Книги: "Donor and recipient"

1

A, Lange, ed. Standardization of donor-recipient matching in transplantation. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2005.

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2

Register, Canadian Organ Replacement. Instruction manual, transplant recipient and organ donor information. Ottawa: Canadian Institute for Health Information, 2004.

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3

Lee, Linda Shin. Body size mismatch between donor and recipient in cadaveric kidney transplantation. [New Haven, Conn: s.n.], 1998.

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4

Hicks, Kevin John. The role of donor leukocytes among transfused platelets in inducing recipient cytotoxicity. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2000.

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5

From recipient to donor: Japan's official aid flows, 1945to 1990 and beyond. Princeton, N.J: International Finance Section, Department of Economics, Princeton University, 1995.

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6

1934-, Zulu Justin B., and International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Exchange Affairs Dept., eds. Central banking technical assistance to countries in transition: Papers and proceedings of meeting of donor and recipient central banks and international institutions. Washington, D.C: Monetary and Exchange Dept., International Monetary Fund, 1994.

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7

Knack, Stephen F. Donor fragmentation and bureaucratic quality in aid recipients. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2004.

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8

John, Shaw D., and Clay Edward J, eds. World food aid: Experiences of recipients & donors. Rome: World Food Programme, 1993.

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9

From recipients to donors: Emerging powers and the changing development landscape. London: Zed Books, 2012.

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10

Nameless relations: Anonymity, Melanesia, and reproductive gift exchange between British ova donors and recipients. New York: Berghahn Books, 2005.

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11

Hsu, Liang-Yin. Interface between donors and recipients in policy making: A case study of HIV/AIDS policies in China. Lage: Jacobs, 2006.

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12

Helmberger, Pat Stave. Transplants: Unwrapping the second gift of life ; the inside story of transplants as told by recipients and their families, donor families, and health professionals. Minneapolis, MN: Chronimed, 1992.

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13

Allen, Richard D. M., and Henry C. C. Pleass. Donor and recipient kidney transplantation surgery. Edited by Jeremy R. Chapman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0278_update_001.

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Kidney transplant surgery is for thinking surgeons who enjoy being part of a multidisciplinary transplant team. Good ones recognize the small margin for error and avoid difficulties by careful preparation and anticipation of potential pitfalls. Progressively, their role has gained in significance and is now the most important variable in kidney graft loss in the first 6 months after transplantation. Deceased organ donation is complex, expensive, and insufficient in numbers to meet the demand for kidney transplantation. Living donor surgery is therefore a procedure of necessity. Laparoscopic approaches have obvious benefits to the patient but are not operations for the beginner. There are few remaining stalwarts of the open nephrectomy procedure. Because of the limited length of the donor ureter, kidney transplant procedures involve placement of the donor kidney into a heterotopic position with vascular anastomoses to the iliac vessels. No two procedures are the same. Observation of the transplanted kidney changing from a flaccid and pale appearance to one that is firm and pink, and within seconds of removing vascular clamps, is an unforgettable experience for the first timer. Even better is the sight of urine, minutes later. Good transplant centres select their new surgeons carefully!

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14

(Editor), F. Axelrod, Christina Algiere Kaspirin (Editor), and Christina Kasprisin (Editor), eds. Blood Center and Transfusion Service Donor/Recipient Notification Dilemmas. American Association of Blood Banks, 1995.

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15

Axelrod, Frederick, and Christina Kasprisin. Blood Center and Transfusion Service Donor/ Recipient Notification Dilemmas. American Association of Blood Banks (AABB), 1995.

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16

Utviklingssamarbeid, Norway Direktoratet for, ed. Recipient responsibility and the practice of NORAD's role as donor. Oslo: NORAD, 1999.

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17

El-Sheikh, M., and P. A. Lear. Transplantation. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198510567.003.0019.

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Organ donors 834Organ recipient preparation 836Immunosuppression 838Kidney transplantation 842Pancreas transplantation 846Liver transplantation 848Cardiac transplantation 852Lung transplantation 854• The number of patients waiting for transplantation increases by over 3% per year. Cadaveric donor numbers have declined over the past decade....

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18

Bhargava, Ashish, and Pranatharthi H. Chandrasekar. Infected Donor—What Do I Do? Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0059.

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These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlight the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients who receive immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.

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19

Rajagopal, Keshava, and Bartley P. Griffith. Intensive care management in cardiac transplantation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0372.

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Cardiac transplant recipients are among the most complex critically-ill patients in the peri-transplant phase. In this chapter, a comprehensive multi-organ system review of heart transplant recipient management is undertaken, after a brief summary of the pre-implantation donor organ management and the conduct of the transplantation procedures themselves. Specific issues addressed that are unique to the transplant recipient include technical complications, primary allograft dysfunction, and hyperacute and acute allograft rejection. Since issues in heart and lung transplantation are reviewed separately, heart–lung transplantation is not discussed as an independent topic.

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20

Rajagopal, Keshava, and Bartley P. Griffith. Intensive care management in lung transplantation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0373.

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Lung transplant recipients are among the most complex critically-ill patients in the peri-transplant phase. In this chapter, a comprehensive multi-organ system review of lung transplant recipient management is undertaken, after a brief summary of the pre-implantation donor organ management and the conduct of the transplantation procedures themselves. Specific issues addressed that are unique to the transplant recipient include technical complications, primary allograft dysfunction, and hyperacute and acute allograft rejection. Since issues in heart and lung transplantation are reviewed separately, heart-lung transplantation is not discussed as an independent topic.

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21

Karasek, Mirek, and Jennifer P. Tanabe. Crucial Challenge for International Aid: Making the Donor-Recipient Relationship Work to Prevent Catastrophe. Lulu Press, Inc., 2014.

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22

Karasek, Mirek, and Jennifer P. Tanabe. Crucial Challenge for International Aid: Making the Donor-Recipient Relationship Work to Prevent Catastrophe. Lulu Press, Inc., 2014.

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23

Poplack, Shana. The bare facts of borrowing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256388.003.0006.

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This chapter addresses the problem of classifying formally ambiguous bare forms. It illustrates with analysis of three typologically distinct language pairs involving isolating recipients (Wolof, Fongbe, and Igbo) that feature virtually no overt morphology on the noun, obviating the morphological criterion for loanword integration. Here the appeal is to the syntax of nouns and noun phrases, focusing on their variable distribution across different types of modification structure. This expands and systematizes the comparisons of chapters 4 and 5 by considering in greater detail not just the rates of occurrence of a diagnostic but also its variable structure. Regardless of language pair, the overwhelming majority of lone donor-language nouns display quantitative parallels to their relevant recipient-language counterparts in ways far too specific to be random. At the same time, they pattern differently from nouns in unmixed donor-language contexts. This reveals that the donor-language nouns have been borrowed and integrated into different recipients.

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24

Bermeo, Sarah Blodgett. Reorienting Foreign Aid*. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851828.003.0004.

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This chapter applies the theory of targeted development to foreign aid and analyzes bilateral aid allocation from 23 donors to 156 recipient for the period 1973–2012. The targeted development framework predicts that donors will use aid where it can most benefit themselves by decreasing negative spillovers from underdevelopment, and that this concern with spillovers will have grown as globalization has increased. The analysis shows that in the post-2001 period, donors give more aid to nearby countries and to those that are linked to themselves through trade, migration, or historical ties. These countries have an increased likelihood of transmitting spillovers to the donor state. This marks a change from the Cold War period, when non-development considerations were leading determinants of aid policy. The analysis also shows that donors alter the composition of aid based on the quality of governance in a recipient, consistent with an attempt to increase aid effectiveness.

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25

Retter, Andrew. Management of the bone marrow transplant recipient in ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0375.

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Bone marrow transplants are an exciting and rapidly evolving area of haematology providing life-saving therapy to many patients and the number performed annually is increasing. Transplants are generally not considered as first line therapy due to their inherent toxicity and high rate of complications. The patients tend to have more heavily pre-treated disease with it attendant toxicities and a decreased physiological reserve. Admission rates vary between series from 15 to 30%. It is increasingly important that intensivists are aware of the basic principles of bone marrow transplantation and its’ possible morbidities. There are two types of transplant autologous transplants, where the patient’s own stem cells are returned to them and transplants from a donor. Only allogeneic transplants are associated with graft-versus-host disease. Allograft recipients also require immunosuppression to prevent transplant rejection. It is essential that this immunosuppression is continued when patients are admitted to intensive care. Transplant patients are always severely immunocompromised and prone to prolonged periods of neutropenia. They routinely receive antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial prophylaxis, which must be continued on their admission. They remain vulnerable to unusual infections presenting in an atypical fashion. It is essential to have both a very low clinical threshold of suspicion for infection and detailed local protocols established to guide empirical antimicrobial therapy. Although traditionally poor, the prognosis is slowly improving.

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26

Poplack, Shana. Confirmation through replication. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256388.003.0007.

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This chapter reviews a series of replications of the studies reported in previous chapters on eight typologically distinct language pairs, making use of a wide array of phonological, morphological, and syntactic diagnostics (e.g., vowel harmony, word order, case-marking, adjectival expression, nominal determination patterns, verb incorporation strategies). Wherever a conflict site between donor and recipient languages could be determined, lone items were systematically shown to behave like the latter, often to the point of assuming the fine details of its variable quantitative conditioning. Results confirm that the integration process and its outcome—grammatical identity of donor-language items with recipient-language counterparts—are universal.

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27

Poplack, Shana. Distinguishing borrowing and code-switching. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256388.003.0009.

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This chapter confronts the structure of borrowed items explicitly with that of multiword code-switches produced by the same French-English bilinguals. Speakers are shown to imbue switches with the morphosyntactic structure of the donor language while integrating borrowings into that of the recipient language, to the extent of mirroring its variable patterning. Also measured is speakers’ relative propensity to engage in these mixing types, to determine whether those who make copious use of one are equally likely to use the other. No such correlation could be established, further attesting to the distinction among these strategies. Corroborating evidence comes from three additional language pairs and one triplet, in which, regardless of diagnostic or language, lone donor-language items, nonce and more frequent, are seen to behave in parallel in their adoption of recipient-language structure, and differently from multiword code-switches, which retain donor-language structure.

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28

Absorptive Capacity in the Security and Justice Sectors: Assessing Obstacles to Success in the Donor-Recipient Relationship. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2013.

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29

Frey, Bruno S., and Jana Gallus. Types of Awards. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798507.003.0003.

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Awards serve to honour and motivate performance that goes ‘beyond the call of duty’ and thus indicates extra-role behaviours. Recipients may be persons, organizations, or even cities. Awards establish a special relationship between the recipient and the donor. Confirmatory awards are given based on clearly defined and observable achievements. They are similar to bonus pay. In contrast, discretionary award givers enjoy leeway in deciding whom to honour. This type of award acknowledges laudable behaviour ex post and is not a reward individuals normally expect to receive. Discretionary awards allow the givers to respond to the unexpected. Awards are highly appreciated by most recipients and, under most circumstances, are therefore in high demand. They signal appreciation and recognition, and may provide social status and entail material advantages. Awards may also raise the prospect of a more successful career and higher future income. There is an almost limitless demand for honours.

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30

Poplack, Shana. Dealing with variability in loanword integration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256388.003.0005.

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This chapter tests a strong loanword integration hypothesis: that donor-language material that has been borrowed will display variability in morphosyntactic integration paralleling that of the recipient language. This requires explicitly marshalling the recipient language as the benchmark for comparison, an innovation implemented here for the first time. Illustrating with the typologically different Tamil-English language pair, word order and case-marking of English-origin objects of Tamil verbs are analyzed. English indirect objects are overwhelmingly inflected with Tamil dative markers, but direct objects tend not to be marked for the accusative. Comparison reveals that this patterning reflects the case-marking variability inherent in the recipient-language benchmark, compelling us to recognize even these apparently bare forms as borrowed, and supporting the Nonce Borrowing Hypothesis. This demonstrates that the facts of variability must be taken into account to identify which forms have been borrowed and which have been code-switched.

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31

Wingard, John R. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0300.

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This chapter starts by explaining that the goal of allogeneic stem cell transplantation is the establishment of donor hematopoiesis and immunity in the recipient to treat an antecedent marrow failure disorder or to achieve a graft-versus-cancer effect to treat a neoplastic disease. The goal of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is very different from allogeneic HSCT. In autologous HSCT, the goal of the graft is simpler: it is to rescue the myelotoxic effects of high-dose chemotherapy. Neutropenia is shorter, cellular immunodeficiency is less profound, and immune reconstitution is quicker. Infectious exposures before transplant play an important role after transplant. Although an infection may be effectively treated and under good control before transplant, reactivation may occur after transplant. The search for risk factors that can identify individuals at greatest risk for various types of infection has led to the identification of neutropenia, lymphopenia (or low CD4+ cell counts), low levels of immunoglobulin, and GVHD, prior infection by organisms that may persist in the recipient or donor, and a number of other factors in certain situations. The chapter concludes that one of the biggest challenges is distinguishing infection from some other noninfectious etiology of a syndrome.

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32

Aina, Titilopemi A. O., and Miguel Prada. Kidney Transplantation. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0024.

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Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) can be managed with kidney transplantation, hemodialysis, or peritoneal dialysis. The most common organ transplanted in the United States is the kidney. Kidney transplantation surgery can be divided into the following stages: incision/dissection of vessels, cross-clamping vessels, vascular anastomosis, unclamping of vessels, ureter anastomosis to bladder, and closing. The size of recipient and donor kidneys as well as the size of recipient blood vessels will determine the position of graft implantation—either intraperitoneal or extraperitoneal. At the conclusion of surgery, most of the patients are extubated. This chapter describes the key steps in the preoperative assessment, explains the features of intraoperative anesthetic management, reviews the risk factors for reintubation, and identifies the optimal plan for postoperative pain management.

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33

Limaye, Ajit P., and Lynne Strasfeld. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0200.

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Chapter 2 focuses on the solid organ transplantation (SOT). The Solid organ transplantation (SOT) is undertaken to restore organ function for patients with failing or end-stage disease of the liver, heart, lung, kidneys, and/or pancreas or to re-establish function in patients with short gut or other disorders of the intestinal tract. Organ transplantation requires lifelong maintenance immune suppression to prevent organ rejection. Infection can be related to donor transmission, reactivation from latency in the recipient, or acquisition de novo post-transplant. The evaluation of suspected infection in SOT recipients is guided by the clinical presentation, with likelihood shaped by prophylaxis strategies, host factors, and exposure history. Prompt evaluation is critical, often requiring multimodality imaging, microbiologic testing with cultures and molecular diagnostics, and invasive diagnostics or biopsy. The chapter concludes that, through use of biomarkers and indicators of pathogen-specific immune competence as well as better laboratory assessment of overall immune competence, a more granular identification of those SOT recipients at highest risk for infection will allow for optimization of prophylaxis and other infection prevention strategies.

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34

Lim, Wai Hon. Complex Evolution of Kidney Transplantation: Pre-Transplant Donor and Recipient Assessment, Transplant Surgery, Immunosuppression, High-Risk Transplants and Management of Post-Transplant Complications. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2014.

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35

Almuina, Susana, Ian S. Mccarthy, and Gabriel Sensenbrenner. Central Banking Technical Assistance to Countries in Transition: Papers and Proceedings of the Meeting of Donor and Recipient Central Banks and International Institutions. International Monetary Fund, 1995.

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36

Almuina, Susana, Gabriel Sensenbrenner, Ian S. McCarthy, and Justin B. Zulu. Central Banking Technical Assistance to Countries in Transition: Papers and Proceedings of the Meeting of Donor and Recipient Central Banks and International Institutions. International Monetary Fund, 1995.

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37

Chenault, Kristin. Pediatric Renal Transplantation. Edited by Kirk Lalwani, Ira Todd Cohen, Ellen Y. Choi, and Vidya T. Raman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685157.003.0043.

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Approximately 700 pediatric kidney transplants were performed in 2014, with roughly one-third of those being living-related kidney transplantations. There are distinct differences between renal disease and transplantation in children compared to adults. Overall, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is less common in the pediatric population than in adults. While the most common etiology for ESRD in adults is diabetes mellitus, the most common etiologies of ESRD in the pediatric population are congenital, such as dysplastic kidney or obstructive uropathy. Surgical technique can also vary depending on the age and size of the recipient, as well as the donor kidney size.

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38

Tanaka, Shin’ichi. The relation between L2 perception and L1 phonology in Japanese loanwords. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754930.003.0014.

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This chapter examines how geminates in words from a donor language are borrowed by a recipient language that already has a geminate/singleton contrast. It analyses the loanword adaptation of Italian geminates in Japanese and its relationship to Japanese speakers’ perception of geminates. A corpus study and a perception experiment show that both phonological and phonetic factors affect adaptation patterns. Although Japanese speakers are essentially capable of perceiving geminates in Italian, their adaptation of geminates in actual loanwords is affected by the class of the consonant and the phonological environments in which it appears. Specifically, geminate consonants are more likely to be perceived as geminates by native Japanese listeners the further they appear towards the end of the source words.

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39

Kim, Hyunsoon. Korean speakers’ perception of Japanese geminates. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754930.003.0015.

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This chapter investigates whether the grammar of a recipient language (L1) plays a role in borrowing words of a donor language (L2), by exploring Korean (L1) speakers’ perception of Japanese (L2) geminates. Eighty Seoul Korean subjects were asked to listen to Japanese words with the voiceless geminates [p:, t:, k:, s:], which are grouped as frequently and infrequently used in Korea. It was found that the Japanese geminates were mainly perceived either as the coda fricative /s/ and an onset fortis consonant or as an onset fortis with no coda. The results provide empirical evidence for an L1 grammar-driven borrowing process with the three intermediate steps of L1 perception, L1 lexicon, and L1 phonology between L2 acoustic input (= L1 input) and L1 output.

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40

Cohen, I. Glenn. Sperm and Egg Donor Anonymity. Edited by Leslie Francis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199981878.013.22.

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Gamete donor anonymity has become an increasingly active area of legislative, bioethical, and empirical interest over the last decade or so. This chapter begins by detailing the very different status of gamete donor anonymity, contrasting the United States (where the law does not prohibit it) with the rest of the world (where it has been largely prohibited by law) and examining the effects of these policies. The chapter then examines the major arguments that have been offered in favor of and against mandating nonanonymous gamete donation. In particular, it focuses on the effects of removing anonymity on supply and arguments in favor of ending sperm donor anonymity based on the welfare of donor-conceived children or rights claims by them. The chapter also more briefly considers ethical and legal issues related to donor compensation, accidental incest, information reciprocity between donors and recipients, and reproductive tourism.

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41

Knack, Stephen. When Do Donors Trust Recipient Country Systems? The World Bank, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-6019.

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42

Knack, Stephen, and Aminur Rahman. Donor Fragmentation and Bureaucratic Quality in Aid Recipients. The World Bank, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-3186.

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43

Koch, Susanne, and Peter Weingart. The Delusion of Knowledge Transfer: The Impact of Foreign Aid Experts on Policy-making in South Africa and Tanzania. African Minds, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.47622/9781928331391.

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With the rise of the knowledge for development paradigm, expert advice has become a prime instrument of foreign aid. At the same time, it has been object of repeated criticism: the chronic failure of technical assistance a notion under which advice is commonly subsumed has been documented in a host of studies. Nonetheless, international organisations continue to send advisors, promising to increase the effectiveness of expert support if their technocratic recommendations are taken up. This book reveals fundamental problems of expert advice in the context of aid that concern issues of power and legitimacy rather than merely flaws of implementation. Based on empirical evidence from South Africa and Tanzania, the authors show that aid-related advisory processes are inevitably obstructed by colliding interests, political pressures and hierarchical relations that impede knowledge transfer and mutual learning. As a result, recipient governments find themselves caught in a perpetual cycle of dependency, continuously advised by experts who convey the shifting paradigms and agendas of their respective donor governments. For young democracies, the persistent presence of external actors is hazardous: ultimately, it poses a threat to the legitimacy of their governments if their policy-making becomes more responsive to foreign demands than to the preferences and needs of their citizens.

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44

Clay, Edward, and John Shaw. World Food Aid: Experiences of Recipients & Donors. Heinemann, 1994.

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45

Shaw, John. World Food Aid: Experiences of Recipients & Donors. World Food Programme, 1993.

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46

Cui, Zhao, Neil Turner, and Ming-hui Zhao. Alport post-transplant antiglomerular basement membrane disease. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0075.

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Alport antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease is a rare example of disease caused by allo-sensitization after renal transplantation, first described in 1992. Because the recipient lacks a specific glomerular basement membrane (GBM) protein, they can become sensitized to the normal molecule present in the GBM of the donor kidney. The disease is restricted to the allograft. Interestingly severe disease arises from this only arises rarely, certainly less than 1 in 20, probably closer to 1 in 50. It characteristically causes late graft loss in a first transplant with accelerated tempo in later allografts, and in its most extreme form recurs within days. However, inexplicably some subsequent transplants do not provoke aggressive recurrence. Treatment of the most aggressive disease is difficult and in most cases has been ultimately unsuccessful. Lower levels of immune response, marked by linear binding of immunoglobulin-G to GBM without glomerular disease, are not uncommon in Alport patients after transplantation and should not lead to altered treatment. Immunoassays for anti-GBM antibodies can be misleading as in most cases the target of antibodies is the α‎‎‎5 chain of type IV collagen, rather than the α‎‎‎3 chain which is the target in spontaneous anti-GBM disease. Overall the outcome of transplantation in Alport syndrome is better than average. This complication is more likely in patients with partial or total gene deletion rather than point mutations, but no other predictive features have been identified.

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47

Poplack, Shana. Borrowing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256388.001.0001.

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In virtually every bilingual situation empirically studied, borrowed items make up the overwhelming majority of other-language material, but short shrift has been given to this major manifestation of language contact. As a result, scholars have long been divided over whether borrowing is a process distinct from code-switching, leading to long-standing controversy over how best to theorize language mixing strategies. This volume focuses on lexical borrowing as it actually occurs in the discourse of bilingual speakers, building on more than three decades of original research. Based on vast quantities of spontaneous performance data and a highly ramified analytical apparatus, it characterizes the phenomenon in the speech community and in the grammar, both synchronically and diachronically. In contrast to most other treatments, which deal with the product of borrowing, this work examines the process: How speakers incorporate foreign items into their bilingual discourse, how they adapt them to recipient-language grammatical structure, how these forms diffuse across speakers and communities, how long they persist in real time, and whether they change over the duration. It proposes falsifiable hypotheses about established loanwords and nonce borrowings and tests them empirically on a wealth of unique datasets on a wide variety of typologically similar and distinct language pairs. A major focus is the detailed analysis of integration, the principal mechanism underlying the borrowing process. Though the shape the borrowed form assumes may be colored by community convention, we show that the act of transforming donor-language elements into native material is universal.

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48

Billioux, Alexander. Infections in the Transplant Patient. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0056.

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Recipients of donor-derived tissues and organs are at particularly high risk of infection because of their unique combination of risk factors. Chronic illness results in more exposure to health care contexts in which pathogens—especially drug-resistant species—might be acquired. The transplant surgery itself compromises anatomical barriers to infection via indwelling venous and urinary catheters, endotracheal tubes, and surgical wounds. Donor-derived tissues and organs may harbor infectious pathogens undetected during rapid pre-transplant evaluations. The immunosuppression necessary to prevent rejection of donor tissues increases the risk of infection. In addition, each type of transplanted organ bears unique infectious risks. Many pathogens seen in post-transplant patients have unique clinical presentations. Infections in the transplant patient can vary depending on time from transplantation, the type of organ transplanted, and the primary manifestation of the infection.

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49

Knack, Stephen. Building or Bypassing Recipient Country Systems: Are Donors Defying the Paris Declaration? The World Bank, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-6423.

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50

Mawdsley, Doctor Emma. From Recipients to Donors: Emerging Powers and the Changing Development Landscape. Zed Books, Limited, 2012.

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