer, Mallén Olga. "Substitution of conventional pre-treatment units by membrane based processes in drinking water treatment." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/334975.
Aquesta tesis s'ha centrat en l'estudi de la substitució, total o parcial, de l'etapa de pre-tractament d'estacions de tractament d'aigua potable (ETAPs) per processos de membrana, en particular per ultrafiltració (UF). Per a tal fi, es van realitzar experiments a nivell laboratori i pilot per, en primer lloc, avaluar la seva viabilitat tècnica, i en segon, optimitzar el seu funcionament per determinar així si l'esquema de tractament proposat era competitiu des d'un punt de vista hidràulic i de qualitat amb el pre-tractament convencional actual. A més, es van definir assajos per assegurar el seu correcte funcionament i fiabilitat, i es van identificar avantatges addicionals a les purament associades a l'etapa de pre-tractament. El cas d'estudi seleccionat va ser l'ETAP de Sant Joan Despí (Barcelona) degut a les seves particularitats: tracta aigua del riu Llobregat, que és un recurs altament variable en termes de qualitat i quantitat, i és un sistema multi-etapa complex. En conseqüència aquest estudi va cobrir un ampli rang de condicions i va permetre portar la tecnologia en qüestió a condicions límit. Els resultats vam mostrar que la UF directa d'aigua crua de riu és capaç de substituir, i resulta competitiva, amb la dioxicloració, coagulació/floculació, decantació i filtració per sorra. La planta pilot va ser capaç de tractar contínuament aigua crua durant 2 anys, independentment de la seva qualitat (ex. terbolesa d'entrada > 1000 NTU), produint aigua de qualitat alta i estable, tant fisicoquímicament com microbiològicament. La majoria dels paràmetres fisicoquímics avaluats van presentar valors inferiors i amb menor variabilitat en l'esquema d'UF directa que en el pre-tractament convencional. Des d'una perspectiva microbiològica, l'esquema d'UF directa avaluat va assegurar una eliminació > 5 log10 unitats de bactèries i virus de tamany superior a 60 nm. El rendiment hídric va oscil.lar entre 94.0-94.7% en condicions òptimes, requerint 1 o 2 contra rentats químics al dia, una pressió transmembrana per sota d'1 bar, fluxos de filtració entre 40-70 L/(m2.h) i un baix consum de reactius químics. En aplicar una micro-coagulació prèvia a la UF, l'increment de la resistència hidràulica durant la filtració va disminuir i es va estabilitzar, l'eficiència del contra rentat va augmentar, i la freqüència dels contra rentats químics va davallar. Degut a que els indicadors d'embrutiment (SDI15 i MFI0.45) del permeat d'UF directa van resultar inferiors als del pretractament convencional, és d'esperar que la unitat següent d'osmosis inversa (OI) precisi menys neteges químiques i per tant, la seva vida útil es prolongui. Addicionalment, a part de l'estalvi econòmic associat a la reducció significativa de reactius dosificats en l'esquema l'UF directa (desinfectants químics i coagulants principalment), es va demostrar una disminució del risc de degradació de les membranes d'OI. Es van dur a terme estudis avaluant els efectes de l'exposició de certs químics (dosificats en el pre-tractament convencional però no en l'UF directa) en les propietats fisicoquímiques i de transport de membranes d'OI. Una caracterització avançada va permetre relacionar els canvis de funcionament de les membranes d'OI amb els seus canvis de composició i d'estructura. La implementació de la UF directa implica que el pre-tractament consisteixi únicament en una etapa de filtració. Això suposa avantatges en termes de complexitat del procés, requeriments d'espai així com d'evitar l'ús de desinfectats químics. Tanmateix, la preservació de les seves propietats de separació al llarg del temps és de gran importància, sobretot des d'un punt de vista microbiològic. En conseqüència, es van definir i dur a terme periòdicament assajos en base a microorganismes per avaluar la integritat de la membrana d'UF directa. Els resultats van indicar que la integritat de la membrana d'UF s'havia preservat durant els 2 anys d'estudi, malgrat les condicions severes que la UF directa va suposar
Lin, Joseph C. (Joseph Chris) 1981. "Determining the removal effectiveness of flame retardants from drinking water treatment processes." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29411.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 52-55).
Low concentrations of xenobiotic chemicals have recently become a concern in the surface water environment. The concern expands to drinking water treatment processes, and whether or not they remove these chemicals while going through the treatment plant. In this study, the concentrations of organophosphoric acid triester flame retardants tributyl phosphate, tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, and ethanol, 2-butoxy-, phosphate (3:1) were measured after major treatment processes at the Chattahoochee Drinking Water Plant in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. The findings indicated significant removal of all three organophosphate triesters after the pre-treatment chemical addition of sodium hypochlorite. The interaction of sodium hypochlorite and organophosphate triesters, through oxidation, was suspected to be the reason for the removal. Second, the concentrations of tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate after the filtration stage and at the clearwell were much greater than values after the sedimentation stage, and were well above the concentration measured at the intake. Exposure to the chemicals within the treatment plant was the chief potential reason for the heightened concentrations.
by Joseph C. Lin.
M.Eng.
Itle, Cortney H. "Properties of Waste Resulting from Arsenic Removal Processes in Drinking Water Treatment." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34132.
Master of Science
Malcolm, Watson. "The removal of arsenic during drinking water treatment by sorption and coagulation processes." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2016. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=101128&source=NDLTD&language=en.
Ova disertacija ispituje faktore koji utiču na uklanjanje arsena iz podzemne vode primenom adsorpcija i koagulacije, uključujući i interakcije između arsena i prirodnih organskih materija (POM). Huminska kiselina (HA) je korisćena kao model za POM, a pokazano je da može i da kompleksira i da oksiduje As, u zavisnosti od eksperimentalnih uslova. Ispitivane su mogućnosti uklanjanja arsena za tri peska obložena gvožđe oksidom (IOCS), uključujući IOCSW, koji je dobijen sa postrojenja za tretman vode za piće i potiče iz procesa uklanjanja gvožđa i mangana. IOCSW se pokazao kao visoko efikasan za uklanjanje As(V) i As(III) iz sintetičkih vodenih matriksa (qmax = 78.3 µg As(V)/g i 99.1 µg As(III)/g). Negativni efekti kompetirajućih jona (fosfata, silikata i HA) na uklanjanje arsena nisu bili dovoljno značajni da bi se isključila primena IOCSW za uklanjanje arsena tokom tretmana vode za piće. Zajedničko uklanjanje As i POM koagulacijom i unapređenom koagulacijom uz podešavanje pH i kombinovanje sa oksidacionim predtretmanima je takođe ispitivano. Bolje uklanjanje koagulacijom postignuto je za As(V) u odnosu na As(III), stoga se kao najefikasniji ispitivani koagulacioni tretman pokazalo uklanjanje arsena i POM primenom predozonizacije praćene kombinovanom koagulacijom sa polialuminijum hloridom i gvožđe hloridom. Ispitivanja na različitim podzemnim vodama, pokazala su velike varijacije u ponašanju As i POM tokom tretmana. Iz tog razloga je primenjena metodologija odzivne površine (RSM) u cilju ispitivanja interakcija između As i POM tokom koagulacije gvožđe hloridom i optimizacije njihovog kombinovanog uklanjanja. Sagledavanje većeg broja interakcija primenom metodologije odzivne površine potvrđuje važnost njegove primene pri optimizaciji tretmana vode za piće.
Trozell, Oskar, Daniel Wiman, Elis Wiggins, Elin Stigenberg, Alva Bergström, and Emilia Andersson. "Sustainable water treatment processes : Scenarios for a better environment in Håbo municipality." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kemi - Ångström, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-448625.
Allpike, Bradley. "Size exclusion chromatography as a tool for natural organic matter characterisation in drinking water treatment." Thesis, Curtin University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/658.
Allpike, Bradley. "Size exclusion chromatography as a tool for natural organic matter characterisation in drinking water treatment." Curtin University of Technology, Dept. of Applied Chemistry, 2008. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18675.
These parameters included eluent composition, ionic strength of the sample, flow rate and injection volume. Firstly, it was found that increasing the ionic strength of the HPSEC eluent resulted in less exclusion of NOM from the stationary phase. Stationary phases used in HPSEC contain a residual negative charge that can repel the negatively charged regions of NOM, effectively reducing the accessible pore volume. By increasing the ionic strength, interactions between the stationary phase and eluent enabled a larger effective pore size for the NOM analytes. However, increasing ionic strength of the eluent also resulted in a loss of peak resolution for the NOM portion able to access the pore volume of the stationary phase. Determining the ideal eluent composition required the balancing of these two outcomes. Matching of the ionic strength of the sample with the eluent was also an important consideration. Retention times were slightly lower when the sample ionic strength was not matched with the eluent, especially for the lowest MW material, although the effect on chromatography was minimal. Flow rate had no effect on the resolution of the HPSEC chromatogram for the portion of material able to permeate the pore space of the stationary phase. Changes in the volume of sample injected had a marked effect on the elution profile of the NOM sample. Besides the obvious limitation of detection limit, only minor changes in elution profile were obtained up to an injection volume of 100 µL. Volumes above this value, however, resulted in significant peak broadening issues, as well as an undesirable effect on the low MW portion of detected DOC.
In Chapter 3, high pressure size exclusion chromatography with UV254 [subscript] and on-line detection of organic carbon (HPSEC-UV254[subscript]-OCD) was used to compare the removal of different apparent MW fractions of DOC by two process streams operating in parallel at the local Wanneroo groundwater treatment plant (GWTP). One of these two process streams included alum coagulation (operating in an enhanced coagulation mode (EC) for increased DOC removal) and the other stream included a magnetic ion exchange (MIEX®) process followed by alum coagulation (MIEX®-C). The MIEX® process is based on a micro-sized, macroporous, strong base anion exchange resin with magnetic properties, which has been designed to remove NOM through ion exchange of the anionic sites in NOM. Water was sampled from five key locations within these process streams, and the DOC at each location was characterised in terms of its MW distribution. HPSEC was carried out using three different on-line detector systems, namely OCD, UV absorbance detection at 254 nm, and fluorescence detection (λex[subscript]= 282 nm; λim[subscript] = 353 nm). This approach provided significant information on the chemical nature of the DOC in the various MW fractions. The MIEX®-C process was found to outperform the EC process: these two processes removed similar amounts of high and low MW DOC, but the MIEX®-C process showed greater removal of DOC from the intermediate MW fractions. The two coagulation processes (EC and coagulation following MIEX®) showed good removal of the fractions of highest MW, while the MIEX® process alone was found to remove DOC across all MW fractions.
These results seem to indicate that anionic groups, particularly susceptible to removal with MIEX® treatment, are well distributed across all MW fractions of NOM. In agreement with previous studies, MIEX®-C outperformed EC in the overall removal of DOC (MIEX®-C removed 25 % more DOC than EC). However, 70% of the additional DOC removed by MIEX®-C was comprised of a surprisingly narrow range of medium-high MW fractions. The development of a novel online organic carbon detector (OCD) for use with HPSEC for determining the MW distribution of NOM is described in Chapter 4. With UV absorbance detection, the magnitude of the signal is based on the extinction coefficient of the chromophores in the analytes being investigated; whereas the signal from an OCD is proportional to the actual organic carbon concentrations, providing significantly more information. The development of an online OCD involved the separation of analytes using HPSEC, removal of inorganic carbon species which may interfere with organic carbon determination, oxidation of the organic carbon to carbon dioxide, separation of the produced carbon dioxide from the aqueous phase and subsequent detection of the gaseous carbon dioxide. In the new instrument, following separation of components by HPSEC, the sample stream was acidified with orthophosphoric acid to a concentration of 20 mmol L-1[superscript], resulting in a pH of ≤ 2, in order to convert inorganic carbon to carbon dioxide. This acid dose was found to remove greater than 99 % of inorganic carbon once the acidified sample was passed through a hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane allowing the passage of dissolved gases (under negative pressure from a vacuum pump) but restricting the flow of the mobile phase.
Several factors influenced the oxidation of the organic carbon in the next step, including the dose of persulfate, the type and intensity of UV radiation and the composition of the capillary through which the sample stream passes. Through optimisation of this process, it was found that a persulfate dose of 0.84 mmol L-1[superscript] in the sample stream was required for optimum oxidation efficiency. A medium pressure UV lamp was compared to a vacuum UV lamp for its efficiency in oxidation of organic carbon to carbon dioxide. While the medium pressure lamp produced a far smaller percentage of its total radiation at the optimum wavelength for oxidation of organic compounds, the greater overall intensity of the medium pressure lamp was shown to be superior for this application. The composition of the capillary was shown to have a considerable effect on the oxidation efficiency. A quartz capillary, internal diameter 0.6 mm, was compared with a PTFE capillary, internal diameter 0.5 mm, for the oxidation of organic carbon by external UV treatment. While peak width, an important consideration in chromatographic resolution, was greater for the larger internal diameter quartz capillary, the lower UV transparency of PTFE combined with the shorter contact time, due to the reduced internal diameter of the capillary, resulted in a less efficient oxidation step using the PTFE capillary. The quartz capillary was therefore chosen for use in the UV/persulfate oxidation step for oxidation of organic carbon to carbon dioxide. Separation of the produced carbon dioxide from the sample stream was achieved by sparging with nitrogen and contacting the gas/liquid mixture with a hydrophobic PTFE membrane, restricting the passage of the liquid while allowing the nitrogen and carbon dioxide gases to pass to the detection system.
The only factor influencing this separation was the flow of the nitrogen sparge gas, with a flow of 2 mL min-1[superscript] found to be optimum. Detection of produced carbon dioxide was via a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer with a Iightpipe accessory. The Iightpipe accessory was designed for use as a detector for gas chromatography and the small size of the detector cell was ideal for use with this application. Using the new system described, concentrations of a single peak could be determined with a detection limit of 31 ng and a determination limit of 68 ng. The development of the new OCD allowed characterisation of NOM in terms of its MW distribution and the UV and fluorescence spectral properties of each MW fraction. Further characterisation of MW fractions of NOM from a local groundwater bore was carried out by separation of the fractions by preparative HPSEC, followed by off-line analysis. Preparative HPSEC involved the injection of a pre-concentrated groundwater sample multiple times, using a large scale HPSEC column, then collecting and combining material of identical MW. This allowed each MW fraction of the sample to be further characterised as described in Chapter 5. Preparative HPSEC has only previously been applied to a small number of samples for the concentration and fractionation of NOM, where the structural features of the various MW fractions were studied. In the current research, more extensive studies of not only the chemical characteristics, but also the disinfection behaviour, of the MW fractions were conducted. Separation of the sample was conducted on a large diameter silica-based HPSEC column, with fraction collection based on semi-resolved peaks of the HPSEC chromatogram. Nine MW fractions were collected by this method.
After concentration and dialysis to remove the buffer salts in the HPSEC mobile phase, each fraction was re-analysed by analytical HPSEC-UV254[subscript] and showed a single Gaussian shaped peak, indicating discrete MW fractions had successfully been collected. Analysis of the collected MW fractions indicated that 57 % of the organic carbon was in Fractions 3 and 4, with 41 % in Fractions 5-9, leaving only 2 % in Fractions 1 (highest MW) and 2. For each of the nine MW fractions, chorine demand and 7 day trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) were measured on dilute solutions of the same DOC concentration, and solid state 13[superscript]C NMR spectra were recorded on some of the solid isolates obtained after Iyophilisation of the separate or combined dialysis retentates. The larger MW Fractions 3 and 4 were found to contain a greater proportion of aromatic and carbonyl carbon, and the lower MW Fractions 5 and 6 and Fractions 7-9 contained greater proportions of aliphatic and O-aliphatic carbon, by this technique. Chlorine demand experiments on each individual fraction with a normalised DOC concentration indicated that the largest MW fraction (Fraction 1) had the lowest chlorine demand. It was concluded that material in this fraction may be associated with inorganic colloids and unavailable for reaction with chlorine. Fraction 3 had the highest chlorine demand, just over two times more than the next highest chlorine demand (Fraction 4) and approximately three times the chlorine demand of Fraction 2. The organic material in Fraction 2 was postulated to contain a mixture of the reactive material present in Fraction 3 and the colloidal associated material present in Fraction 1.
NMR analysis indicated that the difference between Fraction 3 and Fraction 4 was a reduction in reactive aromatic carbon and hence the lower chlorine demand in the latter fraction. Fractions 5-8 had similar chlorine demands, lower than Fraction 4, while Fraction 9 had a very low chlorine demand similar to that of Fraction 1. For Fractions 5-9, the lower aromatic carbon content most likely resulted in the lower chlorine demand. The 7 day THMFP experiments showed some clear trends, with Fraction 1 and Fraction 2 producing the least amounts of THMs but having the greatest incorporation of bromine. Fractions 3 and 4 produced the greatest concentration of THMs with the lowest bromine incorporation, perhaps as they contained fast reacting THM precursors and the higher chlorine concentrations resulted in greater amounts of chlorinated THMs. Fraction 5 and Fraction 6 produced similar levels of THMs over 7 days to Fractions 7-9 (approximately 75% of the amount formed by Fractions 3 and 4), however, Fractions 7-9 formed these THMs more quickly than Fractions 5 and 6, with slightly greater amounts of bromine incorporation. It was thought that the increased speed of formation was due to the smaller MW of these fractions and a simpler reaction pathway from starting material to formation of THMs, as well as some structural differences. This research marks the first report of significantly resolved MW fractions being isolated and their behaviour in the presence of a disinfectant being determined. While the high MW fractions had the greatest chlorine demands and THMFPs, these fractions are also the easiest to remove during coagulation water treatment processes, as shown in Chapter 3. The lowest MW material formed significant amounts of THMs, and also formed THMs more quickly than other MW fractions.
This has important implications from a water treatment perspective, as the lowest MW material is also the most difficult to remove during conventional treatment processes. Solid samples of NOM were isolated from water samples taken from four points at the Wanneroo GWTP using ultrafiltration and subsequent Iyophilisation of the retained fractions, as described in Chapter 6. The sampling points were following aeration (Raw), following treatment by MIEX®, following treatment by MIEX®-C and following treatment by EC. Elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, solid state 13[superscript]C NMR spectroscopy and HPSEC-UV254[subscript]-0CD analysis were used to compare the four isolates. Treatment with MIEX®-C was found to remove the greatest amount of NOM. Additionally, treatment with MIEX®-C was able to remove the largest MW range of NOM, with the remaining material being depleted in aromatic species and having a greater proportion of aliphatic and O-aliphatic carbon. EC treatment completely removed the NOM components above 5000 Da, but NOM below this was not well removed. NOM remaining after the EC train had a lower aromatic content and more aliphatic oxygenated organic matter than the RW. The remaining organic matter after MIEX® treatment contained less aromatic material compared to the RW, but had a greater aromatic content than either of the EC or MIEX®-C samples. HPSEC was a significant analytical technique used throughout this research. Initial optimisation of an HPSEC method was an important development which allowed improved resolution of various MW fractions. The application of this technique and comparison of three detection systems for the study of DOC removal showed, for the first time, the performance of MIEX® treatment at a full scale groundwater treatment facility.
The use of various HPSEC detection systems allowed significant characterisation of the MW fractions, more information than had previously been gathered from such a sample set. This work demonstrated the need for OCD when applying HPSEC to the study of NOM. As such, a system was constructed that built on previously developed systems, with the use of a small detector cell enabling detection limits capable of measuring even the most dilute natural and treated water samples. To study the individual MW fractions in detail, preparative HPSEC was applied and, for the first time, the disinfection behaviour of various MW fractions was examined. Interestingly, the lowest MW fractions, acknowledged to be the most recalcitrant to conventional water treatment processes, produced significant quantities of THMs. Also the formation kinetics of THMs from the low MW fractions indicated that THMs were formed as quickly as, or perhaps even at faster rates than from the larger MW fractions. Finally, structural characterisation of NOM at four stages of the Wanneroo GWTP indicated MIEX®-C treatment was superior to EC, of significant interest for the water industry.
Less, John Ryan. "Comparison of Natural Organic Matter (NOM) Removal Processes on Disinfection Byproduct (DBP) Formation During Drinking Water Treatment." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1293217404.
Beauchamp, Nicolas. "Methods for estimating reliability of water treatment processes : an application to conventional and membrane technologies." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/2434.
Bäckström, Nilsson Wilma. "Carbon Filters for Drinking Water Treatment – How Flow Rate and Empty Bed Contact Time Influence the Performance." Thesis, KTH, Kemiteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298356.
Drinking water is an essential part of a sustainable society. In the future, the demand for drinking water will increase and contaminants in the water sources are also predicted to increase. Therefore, it is essential to ensure safe drinking water through functioning drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). One important contaminant to treat is natural organic matter (NOM), which is harmless in itself but can produce harmful products. One technique to use for treating NOM is carbon filters (CFs). The effect of increased flow rate and increased empty bed contact time (EBCT) on the CF efficiency was investigated at a DWTP. The investigated parameters were particles, ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm, turbidity, conductivity, cultivable microorganisms, fluorescent dissolved organic matter, total organic carbon, chemical oxygen demand, and odour. Three CFs were studied at different flow rates; 190, 220, 250, and 280 L/s for 24 hours each. Additionally, two filters had increased EBCT of 60 and 76 %, while one filter continued with the regular flow rate of 190 L/s for six weeks. Outgoing water from the filters was analysed to see if the change had any effect on the DWTP. This preliminary study did not find any significant effect on the CF treatment caused by increased flow rate or EBCT. This could be an indication that the CFs can handle a future increase in flow rate and thus be an essential part of a future expansion of the DWTP. The indications of CFs being affected by the increase in flow rates for some of the parameters could be explained by fluctuations in incoming water or differences between the separate filters. In the future, a more thorough analysis of both incoming and outgoing water to the CFs should be done, where sampling occurs more frequently to better understand the fluctuations in incoming contaminant concentrations. The measurements should also be repeated to see how the treatment differs from day to day. How the CFs handle increased flow rates over longer time periods should also be investigated further.
Konečný, Jiří. "Posouzení účinnosti filtračního materiálu DMI-65 na odstraňování kovů z vody." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240478.
Prézélus, Flavie. "Ecodesign of ultrafiltration membranes for drinking water production : an experimental and modelling approach." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0088.
Although ultrafiltration treatment processes are widely used for drinking water applications, their environmental performances remain poorly understood. The objectives of this work are to provide understanding of membrane environmental footprint, as well as to suggest and implement relevant innovative solutions for its mitigation. A multiphase ecodesign approach is applied to hollow fibres fabricated by phase inversion and operated in a dead-end mode. The two developed parameterized models evaluate environmental impacts during fabrication and operation as a function of operating conditions. The subsequent Life Cycle Assessment highlights glycerol-related operating conditions as interesting action levers for environmental mitigation of membrane fabrication. However, membrane operation accounts for nearly exclusively all environmental impacts, with electricity production and sodium hypochlorite fabrication as the two main contributors. The analysis also pinpoints the influence of filtration flux. Since opportunities for biosourced solvents exist, substitution of petrochemical solvents during membrane fabrication is chosen as an improvement strategy. A metrics-based methodological framework is suggested to rationalize sustainable membrane fabrication. Biosourced flat membranes using methyl lactate as a solvent have thus been prepared. The mixed environmental scores do not preclude solvent substitution as a relevant improvement strategy. Results highlight the feasibility and relevance of such an ecodesign approach based on process modelling and experimental work, and lay the foundations for further development
Mery, Yoann. "Development of an integrated tool for Process Modelling and Life Cycle Assessment : Ecodesign of process plants and application to drinking water treatment." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ISAT0022/document.
Adapted tools for tackling environmental issues are necessary but they are still missing in industry. Indeed, the introduction of ecodesign practices in the process industry is hindered by the lack of realism and flexibility of related tools.The main objectives of this research work were the development of a fully integrated tool for Process Modelling & Life Cycle Assessment (PM-LCA), and the formulation of an affiliated methodological approach for process ecodesign. The software tool and the methodological approach are meant to be applied to water treatment technologies.The literature review leads to a better comprehension of the required research efforts. The main guidelines for the development of the software tool are stated accordingly.The developed tool, named EVALEAU, consists in a library of unit process models allowing life cycleinventory calculation in function of process parameters. The tool is embedded in Umberto® LCA software and is complementary to Ecoinvent database. A sensitivity analysis toolbox, based on theMorris method, was included for the identification of the process parameters mainly affecting the lifecycle impact assessment results.EVALEAU tool was tested through two case studies - two existing drinking water plants. There liability of the modelling approach was demonstrated through water quality simulation, energy and materials inventory simulation, compared with site real data. An ecodesign procedure was experienced on a complex water treatment chain, demonstrating the relevance of simulation results and the usefulness of sensitivity analysis for an optimal choice of operation parameters.This first developed PM-LCA tool is dedicated to foster the introduction of ecodesign practices in the water industry
Franklin, de Oliveira Guilherme. "Multi-parameter Compensation Method for Accurate in Situ Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter Monitoring and Properties Characterisation." Thesis, Griffith University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/384789.
Thesis (Masters)
Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
School of Eng & Built Env
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text
Ek, Emmelie. "Återvunnet vatten : använda renat avloppsvatten i processen." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för naturvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-22095.
The field study was done to investigate whether it was possible to use purified, filtered wastewater for polymer preparation and in the long run also as other process water at Ellinge treatment plant. The tests was performed in full scale with both water from the intermediate sedimentation and the final sedimentation. Through extensive sampling and analysis of results, it proved to be a working method without a negative impact on the polymer solution and sludge dewatering. However, more work and addiotional purification steps such as disinfection are required to implement the treated wastewater on the entire water system
Castro-Castellon, Ana. "A biofilter process for phytoplankton removal prior to potable water treatment works : a field and laboratory study." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9ac04284-cf4a-48f1-bdab-d8ca6e66aefb.
Hartwig, Gerhard Rudolf. "Grey water reclamation utilising solar thermal energy." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85631.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to obtain clean drinkable water from treated sewage effluent by using a solar-powered distillation cycle. Technologies and concepts were borrowed from the solar desalination industry to propose a unique circular distillation cell design. From the design, a specific mathematical correlation was developed to predict the distillate mass flow rate by using only evaporation and condensation temperature as inputs. This model was incorporated into a simulation model built using Transient System Simulation software. Long-term simulations were carried out to determine the operating capabilities of the design. A prototype was successfully constructed and operated. Experimental results indicated good agreement with the mass flow rate mathematical correlation. Water quality levels were tested against the South African National Standard 241 national drinking water quality standard. Four quality parameters are outside acceptable levels. Evidence suggested that acceptable quality levels could be reached. The circular distillation cell design is a major contribution made by this research. Another contribution is the simulation model capable of predicting an output for different locations. Finally, the proposed prototype is potentially a very valuable device contributing towards the reduction of consumer demand in terms of water and energy as well as the household load on the wastewater treatment system.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie tesis is om te beskryf hoe behandelde rioolwater deur middel van ’n son aangedrewe distillasiesisteem gesuiwer kan word om drinkbare water as eindproduk te lewer. Die nodige tegnologieë en konsepte is oorgeneem uit kommersiële sonaangedrewe ontsoutingsisteme om met ’n unieke ontwerp voorendag te kom wat uit ’n sirkelvormige natuurlike konveksie distillasiesel bestaan. Met behulp van hierdie ontwerp is ’n wiskundige korrelasie ontwikkel om die gesuiwerde water se massavloei te bepaal. Slegs die verdampings- en kondensasietemperature word as insetwaardes gebruik om die massavloei te bereken. ’n Simulasiemodel is met behulp van die Transient System Simulation programmatuur gebou. Die wiskundige korrelasie is by die simulasiemodel geïnkorporeer om langtermynsimulasies te kan uitvoer. Voorts is ’n demonstrasiemodel suksesvol gebou en aangedryf. Eksperimentele resultate toon goeie ooreenstemming met die simulasieresultate. Die gesuiwerde water se gehalte is met die nationale SANS 241 drinkwaterstandaard as maatstaf getoets. Slegs vier gehalteparameters val buite die aanvaarbare vlakke, hoewel dit blyk dat hierdie elemente wel tot aanvaarbare vlakke verlaag kan word. Hierdie navorsing se grootstet bydrae is die ontwerp van die unieke sirkelvormige distillasiesel. ’n Bykomende bydra is die aanpasbaarheid van die simulasiemodel sodat dit produksievermoë op verskillende plekke kan voorspel. Die demonstrasiemodel is ’n potensieel waardevolle ontwerp wat kan bydra tot die verlaging in verbruikersaanvraag na water en energie. ’n Ontwerp van hierdie aard kan die las wat huishoudings op suiweringaanlegte vir rioolwater plaas, verlig.
Moravčíková, Světlana. "Sledování účinnosti odstraňování léčiva z vody vybranými adsorbenty." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-409703.
Šíblová, Daniela. "Mikropolutanty ve zdrojích vod a možnosti jejich odstranění." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-372284.
Tirén, Ström Julia. "Utvärdering av processen vid Hofors vattenverk med avseende på avskiljning av NOM – fällning och membranfilterteknik." Thesis, Institutionen för vatten och miljö, Geokemi och hydrologi, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-292673.
In recent decades, an increase in natural organic matter (NOM) has been observed in surface waters in Northern Europe and North America. NOM in the water poses challenges for water treatment plants (WTP) using surface water in the drinking water production. It can cause odor, taste and color of the water and cause difficulties in the treatment process. To prevent all these problems, more information about NOM and how the quantity and composition changes in various treatment processes is needed. At Hofors WTP, raw water from the lake Hyen is used in the production of drinking water. Disruptions in running the process have been experienced in periods when the raw water color (measure of the NOM content) has been high. In this thesis, it was investigated how well the current treatment process at Hofors WTP works with respect to the separation of NOM and what type of NOM that is separated. The results were compared with pilot tests with direct filtration using an ultrafilter membrane to see if this can provide better separation. Various analytical methods as absorbance, fluorescence and measurement of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were used to quantify and determine the composition of NOM in the water samples. It was also examined whether there is a trend in the raw water color. As in many other surface waters the color of the water has increased in Hyen in recent years (1997-2015). The raw water contains a mixture of different NOM fractions and the character indicates difficulties in removing DOC by coagulation and flocculation. It is primarily the humic like, allochtonous NOM that is separated in the treatment process with the greatest separation in the first treatment step, direct filtration with sand filter. What happens in the subsequent treatment steps, carbon filter, disinfection and pH-raising step, was however unclear due to small changes and inconsistent analysis results. Three experiments with ultrafilter membrane yielded similar results as sand filters, but in two of the cases it is likely that clogging of the membranes contributed. Further membrane pilot tests are needed to be sure whether ultrafilter membrane is a is suitable technique to use at Hofors WTP in the future for separation of NOM.
Lecellier, Daphné. "Fluorescence probes: towards automatic coagulant dosing." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-227995.
Detta examensarbete handlar om hur dricksvattenkvalitet kan kontrolleras och övervakas i vattenreningsverk. Nu existerar inte någon exakt metod för att bestämma koncentrationen av cyanobakterier i vatten då det finns många olika arter. Men det är viktigt att övervaka algers tillväxt in i vattenreningsverk för de kan släppa ut skadliga ämnen till dricksvattnet. De tre arter som studerats i detta projekt är giftiga. Det organiska materialet i råvattnet kan också blockera membranporer eller leda till n biprodukter, som är cancerframkallande. Till sist konkurrerar några organiska substansen med smak- och luktföreningar för adsorptionsställena hos det pulverformiga aktiverade kolet. Därför är smaken och luktföreningarna inte väl borttagna, vilket leder till kundernas klagomål. Cyanobakterier måste övervakas noggrant. För att bestämma biologisk och kemisk egenskap hos vatten används flera tekniker för närvarande. I examensarbetet har undersökningar med vätskekromatografi och fluorescensteknik företagits. Kromatografi användes för att klassificera den organiska substansen i mindre grupper: biopolymerer, humus substanser, byggstenar och neutralmolekyler med låg molekylvikt (LMVN). Statistisk analys med R, inklusive huvudkomponentanalys företogs på insamlade data. Fluorescensdata registrerades också och visas i en excitationsutsläppsmatris. Experimenten reproducerade en behandlingsprocess och undersökte effektiviteten hos två kemikalier: pulveriserat aktivt kol (PAK) och alun. Resultaten visade att humusämnen och dess byggstenar var väl borttagna av PAK medan även biopolymerer och humusämnen var väl bortagna av alun. Emellertid var en för hög dos av alun skadlig eftersom det ledde till en ökad frisättning av LMVN. I synnerhert kunde PAK ta bort 40µg/L av både humusämnen och dess byggstenar per mg/L av PAK tillagd. Det föreslår att de är de viktigaste konkurrenterna och att endast direkt konkurrens för adsorptionsställena sker. Om det fanns blockeringsfenomen, skulle det också finnas en minskning för biopolymererna. Den optimala doseringen av alun som bestämdes för det undersökta vattenreningsverket var 50 mg/L. Det kunde ta bort 60-70% av biopolymerer och 40-50% av humusämnen. Specifik ultraviolett absorbans och fluorescens registrerades. Båda visade riktigt bra korrelationer med humusämnen, vilket gör de till bra verktyg för att bedöma vattenkvaliteten. Men det kräver fortfarande att arten av cyanobakterie urskiljs eftersom koefficientens lutningar var olika. De kan därför vara ett verktyg för att mäta koncentrationen av organisk material, men arten måste vara känd. Fluorescencedata visade en topp vid 440 nm. En parallellfaktoranalys utfördes på data och endast en komponent hittades gemensam i alla prover. Därför studerades den maximala fluorescensintensiteten hos denna komponent. Å ena sidan kunde vi observera en kontinuerlig minskning av intensiteten när PAK tillsattes. Det är därför möjligt att veta hur man justerar den kemiska doseringen från fluorescensintensiteterna. I slutet av examensarbetet föreslås en metod för automatisk kemisk dosering. Fluorescensprober kan ännu inte exakt indikera cellkoncentrationen. Men med flera sonder som riktar sig till olika våglängder kan de redan vara till stor hjälp för styrning vid vattenverk.
Srinivasan, Rangesh. "Treatment of Microcontaminants in Drinking Water." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1242775351.
Rose, Joan Bray. "Virus removal during conventional drinking water treatment." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1985_473_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
Franklin, Guy Sinclair. "Novel iron precipitates for drinking water treatment." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8351.
Verrelli, D. I. "Drinking water treatment sludge production and dewaterabilityф". D. I. Verrelli, 2008. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/3521.
One means of dealing with these problems is to dewater the sludge further. This reduces the volume of waste to be disposed of. The consistency is also improved (e.g. for the purpose of landfilling). And a significant amount of water can be recovered. The efficiency, and efficacy, of this process depends on the dewaterability of the sludge.In fact, good dewaterability is vital to the operation of conventional drinking water treatment plants (WTP’s). The usual process of separating the particulates, formed from a blend of contaminants and coagulated precipitate, relies on ‘clarification’ and ‘thickening’, which are essentially settling operations of solid–liquid separation.WTP operators — and researchers — do attempt to measure sludge dewaterability, but usually rely on empirical characterisation techniques that do not tell the full story and can even mislead. Understanding of the physical and chemical nature of the sludge is also surprisingly rudimentary, considering the long history of these processes.
The present work begins by reviewing the current state of knowledge on raw water and sludge composition, with special focus on solid aluminium and iron phases and on fractal aggregate structure. Next the theory of dewatering is examined, with the adopted phenomenological theory contrasted with empirical techniques and other theories.The foundation for subsequent analyses is laid by experimental work which establishes the solid phase density of WTP sludges. Additionally, alum sludges are found to contain pseudoböhmite, while 2-line ferrihydrite and goethite are identified in ferric sludges.
A key hypothesis is that dewaterability is partly determined by the treatment conditions. To investigate this, numerous WTP sludges were studied that had been generated under diverse conditions: some plant samples were obtained, and the remainder were generated in the laboratory (results were consistent). Dewaterability was characterised for each sludge in concentration ranges relevant to settling, centrifugation and filtration using models developed by LANDMAN and WHITE inter alia; it is expressed in terms of both equilibrium and kinetic parameters, py(φ) and R(φ) respectively.This work confirmed that dewaterability is significantly influenced by treatment conditions.The strongest correlations were observed when varying coagulation pH and coagulant dose. At high doses precipitated coagulant controls the sludge behaviour, and dewaterability is poor. Dewaterability deteriorates as pH is increased for high-dose alum sludges; other sludges are less sensitive to pH. These findings can be linked to the faster coagulation dynamics prevailing at high coagulant and alkali dose.Alum and ferric sludges in general had comparable dewaterabilities, and the characteristics of a magnesium sludge were similar too.Small effects on dewaterability were observed in response to variations in raw water organic content and shearing. Polymer flocculation and conditioning appeared mainly to affect dewaterability at low sludge concentrations. Ageing did not produce clear changes in dewaterability.Dense, compact particles are known to dewater better than ‘fluffy’ aggregates or flocs usually encountered in drinking water treatment. This explains the superior dewaterability of a sludge containing powdered activated carbon (PAC). Even greater improvements were observed following a cycle of sludge freezing and thawing for a wide range of WTP sludges.
Further aspects considered in the present work include deviations from simplifying assumptions that are usually made. Specifically: investigation of long-time dewatering behaviour, wall effects, non-isotropic stresses, and reversibility of dewatering (or ‘elasticity’).Several other results and conclusions, of both theoretical and experimental nature, are presented on topics of subsidiary or peripheral interest that are nonetheless important for establishing a reliable basis for research in this area.
This work has proposed links between industrial drinking water coagulation conditions, sludge dewaterability from settling to filtration, and the microstructure of the aggregates making up that sludge. This information can be used when considering the operation or design of a WTP in order to optimise sludge dewaterability, within the constraints of producing drinking water of acceptable quality.
Young, Candice. "Biosand filtration in household drinking water treatment." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121334.
Les technologies de traitement de l'eau à domicile offrent une solution temporaire pour alimenter en eau potable les zones non encore reliées à un réseau d'apport et de traitement de l'eau communautaire. C'est un problème critique pour les communautés de l'arrière-pays montagneux de la Guyane, où l'isolation géographique et la faible densité démographique rendent l'amélioration des infrastructures hydriques et sanitaires difficile. Le filtre à biosable est une technologie prometteuse pour le traitement de l'eau à domicile qui serait disponible pour pallier ces contraintes. L'objectif de cette recherche a été de mieux comprendre et d'améliorer le filtre à biosable pour son opération sur le terrain. Une étude sur le terrain, incluant la distribution des questionnaires dans la communauté et la prise d'échantillons d'eau, a été réalisée dans la communauté de St Cuthbert's en Guyane. Puiser de l'eau potable directement d'un sceau avec un récipient improvisé par opposition à avoir accès à de l'eau à partir d'un robinet s'est avéré comme étant un facteur à risque pour tomber malade. En revanche, l'accès à l'eau courante au domicile amenée par un réseau de tuyaux a été associé à des taux de maladies diarrhéiques plus faibles. La contamination de l'eau après sa collecte initiale s'est avérée comme étant un facteur causant une baisse significative de la qualité de l'eau potable. L'adoption et l'utilisation à long terme des filtres à biosable ont été comparées à celles de deux autres technologies répandues: l'ajout dans l'eau d'une solution hypochlorique combiné à l'utilisation de récipients sécuritaires d'entreposage de l'eau et la filtration à base de bougies céramiques. L'étude a montré que les filtres à biosable ont connu un taux d'adoption modéré (36%) mais que leur utilisation n'a pas été à long terme (4%). Des entrevues de fin d'étude ont indiqué que les habitants de ont trouvé les filtres à biosable larges et lourds, qu'ils ne leur ont pas fait confiance et, qu'ils ont trouvé leur utilisation difficile. Le problème des dimensions du filtre à biosable et de sa facilité d'utilisation pourrait être atténué s'il était possible de réduire la hauteur de la colonne de sable dans le filtre. Il serait aussi plus facile d'utiliser le filtre s'il n'était pas nécessaire d'y ajouter de l'eau chaque jour. Des essais en laboratoire ont déterminé que, même si la couche de sable dans le filtre a une profondeur de 55 cm, les bénéfices pour chaque centimètre additionnel de sable au-dessus de 30 cm sont minimes. Cela permettrait une réduction significative de la hauteur du filtre sans compromettre sa performance. D'autres essais ont déterminé que la pratique usuelle sur le terrain de prolonger le temps de résidence de l'eau dans les filtres à biosable, de la période recommandée d'un jour à deux ou trois jours, ne conduit pas à une diminution significative de la capacité du filtre à enlever les E. coli. Toutefois, cette pratique conduit à des conditions anaérobiques à l'intérieur du filtre et à un profil d'azote modifié dans l'effluent du filtre à cause de la nitrification. Cela pourrait avoir un impact sur le goût de l'eau filtrée. Dans les cas, où l'eau utilisée a un contenu initial d'azote élevé, les conditions anaérobiques pourraient conduire à un dépassement des recommandations de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé concernant le nitrate et le nitrite dans l'eau potable. La conception initiale des filtres à biosable a été basée sur la théorie que le maintien d'une charge hydraulique minimale permettrait aux filtres à sable lent opérant par intermittence de performer aussi bien que ceux opérant en continue. Toutefois, cette recherche a montré que l'opération continue des filtres à biosable a permis d'améliorer significativement la diminution des indicateurs bactériens et viraux (3.7 log10 versus 1.7 log10 pour E. coli, et 2.3 log10 versus 0.9 log10 pour MS2 bactériophage) par rapport aux filtres à sable lent à opération intermittente.
Kalibbala, Herbert Mpagi. "Application of indigenous materials in drinking water treatment." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Mark- och vattenteknik Land and Water Resource Engineering, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4456.
Farrell-Poe, Kitt, Lisa Jones-McLean, and Scott McLean. "Matching Drinking Water Quality Problems to Treatment Methods." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/156929.
1. Drinking Water Wells; 2. Private Water Well Components; 3. Do Deeper Wells Mean Better Water; 4. Maintaining Your Private Well Water System; 5. Private Well Protection; 6. Well Water Testing and Understanding the Results; 7. Obtaining a Water Sample for Bacterial Analysis; 8. Microorganisms in Private Water Wells; 9. Lead in Private Water Wells; 10. Nitrate in Private Water Wells; 11.Arsenic in Private Water Wells; 12. Matching Drinking Water Quality Problems to Treatment Methods; 13. Commonly Available Home Water Treatment Systems; 14. Hard Water: To Soften or Not to Soften; 15. Shock Chlorination of Private Water Wells
This fact sheet is one in a series of fifteen for private water well owners. The one- to four-page fact sheets will be assembled into a two-pocket folder entitled Private Well Owners Guide. The titles will also be a part of the Changing Rural Landscapes project whose goal is to educate exurban, small acreage residents. The authors have made every effort to align the fact sheets with the proposed Arizona Cooperative Extension booklet An Arizona Well Owners Guide to Water Sources, Quality, Testing, Treatment, and Well Maintenance by Artiola and Uhlman. The private well owner project was funded by both the University of Arizonas Water Sustainability Program-Technology and Research Initiative Fund and the USDA-CSREES Region 9 Water Quality Program.
Durai, Hari Babu Prithiviaraj. "Characterising ferrate in the treatment of drinking water." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.743886.
Momba, MNB, CL Obi, and P. Thompson. "Survey of disinfection efficiency of small drinking water treatment plants: Challenges facing small water treatment plants in South Africa." Water SA, 2008. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001759.
Hubler, David K. "Modeling Electrochemical Water Treatment Processes." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/265367.
Srinivasan, Paramasivam Thirupathy. "Profile and characterization of aluminum during drinking water treatment." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ60212.pdf.
Satchwill, Trevor. "Drinking water taste and odor, compound identification and treatment." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ64977.pdf.
Mandiralioglu, Aygun. "Control of fouling in membranes for drinking water treatment." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.405063.
Eckert, Lesley. "Permethrin for Mosquito Control: Drinking Water Impacts and Treatment." Digital WPI, 2013. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/1118.
Westöö, Oskar. "Characterization of Coliform Bacteria in Drinking Water Treatment Plant." Thesis, KTH, Industriell bioteknologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300164.
The term coliform bacteria describes a group of indicator organisms used to measure the cleanliness and integrity of drinking water treatment plants and distribution systems. Currently, the only legal requirement set by government agencies pertains to the detection and enumeration of these bacteria via cultivation-based methods. These methods distinguish coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli based on their growth and enzymatic activity on selective chromogenic and fluorogenic agar plates. However, the legislative definition concerning their metabolism and enzymatic production is insufficient to identify bacteria within this group taxonomically. Instead, a definition based on phylogenetics is required. This master’s thesis describes the exploration of methods for the characterization and identification of coliform bacteria via a combination of cultivation-based and molecular methods. Water samples from Lake Mälaren and the Lovö drinking water treatment plant in Stockholm were used to isolate coliform bacteria via membrane filtration and cultivation on a selective agar medium. The isolated colonies and filtered membranes were subjected to DNA extraction, followed by gene amplification of target genes associated with E. coli and coliform bacteria via PCR. This included the lacZ gene, the uidA gene, the yaiO gene, and the 16S rRNA gene. Successful gene amplicons were sent for sequencing to assign taxonomic values to the sequences and identify coliform bacteria. Two inlet water samples were also sent for metagenomic analysis of the microbiome. An incubation step was necessary to gather enough biomass to extract sufficient genomic DNA for gene amplifications and avoid the need to filtrate large volumes of water. The selected primer pairs exhibited various degrees of success in amplifying the targeted genes of coliform bacteria. The physical appearance of coliform colonies on the selective chromogenic agar plates and the results from the gene amplifications displayed no discernable pattern, indicating the need to further investigate and optimize the PCR procedures. However, the method indicated a potential for coliform bacteria identification. 16S rRNA gene sequences allowed for the distinction of potential contaminants on the selective agar media in gram-positive bacteria (Micrococcus and Staphylococcus) and other non-coliform, gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas and Aeromonas). In conjunction with the physical appearance of bacterial colonies on selective media and successful gene amplicons of the targeted genes, this information could allow one to distinguish between false positive, false negative, true positive, and true negative results from current coliform detection and enumeration methods. Further optimization of various aspects of the coliform bacteria identification methods is necessary before introducing a similar approach to a water treatment plant context.
Michael, Heidi. "Drinking-water quality assessment and treatment in East Timor : case study : Tangkae /." Online version, 2006. http://www.ewb.org.au/resource/file/82_Drinking_Water_Quality_and_Treatment.pdf.
"This thesis is presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Environmental Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 2006." "Engineering dissertation." Cover title. Includes bibliographical references (p. 92-94). Also available electronically from the Engineers Without Borders website : http://www.ewb.org.au/main/ (Viewed 20/11/2009).
Gerlach, Kyle T. "Assessment of Ferrate for Pre-Oxidation Treatment of Harmful Algal Blooms in Drinking Water Treatment." Digital WPI, 2019. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/1332.
Rojko, Christine. "Solar disinfection of drinking water." Link to electronic thesis, 2003. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0423103-124244.
Långmark, Jonas. "Biofilms and microbial barriers in drinking water treatment and distribution." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Land and Water Resources Engineering, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-73.
The primary objective of conventional drinking water treatment and distribution is to deliver to the consumer water that is both aesthetically pleasing and does not constitute a human health risk. To achieve this, water utilities employ a range of physical (i.e. sand and membrane filtration) and chemical (i.e. flocculation and disinfection) barriers in order to reduce the numbers of microorganisms as well as the nutrients that may support their growth within biofilms. In this thesis, biofilms and microbial barriers in water treatment and distribution were therefore examined. The development of biofilms within artificial recharge was investigated in pilot column at Norsborg waterworks in Stockholm. The proportion of active bacteria, measured as numbers of EUB338-positive cells relative to the total number of bacteria enumerated by total direct counts, decreased with time. Through the addition of nutrients however, two to three times more bacteria were able to be active (measured by increase in activity after activation with additional nutrients). By extracting the recalcitrant hydrophilic and hydrophobic fractions of humic substances it was possible to assess the microbiological response to those compounds. It was shown that bacteria more firmly attached to the sand grains preferred the hydrophobic fraction whilst more loosely-associated bacteria preferred the hydrophilic one. The amount of easily degradable matter in raw water (measured as assimilable organic carbon) was generally low. Biofilms were investigated by two different methods for extraction and analysis of microorganisms. Glass slides introduced into the sand material were dominated by α-Proteobacteria, and underestimated loosely-associated bacteria whilst extracts from sand were dominated by γ-Proteobacteria, and also caused variations due to the extraction method employed
The barrier function of biofilms was investigated in biofilters, also fed with raw water from Gothenburg. The focus here was on particle removal in size-intervals of 1-15 µm (protozoa) and 0.4 - 1 µm (bacteria). In both size fractions, autofluorescent microalgae, which were naturally-occurring in raw water, were also enumerated in parallel. Their removal was 60-90%. In parallel, defined amounts of fluorescent hydrophilic and hydrophobic microspheres (1 µm) were added. They showed a reduction of hydrophobic spheres by 98% and hydrophilic ones by 86%. Removal of viruses was determined by adding a defined dose of bacteriophages and gave lower reduction values of 40 - 61%. Both naturally-occurring particles in defined size intervals and added particles or organisms were shown to provide a clearer picture of barrier function than usually performed measurements of turbidity.
The efficiency of chemical treatment against viruses was also measured in a pilot-plant in Gothenburg. It was shown that commonly-used MS-2 bacteriophages were much more sensitive than φX174 bacteriophages. Reduction of MS-2 over the entire chemical step (when added after dosing of chemicals) was 5-log10 whilst φX174 was reduced by 1-log10. The latter was shown to be a more conservative model for virus removal. The effects of different steps in the chemical precipitation showed that the primary dosage of chemicals and the development of flocs had great importance for the assessment of removal efficacy. When added before the dosing of chemicals, reduction of φX174 and MS-2 was 3.8-log10 and 6.2-log10, respectively.
The establishment of biofilm within a distribution system was followed in a 1000 metre long pilot-plant (with parallel lines) at Lovö waterworks as well as in two of Stockholm's main distribution systems (Nockeby and Hässelby). The pilot-plant was shown to satisfactorily represent processes within the distribution systems. The development of biofilms was slow, producing thin biofilms over a one to two month periods. Numbers of bacteria were generally in the range of 104 - 105 per cm2, which is lower than shown in other earlier investigations. The implementation of primary ultra viloet (UV)-treatment in place of chlorination (both being chloraminated prior to distribution) did not considerably change the numbers of bacteria in biofilms. No significant difference could be seen between the system that had UV-treatment as a primary treatment step, and the system that was chlorinated over the whole period. Chlorine residuals were generally low at the distal parts of the distribution systems. Naturally-occurring protozoa were present in distribution systems in numbers ranging from 280 - 3500 protozoa per cm-2. Protozoa may play a significant role as predators of biofilm bacteria, however they can also act as protection for bacteria against external influences i.e. disinfection. Should sudden contamination of a distribution system occur, biofilm can provide protection and act as a site for potential regrowth of introduced microorganisms. Biofilms developed in the pilot-scale that represented water from different distances from waterworks were exposed to fluorescent microspheres, (hydrophobic and hydrophilic, 1 µm) legionellae (as a model for opportunistic bacterial pathogens) and bacteriophages (human enteric virus model) in order to determine their accumulation and persistence within the biofilm, and release to the bulk water. It was shown that introduced model organisms were released continuously, primarily through desorption, and additionally through the influence of disinfection and activity of protozoa.
Desorption was also assessed in a laboratory experiment under laminar and turbulent flow. Laminar flow conditions that were representative of a distribution system gave a slow and continual release of individual cells, whilst turbulent conditions detached larger aggregates. In conclusion, based on this work an increased understanding was gained both of barrier functions at the different steps of water treatment, their effects on overall biofilm dynamics and structure and the role that biofilm plays within the drinking water system itself.
Malan, Cheryl. "The efficiency of drinking water treatment plants in removing immunotoxins." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5762_1308732795.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of water treatment processes of two drinking water plants to remove immunotoxins and steroid hormones. Raw and treated drinking water was screened for effects on inflammatory activity using the biomarker IL-6, humoral immunity using the biomarker IL-10 and cell mediated immunity using the biomarker IFN-&gamma
. In vitro human whole blood culture assays were used in order to elucidate potential immunotoxicity.
Furatian, Laith. "The use of 185 nm radiation for drinking water treatment." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/61849.
Långmark, Jonas. "Biofilms and microbial barriers in drinking water treatment and distribution /." Stockholm, Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-73.
Mant, Rebecca Catherine. "The control of encrusting organisms within drinking water treatment works." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608989.