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1
D, Sawant Pramilla, and Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, eds. Manual on internal dose computation and reporting. Mumbai: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 1999.
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2
United States. Defense Nuclear Agency, ed. FIIDOS--a computer code for the computation of fallout inhalation and ingestion dose to organs: Computer user's guide. Washington, D.C: Defense Nuclear Agency, 1985.
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3
1957-, Jackson Thomas L., and Joslin R. D. 1963-, eds. Theory and computation in hydrodynamic stability. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
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1934-, Jameson Antony, Caughey D. A, and Hafez M. M, eds. Frontiers of computational fluid dynamics 1994. Chichester: Wiley, 1994.
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5
1940-, Jäger W., Rannacher Rolf, and Warnatz J, eds. Reactive flows, diffusion and transport: From experiments via mathematical modeling to numerical simulation and optimization : final report of SFB (Collaborative Research Center) 359. Berlin: Springer, 2007.
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6
Chakrabarti, Anirban. Grid computing security. Berlin: Springer, 2010.
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7
Tuncer, Cebeci, ed. Computational fluid dynamics for engineers: From panel to Navier-Stokes methods with computer programs. Long Beach, Calif: Horizons Pub. Inc., 2005.
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8
Battista, Jerry. Introduction to Megavoltage X-Ray Dose Computation Algorithms. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.
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9
Introduction to Megavoltage X-Ray Dose Computation Algorithms. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.
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10
Battista, Jerry. Introduction to Megavoltage X-Ray Dose Computation Algorithms. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.
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11
Battista, Jerry. Introduction to Megavoltage X-Ray Dose Computation Algorithms. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.
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12
Battista, Jerry J. Introduction to Megavoltage X-Ray Dose Computation Algorithms. Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.
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13
Introduction to Megavoltage X-Ray Dose Computation Algorithms. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.
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14
Shagrir, Oron. The Nature of Physical Computation. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197552384.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Computing systems are everywhere today. Even the brain is thought to be a sort of computing system. But what does it mean to say that a given organ or system computes? What is it about laptops, smartphones, and nervous systems that they are deemed to compute, and why does it seldom occur to us to describe stomachs, hurricanes, rocks, or chairs that way? The book provides an extended argument for the semantic view of computation, which states that semantic properties are involved in the nature of computing systems. Laptops, smartphones, and nervous systems compute because they are accompanied by representations. Stomachs, hurricanes, and rocks, for instance, which do not have semantic properties, do not compute. The first part of the book argues that the linkage between the mathematical theory of computability and the notion of physical computation is weak. Theoretical notions such as algorithms, effective procedure, program, and automaton play only a minor role in identifying physical computation. The second part of the book reviews three influential accounts of physical computation and argues that while none of these accounts is satisfactory, each of them highlights certain key features of physical computation. The final part of the book develops and argues for a semantic account of physical computation and offers a characterization of computational explanations.
15
After Digital: Computation As Done by Brains and Machines. Oxford University Press, 2017.
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16
Greenlaw, Raymond, H. James Hoover, and Walter L. Ruzzo. Limits to Parallel Computation. Oxford University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195085914.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book provides a comprehensive analysis of the most important topics in parallel computation. It is written so that it may be used as a self-study guide to the field, and researchers in parallel computing will find it a useful reference for many years to come. The first half of the book consists of an introduction to many fundamental issues in parallel computing. The second half provides lists of P-complete- and open problems. These lists will have lasting value to researchers in both industry and academia. The lists of problems, with their corresponding remarks, the thorough index, and the hundreds of references add to the exceptional value of this resource. While the exciting field of parallel computation continues to expand rapidly, this book serves as a guide to research done through 1994 and also describes the fundamental concepts that new workers will need to know in coming years. It is intended for anyone interested in parallel computing, including senior level undergraduate students, graduate students, faculty, and people in industry. As an essential reference, the book will be needed in all academic libraries.
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Oulasvirta, Antti, Per Ola Kristensson, Xiaojun Bi, and Andrew Howes, eds. Computational Interaction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799603.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book presents computational interaction as an approach to explaining and enhancing the interaction between humans and information technology. Computational interaction applies abstraction, automation, and analysis to inform our understanding of the structure of interaction and also to inform the design of the software that drives new and exciting human-computer interfaces. The methods of computational interaction allow, for example, designers to identify user interfaces that are optimal against some objective criteria. They also allow software engineers to build interactive systems that adapt their behaviour to better suit individual capacities and preferences. Embedded in an iterative design process, computational interaction has the potential to complement human strengths and provide methods for generating inspiring and elegant designs. Computational interaction does not exclude the messy and complicated behaviour of humans, rather it embraces it by, for example, using models that are sensitive to uncertainty and that capture subtle variations between individual users. It also promotes the idea that there are many aspects of interaction that can be augmented by algorithms. This book introduces computational interaction design to the reader by exploring a wide range of computational interaction techniques, strategies and methods. It explains how techniques such as optimisation, economic modelling, machine learning, control theory, formal methods, cognitive models and statistical language processing can be used to model interaction and design more expressive, efficient and versatile interaction.
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Churchland, Patricia S., and Terrence J. Sejnowski. The Computational Brain. The MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262533393.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Before this book was published in 1992, conceptual frameworks for brain function were based on the behavior of single neurons, applied globally. This book developed a different conceptual framework, based on large populations of neurons. This was done by showing that patterns of activities among the units in trained artificial neural network models had properties that resembled those recorded from populations of neurons recorded one at a time. It is one of the first books to bring together computational concepts and behavioral data within a neurobiological framework. Aimed at a broad audience of neuroscientists, computer scientists, cognitive scientists, and philosophers, the book is written for both expert and novice. This anniversary edition offers a new preface by the authors that puts the book in the context of current research. This approach influenced a generation of researchers in the field of neuroscience. Even today, when neuroscientists can routinely record from hundreds of neurons using optics rather than electricity, and the 2013 White House BRAIN initiative heralded a new era in innovative neurotechnologies, the main message of this book is still relevant.
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Kockelman, Paul. The Art of Interpretation in the Age of Computation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190636531.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book is about media, mediation, and meaning. It focuses on a set of interrelated processes whereby seemingly human-specific modes of meaning become automated by machines, formatted by protocols, and networked by infrastructures—that is, the way computation replaces interpretation, information effaces meaning, and infrastructure displaces interaction. The book asks: what does it take to automate, format, and network meaningful practices; what difference does this make for those who engage in such practices; and what are the stakes? Reciprocally it questions how can we better understand computational processes from the standpoint of meaningful practices; how can we leverage such processes to better understand such practices; and what lies in wait. In answering these questions, this book stays very close to fundamental concerns of computer science as they emerged in the middle part of the twentieth century. Rather than foreground the latest application, technology, or interface, it tries to account for processes that underlie each and every digital technology being deployed today. And rather than use the tools of conventional social theory to investigate such technologies, it leverages key ideas of American pragmatism—a philosophical stance that understands the world, and our relation to it, in a way that avoids many of the conundrums and criticisms of twentieth-century social theory. It puts this stance in dialogue with certain currents and key texts in anthropology and linguistics, science and technology studies, critical theory, computer science, and media studies.
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Self-Dual Codes and Invariant Theory (Algorithms and Computation in Mathematics). Springer, 2006.
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21
ICRP. ICRP Publication 133 : The ICRP Computational Framework for Internal Dose Assessment for Reference Workers: Specific Absorbed Fractions. SAGE Publications, Limited, 2016.
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22
Computational fluid dynamics for engineers: From Panel to Navier-Stokes methods with computer programs. Berlin: Springer, 2004.
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23
Computational contact and impact mechanics: Fundamentals of modeling interfacial phenomena in nonlinear finite element analysis. Berlin: Springer, 2002.
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24
Been There Done That: Climbing Graph Paper, Graphing Paper, Computation Pads, Drafting Paper, Blueprint Paper, Quad Ruled 5x5, Grid Paper for Math and Science Students. Independently Published, 2020.
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25
Stefan, Vogenauer. Ch.1 General Provisions, General Provisions III: Arts 1.6–1.12—Application of the PICC, Art.1.12. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This commentary focuses on Article 1.12 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning holidays and time zones and their effect on periods of time set by the parties. Official holidays and non-business days are included in the computation of periods and have no effect on the duration of the period according to Art 1.12(1), unless the parties agree otherwise, such as by referring specifically to ‘working days’. Holidays and non-business days, however, become relevant if the last day of the period falls on such a day. The determination of the applicable time zone may be of crucial importance, in particular where international contracts are concluded across continents. The relevant time zone does not necessarily predetermine the hour format that needs to be used.
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Coaching Does Not Permit Democracy: Coaching Graph Paper, Graphing Paper, Computation Pads, Drafting Paper, Blueprint Paper, Quad Ruled 5x5, Grid Paper for Math and Science Students. Independently Published, 2020.
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27
Jockers, Matthew L. Tradition. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037528.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter discusses traditions that inform the book's macroanalytic approach to digital literary studies as well as the strength of macroanalysis as a tool in the study of literature. It begins with an overview of some early concerns and contemporary criticisms regarding literary computing and the digital revolution. It then considers the emergence of the so-called “digital humanities” or humanities computing and shows that its foundation, computational text analysis, has come a long way. It also examines the contributions of computing humanists to humanities scholarship, such as the creation of digital archives, along with a number of useful tools that have been developed by computer scientists working in natural language processing, corpus linguistics, and computational linguistics. Finally, the chapter cites examples of projects working to apply the tools and techniques of text mining and corpus linguistics to literature. It suggests that, despite all of the achievements and the overwhelming sense of enthusiasm and collegiality that permeates the DH community, there is much more work to be done.
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Reactive Flows, Diffusion and Transport: From Experiments Via Mathematical Modeling to Numerical Simulation and Optimization. Springer London, Limited, 2007.
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29
Warnatz, J., Rolf Rannacher, and Willi Jäger. Reactive Flows, Diffusion and Transport: From Experiments via Mathematical Modeling to Numerical Simulation and Optimization. Springer, 2016.
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(Editor), Willi Jäger, Rolf Rannacher (Editor), and Jürgen Warnatz (Editor), eds. Reactive Flows, Diffusion and Transport: From Experiments via Mathematical Modeling to Numerical Simulation and Optimization. Springer, 2006.
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31
Lee, Daeyeol. Birth of Intelligence. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190908324.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
What is intelligence? How did it begin and evolve to human intelligence? Does a high level of biological intelligence require a complex brain? Can man-made machines be truly intelligent? Is artificial intelligence (AI) fundamentally different from human intelligence? Rapid expansion of AI applications has made these questions pressing. To better prepare for the future society and its technology, including how the use of AI will impact our lives, it is essential to understand the biological root and limits of human intelligence. After systematically reviewing biological and computational underpinnings of decision-making and intelligent behaviors, this book proposes that true intelligence requires life.
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Shaikh, Mohd Faraz. Machine Learning in Detecting Auditory Sequences in Magnetoencephalography Data : Research Project in Computational Modelling and Simulation. Technische Universität Dresden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.411.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Does your brain replay your recent life experiences while you are resting? An open question in neuroscience is which events does our brain replay and is there any correlation between the replay and duration of the event? In this study I tried to investigate this question by using Magnetoencephalography data from an active listening experiment. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique used to study the brain activity and understand brain dynamics in perception and cognitive tasks particularly in the fields of speech and hearing. It records the magnetic field generated in our brains to detect the brain activity. I build a machine learning pipeline which uses part of the experiment data to learn the sound patterns and then predicts the presence of sound in the later part of the recordings in which the participants were made to sit idle and no sound was fed. The aim of the study of test replay of learned sound sequences in the post listening period. I have used classification scheme to identify patterns if MEG responses to different sound sequences in the post task period. The study concluded that the sound sequences can be identified and distinguished above theoretical chance level and hence proved the validity of our classifier. Further, the classifier could predict the sound sequences in the post-listening period with very high probability but in order to validate the model results on post listening period, more evidence is needed.
33
Maier, Esther R. Creating Production Values in a Dramatic Television Series. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827436.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter draws on the insights generated through an ethnographic study of a dramatic television series production, to show how the creative and financial imperatives of the project are integrated through the calculative practices of the mid-level managers on the project. The analysis draws on a broader definition of calculative practice that does not restrict calculation to mathematical or numerical computations but also incorporates judgement and intuition. The findings show how the final configuration of the product emerges through monetary valuations or ‘estimates’ prepared by the mid-level managers for each scene in the scripts. In their focus on the creation of ‘production values’ project members also incorporate properties of the product that are not related to money or price into their calculative practice.
34
Anderson, James A. Software. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357789.003.0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Digital computers are “protean” in that they can become almost anything through software. Their basic design elements came from a 19th-century British tradition in logic, exemplified by Boole and Babbage. It seemed natural to have logic realized in hardware. This tradition culminated in the work of Alan Turing who proposed a universal computing machine, now called a Turing machine, based on logic. Although hardware that computes logic functions lies at the core of digital hardware, low-level practical machine operations are grouped together in “words.” Programs are based on hardware operations controlling computation at the word level. This chapter presents a detailed example of what a computer does when it actually “computes.” Because human cognition finds it hard to use such an alien device, there is a brief discussion of how programming became “humanized” with the invention of software tools like assembly language and FORTRAN.
35
Chakrabarti, Anirban. Grid Computing Security. Springer London, Limited, 2007.
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36
Rouse, William B. Computing Possible Futures. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198846420.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book discusses the use of models and interactive visualizations to explore designs of systems and policies in determining whether such designs would be effective. Executives and senior managers are very interested in what “data analytics” can do for them and, quite recently, what the prospects are for artificial intelligence and machine learning. They want to understand and then invest wisely. They are reasonably skeptical, having experienced overselling and under-delivery. They ask about reasonable and realistic expectations. Their concern is with the futurity of decisions they are currently entertaining. They cannot fully address this concern empirically. Thus, they need some way to make predictions. The problem is that one rarely can predict exactly what will happen, only what might happen. To overcome this limitation, executives can be provided predictions of possible futures and the conditions under which each scenario is likely to emerge. Models can help them to understand these possible futures. Most executives find such candor refreshing, perhaps even liberating. Their job becomes one of imagining and designing a portfolio of possible futures, assisted by interactive computational models. Understanding and managing uncertainty is central to their job. Indeed, doing this better than competitors is a hallmark of success. This book is intended to help them understand what fundamentally needs to be done, why it needs to be done, and how to do it. The hope is that readers will discuss this book and develop a “shared mental model” of computational modeling in the process, which will greatly enhance their chances of success.
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Davis, Mark H. A. Mathematical Finance: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198787945.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent years, the finance industry has mushroomed to become an important part of modern economies with many science and engineering graduates joining the industry as quantitative analysts, using mathematical and computational skills to solve complex problems of asset valuation and risk management. Mathematical Finance: A Very Short Introduction provides an overview of mathematical finance today. It introduces arbitrage theory, explaining why it works the way it does, and how it is key to pricing financial contracts, to credit trading, fund management, and the setting of interest rates. It also discusses developments to mathematical finance in the wake of the 2008 financial crash, and surveys the most pressing issues in mathematical finance today.
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Dahlstedt, Palle. Action and Perception. Edited by Roger T. Dean and Alex McLean. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190226992.013.4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
While computational models of human music making are a hot research topic, the human side of computer-based music making has been largely neglected. What are our cognitive processes like when we create musical algorithms, and when we compose and perform with them? Musical human–algorithm interaction involves embodied action, perception and interaction, and some kind of internalization of the algorithms in the performer’s mind. How does the cognitive relate to the physical here? Departing from the age-old mind–body problem, this chapter tries to answer these questions and review relevant research, drawing from a number of related fields, such as musical cognition, cognition and psychology of programming, embodied performance, and neurological research, as well as from the author’s personal experience as an artist working in the field.
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Rubery, Matthew, and Leah Price, eds. Further Reading. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198809791.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
What does reading mean in the twenty-first century? As other disciplines challenge literary criticism’s authority to answer this question, English professors themselves are defining new alternatives to close reading and to interpretation more generally. Further Reading brings together thirty commissioned essays drawing on approaches as different as formalism, historicism, neuroscience, disability, and computation. Contributors take up the following questions: What do we mean when we talk about “reading” today? How are reading techniques evolving in the digital era? What is the future of reading? This book foregrounds reading as a topic worthy of investigation in its own right rather than as a sub-section of histories of the book, sociologies of literacy, or theories of literature. As our knowledge of reading changes in step with the media and the scholarly tools used to apprehend it, a more precise understanding of this topic is crucial to the discipline’s future. This collection therefore seeks to introduce new ways of conceptualizing the term’s forms, boundaries, and uses. Its contributors bring varied vocabularies to bear on the contested nature and continued importance of reading, within the academy and beyond.
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Carusi, Annamaria. Modelling Systems Biomedicine: Intertwinement and The ‘Real’. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474400046.003.0002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
At a conference on developing the capacity of systems biology to transform itself in systems biomedicine, several of the scientists’ presentations showcase the computational modelling methods they are developing. Drawing towards the end of his presentation, an experienced pharmacologist admonishes the audience to bear in mind that, despite the progress in modelling techniques that he has been discussing, a model is always just a representation and never reality. At this point, there is a PowerPoint slide showing Magritte’s painting, This is not a Pipe, and chuckling from the audience. It will not have been the first time that they have seen it, as the painting is by now a trope running through these events, rivalled only by the quotation from George Box: ‘Essentially all models are wrong, but some are useful.’ Indeed, I have taken up this trope myself, but find that I need to judge my audience carefully when choosing what to move on with. ‘On Exactitude in Science’, but more problematic is to follow up with Picasso’s portrait of Gertrude Stein, together with the quotation attributed to Picasso: ‘Everybody says that she does not look like it but that does not make any difference, she will.’
41
Jockers, Matthew L. Revolution. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037528.003.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter discusses the enormous promise of computational approaches to the study of literature, with particular emphasis on digital humanities as an emerging field. By 2008 computers, with their capacity for number crunching and processing large-scale data sets, had revolutionized the way that scientific research is carried out. Now, the same elements that have had such an impact on the sciences are slowly and surely revolutionizing the way that research in the humanities gets done. This chapter considers the history of digital humanities, also known as humanities computing, community of practice, or field of study/theory/methodology, and how revolution in this emerging field is being catalyzed by big data. It also emphasizes the potential of literary computing and cites the existence of digital libraries and large electronic text collections as factors that are sparking the digital humanities revolution.
42
Lüdeling, Anke, Julia Ritz, Manfred Stede, and Amir Zeldes. Corpus Linguistics and Information Structure Research. Edited by Caroline Féry and Shinichiro Ishihara. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter describes the contributions that Corpus Linguistics (the study of linguistic phenomena by means of systematically exploiting collections of naturally-occurring linguistic data) can make to IS research. It discusses issues of designing a corpus that can serve as a basis for qualitative or quantitative studies, and then turns to the central issue of data annotation: what corpora are available that have been annotated with IS-related annotations, and how can such annotations be evaluated? In case a corpus does not have direct IS annotation, can other types of annotations, especially in the form of multi-layer annotation, be used as indirect evidence for the presence of IS phenomena? Next, the present state of the art in automatic IS annotation (by means of techniques from computational linguistics) is sketched, and finally, several sample studies that exploit IS annotations are introduced briefly.
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Crespo Miguel, Mario. Automatic corpus-based translation of a spanish framenet medical glossary. 2020th ed. Editorial Universidad de Sevilla, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/9788447230051.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Computational linguistics is the scientific study of language from a computational perspective. It aims is to provide computational models of natural language processing (NLP) and incorporate them into practical applications such as speech synthesis, speech recognition, automatic translation and many others where automatic processing of language is required. The use of good linguistic resources is crucial for the development of computational linguistics systems. Real world applications need resources which systematize the way linguistic information is structured in a certain language. There is a continuous effort to increase the number of linguistic resources available for the linguistic and NLP Community. Most of the existing linguistic resources have been created for English, mainly because most modern approaches to computational lexical semantics emerged in the United States. This situation is changing over time and some of these projects have been subsequently extended to other languages; however, in all cases, much time and effort need to be invested in creating such resources. Because of this, one of the main purposes of this work is to investigate the possibility of extending these resources to other languages such as Spanish. In this work, we introduce some of the most important resources devoted to lexical semantics, such as WordNet or FrameNet, and those focusing on Spanish such as 3LB-LEX or Adesse. Of these, this project focuses on FrameNet. The project aims to document the range of semantic and syntactic combinatory possibilities of words in English. Words are grouped according to the different frames or situations evoked by their meaning. If we focus on a particular topic domain like medicine and we try to describe it in terms of FrameNet, we probably would obtain frames representing it like CURE, formed by words like cure.v, heal.v or palliative.a or MEDICAL CONDITIONS with lexical units such as arthritis.n, asphyxia.n or asthma.n. The purpose of this work is to develop an automatic means of selecting frames from a particular domain and to translate them into Spanish. As we have stated, we will focus on medicine. The selection of the medical frames will be corpus-based, that is, we will extract all the frames that are statistically significant from a representative corpus. We will discuss why using a corpus-based approach is a reliable and unbiased way of dealing with this task. We will present an automatic method for the selection of FrameNet frames and, in order to make sure that the results obtained are coherent, we will contrast them with a previous manual selection or benchmark. Outcomes will be analysed by using the F-score, a measure widely used in this type of applications. We obtained a 0.87 F-score according to our benchmark, which demonstrates the applicability of this type of automatic approaches. The second part of the book is devoted to the translation of this selection into Spanish. The translation will be made using EuroWordNet, a extension of the Princeton WordNet for some European languages. We will explore different ways to link the different units of our medical FrameNet selection to a certain WordNet synset or set of words that have similar meanings. Matching the frame units to a specific synset in EuroWordNet allows us both to translate them into Spanish and to add new terms provided by WordNet into FrameNet. The results show how translation can be done quite accurately (95.6%). We hope this work can add new insight into the field of natural language processing.
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Butz, Martin V., and Esther F. Kutter. Attention. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.003.0011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cognition does not work without attention. Attention enables us to focus on particular tasks and particular aspects in the environment. Psychological insights show that attention exhibits bottom-up and top-down components. Attention is attracted from the bottom-up towards unusual, exceptional, and unexpected sensory information. Top-down attention, on the other hand, filters information dependent on the current task-oriented expectations, which depend on the available generative models. This computational interpretation enables the explanation of conjunctive and disjunctive search. Different models of attention emphasize the importance of the unfolding interaction processes and a processing bottleneck can be detected. As a result, attention can be viewed as a dynamic control process that unfolds in redundant, neural fields, in which the selection of one interpretation and thus the processing bottleneck is strongest at the current focus of attention. The actual focus of attention itself is determined by the current behavioral and cognitive goals.
45
Öztürk, Armagan, and Murat Satici, eds. Living Together. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845299839.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The contemporary grounds for the critique of modern politics have also populated debates on today’s questions of democracy, political participation, the public sphere, pluralism, gender, ecology and freedom, to name but a few. It should not be forgotten that the problems of living together necessitate overcoming the misperception of politics as only an act between individuals, nations, institutions and political ideologies. Indeed, the problem of living together is a matter of living with others, with the state and its institutions, animals and nature, art and cultures. This political dimension is also manifest in every element of practical life, thus making it necessary to take into consideration gender, disability rights, nature and ecology, animals, social media, and cultural, computational and artistic freedom issues in the practice and politics of living together. Therefore, living together does not signify merely the inter-human sphere. Therefore, this book contains 13 chapters focusing on various dimensions of living together.
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Laver, Michael, and Ernest Sergenti. Party Leaders with Policy Preferences. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691139036.003.0010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter adapts the dynamic model of multiparty competition to take into account the possibility that party leaders take their own preferences into account when they set party policy. If they do this, they must make trade-offs between satisfying their private policy preferences and some other objective, whether this is maximizing party vote share or pleasing current party supporters. Models that specify such trade-offs have often been found intractable using traditional analytical techniques. However, they are straightforward to specify and analyze using computational agent-based modeling, though this does require a rethinking of the types of decision rules that party leaders might use. The chapter finds an analogue of the earlier finding that insatiable party leaders may win fewer votes than satiable leaders. Leaders who care only about their party's vote share may win fewer votes over the long haul than leaders who also care about their own policy preferences.
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Houdé, Olivier, and Grégoire Borst, eds. The Cambridge Handbook of Cognitive Development. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108399838.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
How does cognition develop in infants, children and adolescents? This handbook presents a cutting-edge overview of the field of cognitive development, spanning basic methodology, key domain-based findings and applications. Part One covers the neurobiological constraints and laws of brain development, while Part Two covers the fundamentals of cognitive development from birth to adulthood: object, number, categorization, reasoning, decision-making and socioemotional cognition. The final Part Three covers educational and school-learning domains, including numeracy, literacy, scientific reasoning skills, working memory and executive skills, metacognition, curiosity-driven active learning and more. Featuring chapters written by the world's leading scholars in experimental and developmental psychology, as well as in basic neurobiology, cognitive neuroscience, computational modelling and developmental robotics, this collection is the most comprehensive reference work to date on cognitive development of the twenty-first century. It will be a vital resource for scholars and graduate students in developmental psychology, neuroeducation and the cognitive sciences.
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Succi, Sauro. Lattice Boltzmann Models for Microflows. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199592357.003.0029.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Lattice Boltzmann method was originally devised as a computational alternative for the simulation of macroscopic flows, as described by the Navier–Stokes equations of continuum mechanics. In many respects, this still is the main place where it belongs today. Yet, in the past decade, LB has made proof of a largely unanticipated versatility across a broad spectrum of scales, from fully developed turbulence, to microfluidics, all the way down to nanoscale flows. Even though no systematic analogue of the Chapman–Enskog asymptotics is available in this beyond-hydro region (no guarantee), the fact remains that, with due extensions of the basic scheme, the LB has proven capable of providing several valuable insights into the physics of flows at micro- and nano-scales. This does not mean that LBE can solve the actual Boltzmann equation or replace Molecular Dynamics, but simply that it can provide useful insights into some flow problems which cannot be described within the realm of the Navier–Stokes equations of continuum mechanics. This Chapter provides a cursory view of this fast-growing front of modern LB research.
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Spelke, Elizabeth S. What Babies Know. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190618247.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract What do infants know, and how does the knowledge that they begin with prepare them for learning about the particular physical, cultural, and social world in which they live? Answers to this question shed light not only on infants but on children and adults in all cultures, because the core knowledge possessed by infants never goes away. Instead, it underlies the unspoken, commonsense knowledge of people of all ages, in all societies. By studying babies, researchers gain insights into infants themselves, into older children’s prodigious capacities for learning, and into some of the unconscious assumptions that guide our thoughts and actions as adults. To share these insights, the author distills the findings from research in developmental, comparative, and cognitive psychology, with excursions into studies of animal cognition in psychology and in systems and cognitive neuroscience, and studies in the computational cognitive sciences. Weaving across these disciplines, she paints a picture of what young infants know, and what they quickly come to learn, about objects, places, number, geometry, and people’s actions, social engagements, and mental states.
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Ahn, Sungyong. Internet-ontologies-Things. Bloomsbury Publishing Inc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501399275.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book argues how power mobilizes various algorithmic and ontological objects—from a smartwatch to a smart building—to identify a greater number of hidden problems within the physical domains of the IoT, from the wearer’s body to her smart city. The Internet of Things is the vast system of devices, objects, non-human animals, and people that collect and transfer data via a wireless network that does not require human interaction. It is now common in software studies to think of algorithmic objects, like the ‘things’ in the Internet of Things, as ontological agents as much as we humans are. While recent post-humanist philosophies, such as speculative realism and its object-oriented ontology, have supported this methodological elevation of objects to autonomous and sentient beings, this philosophical discourse is overlooked as well as the transformation that has happened to the materiality of our everyday lives embedded with these smart objects. From this changing infrastructure, Internet-ontologies-Things discovers the new form of economic and political power whose algorithmic governance finds its justification from our newly-cultivated paranoia about unknown computational problems.