Статті в журналах: "Doppler"

1

Eden, Alec. "Doppler or doppler?" Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 16, no. 8 (January 1990): 827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-5629(90)90047-g.

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2

Kremkau, F. "Doppler or doppler?" Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 16, no. 5 (January 1990): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-5629(90)90177-e.

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3

Rai, Lavanya, and S. Lekshmi. "Value of Third Trimester Uterine Artery Doppler in High-risk Pregnancies for Prediction of Adverse Perinatal Outcome." Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2, no. 1 (2010): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1056.

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ABSTRACT Objective To determine the usefulness of uterine artery Doppler in evaluation of third trimester high-risk pregnancies in prediction of adverse perinatal outcome. Methods In this prospective study uterine artery Doppler parameters such as PI and early diastolic notch were recorded in a group of 60 high-risk pregnancies mainly consisting of pre-eclampsia and small for gestational age. Uterine artery score (UAS) was calculated from the Doppler parameters and a score ≥ 2 was considered abnormal. Perinatal outcome was then correlated to this score and compared with umbilical artery Doppler. Results Abnormal UAS was noted in 72% of the study group while umbilical artery Doppler was abnormal in only 35%. All the five perinatal deaths and high-rate of perinatal morbidity was observed when both uterine and umbilical artery Dopplers were abnormal. Perinatal morbidity parameters such as birth weight < 2 kg, gestational age < 34 weeks and NICU admission was significantly high in 23 women who had abnormal UAS with normal umbilical artery Doppler. In pregnancies beyond 34 weeks abnormal uterine artery Doppler was a better predictor of adverse outcome than umbilical artery Doppler. Conclusion Abnormal uterine artery Doppler is a reliable predictor of adverse perinatal outcome in high-risk pregnancies with preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. Normal uterine artery Doppler in third trimester is reassuring. Thus inclusion of uterine artery Doppler along with umbilical artery Doppler in high-risk pregnancy in third trimester will improve fetal surveillance.

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4

Gong, Jiangkun, Jun Yan, Deren Li, and Deyong Kong. "Detection of Micro-Doppler Signals of Drones Using Radar Systems with Different Radar Dwell Times." Drones 6, no. 9 (September 19, 2022): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones6090262.

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Not any radar dwell time of a drone radar is suitable for detecting micro-Doppler (or jet engine modulation, JEM) produced by the rotating blades in radar signals of drones. Theoretically, any X-band drone radar system should detect micro-Doppler of blades because of the micro-Doppler effect and partial resonance effect. Yet, we analyzed radar data detected by three radar systems with different radar dwell times but similar frequency and velocity resolution, including Radar−α, Radar−β, and Radar−γ with radar dwell times of 2.7 ms, 20 ms, and 89 ms, respectively. The results indicate that Radar−β is the best radar for detecting micro-Doppler (i.e., JEM signals) produced by the rotating blades of a quadrotor drone, DJI Phantom 4, because the detection probability of JEM signals is almost 100%, with approximately 2 peaks, whose magnitudes are similar to that of the body Doppler. In contrast, Radar−α can barely detect any micro-Doppler, and Radar−γ detects weak micro-Doppler signals, whose magnitude is only 10% of the body Doppler’s. Proper radar dwell time is the key to micro-Doppler detection. This research provides an idea for designing a cognitive micro-Doppler radar by changing radar dwell time for detecting and tracking micro-Doppler signals of drones.

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5

Zalud, Ivica, and William Goh. "To Doppler or Not to Doppler: From Doppler Ultrasound to Color Doppler to Doppler in 3D and Beyond." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 5, no. 2 (2011): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1192.

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ABSTRACT This review aims to provide the reader with an update on the present and potential clinical applications in Doppler ultrasound in perinatal medicine. Umbilical artery Doppler plays an important role in the management of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and pre-eclampsia and aids in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome management while notching in the waveform is a predictor of umbilical cord abnormalities. Middle cerebral artery Doppler reliably detects fetal anemia and may be useful in the assessment of IUGR as well. Abnormal uterine artery Doppler may play a role in predicting growth restriction, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and preterm delivery. Abnormal ductus venosus waveforms can also be used to predict adverse fetal outcome and may allow for better timing of delivery while umbilical venous pulsations may be a sensitive marker for fetal heart failure in hydropic pregnancies. 3D power Doppler allows better small vessel visualization that is not affected by angle of insonation and has been used to diagnose placental and cord abnormalities. Significant improvements have recently occurred, improving the visualization and evaluation of placental vascularity, resulting from enhancements in delineation of tissue detail through electronic compounding and harmonics as well as enhancements in signal processing of frequency- and/or amplitude-based color Doppler ultrasound. Spatial representation of vascularity can be improved by utilizing 3D processing. Greater sensitivity of 3D Doppler ultrasound to macro- and microvascular flow has provided improved anatomic and physiologic assessment throughout pregnancy. The rapid development of these new ultrasound techniques will continue to enlarge the scope of clinical applications in placental studies. As clinical experience with these new technologies increases and as the technology improves further, it is reasonable to expect that 3D Doppler and 4D ultrasound will be complementary addition to well-established 2D Doppler ultrasound imaging.

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6

Zhou, Chang, Zhen-Bo Zhu, and Zi-Yue Tang. "A Novel Waveform Design Method for Shift-Frequency Jamming Confirmation." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2018 (July 2, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1569590.

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Shift-frequency jamming is generally used to form range false targets for ground-based early-warning radar systems; the frequency shift value of such interference is larger than the Doppler shift value of the moving target, and the key element to suppress the shift-frequency jamming is the frequency shift value estimation. However, in the low- or medium-pulse repetition frequency (PRF) mode, it is challenging to estimate the accurate frequency shift due to the velocity ambiguity. To solve this problem, a novel sparse Doppler-sensitive waveform is designed based on the ambiguity function theory, where the basic idea is to design a waveform sensitive to a specific Doppler but insensitive to other Dopplers; therefore, this waveform can recognize the specific Doppler of the target unambiguously. To apply the designed waveform in practice, the detection and estimation processing flow is provided based on the waveform diversity technique and the family of the sparse Doppler-sensitive waveforms. Simulation experiments are presented to validate the efficiency of the proposed method, and we conclude that the advantage of this method is that it can be used to confirm the specific Doppler of the target unambiguously with few pulses even under the condition of a low PRF.

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7

Eska, Andrita Ceriana. "Doppler Shift Effect at The Communication Systems with 10 GHz around Building." JURNAL INFOTEL 12, no. 4 (November 25, 2020): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20895/infotel.v12i4.483.

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This research described the Doppler shift effect for the communication systems. The mobile station moves with various velocities around the building’s environment. Doppler’s shift influences the communication systems. The frequency communication was used 10 GHz and its influenced by atmospheric attenuation. This research consisted of propagation with LOS and NLOS conditions, mobile station velocity variation, height buildings variation, and transmitter power variation. This research described frequency maximum at Doppler shift, coherence time, and signal to noise ratio. More increase Doppler shift of coherence time caused signal noise ratio to decrease.

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8

Figueiro-Filho, Ernesto A., Kathryn Versteeg, Jamie Vinken, Alyx Orieux, and Karolina Grzyb. "Association of Low Levels of Placental Growth Factor With Abnormal Fetal Doppler Assessment [ID 2683423]." Obstetrics & Gynecology 143, no. 5S (May 2024): 65S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aog.0001013852.57676.ee.

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INTRODUCTION: Placental growth factor (PlGF) is involved in placental angiogenesis and maturation. Low maternal serum PlGF levels predict placental dysfunction and associated conditions, such as preeclampsia, and fetal growth restriction. These pregnancy complications can lead to abnormal fetal Doppler assessment, indicating progressive fetal deterioration prompting preterm delivery. METHODS: We collected retrospective data from laboratory results of PlGF levels and fetal Dopplers (umbilical artery [UA], middle cerebral artery [MCA], and ductus venosus [DV]) from patients who had clinical indication for PlGF testing. Over 100 patients were identified to have results of all assessments between 2021 and 2023. Levels of PlGF were stratified in five categories according to gestational age and compared with normal and abnormal doppler results. For comparisons, the values were aggregated in normal and low PlGF. RESULTS: There were statistically significant associations between PlGF levels and Dopplers. Patients with low PlGF (less than 5th percentile for gestational age) were more likely to have abnormal dopplers than patients with normal PlGF (UA, P<.001; MCA, P<.001; DV, P<.001). A normal PlGF had a high negative predictive value (NPV) for normal dopplers (UA, 88%; MCA, 94.3%; DV, 98.6%). CONCLUSION: The results show that normal PlGF is highly associated with normal Dopplers. Additional data will be required to account for confounding factors; however, our preliminary data suggest that PlGF could be a useful tool for patients in rural and remote locations, as normal PlGF has a statistically and clinically significant negative predictive value for normal Doppler assessment.

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9

Uddin, M. Borhan, S. M. Sorowar Kamal, Abu Bakar Siddique, and Fahmida Shams. "Evaluation of scrotal pathology: an observational study." International Surgery Journal 11, no. 1 (December 27, 2023): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20233922.

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Background: Scrotal issues often prompt patients to seek evaluation through physical examinations and scrotal ultrasonography. Accurate diagnosis requires a comprehensive exploration of potential conditions, with both grayscale ultrasonography (USG) and duplex Color Doppler ultrasonography employed for assessment. Methods: This prospective observational study, conducted at Dhaka Medical College Hospital in Bangladesh from July 2004 to June 2005, aimed to compare the effectiveness of grayscale ultrasonography and duplex color Doppler ultrasonography in evaluating scrotal pathology. Fifty-two patients with intra-scrotal disease were included using purposive sampling. Grayscale USG and duplex color Doppler ultrasonography were performed, and demographic and clinical data were processed using MS Excel and SPSS version 23.0. Results: Grayscale ultrasonography identified hydrocele, varicocele, and epididymitis in 21%, 15%, and 13.5% of cases, respectively. Color Doppler imaging revealed various pathologies, with varicocele and hydrocele most common (21.20%). Diagnostic accuracy varied between the two techniques, with Color Doppler excelling in specific conditions such as testicular torsion (100% accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity). Overall, Color Doppler demonstrated superior accuracy (96.10%) compared to grayscale (80%). Conclusions: While both grayscale ultrasonography and duplex Color Doppler ultrasonography are valuable tools for evaluating scrotal pathology, the latter demonstrates superiority in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Color Doppler's effectiveness in diagnosing specific conditions suggests its preference for comprehensive scrotal assessments.

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10

Cahoon, Joyce, Wenjing Wang, Yiwen Zhu, Katherine Lin, Sean Liu, Raymond Truong, Neetu Singh, et al. "Doppler." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 15, no. 12 (August 2022): 3509–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3554821.3554840.

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Selecting the optimal cloud target to migrate SQL estates from on-premises to the cloud remains a challenge. Current solutions are not only time-consuming and error-prone, requiring significant user input, but also fail to provide appropriate recommendations. We present Doppler, a scalable recommendation engine that provides right-sized Azure SQL Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) recommendations without requiring access to sensitive customer data and queries. Doppler introduces a novel price-performance methodology that allows customers to get a personalized rank of relevant cloud targets solely based on low-level resource statistics, such as latency and memory usage. Doppler supplements this rank with internal knowledge of Azure customer behavior to help guide new migration customers towards one optimal target. Experimental results over a 9-month period from prospective and existing customers indicate that Doppler can identify optimal targets and adapt to changes in customer workloads. It has also found cost-saving opportunities among over-provisioned cloud customers, without compromising on capacity or other requirements. Doppler has been integrated and released in the Azure Data Migration Assistant v5.5, which receives hundreds of assessment requests daily.

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11

Kremkau, Frederick W. "Doppler." Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography 10, no. 6 (November 1994): 337–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/875647939401000610.

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12

Goh, William A., and Zalud Ivica. "To Doppler or not to Doppler." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 64, no. 2 (June 15, 2015): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd64284-91.

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This review aims to provide the reader with an update on the present and potential clinical applications in Doppler ultrasound in perinatal medicine. Umbilical artery Doppler plays an important role in the management of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and preeclampsia and aids in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome management while notching in the waveform is a predictor of umbilical cord abnormalities. Middle cerebral artery Doppler reliably detects fetal anemia and may be useful in the assessment of IUGR as well. Abnormal uterine artery Doppler may play a role in predicting growth restriction, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and preterm delivery. Abnormal ductus venosus waveforms can also be used to predict adverse fetal outcome and may allow for better timing of delivery while umbilical venous pulsations may be a sensitive marker for fetal heart failure in hydropic pregnancies. 3D power Doppler allows better small vessel visualization that is not affected by angle of insonation and has been used to diagnose placental and cord abnormalities. Significant improvements have recently occurred, improving the visualization and evaluation of placental vascularity, resulting from enhancements in delineation of tissue detail through electronic compounding and harmonics, as well as enhancements in signal processing of frequency- and/ or amplitude-based color Doppler ultrasound. Spatial representation of vascularity can be improved by utilizing 3D processing. Greater sensitivity of 3D Doppler ultrasound to macro- and microvascular flow has provided improved anatomic and physiologic assessment throughout pregnancy. The rapid development of these new ultrasound techniques will continue to enlarge the scope of clinical applications in placental studies. As clinical experience with these new technologies increase and as the technology improves further, it is reasonable to expect that 3D Doppler and 4D ultrasound will be complementary addition to well established 2D Doppler ultrasound imaging.

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13

Huang, Cunshun, Sridhar A. Lahankar, Myung Hwa Kim, Bailin Zhang, and Arthur G. Suits. "Doppler-free/Doppler-sliced ion imaging." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 8, no. 40 (2006): 4652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b612324d.

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14

Kriskovics, Levente, Zsolt Kövári, Krisztián Vida, Katalin Oláh, and Thorsten A. Carroll. "Doppler images of V1358 Ori." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 14, A30 (August 2018): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921319003855.

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AbstractWe present Doppler images of the active dwarf star V1358 Ori using high-resolution spectra from the NARVAL spectropolarimeter mounted on the Bernard Lyot Telescope. The spectra were taken between 09-20 Dec, 2013 with a resolution of R=80000. Doppler imaging was carried out with our new generation multi-line Dopper imaging code iMap (Carroll et al. 2012). 40 individual photospheric lines were selected by line depth, temperature sensitivity and blends. Two data subsets were formed to get two consecutive Doppler images. Prominent cool spots at lower latitudes are found on both maps. At 0.5 phase there is a prominent equatorial feature on both maps. Weaker polar features can be seen on the first map, which somewhat diminishes for the second map. On the first image there is a cool surface feature at 30 degrees latitude which seems to fade greatly on the second map. Around 0.75 phase, a new spot seems to form. These changes suggest a rapid surface evolution. Spot displacements may also indicate surface differential rotation, which was derived by cross-correlating the two subsequent Doppler images (see e.g. Kővári et al. 2012). We fit the latitudinal correlation peaks with a sine-squared law. The fit suggests solar-type surface differential rotation with a shear parameter of α=0.02±0.02. The shear parameter fits the ${P_{{\rm{rot}}}} - |\alpha | $ diagram in Kővári et al. (2017) quite well.

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15

Gangjun Liu, Gangjun Liu, and and Zhongping Chen and Zhongping Chen. "Advances in Doppler OCT." Chinese Optics Letters 11, no. 1 (2013): 011702–11712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201311.011702.

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16

Li, Wentao, and Jian Zhou. "Novel laser Doppler tachometer." Chinese Optics Letters 19, no. 1 (2021): 011201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202119.011201.

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17

Dang, Qun, and Xiao Li Lei. "Doppler Frequency Shift Tolerance Extension in Burst Spread Spectrum Communication System." Advanced Materials Research 443-444 (January 2012): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.443-444.237.

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A method to extend Doppler frequency discrimination tolerance is proposed for quick acquirement PN-code and Doppler frequency in TDMA burst spread spectrum communication system. According to Doppler’s different impacts on the correlation Peak and data demodulation, PN-code is acquired through single channel matched-filters, and parallel multi-channel correlators are used in the data demodulation branch channel. Thus, with using frame head prior information in data channel instead of traditional Cross-Product Automatic Frequency Control (CPAFC), the Doppler frequency shift discrimination tolerance is extended. Simulation and experiment show that frequency and PN-code can be acquired in several data periods, and synchronous time and the resources consumption are effectively reduced.

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18

Andersson, F. "The Doppler moment transform in Doppler tomography." Inverse Problems 21, no. 4 (May 27, 2005): 1249–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0266-5611/21/4/004.

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19

Wang, Fangjian, Angelina Scholz, Joachim Hug, and Christian Rembe. "Laser-Doppler-Dehnungssensor / Laser-Doppler strain gauge." tm - Technisches Messen 86, s1 (September 1, 2019): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teme-2019-0043.

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ZusammenfassungIn diesem Beitrag stellen wir einen Lasersensor vor, der die mechanische Dehnung bei der Betriebsfestigkeitsprüfung in Schwingprüfmaschinen kontaktlos misst. Die Auslenkungen an zwei nebeneinanderliegenden Messpunkten in der Dehnungsrichtung werden mit dem Sensor interferometrisch erfasst. Die Differenzauslenkung bezogen auf den Abstand der beiden Messstellen entspricht der Dehnung. Im Vergleich zum Stand der Wissenschaft zeigen wir einen verbesserten Sensoraufbau und ein erweitertes mathematisches Modell. Außerdem werden erstmals Testmessungen mit unserem Versuchsaufbau durchgeführt. Schließlich bestimmen wir den Beitrag des Rauschens, der sich mit unserer derzeitigen Signalverarbeitung ergibt. Unsere jetzige Realisierung erlaubt eine Auflösung der Dehnungsmessung von 0,02 ‰ bei einer Bandbreite von 1,25 kHz.

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20

Qui, H. H., M. Sommerfeld, and F. Durst. "Two novel Doppler signal detection methods for laser Doppler and phase Doppler anemometry." Measurement Science and Technology 5, no. 7 (July 1, 1994): 769–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/5/7/002.

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21

Stritzke, Amelie, Prashanth Murthy, Sharandeep Kaur, Verena Kuret, Zhiying Liang, Sarah Howell, and John V. Tyberg. "Arterial flow patterns in healthy transitioning near-term neonates." BMJ Paediatrics Open 3, no. 1 (February 2019): e000333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2018-000333.

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ObjectiveSignificant haemodynamic changes occur at delivery impacting organ blood flow distribution. We aimed to characterise Doppler indices patterns over time in three different organs (brain, gut and kidney) and test them as measures of vascular resistance.DesignObservational cohort study. Serial Doppler interrogations of the anterior cerebral, superior mesenteric and renal arteries within 2 hours, 2–6, and 24 hours of life, in combination with central haemodynamic data.PatientsHealthy, near-term (>36 weeks of gestation) neonates.Outcome measuresPulsatility (PI) and Resistance Indices (RI) patterns and organ-specific conductances, detailed echocardiographic haemodynamic measures.ResultsTwenty-one babies were studied. Doppler morphology and adaptation patterns were distinctly different between the organs (brain, gut and kidney) supporting autonomous vascular regulatory effects. The PI differentiated especially between kidney and other organ flow consistently over time. PI and RI for all three organs decreased. The variance in organ conductance did not explain the variance in 1/PI, indicating that PI is not a measure of resistance. Superior mesenteric artery had the highest velocity with 72 cm/s. Non-invasively acquired pilot serial values in a normal population are given. Patent ductus arteriosus flow remained open at discharge for 36%.ConclusionsHaemodynamic transitioning patterns assessed by serial Dopplers in healthy near-term neonates differ in brain, gut and kidney: Doppler waveform morphology differs, and PI differentiates renal Doppler morphology, compared with the other organs. While PI and RI decline for all organs, they do not measure resistance. Brain artery velocity increases, mesenteric perfusion is variable and renal Vmax decreases.

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22

Mukhtarov, Sh T., Sh I. Giyasov, and J. M. Yuldashev. "Comparative evaluation of visual-palpatory findings with scrotal doppler ultrasound data for varicocele diagnosis." Urology Herald 12, no. 2 (April 29, 2024): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21886/2308-6424-2024-12-2-58-65.

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Introduction. Current evidence suggests that management of any grade of varicocele can improve male fertility. However, diagnosis of grade 1 varicocele in infertile men without the use of scrotal Doppler ultrasound may cause overtreatment.Objective. To study the comparability and accuracy of the visual palpatory examination method with the scrotal Doppler ultrasound data for the diagnosis of varicocele.Material & methods. Between November 2005 to January 2022, 2871 patients diagnosed with varicocele and infertility who underwent microsurgical varicocelectomy by inguinal access were examined at RSSPMCU. The average age of the patients was 30.16 ± 0.09 (18 – 60) years. Of the 2871 patients, 2592 (90.3%) were diagnosed by physical examination, and 279 (9.7%) patients underwent additional scrotal Dopper ultrasound.Results. After Doppler scrotal imaging was introduced into practice, the proportion of patients with bilateral varicocele increased from 32.2% to 61.6% (p < 0.01). The proportion of patients with right-sided varicocele also increased signiﬁcantly. Experienced physicians during physical examination of infertility patients did not diagnose grade 1 varicocele in 4.3%.Conclusions. The implementation of scrotal Doppler ultrasound for the diagnosis of male infertility improved the detection of grade 1 varicocele and bilateral varicocele. In turn, this contributed to earlier elimination of the male factor of infertility in this contingent of patients.

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23

LaMantia, Kenneth R. "Doppler Echocardiography." Anesthesiology Clinics of North America 6, no. 4 (December 1988): 785–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8537(21)00245-5.

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24

Weiss, Peter. "Doppler Toppler." Science News 164, no. 23 (December 6, 2003): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4018923.

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25

Parashar, SatishK. "Doppler Basics." Journal of The Indian Academy of Echocardiography & Cardiovascular Imaging 4, no. 3 (2020): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jiae.jiae_22_20.

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26

DUFFY, DAVID M. "Doppler Commentary." Dermatologic Surgery 28, no. 4 (April 2002): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042728-200204000-00017.

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27

Dubose, Terry J., and Anthony L. Baker. "Doppler Football." Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography 22, no. 2 (March 2006): 135–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756479306286660.

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28

Baron, Scott B., and Keith A. Comess. "Doppler echocardiography." Postgraduate Medicine 87, no. 6 (May 1990): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1990.11716333.

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29

Pellett, Andrew A., William G. Tolar, Darrin G. Merwin, and Edmund K. Kerut. "Doppler Aliasing." Echocardiography 22, no. 6 (June 20, 2005): 540–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8175.2005.40099.x.

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30

Lin, G. Sharat, Donald T. Milburn, and Sandra Briggs. "Power Doppler." Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography 14, no. 4 (July 1998): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/875647939801400401.

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31

Abrams, J. H., K. D. Holmen, and R. E. Weber. "TRANSTRACHEAL DOPPLER." Anesthesiology 69, no. 3A (September 1, 1988): A238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-198809010-00237.

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32

ISHII, Shoken. "Doppler Lidar." Wind Engineers, JAWE 34, no. 3 (2009): 341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5359/jawe.34.341.

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33

Horrow, Mindy M., Christopher A. DeMauro, and Joanne S. Lee. "Carotid Doppler." Ultrasound Quarterly 24, no. 3 (September 2008): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ruq.0b013e3181817c3f.

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34

Marda, Manish, and Hemanshu Prabhakar. "Transcranial Doppler." Journal of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care 02, no. 03 (December 2015): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2348-0548.165042.

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AbstractTranscranial Doppler (TCD) is a bedside, non-invasive, reproducible, non-expensive neuromonitoring device which can be used in many clinical scenarios. Based on the principle of the Doppler shift, blood flow velocity (FV) in the cerebral vessels can be measured. It should be noted that TCD measures blood FV and not the cerebral blood flow (CBF). However, in a given condition, FV can be used as a surrogate marker for vessel diameter or CBF. Indirectly, it can also measure the CBF and the intracranial pressure. This review describes briefly the method of using the equipment and the various indices that can be measured. The applications of TCD are varied. The review also gives an account of the various clinical situations where TCD can be used. An inter-operator variability is an important limiting factor with the use of the TCD. However, in many of clinical scenario, the TCD can still be used to guide for decision-making.

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35

Schwar, Michael. "Doppler debate." Physics World 9, no. 4 (April 1996): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/9/4/14.

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36

Hines, Roberta L. "Doppler Echocardiography." Anesthesia & Analgesia 77, no. 4 (October 1993): 874???875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199310000-00055.

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37

MD, M. W. "Transcranial Doppler." Neurology 42, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): 2062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.42.10.2062.

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38

Bernero, Bruce. "Doppler computerized." Physics Teacher 23, no. 5 (May 1985): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.2341806.

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39

Sullivan, I. D. "Doppler echocardiography." Current Opinion in Cardiology 1, no. 1 (January 1986): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001573-198601000-00019.

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40

Williams, G. "Doppler echocardiography." Current Opinion in Cardiology 1, no. 2 (1986): 237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001573-198603000-00014.

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41

&NA;. "Doppler echocardiography." Current Opinion in Cardiology 1, no. 2 (1986): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001573-198603000-00029.

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42

Leftwich, Heidi K., Bethany Schmidt, Trang Pham, Judith U. Hibbard, and Isabelle Wilkins. "Doppler Ultrasonography." Obstetrics & Gynecology 123 (May 2014): 193S—194S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aog.0000447223.21442.41.

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43

Abrams, Jerome H., Roland E. Weber, and Kenneth D. Holmen. "Transtracheal Doppler." Anesthesiology 70, no. 1 (January 1989): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-198901000-00025.

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44

Gardin, Julius M. "Doppler Echocardiography." Chest 87, no. 1 (January 1985): 94–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.87.1.94.

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45

WERKMEISTER, R. "Doppler OCT." Acta Ophthalmologica 92 (August 20, 2014): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2014.1612.x.

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46

Fearon, Mary, and Kara Lee Rusy. "Transcranial Doppler." Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing 13, no. 5 (September 1994): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003465-199409000-00002.

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47

Snyder, Michael S., and John E. O'Loughlin. "Doppler Echocardiography." Pediatric Annals 16, no. 7 (July 1, 1987): 580–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0090-4481-19870701-11.

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48

Piskunov, N. "Doppler imaging." Physica Scripta T133 (December 2008): 014017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/2008/t133/014017.

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49

Soble, Jeffrey S. "Doppler "diastology"." Critical Care Medicine 26, no. 11 (November 1998): 1777–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199811000-00007.

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50

Russell, Philip. "Doppler doubts." Physics World 17, no. 3 (March 2004): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/17/3/25.

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