Статті в журналах з теми "Doctor Who, science communication, democratisation of science"

Fiction is often credited with shaping public attitudes to science, but little science communication research has studied fans' deep engagement with a science-themed fiction text. This study used a survey to investigate the impacts of television series ‘Doctor Who’ (1963–89; 2005–present) on its viewers' attitudes to science, including their education and career choices and ideas about science ethics and the science-society relationship. The program's reported impacts ranged from causing participants to fact-check ‘Doctor Who’'s science to inspiring them to pursue a science career, or, more commonly, prompting viewers to think broadly and deeply about science's social position in diverse ways.

The article is dedicated to Demyan Nikolaevich Bakhrakh — the outstanding legal scholar, Doctor of Law, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation. His contribution to the development of the domestic science of administrative law is analyzed. The article also tells about the interesting moments of the author’s communication with Professor D.N. Bahrakh, who turns 90 on October 16, 2022.

The revival of the BBC series Doctor Who in 2005 heralded the successful rebirth of a defunct science fiction series that had been cancelled in 1989. While the 2005 incarnation was designed as a slick, high-budget media product with cross-national appeal, the initial series, which was broadcast regularly from 1963 to 1989, was quite different – quirky, low-budget and distinctly British. In fact, the roll-out of Doctor Who on American television screens in the late 1970s was marred by missteps thanks in part to structural differences between the US and British broadcasting systems. This essay explores the initial expansion of Doctor Who into the United States beginning in the late 1960s, first via syndication to commercial stations with Time Life Television and later to Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) stations nationwide through the BBC's US distribution arm, Lionheart Television. The attempt to internationalise the Doctor Who audience in its first two decades is examined through the larger lens of shared British and American broadcasting history and policy before and during the Thatcher era. Ironically, while the BBC scrapped Doctor Who in the 1980s due to market pressures and personal rivalries, it attracted an engaged and loyal fan base in the United States, ultimately boosting the fortunes of American public television.

Purpose This study aims to explore the information-seeking behavior of female patients engaged in doctor shopping. An investigation was conducted on the following aspects: the reasons for doctor-shopping behavior (DSB), patients’ information needs and sources, patients’ use of the obtained information and the degree of satisfaction with the information collected. Design/methodology/approach In-depth interviews were conducted in this study. In total, 30 female participants who lived or worked in the Taipei metropolitan area, Taiwan, were recruited. Findings Dissatisfaction with treatment, confirmation of illness conditions, inconvenient treatment locations and hours and dissatisfaction with doctor’s attitude were the main reasons for DSB. Family members, friends, the internet and mass media were sources of information for participants when they sought second and successive doctors. In most cases, the degree of satisfaction toward the obtained information increased after each visit to a doctor during the doctor-shopping journey. However, not all participants shared information with doctors. The participants suggested that detailed explanations provided by doctors and better communication with doctors may reduce the occurrence of doctor shopping. Originality/value The findings of this study help medical personnel better understand DSB. The findings revealed the significance of information to patients and indicated that the information collected during doctor shopping is beneficial for patients.

Abstract Dementia diagnosis and care relies on extensive communication between a doctor, patient, and oftentimes a family caregiver. Communication is important for recognizing when there is a cognitive concern, gaining an understanding of the patient’s history of cognitive decline, engaging in cognitive testing, and providing quality care post-diagnosis. We conducted a qualitative study of 35 primary care clinicians and primary care nurse practitioners working in safety net settings in California to understand facilitators and barriers to dementia diagnosis and care. Using thematic analysis, we identified similar themes to those that have been explored extensively related to language and communication in doctor-patient relationship. Topics ranging from challenges that emerge when there is language discordance, difficulties finding and using interpreters, and challenges related to communicating medical topics in a patient’s native language. Specifically related to dementia, we found that language challenges emerge due to inadequate translation or availability of cognitive testing and post-diagnostic resources in multiple languages. However, we also identified unique challenges related to communication, including hearing loss, communicating about trauma during the diagnostic history interview, navigating the logistics of care, including communicating with specialists, building trust and rapport when there is language discordance, and cultural miscommunication even when the spoken language is the same. These issues affect historically marginalized individuals and communities, especially when dementia and cognitive impairment are present. We suggest new approaches and policies to enhance communication and better ways of working with patients who are hard of hearing.

In this article I return to the fannish transitional object, relating fandom across the life course (Harrington and Bielby 2013) to recent critical concepts of ‘consumed nostalgia’ and ‘mediated nostalgia’ (Cross 2015; Lizardi 2015), both of which imply that ‘enduring fandom’ can represent an unhealthy holding on to the past. Challenging this, I turn to Christopher Bollas’ (1993) notion of ‘generational consciousness’, considering instead how a long-running British science fiction TV series such as Doctor Who (BBC1, 1963–) can become a ‘generational object’ for multiple cohorts of fans (Booth and Kelly 2013), this being recognised through fan discourses of ‘my Doctor’. I also examine how changes in the fan object linked to recasting and reimagining are drawn on by fans to understand the ageing of their own generation, and its movement from a culturally powerful ‘illusion’ (that the text is meant for them), to disillusionment (that Doctor Who is now aimed at younger audiences, and hence they may no longer be culturally central to its meanings and practices). If we can identify ‘media generations’ (Bolin 2017), then this calls for a greater exploration of how media attachments, retained by fans across many decades, can act as life-transitional objects within experiences of ageing. I conclude by addressing the ‘textual ageing’ of Doctor Who, demonstrating how the programme denies its own metaphorical ‘life cycle’ (Harrington 2016) in favour of always regenerating, even while it simultaneously trades on the cultural/heritage value of being more than 50 years old.

This article focuses on how mode and genre shaped the formal and narrative possibilities in The Tripods (BBC, 1984–5). It explores how the first and second series are substantially different from each other and offers an approach that attempts to explain the complex ways in which generic boundaries are made to operate within television. Such an approach can offer insight into how modifications in mode were a desire to replace an existing but ailing show, Doctor Who (BBC, 1963–) with one that would be successful because it fitted the existing industrial model of televisual flow. However, The Tripods ultimately failed because it deployed a strategy of visual distinction in contravention of the prevailing industrial televisual model. The regulation of form can be shown to be historically specific on British television, and the article examines assumptions regarding the fluidity of genre in this particular medium. The modification of The Tripods from an adventure show that addressed a general television audience to one that specifically addressed fans of science fiction demonstrates how shifts in genre can be linked to wider arguments about the increased complexity of the television image and a strategy of visual distinction as an example of the ‘era of availability’ on British television. Finally, a discussion of genre demonstrates the tensions between stability and uncertainty in an extensive cultural form such as television, and how the modality of genre is made complex by bringing together the social and the technological.

"The effectiveness of medical evidence is largely dependent on the ability to communicate that evidence to the science-users, mostly patients. Like in many fields of science, also in medicine trust is one of the most important components of doctor-patient interaction. Cultivation of patient trust is, in turn, primarily a linguistic activity, subject to linguistic norms and conventions. Doctor-patient interaction has been at the core of a growing discussion during the past few years, especially in the context of innovations in evidence-based methods and related to the applicability of clinical guidelines derived from those methods. In Italy, this debate resulted in a recent law (n.219/2017), which declares that “the care and trusting relationship between doctor and patient which is based on the informed consent is promoted and enhanced” (art.1) and that “the time of the communication between doctor and patient is a time of care” (art.8). This new kind of perspective on communication between physicians and patients has led to several questions, above all (i) what is the best definition of trust? and (ii) how achieve a trusting relationship? According to a strictly philosophical point of view, it implies how to successfully communicate imperfect evidence and risk to patients who are in a position of epistemic asymmetry with respect to the doctors; it is problematic because it involves a transfer of complex knowledge of risks and uncertainties from experts to laypeople. The paper investigates the difficulties in communicating medical evidence associated with risk and uncertainties of diagnosis and treatment. "

The existing literature identifies parent communication as a protective mechanism in the reduction of sexual risk behaviors among youth; however, not much is known about father–child communication and bonding and its association with HIV testing. Therefore, this study examines the link between the relationship, bonding, and communication shared by African American (AA) fathers and their children and HIV testing over time. This secondary data analysis included data from Waves 1 and 3 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health on the health of adolescents to adults in a sample of AA males and females ( N = 509), with a mean age of 16 years. The independent variables included fathers’ communication, bonding, and relationships, and the dependent variables included HIV testing. A multinomial analysis assessed the factors that contributed to or prevented HIV testing. It was found that the overall model was statistically significant; F(24, 55) = 8.95; p < .001. The results suggest that father–adolescent communication was statistically significant and positively associated with HIV testing ( B = 23.88; p < .05). AA adolescents who reported going to the doctor or making a nursing visit were more likely to get tested multiple times ( B = 13.91; p < .001). Our findings indicate that father–child relationships are essential to adolescent sexual development and serve as a protective factor against threats to sexual health. Future studies should be designed to investigate the cognitive mechanisms through which the father–child bonding and communication may impact HIV testing.

Annotation. Introduction. In today’s rapidly evolving Internet, new opportunities are emerging for scientific communication among scientists around the world. The dissemination of scientific ideas in society through the media is a daily norm abroad. In Ukraine, the attitude of the research community towards the promotion of scientific research still raises many questions: it is rather wary. For the even development of Ukrainian science, scientists need to cover the results of their work to a wide audience, communicate with press services and journalists and disseminate their ideas in society. With the emergence of new more effective ways and forms of scientific communication through Internet resources and relevant platforms, the creation of new information and scientific technologies, there is a need for state support of scientific activities, communication in Ukraine and ensuring the appropriate level of copyright protection of these scientists, developers etc. Purpose. The main purpose of the study is to monitor the state and trends of scientific communication in Ukraine in modern conditions and to develop recommendations for its further development. Results. The analysis of development of scientific communication in Ukraine is carried out. The definition of the concept of scientific communication is indicated. The process of scientific communication is schematically presented. The most common classification of scientific communication is given. The significance of the created National Research Fund of Ukraine for scientists and science in general is noted. The dynamics of the number of employees involved in the implementation of research and development, who have the degree of Doctor of Science and Doctor of Philosophy. The analysis of the employees number by level of education is involved in the implementation of research and development. Conclusions. We are convinced that the improvement of the support mechanism for Ukrainian science, scientists and scientists by the state will help to minimize the possible risks and dangers associated with copyright infringement and the decline of domestic science in general. Keywords: scientific communication; communicant; communicator; recipient.

The article focuses on some recent approaches to teaching literature as a school discipline, that arise to “reconstruct” it on a new ground in response to the general awareness of crisis in this area. Special attention is paid to the concept of “subject-to-subject reading method” formulated by a widely known expert on F.M. Dostoevsky’s work, doctor of Philology Tatyana Kasatkina. In this article we conclude that this method is hardly applicable for public schools, as it proposes conflict of a first reading experience and a research-based “re-reading” with a priority of the latter. This approach lets the image of reader’s life experience fade in the process of comprehension of the text for the sake of cognizing the subjectivity of the author. However, being relevant for a professional philological research, the method depreciates the role of readers’ subjective comprehension and interpretation of the text and may even discourage reading motivation of pupils, who do not look forward to getting a philological education, but for whom the free time reading and communication, based on the texts they read, may become one of the most significant life priorities.

Background Obtaining informed consent (IC) is essential for any diagnostic or therapeutic procedure. Objective IC is an important legal communication process between the patient and the physician. Methods In 2021, this cross-sectional study was performed in Alzahra Hospital. Eligible patients over the age of 18 years, who were candidates for elective gynecological surgeries under SA enrolled in the survey. A questionnaire containing demographic data and 20 specific questions divided into 4 areas (providing information, comprehensibility of the consent form, voluntary informed consent, and communication with the doctor), was completed via a direct interview. Results The data from 259 eligible patients were analyzed. In terms of providing information to the patient, comprehensibility of the consent form, and the voluntary obtaining consent were in poor condition. However, in terms of communication with the physician, 46.3% of the patients were in a good state and 20.1% were in an excellent state. A significant relationship was also observed between the level of education and the quality of obtaining IC (P=0.034). Conclusion It was concluded that the IC process was not acceptable in this academic center, and efforts should be made to improve the current conditions.

Background: Researchers use multiple approaches to engage and maintain underrepresented populations in research. They often overlook integrated marketing communication (IMC), a useful approach for commercial marketing, for more established health promotion and social marketing techniques. There is limited information on the application of the IMC approach for recruiting and retaining African American study participants. This article explores the IMC approach used to recruit and retain volunteers for a community-based intervention. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study relying on extracted data from the Multi-Theory Model (MTM) of Health Behavior Physical Activity intervention. A brief multiple-choice survey was administered to a sample of African American women (n=74) to assess the effectiveness of applying an IMC approach for recruiting and retaining volunteers for the multi-week program during January - June 2018. The measures were (1) source for study information, (2) preferred method of contact, (3) primary source for health information. Results: Sixty-nine women listed their doctor as the primary source of health information and five women in the age group 18-34 identified social media (n=3) and websites (n=2). Age is significantly related to the preference of communication tools used to recruit and retain the African American participants. A statistical significance (P=0.025) suggests for women ages 51-69, a combination of radio, church, and word of mouth was more effective for recruitment. The older women preferred telephone calls compared to the women ages 18-50 who relied on texting. Conclusion: IMC can synergize individual communication elements in a coordinated manner to address niche audiences and develop cost-effective health communications programs that can improve recruitment and retention efforts in minority populations.

This study focused on ascertaining the effects of low literacy on the self-care and medical treatment-seeking behaviors of older adults. A qualitative research method was adopted in this study wherein a semistructured questionnaire was used to conduct one-on-one interviews with 35 older adults with a primary school education or less who lived in rural areas of Taiwan. The results indicated that low literacy was an evident limitation to their range of activities, and the assistance of family members was required for medical treatment seeking and medication administration. The low self-esteem attributable to low literacy had a negative influence on doctor–patient communication. Older adults had a lower awareness of illnesses and their severity, and this insufficient health literacy resulted in delayed medical treatment. In addition, older adults rarely took the initiative to receive preventive services. This study suggests integrating literacy and health education program for older adults with low literacy.

In a study based on biographical interviews with elderly people from rural areas (n = 30, Leningrad region) the roles and scenarios of using online communities of diseases are considered. Focusing on how the accumulation of knowledge about the treatment of diseases occurs in online communities, the work explores the communication and interactions of older people in online communities.Modern healthcare and the system of medical care are increasingly based on neoliberal principles. One of the ways to integrate illiberal methods of treating diseases is to create online disease communities where patients can get the necessary help from doctors and communicate with other patients, exchange experiences and receive advice on prescribing necessary medications. However, such communities are not accessible to everyone, and, consequently, there are difficulties with access to such a format for obtaining knowledge on the treatment of diseases in elderly patients, as well as in those patients who do not have access to the Internet. For elderly people with chronic diseases, such communities can serve as communities for communication, that is, those communities where communication is possible, which is often lacking for elderly people living in peripheral settlements. On the other hand, the importance of such communities is determined by the fact that it is often difficult for an elderly person in peripheral settlements due to remoteness to get the necessary advice or recommendation from a doctor, and communication in online communities and medical forums contributes to obtaining such advice, which is important in the treatment of the disease.In addition, participation in online health communities is useful for adapting to everyday life with a chronic disease and is defined as promoting the ability of patients to integrate into everyday life and society. On the other hand, in this study we focus on studying how the creation of knowledge about the treatment of diseases occurs within the framework of the participation of older people in online communities. Social communication, supported by online communities, facilitates the exchange of knowledge between elderly people with chronic diseases. This study contributes to the study of the possibilities and limitations of online communities in the context of living with chronic diseases of elderly people in rural areas.

Hearing is the second most important sense organ after vision. The hearing organ enables cognition, communication with others and perception of the beauty – to hear the singing of birds and the sound of rain, to get acquainted with the street musicians’ performances and enjoy the world music masterpieces. Hearing helps us navigate the surrounding space and warns us of danger. There are many interesting facts on this sense organ in the world. For example, in some insects, such as crickets and grasshoppers, the hearing organs are located on the front legs; elephants have the ability to perceive sounds not only with their ears but also with their trunk and columnar legs – this is how they learn about the approach of an enemy or a herd of relatives. Human ears can grow throughout life, and the right ear is “exploited” four times more often than the left. The laryngoscope, a special tool for examining the larynx, was not invented by an ENT doctor but by a musician, Manuel Garcia, even though it was first used thanks to a doctor and scientist from Budapest, Jan Cermak, in medical practice. It is him who is regarded as the founder of modern otorhinolaryngology, the science that studies the ear, throat and nose diseases.

Abstract Dear Authors and (Online) Participants of AIDTTS II-2021, International Scientific Conference «Artificial Intelligence and Digital Technologies in Technical Systems 2020-II (AIDTTS II-2021)» was successfully held online on May 6-7, 2021 at the Department of Software Engineering with organizational and technical support of the Center of Applied Scientific Research (location of organizers - Volgograd, Russian Federation). Due to COVID-2019 and the pandemic-related nationwide lockdowns and other coordinated restrictive measures, the organizers decided to hold a conference in a virtual format with the organization of access for all participants to the presented reports with comprehensive discussion for ensuring the event at a high scientific level. The safety and well-being of all conference participants is our priority. The COVID-19 is unpredictable, so conference postponement met uncertainty, while many scholars and researchers want to attend this long-waited conference and have academic exchanges with their peers. But I want to note that there are no barriers to science, and we continue to work on our research areas remotely, using modern technical means. The conference was held virtually for 2 days (May 6-7, 2021) including keynote and invited speeches, authors’ presentation session. The event was held online using Zoom communication platform for synchronous conversation. The conference was organized as a large-scale online meeting of participants in topical sessions with the opportunity for speakers to provide regulated demonstrations of slides and video files according to the approved technical program. Each speaker had 15 min presentation and 5 min Q&A session. There were always 20-25 participants in the network. During the online presentation, participants discussed more than 50 questions on the problems of modeling technical and economic systems in the agro-industrial complex. Participants of the conference were from the leading institutions of Russian Federation, China, Turkey, France, Uzbekistan, Germany, Republic of Belarus (Instituto Politécnico Nacional, St. Petersburg Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Matrosov Institute for Systems Dynamics and Control Theory of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Southwest State University, Belgorod National Research University, Federal Research Center «Computer Science and Control», Russian Academy of Sciences, Namangan Engineering and Technology Institute, Technical University Of Munich, All-Russian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture, Belarusian State Agrarian Technical University, Volgograd State Technical University and others), dealing with problems of using artificial intelligence and digital technologies in technical systems. The outstanding performance of all the presenters made this conference truly spectacular. Main topics of the conference were: 1. Mathematical Modeling and Computer Linguistics. 2. Software and Information Systems and Machine Learning. 3. Artificial Intelligence and Neural Network Technologies. 4. Optimization and Algorithmization. 5. Information Technologies in Social and Medical Research. I would like to express our great appreciation to prof. Batyrshin Ildar Z., from Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico, Golenkov Vladimir V., from Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, Minsk, Belarus, prof. Petrovsky Alexey B., from Institute for Systems Analysis of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, prof. Natalukha Igor A., from North Caucasus Federal University, Stavropol, Russian Federation, and prof. Rogachev Aleksey F., from Volgograd State Technical University, Volgograd, Russian Federation. We would also like to thank the Program Chairs, the Session Chairs, the members of Technical Committee and the reviewers who carefully evaluated the submissions and provided useful suggestions to improve them. This volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series is a compilation of the accepted papers in AIDTTS II-2021 and represents contributions that were presented in the conference. On behalf of the organization committee I would like to thank all of the conference sponsors and partners who made conference possible. My special thanks go to our speakers as well as all the authors for sharing their latest research results. Looking forward to meeting you during AIDTTS III-2022! Tokarev Kirill E., scientific editor, e-mail: tke.vgsha@mail.ru Committee: Orlova Yulia A., Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Volgograd State Technical University, Russian Federation Batyrshin Ildar Z., Professor, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico Perepelitsa Vitaly A., Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor, Zaporizhzhia National University, Ukraine Golenkov Vladimir V., Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, Belarus Tsatkhlanova Tamara T., Professor, Kalmyk State University, Republic of Kalmykia Bayboboev Nabizhon.G, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Namangan Engineering and Technology Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan Natalukha Igor A., Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor, North Caucasus Federal University, Russian Federation Borodychev Victor V., Academic of the Russian Academy of Sciences, All-Russian Research Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Land Reclamation named after A N. Kostyakov Rogachev Aleksey F., Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Volgograd State Agricultural University, Russian Federation Istomina Tatyana V., Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, National Research University “Moscow Power Engineering Institute”, Moscow, Russian Federation Skiter Natalya N., Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Volgograd State Technical University, Russian Federation Lebed Nikita I., Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Federal research center of Agroecology Russian Academy of Science, Russian Federation Medvedeva Lyudmila N., Professor, All-Russian Research Institute Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation Korovin Evgeniy N., Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Voronezh State Technical University, Voronezh, Russian Federation Shokhnekh Anna V., Professor, Volgograd State Socio-Pedagogical University, Russian Federation Podmasteryev Konstantin V., Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Orel State University, Orel, Russian Federation

Abstract A good therapeutic alliance is relevant for healthcare providers exposed to patients’ suffering, especially since patients and physicians may understand the painful experience differently. Our aim was to explore the impact of therapeutic alliance on analgesic outcomes in a real-world interdisciplinary pain unit (PU). A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on outpatients (n = 69) using opioids on a long-term basis for the treatment of chronic non-cancer pain, where clinical pharmacologists and pharmacists advised patients about their opioid treatment. Responses to the patient-doctor relationship questionnaire (PDRQ), sociodemographic and clinical information (pain level, quality of life and hospital use) were collected, whereas pharmacology data (analgesic prescription, adverse events, and compliance) were obtained from electronic health records. Patients were predominantly middle-aged (75 % women, 72 % retired), experiencing moderate pain (VAS 40–70 mm) on average, and under a high morphine equianalgesic dosage (95 ± 88 mg per day, mainly tapentadol or fentanyl). Patients with better PDRQ outcomes, and therefore better therapeutic alliance, showed lower pain intensity than patients with worse PDRQ outcomes (pain intensity: high scores 60 ± 47 mm and medium scores 60 ± 45 mm vs. low scores 80 ± 75 mm, p < 0.01). Along with this, pain intensity was lower when patients affirmed that, thanks to the health-care providers, they “gained new insight”, “felt better”, or “felt content with their doctor’s treatment”. What´s more, patients who affirmed “I benefit from the treatment” experienced increased pain relief (benefit 40 ± 30 vs. non-benefit 19 ± 26 mm, p = 0.010) and improved quality of life (benefit 33 ± 25 vs. non-benefit 18 ± 16 mm, p = 0.031). However, there was a percentage of patients who did not fully understand the provided information, which is something to be taken into account to improve in clinical routine. Therapeutic alliance supported by pharmacist experts on pain management can be an effective strategy to improve analgesic outcomes. Further efforts are needed to improve communication strategies for pain management. Future directions of research should include the analysis of the role of the pharmacist in poly-professional consultations as related to the advice of patients about their medication, and the mutual trust with the patients.

Recent data from the International Diabetes Federation indicated that at least 500,000 children aged 14 to 18 years worldwide have type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Currently, there is no cure for T1DM, so the goal of therapy is to achieve and maintain optimal glucose levels, in particular, using insulin therapy, physical activity, and diet. Studies of more than 20,000 children with T1DM have shown the benefits of self-monitoring of glucose levels for episodic glycemic control and long-term reduction of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). The purpose of our study was to investigate the specifics of using personal continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in adolescents. Materials and methods. According to the design, the study included 22 patients (12 adolescents and 10 children) aged 8 to 16 years who were diagnosed with T1DM. Questionnaires offered included the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, the PedsQL Diabetes Module, the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey-II, and the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (DTSQ). Results. Before the installation of personal CGM systems, patients had average indicators of emotional, social and role functioning. It was noted that these indicators significantly increased in response to the use of personal CGM (p < 0.05 each), while the parameter of physical functioning did not change significantly (р > 0.05). We did not find a significant correlation between the level of HbA1c and the total score on the DTSQ (ρ = 0.13; p > 0.05). This indicates that satisfaction with treatment is not necessarily related to glycemic control. It was found that children who previously used personal CGM were more compliant with further use of personal CGM (p < 0.05). Among the most frequent drawbacks related to the use of personal CGM, children and their parents mentioned: discomfort from the sensor (62.19 %), the need for calibration, i.e. measuring the glucose level using a portable glucometer (58.61 %), stigmatization of the child who wears the sensor by the surrounding society (47.83 %). Conclusions. In our opinion, the use of personal CGM is appropriate and can be recommended for patients with a newly diagnosed T1DM and with a history of the disease in order to optimize therapy, improve the patient’s awareness of disease control, and increase compliance both in terms of communication with the doctor and general treatment.

This paper aims to examine Nietzsche's and Freud's theory of laughter from a depth-psychological perspective. The essential relationship between Nietzsche and psychoanalysis is that Nietzsche sees himself as a ‘doctor’ who heals a life suffering from the division of consciousness and unconsciousness. Therefore, this study focuses on Freud and Nietzsche that laughter plays the role of a doctor for humans who are sick due to the suppression of civilization to regain themselves and make them healthy. This paper first analyzes Nietzsche's and Freud's theory of laughter from the point of view of the liberation of the unconscious. To this end, we examine Nietzsche's and Freud's theory of laughter, focusing on the relationship between Nietzsche's and Freud's view of language with consciousness, and wit, a style of expression that embodies free spirit and the liberation of unconscious. Logicalizing and organizing reality is necessary for human life. However, it comes as a burden to us to standardize reality according to the law always. Sometimes logic and reason must be turned off, and if that is not possible, humans must at least rest from the concepts that suppress the life of emotions and impulses. For Nietzsche and Freud, laughter serves as a healing for humans to restore their original dynamic and spontaneous self.

Recent drives to facilitate earlier identification of dementia have led to increased memory clinic referrals and diagnoses. This study explored the perspectives of memory clinic doctors on making and delivering diagnoses. Four focus groups were conducted with 13 psychiatrists and two geriatricians in the UK. Transcripts were coded line by line using NVIVO. Thematic analysis identified 39 categories, 18 sub-themes and eight overarching themes. Inter-rater reliability on 31% of the data was 0.89. Increased public awareness of dementia was viewed positively in facilitating access to diagnosis and treatment. Doctors viewed diagnosis as a process and expressed concerns about limited pre-diagnostic counselling and post-diagnostic support. In diagnostic delivery doctors sought to develop a narrative drawing on the patient’s report of symptoms and adjust explanations to patient preferences and awareness. However, tailoring the delivery to the individual patient was challenging when meeting for the first time. These consultations often involved three participants (doctor, patient and relative), who were felt to have differing needs and expectations. Doctors emphasized that delicacy was required in deciding in what could be discussed in front of both parties, however also stressed the importance of explicitly naming ‘dementia’. Efforts were made to balance honesty and hope when discussing prognosis and medication. The work was sometimes emotionally distressing, with limited supervision. Existing communication training was felt to be inadequate for consultations involving triads or people with cognitive impairment. Delivering a dementia diagnosis is a nuanced and challenging task. Negotiating honest descriptions of a life-limiting condition whilst instilling hope is further complicated when cognitive impairment affects comprehension. Misunderstandings at the time of feedback may limit patient opportunities for informed future planning afforded by early diagnosis. Doctors in memory clinics would benefit from evidence based training and supervision to prepare them for these emotionally challenging and complex consultations.

Anatomy is a basic science that is learned in medical education as a basis related to clinical skills in the skills to become a doctor. The Covid-19 outbreak has changed the entire education system. The Covid-19 pandemic has changed the shape of the education model at universities until the Faculty of Medicine is closed. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the pattern of the learning system, from which the offline model was changed to online. This learning pattern forces students to usually participate in online activities. Bring up the pattern of levels that appear in the two models of this learning system. The cross sectional method and observational research were then analyzed and the descriptions were observed. simple random sampling method was used in this study. The purpose of this research is to understand descriptive anatomy learning, seen from the level that appears in students' difficulties, obtained from 20 questionnaires consisting of 7 categories, namely: understanding, effectiveness, good communication, learning hours, clear material, easily accessible lectures. There were no students who took part in the remedial course (RC). From the results of filling out the questionnaire and processing the data, it can be concluded that there is no picture of the difficulties between the two learning systems, namely online and face-to-face.

Background Mobile health (mHeath)–based HIV and sexual health promotion among men who have sex with men (MSM) is feasible in low- and middle-income settings. However, many currently available mHealth tools on the market were developed by the private sector for profit and have limited input from MSM communities. Objective A health hackathon is an intensive contest that brings together participants from multidisciplinary backgrounds to develop a proposed solution for a specific health issue within a short period. The purpose of this paper was to describe a hackathon event that aimed to develop an mHealth tool to enhance health care (specifically HIV prevention) utilization among Chinese MSM, summarize characteristics of the final prototypes, and discuss implications for future mHealth intervention development. Methods The hackathon took place in Guangzhou, China. An open call for hackathon participants was advertised on 3 Chinese social media platforms, including Blued, a popular social networking app among MSM. All applicants completed a Web-based survey and were then scored. The top scoring applicants were grouped into teams based on their skills and content area expertise. Each team was allowed 1 month to prepare for the hackathon. The teams then came together in person with on-site expert mentorship for a 72-hour hackathon contest to develop and present mHealth prototype solutions. The judging panel included experts in psychology, public health, computer science, social media, clinical medicine, and MSM advocacy. The final prototypes were evaluated based on innovation, usability, and feasibility. Results We received 92 applicants, and 38 of them were selected to attend the April 2019 hackathon. A total of 8 teams were formed, including expertise in computer science, user interface design, business or marketing, clinical medicine, and public health. Moreover, 24 participants self-identified as gay, and 3 participants self-identified as bisexual. All teams successfully developed a prototype tool. A total of 4 prototypes were designed as a mini program that could be embedded within a popular Chinese social networking app, and 3 prototypes were designed as stand-alone apps. Common prototype functions included Web-based physician searching based on one’s location (8 prototypes), health education (4 prototypes), Web-based health counseling with providers or lay health volunteers (6 prototypes), appointment scheduling (8 prototypes), and between-user communication (2 prototypes). All prototypes included strategies to ensure privacy protection for MSM users, and some prototypes offered strategies to ensure privacy of physicians. The selected prototypes are undergoing pilot testing. Conclusions This study demonstrated the feasibility and acceptability of using a hackathon to create mHealth intervention tools. This suggests a different pathway to developing mHealth interventions and could be relevant in other settings.

Introduction: In the history of the internet, social media occupy an exceptional place because they bring about sociological changes and cause things that will influence the course of history. It has become inevitable to conduct a study that examines the changes in the relationship between academic social networks and online patient-physician relationships, which have become widespread in recent years, especially among physicians. This study attempted to address this deficiency. Material and Method: An online survey was created on Google Forms that included questions about physicians' use of social and academic media networks and their communication habits with online patients. Age, gender, medical specialty and workplace, social media use, academic social networks usage, and relationships with patients via social media were analyzed. Results: Daily social media usage was significantly associated with age and medical specialty. Participants aged 40-50 and Basic Medic Science Consultants were least likely to use social media. The use of Facebook was the lowest among those under 30 (12.2%). Among those under 30, the use of LinkedIn was deficient (2.0%). Google Scholar was the most frequently used academic social network (38.5%). Surgical specialists were more likely to share medical content. Under 30 and over 50 were more likely to share their medical titles on social media than other groups. The percentage of those who reported having also physically examined the patient during online communication was 64.5%. This high rate is by no means negligible. Patients' most frequent responses to online communication requests were via WhatsApp (80.3%). The under-30 age group was found to have less contact with patients on social media. Conclusion: According to the results of the study, the use of the academic social network is lower than expected, even among academically active participants. The fact that Facebook usage is significantly lower among those under 30 suggests that Facebook is outdated as a social medium for young physicians. Participants in university hospitals, private clinics, and those under 40 use social media differently than other groups. More online patient communication is an important advance. It is also significant that the number of studies has increased after online communication. If investments are made in this topic, it can be expected that a substantial part of patient-doctor relationships will be handled online soon. However, social media studies wear out quickly, so they should be repeated frequently.

The transfer of information is a demanding issue, particularly due to the presence of a large number of eavesdroppers on communication channels. Sharing medical service records between different clinical jobs is a basic and testing research topic. The particular characteristics of blockchains have attracted a large amount of attention and resulted in revolutionary changes to various business applications, including medical care. A blockchain is based on a distributed ledger, which tends to improve cyber security. A number of proposals have been made with respect to the sharing of basic medical records using a blockchain without needing earlier information or the trust of patients. Specialist service providers and insurance agencies are not secure against data breaches. The safe sharing of clinical records between different countries, to ensure an incorporated and universal medical service, is also a significant issue for patients who travel. The medical data of patients normally reside on different healthcare units around the world, thus raising many concerns. Firstly, a patient’s history of treatment by different physicians is not accessible to the doctor in a single location. Secondly, it is very difficult to secure widespread data residing in different locations. This study proposed record sharing in a chain-like structure, in which every record is globally connected to the others, based on a blockchain under the suggestions and recommendations of the HL7 standards. This study focused on making medical data available, especially of patients who travel in different countries, for a specific period of time after validating the required authentication. Authorization and authentication are performed on the Shibboleth identity management system with the involvement of patient in the sanction process, thereby revealing the patient data for the specific period of time. The proposed approach improves the performance with respect to other record sharing systems, e.g., it reduces the time to read, write, delete, and revoke a record by a noticeable margin. The proposed system takes around three seconds to upload and 7.5 s to download 250 Mb of data, which can contain up to sixteen documents, over a stable network connection. The system has a latency of 413.76 ms when retrieving 100 records, compared to 447.9 and 459.3 ms in previous systems. Thus, the proposed system improved the performance and ensured seclusion by using a blockchain.

Background With increasing type 2 diabetes prevalence, there is a need for effective programs that support diabetes management and improve type 2 diabetes outcomes. Mobile health (mHealth) interventions have shown promising results. With advances in wearable sensors and improved integration, mHealth programs could become more accessible and personalized. Objective The study aimed to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of a personalized mHealth-anchored intervention program in improving glycemic control and enhancing care experience in diabetes management. The program was coincidentally implemented during the national-level lockdown for COVID-19 in Singapore, allowing for a timely study of the use of mHealth for chronic disease management. Methods Patients with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes were enrolled from the Singapore Armed Forces and offered a 3-month intervention program in addition to the usual care they received. The program was standardized to include (1) in-person initial consultation with a clinical dietitian; (2) in-person review with a diabetes specialist doctor; (3) 1 continuous glucose monitoring device; (4) access to the mobile app for dietary intake and physical activity tracking, and communication via messaging with the dietitian and doctor; and (5) context-sensitive digital health coaching over the mobile app. Medical support was rendered to the patients on an as-needed basis when they required advice on adjustment of medications. Measurements of weight, height, and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were conducted at 2 in-person visits at the start and end of the program. At the end of the program, patients were asked to complete a short acceptability feedback survey to understand the motivation for joining the program, their satisfaction, and suggestions for improvement. Results Over a 4-week recruitment period, 130 individuals were screened, the enrollment target of 30 patients was met, and 21 patients completed the program and were included in the final analyses; 9 patients were lost to follow-up (full data were not available for the final analyses). There were no differences in the baseline characteristics between patients who were included and excluded from the final analyses (age category: P=.23; gender: P=.21; ethnicity: P>.99; diabetes status category: P=.52, medication adjustment category: P=.65; HbA1c category: P=.69; BMI: P>.99). The 21 patients who completed the study rated a mean of 9.0 out of 10 on the Likert scale for both satisfaction questions. For the Yes-No question on benefit of the program, all of the patients selected “Yes.” Mean HbA1c decreased from 7.6% to 7.0% (P=.004). There were no severe hypoglycemia events (glucose level <3.0 mmol/L) reported. Mean weight decreased from 76.8 kg to 73.9 kg (P<.001), a mean decrease of 3.5% from baseline weight. Mean BMI decreased from 27.8 kg/m2 to 26.7 kg/m2 (P<.001). Conclusions The personalized mHealth program was feasible, acceptable, and produced significant reductions in HbA1c (P=.004) and body weight (P<.001) in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Such mHealth programs could overcome challenges posed to chronic disease management by COVID-19, including disruptions to in-person health care access.

To explore and evaluate the long-term effects of diverse online teaching methods to minimize the negative influences of online teaching of basic courses in clinical medicine during the COVID-19 pandemic. Forty-nine students in grade 2017 majoring in clinical medicine (five-year program) were enrolled in this study (study group). They received online teaching of six basic clinical courses, including diagnostics, basic clinical skills, general surgery, medical imaging, and doctor‒patient communication, from March to July 2020. The study first introduced the process of online teaching, especially basic clinical skills such as history taking, physical examination, internal punctures, electrocardiography and so on. Then, they reviewed the schedules to reinforce these skills when the students returned to school. The final exam scores of four clinical courses, including internal medicine, surgery, obstetrics and gynaecology, and paediatrics, and the scores of graduation examinations were used to evaluate the long-term effects of online teaching. These scores were compared with students in grade 2014 who learned through offline teaching (control group). After graduation examinations, questionnaires were distributed to understand the influence of online teaching on learning clinical courses, internships and postgraduate entrance examinations. The results showed that the scores of internal medicine part I and surgery part II in the study group were higher than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Differences were not statistically significant in scores of internal medicine part II, surgery part I, obstetrics and gynaecology, and paediatrics between the two groups (P > 0.05). Two students postponed graduation in grade 2017, so 47 students took part in the graduation examination. The scores for knotting, dressing change, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). For the three items internal punctures, four-step palpation in obstetrics, and assessment of children's growth and development, the scores in the study group were higher than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P <0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between these two groups in the three items of history taking, physical examination and disinfection (P > 0.05). All 47 participants in the study group completed the questionnaire survey, with a response rate of 100%. Twenty students thought that the online learning experience had a great influence on learning clinical courses such as internal medicine, surgery, obstetrics and gynaecology and paediatrics, whereas 27 students thought it had a slight influence. There were 23 students who thought online learning had a great influence and 24 students who thought it had a slight influence when attending the internship qualification examination. Thirteen students thought that the influence on the internship was great, 30 students thought it was slight, and 4 thought that online learning had no influence. Regarding which course had the most influence on the internship, 36 students thought it was diagnostics, 7 students thought it was general surgery, and 3 students thought it was other courses. Among the 40 students who participated in the entrance examination for a master's degree, 2 thought the online learning experience had a great influence, 19 thought it had a slight influence, and 11 students thought it had no influence. Among the six courses that influenced the re-examination for postgraduate students, 16 students thought the most influential course was diagnostics, 5 students chose general surgery, and 1 student thought it was another course. Exploration of diverse online teaching methods is helpful and successful for mastering clinical knowledge. However, online teaching had a great influence on some basic clinical skills that require more practice. The strategy used to reinforce these skills after returning to school makes up for the shortage of these practical skills in online courses to a certain extent.

A conversation entails the exchange of thoughts, ideas, emotions and questions between two or more individuals for a purpose. Conversation in the 21st century may be physical or blended. Studies have investigated discourse in friendship, negotiations, classroom and literary texts for interpretations, but little attention has been paid to the health talk in the recent time in Nigeria despite its significance in the post-Covid era. Few available linguistic analyses concentrated on doctor-patient interaction with less attention to those who are healthy at the moment but may need precautions to remain hearty. The laxness in a linguistic study on health will continue to create a gulf between health and linguistic analysis. Linguists need to engage in health jargon for proper exposition and linguistic simplification. Therefore, this research aims to analyze conversational codes in selected Channels TV health talks in Nigeria. With the application of the conversational codes by Harvey Sacks. Qualitative analysis is employed to interpret conversational codes in the data selected for the study. Out of the different episodes on Channels TV daily, five episodes on hypertension, COVID-19, heart attack, diabetes and sickle cell disorder constitute the data. The study explores the theory of conversation analysis by Harvey Sacks. The approach investigates communication systems and how discourse is constructed toward achieving the ultimate goal of interaction among discussants with minute overlaps. The study qualitatively examines turn-taking, adjacency pair, sequence, repair, opening and closing. Insight from Sacks' approach reveals that turn-taking is frequently used in the episodes with varying percentages (35-40%). Turns are flexible, and they could be determined by the host or the guests depending on the background exposure of the host to health matters. The use of fillers varies from speaker to speaker with percentages. Socio-cultural roles affect turn construction management. The hosts often ask more questions than the guest, depending on the information the guest supplies, which determines follow-up questions. Theoretically, this study can support the theory of conversational analysis- of conversational codes. The study can be a reference for applied linguistics research insights to account for telephone calls, political interviews, classrooms and debates.

The aim is to analyze the advantages of introducing medical information systems in the healthcare institution in order to improve work on the prevention of NCDs through the example of the State Institution of Science “Scientific and Practical Center of Preventive and Clinical Medicine” of the State Administrative Department (hereinafter referred to as SIS “SPC PCM” of the SAD). Materials and methods. The method of structural and logical analysis and the bibliosemantic method of research have been used in the work. The bibliosemantic method was used to examine the state of studying the problems of NCDs, modern medical information systems both in Ukraine and in the world, and the ways to solve them through the analysis of WHO data, sources of literature, and electronic resources. The method of structural and logical analysis made it possible to distinguish, to logically structure and to create links between the introduction of the unified medical information system and the results from working with patients with NCDs, established a modern analysis and information system for monitoring the health status of the population, created information and reference system to ensure the educational process on specific issues and approaches, including the prevention of NCDs, regulated a synthesis of the results, that ensured a library and patent and licensing work in the scientific institution. Research results and their discussion. The use of the unified medical information system in the healthcare institution is an effective way to disseminate, control, and make available the information, and also to ensure long-term communication between the patient and the doctor on issues related to the prevention of NCDs.

Message from Editor Dear Readers, It is a great honor for us to publish seventh volume, second issue of Global Journal of Psychology Research: New Trends and Issues (GJPR). Global Journal of Psychology Research: New Trends and Issues welcomes original empirical investigations and comprehensive literature review articles focusing on psychological issues and related disciplines. The mission of the journal is to publish articles of professional interest for members of psychology. The scope of the journal includes, but is not limited to; the following major areas of psychology science including clinical psychology, developmental psychology, social psychology, experimental psychology, industrial and organizational psychology, traffic psychology, forensic psychology, psychometric psychology, sports psychology, health psychology, educational psychology, media psychology and neuroscience psychology. Articles focusing on doctoral students’ professional identity; psychosocial antecedents of those who work in practice, personal and social predictors of risky sexual behaviours in Iranian youth, the effects of Machiavellianism and person–group dissimilarity on workplace incivility, the communication between a doctor and his patients’ parents as a factor in the availability of medical care for disabled children and adulthood transition of students with special educational needs in Portugal; preliminary results of professionals perception are included in this issue. The topics of the next issue will be different. You can make sure that we will be trying to serve you with our journal with a rich knowledge in which different kinds of topics are discussed in 2018 Volume. A total number of seventeen (17) manuscripts were submitted for this issue and each paper has been subjected to double-blind peer review process by the reviewers specialized in the related field. At the end of the review process, a total number of five (5) high quality research papers were selected and accepted for publication. We present many thanks to all the contributors who helped us to publish this issue. Best regards, Prof. Dr. Tulay Bozkurt Editor – in Chief

Introduction: Telemedicine is a constantly evolving science. Telemedicine is transfer of, medical information over phone or net with the aim of consultation. Advancement and drop in the cost of information & communication technologies, has booned the interest in the application of telemedicine. During the pandemic, in India where doctor population relationship is low, telemedicine was considered as solution. Objective: This study was done with the aim to estimate the rate of acceptance, convenience and experience on telemedicine usage among IT professionals. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out among 162 IT professionals working in six IT companies which was choosed randomly from the IT companies in Chengalpattu division. Employee who have used telemedicine service were listed from all the six companies and were included in the study. From the list 162 employees were selected through simple random sampling. Selected employees were given a semi-structured questionnaire consisting of four sections to assess their acceptance, convenience and experience on telemedicine usage. The collected information was analyzed using SPSS software version 21.0. Qualitative variables will be expressed in proportions and Quantitative variables in Mean(SD) / Median (IQR). Chi-square test was applied. Results: 83(51.2%) male and 79(48.8%) female employees took part in the study. 56 participants (35%) of 162 participants accepted using telemedicine for medical consultation. 78 participants (48.1%) found it convenient to use the telemedicine applications, depicting that the applications are not user friendly. Only 34 participants (21%) were satisfied with their experience with telemedicine usage. Conclusion: Telemedicine was the saviour for those who were in need of medical service but was restricted due to pandemic/disease. But non-availability of user-friendly applications was found to barrier in accepting telemedicine service. In addition to it there are several other barriers that has to be found and addressed for successful telemedicine service across our country. Proper promotion is also needed to improve acceptance.

ABSTRAKDi era modern ini–yang identik dengan kemajuan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi, penggunaan gadget sebagai sarana komunikasi berkembang sangat pesat. Seluruh orang di dunia aktif menggunakan media sosial untuk mengakses dan menyampaikan informasi, terlebih masyarakat Indonesia yang terkenal sangat aktif dalam media sosial. Tingginya angka penggunaan media sosial ini dapat meningkatkan penyebaran isu atau konten-konten yang tidak terjamin kebenarannya, namun sering langsung dipercaya oleh masyarakat. Oleh karena itu, kelompok kami menyelenggarakan kegiatan dengan nama “Chloroquine: Chapters of Our Lives in The Pandemic Era” dan topik “Hidup Berdampingan dengan Covid-19” ini dalam rangka meningkatkan pemahaman dan kesadaran masyarakat serta mendukung pelaksanaan vaksin dan program 3T (testing, tracing, treatment). Melalui kegiatan ini, kami berharap agar kecenderungan masyarakat untuk menyebarkan informasi dapat bermanfaat guna menekan penyebaran isu atau konten yang tidak pasti kebenarannya mengenai covid di media sosial. Kegiatan ini dilakukan dengan metode daring melalui platform Instagram dan Spotify dengan target audiens yakni masyarakat awam. Di Instagram, kami mengunggah konten seputar topik yang diangkat. Di Spotify, kami mengunggah podcast mengenai topik tersebut dengan R. A. Adaninggar P. N., dr., Sp.PD sebagai narasumbernya. Lalu, kami menyematkan kuesioner pada laman Instagram dan Spotify dan hasilnya dijadikan evaluasi pemahaman pendengar. Kuesioner tersebut kami bagikan melalui google form dan terdiri dari 10 pertanyaan seputar topik (@1 poin) dengan pilihan jawaban berupa pilihan ganda. Berdasarkan respon pengisian kuesioner di google form, didapatkan partisipan sebanyak 113 orang yang telah mengerjakan kuesioner tersebut. Adapun nilai rata-rata partisipan adalah 7,86 poin dengan rentang nilai dari 3–10 poin dan nilai tengahnya adalah 8 poin. Kata Kunci: media sosial, COVID, Instagram, Spotify ABSTRACTIn this modern era–which is identical to the improvement of information and communication technology, the use of gadgets as communication tools develops very rapidly. All people around the world are actively using social media to access and deliver information, moreover, the Indonesian people are well-known for being very active in social media. This high use of social media can increase the spread of issues or content which are not guaranteed the truth but are often immediately trusted by the community. Therefore, our group organize this activity under the name “Chloroquine: Chapters of Our Lives in The Pandemic Era” and by topic “Living Side by Side with Covid” in order to improve public understanding and awareness as well as support the implementation of vaccine and 3T program (testing, tracing, treatment). Through this activity, we hope that the tendency of the community to disseminate information is beneficial to suppressing the spread of negative issues or content which are not guaranteed the truth about covid on social media. This activity is held by online methods through Instagram and Spotify platforms with the laity as the target audience. On Instagram, we upload content about the appointed topic. On Spotify, we upload podcasts about the topic with doctor R. A. Adaninggar P. N., an internist, as the expert. Then, we pin a questionnaire on the Instagram and Spotify pages and the results are used as an evaluation of the audience’s understanding. The questionnaire is distributed through google form and it consists of 10 multiple choice questions surrounding the topic (@1 point). Based on the questionnaire completion in google form, participants who have completed the questionnaire are as many as 113 people. The participant’s average score is 7,86 points with a range value from 3–10 points and the median score is 8 points. Keywords: social media, COVID, Instagram, Spotify

Introduction: The duties of a doctor are not only limited to providing medical treatment or surgical interventions to patients but also involve appropriate communication with them. Providing adequate information, addressing patients’ concerns, and respecting their decision making is all part of a doctors’ work ethics. The case describes a patient who had a hydrocele repair and developed early post-operative complications. The concern raised is whether adequate information regarding the procedure was given to the patient. Case Report: A 45-year-old medically healthy man was referred to the urology department by his general practitioner for an enlarging right-sided hydrocele. The main reason for seeking treatment was cosmetic. Due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, he had a non-face-to-face urology clinic appointment only a few months later. After having discussed the various management options with the urologist, he opted to have a hydrocelectomy. On the day of the surgery, several months later, the operating surgeon consented the patient whereby he again explained the procedure and the associated risks. The surgery itself was uneventful, unfortunately, he developed early post-operative complications. He presented with increasing scrotal pain and swelling, features suggestive of an infected hematoma. He was managed conservatively with oral analgesia and antibiotics after which his symptoms improved. However, a Doppler ultrasound scan performed two weeks later, showed an avascular right testicle. He was immediately admitted to the hospital and was taken to theater for a scrotal orchidectomy. The outcome of the procedure was unexpected and even more undesirable cosmetically. The patient was dissatisfied and eventually lodged a formal complaint in the Patient Advice and Liaison Service (PALS). Conclusion: Post-operative complications can occur. However, providing patients with timely and adequate information ensures that the standard of care is met.

The article is devoted to lectures as the oldest organizational form of education. It has been emphasized that interactivity is one of the main parameters that a modern lecture must comply with. The authors note that a quality lecture at a medical university (academy), prepared by a qualified research and teaching staff, is an extremely capacious pedagogical phenomenon that has a number of advantages, such as: lecture is an effective form of emotional impact on the future doctor, deontological education, formation of professional self-awareness and professional position, reflection and self-reflection; it serves as an important form of cooperation and provides direct creative communication of the lecturer with the audience; it allows to involve students in the latest advances in health care; it serves as an effective means of learning through personal example. Paying attention to the already traditional (in the historical context) question about the shortcomings of the lecture, the authors briefly consider the barriers of psychological and pedagogical nature, related to both the teacher and the students. It is shown that these barriers hinder the implementation of the main functions of the lecture and generate discussions about the form of lecture. Considerable attention is paid to the means of visualization of lecture material. The conclusions state that the modern academic lecture must meet a number of prerequisites, which are interrelated: proper psychological and pedagogical training of research and teaching staff; correspondence of their knowledge to the modern level of development of science; impeccable mastery of lecture material and audience; high-quality contingent of students who have a high level of motivation to study and the desire to obtain education, acquire knowledge, skills and abilities; high-quality visualization of lecture material.

Introduction: Currently the top 5% of complex patients consume 84% of Ontario’s Hospital and Home Care costs. There is a critical need for a dynamic, person-centred care planning process for medically complex patients with real time dialogue between ED/acute care and community care providers at care transitions. A care pathway was developed in the Sunnybrook Health Science Centre’s Emergency Department using quality improvement methodology and team. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of the emergency room huddle for complex care patients on emergency doctors’ perceptions of patient safety and ED efficiency measures such as department flow and delays. Methods: Intervention - Medically complex patients with frequent ED use are now automatically flagged upon registration in the Emergency Department (ED) and an ED Care Coordination team is notified by secure email: GEM nurse, ED CCAC Care Coordinator, SW, OT/PT. The GEM nurse initiates a comprehensive patient assessment in the Emergency Department right after triage and the CCAC Care Coordinator initiates a teleconference with the patient’s family physician and community Care Coordinator with the patient’s consent. Usual physician assessment is preceded and followed by an inter-professional huddle (including the EM doctor, GEM nurse, CCAC nurse and SW, OT, PT) to ensure patient's needs, goals and team recommendations are clear. Emergency doctors who have participated in an inter-professional huddle for complex care patients are contacted via a semi-structured interview and Qualtrics surveys evaluating perceptions of patient safety and ED efficiency measures such as department flow and delays. Results: Qualitative analysis of the results will be conducted and results updated at a later date. Conclusion: Safety is enhanced through better communication between ED providers, patients, their family physicians and community care providers. It is essential that the inter-professional huddle is recognized by emergency physicians as an important element of patient safety and care. An evaluation of ED doctor’s perception of the huddle will help us understand enablers and barriers to the process and inspire further quality improvements to enhance patient care.

Abstract Purpose: Black adults have the highest colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality rates of any racial group in America. Early detection through CRC screening may improve survival outcomes; however, CRC screening uptake is lower for Black adults than White adults. To uncover opportunities to address these inequities, we examine where Black adults prefer to obtain cancer information, where they most recently sought such information, and whether either was associated with CRC screening behavior. Methods: Participants were a convenience sample of Black men and women recruited from 3 churches in Houston, Texas. Self-reported data included preferred source of cancer information (doctor or health care provider (collectively, “providers”), cancer organization, social network, internet, or “other media” (i.e., books, brochures, pamphlets, the library, magazines, newspapers)), most recent source of cancer information (same categories as preferred), and having ever been screened for CRC. A logistic regression model controlling for recruitment site, sociodemographic variables (e.g., sex, education), personal and family history of cancer, worries and perceptions about cancer risk, and satisfaction with patient-provider communication examined associations between preferred and most recent source of cancer information, respectively, and CRC screening behavior. Results: The sample included 751 Black adults aged &gt;50 (Mage=59.1+6.6, 24% male), with data collected before the pandemic. Overall, 57.9% of respondents indicated their preferred source of cancer information was a provider, 19.6% the internet, 11.5% other media, 10% a cancer organization, and 1.1% their social network. Overall, 21% indicated their most recent source of cancer information was a provider, 57.3% the internet, 13.5% other media, 4.7% a cancer organization, and 3.6% their social network. About 83.6% of participants had ever been screened for CRC. Results indicated that those who most recently sought information from other media had lower odds of having ever been screened for CRC than those who most recently sought information from a provider (aOR: 0.489, CI95%: 0.245-0.976). There were no significant associations between preferred source of cancer information and CRC screening behavior. Conclusion: These results reveal an opportunity to encourage Black church-goers to obtain cancer information from providers rather than from other media as a method to enhance CRC screening use. Encouragement to seek this information directly from a provider could, for example, come from health ministries, church newsletter or email communications, the church’s website, and/or the pulpit. These results also reveal an opportunity to investigate what modifiable social determinants or other factors prevent Black church-goers from seeking cancer screening information from their provider as opposed to other media, especially considering most of the sample preferred to get this information from a provider, as one part of a multi-pronged approach to help mitigate racial inequities in CRC screening behavior. Citation Format: Brian J. Carter, Tzuan A. Chen, Dalnim Cho, Lorna H. McNeill, Shahnjayla K. Connors, Lorraine R. Reitzel. Black church-goers who most recently sought cancer information from certain sources are less likely to have ever undergone colorectal cancer screening and thus less likely to benefit from early detection [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A099.

In medical science, the complete replacement of traditional educational technology with new ones is, of course, impossible, because no new technology will replace the experience of communication between a doctor and a patient. However, we can use the time spent on students' self-isolation to study theoretical issues, analyze the results of additional research methods (for example, analysis of radiographs in dentistry), view photos of clinical cases from atlases, textbooks or clinical research articles, watch films about the process of implementing algorithms of practical skills, as well as, of course, to perform independent extracurricular work of students. Thus, the need to be directly in the classroom disappears, and the learning process can be carried out remotely. There is an active search for opportunities to improve the quality of educational and methodological work to train a qualified specialist in the field of dentistry at the Department of Pediatric Dentistry of Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University. With this aim the department staff has developed a method of defending the medical history of a virtual patient, according to which we propose to conduct a practical lesson on the medical history defense as a game in the form of a conference. During the lesson, each student has the opportunity to try himself/herself as a speaker and as an active participant. In the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 academic years under the conditions of COVID-19 pandemic, training is conducted remotely on the Teams platform or in mixed form. Thus, there is a need to develop new approaches to the educational process. The teacher gives the students topics in advance to write a medical history. To prepare the work, students are recommended to use additional scientific sources and sources of the Internet. Students prepare a medical history in electronic form, following the scheme of writing a medical history, which can be found on the website of the department. Ready-made medical histories should be sent to the teacher on the university e-mail address or in the chat of the Teams platform. Prior to the first practical lesson «Defense of medical history», the teacher must comment on the students’ work to give grades for their writing. During this online lesson, the teacher announces to each student the suggestions for improving the medical history writing to be able to correct mistakes and refine the work if necessary for the oral part of the defense. The next class is actually performed in the form of an online conference, moderated by a teacher. As a result, the topic of the practical lesson «Defense of medical history» is given two marks: the first – for writing the paper, and the second – for its presentation and student participation in the conference, according to the scale of writing and defense of medical history. The proposed method of conducting a practical lesson «Defense of medical history» in pediatric therapeutic dentistry in the format of distance learning as an online conference encourages students to be creative in studying this discipline. It helps to form clinical thinking, expands, deepens and systematizes the acquired knowledge, develops skills of professional communication, medical ethics and deontology, promotes mastering of computer technologies and crystallizes the future specialist, who is able to keep up with the requirements of time and scientific and technological progress.

The scientific community members tend to acknowledge that scientific achievements in educational sciences are much slower compared to other areas. However, it is encouraging that in 2014 responding to the challenges relevant to the system of education, the young researchers of Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences searched for and substantiated solutions to a number of problems employing their original scientific research. In the Committee of Joint Doctoral Studies (Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences, Kaunas University of Technology, Šiauliai University and Lithuanian Sports University) Kęstutis Trakšelys defended his doctoral thesis on the theme: “Education accessibility within the context of the transformation of Lithuanian society (1990–2010)”. The Committee of the Defence Council consisted of the representatives-researchers from the Joint Doctoral Committee and Prof. Dr. Habil. Alicja Šerlong, Director of the Institute of Pedagogy of Wroclaw University (Poland). All the members of the Doctoral Defence Council unanimously emphasized that the emerging processes of transformations in the global world impose specific tasks on the system of education and oblige the school to organize the process of (self-) education in such a way, which satisfies needs of learners, modern society and the epoch. Therefore, the author of the thesis analyzed an urgent research problem identifying links between social transformations and changes in the system of education from the perspective of accessibility, while solving the problem of accessibility of education in the context of social transformations during the period, which was particularly challenging to the system of education in Lithuania (1990–2010). All the members of the Dissertation Defence Council and opponents considered the doctoral thesis “The development of creative writing skills of primary school pupils using interactive whiteboard” by Agnė Saylik as one of the first works in Lithuania, which focuses on development of primary learners’ creative writing skills employing information and communication technologies. The members of the Committee highly evaluated the creativity of the author, i.e., her ability to create original ideas, make insights, manage the collected information, to employ a variety of methods, to cope with a big sample of respondents, to process the data in a reliable way, etc. The members of the Dissertation Defence Council and opponents of the doctoral thesis “Expression and development of the learning to learn competence of the adults improving their qualification” written by Vilija Lukošūnienė unanimously recognized the relevance and particular innovative character of the thesis, which is said to be timely and answering the urgent challenges of today: ability to approach the competence of learning to learn through the prism of multidimensionality, autonomous learning is analyzed, internal and external factors are singled out, which result in the competence of learning to learn, the hypothetic model for development of the adults’ competence of learning to learn was designed. Analyzing the theme “Developing entrepreneurial capacities of pupils in 9th–12th forms applying coaching in technology lessons” and being a professional teacher-practitioner, Oksana Kietavičienė perceived technological education as a continuous process and understood the necessity to integrate teacher’s and learner’s creation as well as their creative ideas and to apply them in practical pedagogical activities. The thesis was evaluated as a timely, relevant and significant scientific study, which enriches educational powers of all the social sciences and educational science in particular, targeting at nurturance of an initiator and a responsible personality, who is capable of creation, rather than on development of an executor. Kristina Viršulienė used the time of her doctoral studies for scientifi research on pedagogical communication and her efforts were finalized by the written doctoral thesis “Student-teachers’ instructional communication skills and their development”. The Chairperson of the Dissertation Defence Council pointed out that the relevance of the theme is obvious as education is a focused development of individual’s powers on the basis of the created interaction. Pedagogical communication is a basic component of the latter and an essential area of teacher’s professional activity. Empirical testing of efficiency of the programme of educational project is one of the main advantages of this doctoral thesis and this is a new contribution to the treasure trove of the educational science. In his defended doctoral thesis “Pedagogical substantiation of social educator’s educational environment enriched with information and communication technologies”, Rokas Gulbinas theoretically and empirically substantiated the educational environment of a special needs teacher enriched with information and communication technologies (ICT) as a prerequisite for fulfilment of special needs teacher’s functions at new quality level. This is a particularly significant empiric study, which contributed to designing of the hypothetic model of special needs teacher’s activity in the educational environment enriched with ICT, which is relevant not only as the construct of development of methodology of quantitative research but also as a model for improvement of special needs teacher’s activity under changing technological conditions. Giedrė Misiūnienė wrote the doctoral thesis “Modelling of socio-educational activities of multifunctional center in rural (territorial) community”, which aimed to substantiate the hypothetic model of socio-educational activity of multifunctional center in rural territorial community. The Dissertation Defence Council highly evaluated the capability and commitment of the young researcher to addressing severe problems of our time, whereof scientific research, substantiation, forecasting as well as strengthening of positive socio-educational activities in rural communities and their dissemination may not only help an individual and the society but also eliminate illiteracy, exclusion and decline in value-based principles. The initiative of the author of the thesis and her academic supervisor to implement one of the fundamental goals of Dr. M. Lukšienė, i.e, to expand the network of rural and basic schools (10 forms), their activity and, thus, to enhance the national identity, culture and the image of the state, is of particular value. This objective is also outlined in the National Education Strategy for 2013–2022; therefore, the scientific interest of the young researcher to model the emerging multifunctional centers is particularly timely and significant. This is the first unique research of such kind in the country. All the doctoral theses discussed above were defended in Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences in 2014 and their authors were conferred the degree of doctor of Social Sciences (Educational Science (07S)).

Heads: A medical student completes their Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) degree after five years of mentally exhausting and back-breaking toil. They then go on to complete one demanding year of internship in a hospital. Now they want to start their clinical practice. The regulatory body of physicians has some other ideas though. It wants them to give yet another exam, covering the same subjects they have cleared during MBBS. When they think they have the right to be practicing independently, they have to study hard and undertake an exam again. Tails: A regulatory body of physicians in the country knows the quality of medical teaching in the country is not uniform. The standard of training during internship also varies greatly. Yet, after attaining MBBS degree and completing internship, every medical doctor is deemed qualified enough to manage the patients without any supervision. The regulatory body, therefore, introduces a uniform licensing exam that every doctor needs to pass before starting independent clinical practice. It believes that only those who had attained a minimum acceptable level of competence will eventually be capable enough to pass the exam and thus be qualified to treat people. Medical licensing examinations are considered a tool to gauge a doctor’s competence for unsupervised clinical practice. The National Licensing Examination (NLE) was announced on 24th September 2020 in Section 20 of the Pakistan Medical Commission (PMC) Act 2020.1 The idea was inspired by similar exams in many other countries.2 Fast forward more than one year, this exam still faces stiff resistance from many medical students and Pakistan Medical Association (PMA).3,4 Broadly, there are two main objections: The nature of the exam itself, and its applicability. The medical students deem it unfair to be asked to appear in another exam after obtaining their MBBS degree. Another point of contention is in including all current medical students. It is argued that only those students should be asked to undertake the exam that began their MBBS education after the PMC Act 2020. A petition filed in Lahore High Court to this effect was dismissed by the adjudicating judge, making it mandatory for all current and future medical students to pass the NLE.5 Is this exam really so flawed that it should be abandoned altogether? Is PMC justified in taking this exam? Are the concerns of the protesting students valid? Is there a middle ground in this conflict? Let us analyze the current format of the NLE and compare it with the two most coveted medical licensing exams in the world. The NLE is designed as a two-step examination. The first step is the multiple-choice questions (MCQ) based theory component containing 70% MCQs from clinical sciences and 30% MCQs from basic sciences. A student has to pass this first step in order to qualify for the second Clinical Skills Examination (CSE). The CSE aims to evaluate essential clinical skills required by a general medical practitioner through a structured clinical examination. The students can appear in the first theory component only after acquiring their MBBS qualification. Both steps need to be passed in order to attain permanent medical license from PMC.6 The United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE) is the most well-known medical licensing exam in the world. It is a three-step exam comprising of Step 1, Step 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK), and Step 3. Step 1, an MCQ exam, is attempted by the local students at the end of 2nd year of medical education. It is designed to test the examinee’s aptitude to apply basic and integral science concepts to clinical scenarios. Step 2 CK is an MCQ exam that assesses the examinee’s grasp on the medical knowledge and understanding of clinical sciences that are considered essential for patient care under supervision. Local students appear in this exam in the 4th year of their medical education; passing this exam is essential to receive medical graduation. Step 3 is again an MCQ exam that assesses the candidate’s caliber to apply medical knowledge for unsupervised practice of medicine. This exam is attempted after obtaining medical graduation and passing the exam is necessary to practice independently in the US. After the decision to abandon the Step 2 Clinical Skills (CS) examination in February 2021, there is currently no clinical examination in the USMLE. International Medical Graduates (IMGs) need to clear Step 1 and Step 2 CK (not necessarily in order and at no fixed time) to become eligible for Step 3.7 The Professional and Linguistic Assessments Board test (PLAB) is a two-part exam taken by General Medical Council (GMC) of the United Kingdom (UK).PLAB 1 is an MCQ based exam that tests the examinee’s ability to apply the acquired medical knowledge to answer clinical-scenario based questions. PLAB 2 is a clinical exam that tests the candidate’s clinical and communication skills on standardized patients.8 Currently, only IMGs need to appear in the exam in order to practice medicine independently in UK. This is set to change from 2024; GMC has announced Medical Licensing Assessment (MLA) that both UK locals and IMGs will need to pass from 2024 onwards in order to attain the medical registration.9 It is clear from the above discussion that regulatory bodies in many countries including the US test their local students with standardized exam in addition to their medical college graduation. The UK has also announced a similar system for their local students from 2024. Therefore, concept of the NLE is a sound one, based on the international practices. The problem may lie in the format and timing of the exam. MBBS curriculum is broadly divided into two categories: Basic sciences and clinical sciences. Basic sciences, as the name suggests, contain core subjects that are essential to understand the basics of human body. These include subjects like anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology etc. These are typically focused more during the first three years of MBBS. Clinical sciences deal with more practical subjects like medicine, surgery, paediatrics, gynaecology etc. These subjects are given more emphasis during the final two years of MBBS. The key to the deadlock may lie in the timing and curriculum of NLE. Currently, a student is asked to study all the subjects again after obtaining MBBS degree for the MCQ based theoretical exam.6 This means studying the basic sciences again, the portions of which they may have studied years ago. The exam may be divided into three separate portions comprising of a) MCQ exam of basic sciences, b) MCQ exam of clinical sciences, and c) a clinical skills exam. The idea is to take the exam when the students are actually studying the examined subjects, rather than taking it all together in the end. Table 1 demonstrates the proposed format and timing of the NLE. TABLE I: PROPOSED FORMAT AND TIMING OF THE NATIONAL LICENSING EXAMINATION Exam Subjects/Skills Format Minimum Qualification NLE Step 1 Basic Sciences MCQ 2nd Year MBBS NLE Step 2 Clinical Sciences MCQ 4th Year MBBS NLE Step 3 Clinical and Communication Skills Structured Clinical Examination 5th Year MBBS NLE=National Licensing Examination; MCQ=Multiple-choice questions; MBBS=Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery Splitting the exam into the three proposed steps will be advantageous for all concerned, i.e. PMC, medical students, and the public. PMC will achieve the desired objective of assessing a physician’s competence before offering registration. Students will be appearing in NLE steps that will be covering subjects in accordance with their current/recent MBBS curriculum. This will reduce the burden for the students and make the exam more agreeable for them. The public will receive healthcare only from those doctors who would have proved their competence. Heads or tails? We win both ways!

<div>As an ardent cancer researcher, Dr. Smita Asthana has a vision to create wider awareness on cancer and its prevention, and aims to work on translational research to benefit the general public through the implementation of evidence-based research. “I have been associated with the National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (NICPR) and Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology (ICPO) since November 2004 and have progressed over a period of time from being a staff scientist to the current role of a senior scientist,” says Dr. Asthana, who is presently with NICPR’s Biostatistics and Epidemiology division.</div><p> </p><p>“I have been working in various positions that deal with the design, execution, and evaluation of medical projects. Recently, we have concluded two major cervical cancer screening projects and conducted a screening of 10,000 women in rural areas,” she tells AMOR. One project, funded by the Indian Council of Medical Research, was carried out 100 km west of New Delhi in the rural town of Dadri “as part of an operational research to see the implementation of VIA (visual inspection with acetic acid) and VILI (visual inspection with Lugol's iodine) screenings with the help of existing healthcare infrastructure,” she explains.</p><p> </p><p>As a leading researcher in cervical cancer screening, she completed an Indo-US collaborative project on the clinical performance of a human papillomavirus (HPV) test, used as a strategy for screening cervical cancer in rural communities, with funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation via the international non-profit global health organization PATH. “The primary objective of the project was to observe the performance of careHPV, a new diagnostic kit, in a rural setup,” she says.</p><p> </p><p>CareHPV is a highly sensitive DNA test, which detects 14 different types of the human papillomavirus that cause cervical cancer, providing results more rapidly than other DNA tests and is designed especially for use in clinics that lack reliable clean water or electricity. It is an incredibly cost-effective option for low-resource countries seeking to develop national cervical cancer screening and treatment programs according to PATH.</p><p> </p><p>“Both projects were completed successfully and brought out research conclusions in the form of national and international publications,” Dr. Asthana says. In addition to the projects, she had also developed health education materials to create cervical cancer awareness among the women of rural Indian community, while providing training to auxiliary nurses and midwives for cervical cancer screening.</p><p> </p><p>Dr. Asthana graduated with a degree in Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery from King George Medical College (KGMC), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India, before pursuing her Doctor of Medicine (MD) in Community Medicine from Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial (GSVM) Medical College, Kanpur, India. Throughout her career, she has published over 40 articles in national and international journals. As a result of her hard work and dedication toward the medical field, she has been awarded first prizes for oral presentation in international conferences such as Indian Cancer Congress (ICC 2014) and Asia Oceania Research Organisation on Genital Infections and Neoplasia (AOGIN 2012).</p><p> </p><p>She is an active member of various scientific associations and societies such as the Indian Association for Cancer Research (IACR), Indian Society for Medical Statistics (ISMS), Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine (IAPSM), and International Epidemiological Association (IEA). In her effort to provide impactful messages via research publications, she is currently working on remodeling the cancer registry data, which includes a diversified field for incidence of childhood cancer, breast and cervical cancer, trends of major cancer, cancer burden in Northeast of India, among other things.</p><p> </p><p>According to Dr. Asthana, her vision is the utilization of voluminous cancer registry data to produce comprehensive reports in the form of research communication to give a clearer picture of different cancer burden in various Indian registries. “I have also proposed a project for establishing cancer registry at NICPR, which was approved by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) in principle, but we are currently still waiting for funding,” says the medical scientist.</p><p> </p><p>Focusing on the area of cancer epidemiology and research methodology, Dr. Asthana has faced many challenges commonly encountered by any researcher with a vision to improve medical research. “Gradually, with time and experience, I have overcome these limitations and I now conduct research methodology workshops to help clinicians have a better orientation toward research,” she says. Dr. Asthana is the coordinator of research methodology workshops, which is a series of training courses that started in 2007. Training courses/workshops are being conducted on a regular basis — two to three times a year at ICPO — and on an invitation basis, she has held workshops at other institutions such as her previous visit to Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS in Malaysia to train 30 PhD students.</p><p> </p><p>“The main aim or idea is to educate scientists/researchers and medical faculties about the basics of research methodology, which consist of descriptive statistics, statistical analysis, and clinical trial sampling, as well as research protocol development and scientific reporting/writing,” she elaborates. “The curriculum was formed and executed in such a way that new scientists gain an overall knowledge on how a research project should be planned, executed, and the results communicated,” she adds. The courses, according to her, are targeted for medical faculty members, medical post-graduate students, undergraduate students, and PhD students with a basic science background from various medical institutions.</p><p> </p><p>As a researcher with almost 14 years of experience in medical research, her passion for research does not end there. Dr. Asthana has also ventured into various other new areas that are currently lacking presence in India and other low- and middle-income countries. One such area is palliative care, where she has undergone specialized training in palliative care from the Indian Association of Palliative Care. Additionally, Dr. Asthana is working on a global systematic review project that studies smokeless tobacco attributable risk for oral cancer. She further adds, “As an officer in the district technical support team and in collaboration with World Health Organization, I have devoted quite some time in serving the rural community for leprosy monitoring.”</p><p> </p><p>When asked for her opinion about the future of cancer research, Dr. Asthana believes that targeted therapy is the future of cancer therapy, as it kills only cancer cells and not normal cells, which leads to lesser side effects. “However, the major concern is the cost of it,” she says, “and it doesn’t appear to be affordable in the near future.” Hence, “developing countries like India should focus on the prevention of cancer through the modification of risk factors and adopting healthy lifestyles,” she concludes.</p>

Effective communication between the doctor and patient is crucial for good quality health care. Yet, this form of communication is often problematic, which may lead to several negative consequences for both patients and doctors. Clinical communication skills have become important components of medical training programmes. The traditional approach is to teach students particular communication skills, such as listening to patients and asking open-ended questions. Despite their importance, such training approaches do not seem to be enough to deliver medical practitioners who are able and committed to communicate effectively with patients. This might be due to the pervasive negative influence of the medical profession’s (mistaken) understanding of itself as a natural science on doctor–patient communication. Doctors who have been trained according to a positivist framework may consider their only responsibility to be the physical treatment of physical disorders. They may thus have little regard for the patient’s psychological and social world and by extension for communication with the patient and/or their caregivers. To address this problem, I propose a curriculum, based on the academic field of philosophy, for teaching clinical communication.

This qualitative study evaluated the perception of academics about their self-image as future doctors and the factors that influenced the construction of their professional identity. Thirty-two sixth-year medical students in Brazil and Portugal were interviewed. Content analysis in the thematic modality and Goffman’s dramaturgy were used for data analysis and interpretation. The idealized self-image was revealed in two themes: the doctor centered on himself and the one who values the interpersonal relationship. A third theme showed the influence of the University and of elements brought a priori in the doctor’s identity. The results indicate the influence of the hidden curriculum in the construction of professional identity and reinforce the importance of social and humanistic aspects in medical education.

Abstract Issue In view of the multiple benefits, the integration of physical activity into the health care pathway of people with chronic diseases is a major issue. In Nice, nearly a third of the population is over 60 years old and more than 60,000 people are in long-term illness. In view of this, the City of Nice has decided to set up a physical activity prescription device named Nice Acti'Santé to support people in Nice with a chronic illness who want to make physical activity part of their life. Description of the problem The main objective of the device is to encourage people with a chronic disease to engage in a physical activity appropriate to their health. A medico-active process has been implemented to meet this objective: (a) the doctor guides his patient toward the Nice Acti'Santé platform, (b) the platform team makes a free checkup of the patient and guides him toward a partner sports club, (c) the doctor validates the patient's orientation, prescribes the physical activity and signs the certificate, (d) the partner sports club takes charge of the patient and the plateform team sets up a follow-up, (e) after 4 months, the platform team makes a new checkup of the patient and guides him toward an autonomous practice and, (f) the doctor validates the new patient's orientation and signs the certificate. Results Preliminary results show that 1 out of 2 patients is registered in a partner sports club after being taken charge on the platform. Most patients are aware of the platform through media or communication supports, and few are oriented by their doctor. Lessons The platform (a) acts in complementarity with the doctor who can count on a quality device with qualified staff to take charge of his patient, (b) guides the patient toward a physical activity adapted to health and taking account his capacities and needs and, (c) helps partner club sports to recruit participants. Main messages Nice Acti'Santé is an effective link between health and sport professionals/Nice Acti'Santé is an innovative and local device to serve the most vulnerable people in Nice.

The topic "Communication and the coronavirus infection pandemic" is widely discussed in the society. One of the challenges to university teaching during a pandemic is communication with students, including those already studying students. According to the surveys already conducted, both foreign and students of the country of study are stressed by the impossibility of live communication with classmates and professors, therefore it is important to regularly receive objective information about the situation with the coronavirus and the related changes in education. Difficulties for teachers of medical universities, and the Samara State Medical University (SamSMU), including, it is impossible to teach subjects related to medicine, only online. Students worked, and many continue to work in the so-called "red zone" in kovidny hospitals, polyclinics, nurses and brothers, nurses, call centers, hotlines, volunteers, helping the elderly citizens of our Samara region. During this short period, students have accumulated their own professional and civil experience of communication, communication both with sick patients of different ages and their families, and with doctors of clinics and hospitals, with representatives of other professions, just with the citizens of the region. In this difficult period, not only doctors, but also medical students, including those of the pediatric institute, who are discussed in our scientific work, were at the forefront. This study is devoted to assessing the medico-social and humanitarian role of 6-year students of the pediatric institute in the development of communications in the "patient-family-medical worker-society" system during the pandemic in 2020. The data were revealed that characterize the attitude of students to the profession of a doctor, as well as the activity of a medical student in a covid time. The article presents judgments about the influence of work in a medical institution at a certain time on self-development and the formation of communication skills among students of the pediatric faculty.

Background Despite evidence on the positive impact of trust in a doctor-patient relationship on health outcomes, there are limited studies conducted in Pacific Island Countries including Fiji. This study was conducted to assess the current level of patient trust in doctors and investigate its determinants in Fiji. Method: A random sample of 410 participants attending the outpatient services completed the self-administered structured questionnaire. The response rate was 91% (N=375) and data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and analytic analysis using logistic regression. Result: Mean age of participants was 38years (±15yrs). The majority of patients had partial trust in their doctors compared to full trust (61.6% vs 38.4%). More than half of the participants perceived doctor’s communication behavior as fair rather than good (53.6% vs 45.6%). Those over 50 years (OR 1.96; p=0.007, 95% CI: 1.198–3.226) and those who perceived doctors’ communication behavior as good (OR 8.48; p=0.0001, 95% CI: 5.257–13.709) were significantly more likely to have full trust in the doctors. Conclusion: This study reveals that age and communication are determinants of trust in Fiji. In view of the current perception of the doctors’ communication behavior, Fiji’s Ministry of Health and Medical Services should implement policies to give equal importance to the communication skills of the doctors together with their clinical skills and enforce it in the medical schools.

Introduction: Doctor Who's “Wilderness Years”1989 saw the cancellation of the BBC's long-running science fiction television series Doctor Who (1965 -). The 1990s were largely bereft of original Doctor Who television content, leading fans to characterise that decade as the “wilderness years” for the franchise (McNaughton 194). From another perspective, though, the 1990s was an unprecedented time of production for Doctor Who media. From 1991 to 1997, Virgin Publishing was licensed by the BBC's merchandising division to publish a series of original Doctor Who novels, which they produced and marketed as a continuation of the television series (Gulyas 46). This series of novels, Doctor Who: The New Adventures (commonly referred to as “the Virgin New Adventures” by fans) proved popular enough to support a monthly release schedule, and from 1994 onwards, a secondary "Missing Adventures" series.Despite their central role in the 1990s, however, many fans have argued that the Doctor Who novels format makes them either less "canonical" than the television series, or completely "apocryphal" (Gulyas 48). This fits with a general trend in transmedia properties, where print-based expansions or spin-offs are generally considered less official or authentic than those that are screen-based (Hills 223). This article argues that the openness of the series to contributions from fan writers – and also some of the techniques and approaches prioritised in fan fiction - resulted in the Virgin range of Doctor Who novels having an unusually significant impact on the development and evolution of the franchise as a whole when compared to the print-based transmedia extensions of other popular series’. The article also argues that the tonal and stylistic influence of the New Adventures novels on the revived Doctor Who television series offers an interesting counter-example to the usually strict hierarchies of content that are implied in Henry Jenkins's influential model of transmedia storytelling. Transmedia StorytellingJenkins uses the term “transmedia storytelling” to describe the ways in which media franchises frequently expand beyond the format they originate with, potentially encompassing television series, films, games, toys, comics and more (Jenkins “Transmedia 202”). In discussing this paradigm, Jenkins notes the ways in which contemporary productions increasingly prioritise “integration and coordination” between the different forms of media (Jenkins Convergence Culture 105). As Jenkins argues, “most discussions of transmedia place a high emphasis on continuity – assuming that transmedia requires a high level of coordination and creative control and that all of the pieces have to cohere into a consistent narrative or world” (Jenkins “Transmedia 202”). Due to this increased emphasis on continuity, the ability to decide which media will be considered as “canonical” within the story-world of the franchise becomes an important one. Where previously questions of canon had been largely confined to fan discussions, debates and interpretive readings of media texts (Jenkins Textual Poachers 102-104), the proprietors of franchises in a transmedia economy have an interest in proactively defining and policing the canon. Designating a particular piece of media as a “canonical” expansion or spinoff of its parent text can be a useful marketing tool, as it creates the expectation that it will provide an important contribution. Correspondingly, declaring that a particular set of media texts is no longer canonical can make the franchise more accessible and allow the authors of new material more creative freedom (Proctor and Freeman 238-9).While Jenkins argues that a reliance on “one single source or ur-text” (“Transmedia 101”) is counter to the spirit of transmedia storytelling, Pillai notes that his emphasis on cohesiveness across diverse media tends to implicitly prioritise the parent text over its various offshoots (103-4). As the parent text establishes continuity and canon, any transmedia supplements are obligated to remain consistent with it, but this is often a one-sided and hierarchical relationship. For example, in the Star Wars transmedia franchise, the film series is considered crucial in establishing the canon; and transmedia supplements are obliged to remain consistent with it in order to be recognised as authentic. The filmmakers, however, are largely free to ignore or contradict the contributions of spin-off books.Hills notes that the components of transmedia franchises are often arranged into “transmedial hierarchies” (223), where screen-based media like films, television series and video games are assigned dominance over print-based productions like comics and novels. This hierarchy means that print-based works typically have a less secure place within the canon of transmedia franchises, despite often contributing a disproportionately large quantity of narratives and concepts (Guynes 143). Using the Star Wars Expanded Universe as an example, he notes a tendency whereby “franchise novels” are generally considered as disposable, and are easily erased or decanonised despite significantly long, carefully interwoven and coordinated periods of storytelling (143-5). Doctor Who as a Transmedia FranchiseWhile questions of canon are frequently debated and discussed among Doctor Who fans, it is less easy to make absolutist distinctions between canonical and apocryphal texts in Doctor Who than it is in other popular transmedia franchises. Unlike comparable transmedia productions, Doctor Who has traditionally lacked a singular authority over questions of canon and consistency in the manner that Jenkins argues for in his implicitly hierarchical conception of transmedia storytelling (Convergence Culture 106). Where franchises like Star Wars, Star Trek or The X-Files have been guided by creator-figures who either exert direct control over their various iterations or oblige them to remain broadly consistent with their original vision, Doctor Who has generally avoided this focus; creative control has passed between various showrunners and production teams, who have been largely free to establish their own style and tone.Furthermore, the franchise has traditionally favoured a largely self-contained and episodic style of storytelling; and different storylines and periods from its long history often contradict one another. For these reasons, Booth suggests that the largely retroactive attempts on the part of fans and critics to read the entire series as the type of transmedia production that Jenkins advocates for (i.e. an internally consistent narrative of connected stories) are counter-productive. He argues that Doctor Who is perhaps best understood not as a continuing series but as a long-running anthology, where largely autonomous stories and serials can be grouped into distinct “periods” of resemblance in terms of style and subject matter (198-206).As Britton argues, when appreciating Doctor Who as franchise, there is no particular need to assign primary importance to the parent media. Since its first season in 1965, the Doctor Who television series has been regularly supplemented by other media in the form of comics, annuals, films, stage-plays, audio-dramas, and novelisations. Britton maintains that as the transmedia works follow the same loosely connected, episodic structure as the television series, they operate as equally valid or equally disposable components within its metanarrative (1-9). Doctor Who writer Paul Cornell argues that given the accommodating nature of the show’s time-travel premise (which can easily accommodate the inconsistencies that Jenkins argues should be avoided in transmedia storytelling), and in the absence of a singular revered creator-figure or authority, absolutist pronouncements on canon from any source are unnecessary and exclusionary, either delegitimising texts that the audience may value, or insisting on familiarity with a particular text in order for an experience of the media to be considered “legitimate”. The Transmedia Legacy of the Virgin New AdventuresAs the Virgin Doctor Who novels are not necessarily diminished by either their lack of a clear canonical status or their placement as a print work within a screen-focused property, they can arguably be understood as constituting their own distinct “period” of Doctor Who in the manner defined by Booth. This claim is supported by the ways in which the New Adventures distinguish themselves from the typically secondary or supplemental transmedia extensions of most other television franchises.In contrast with the one-sided and hierarchical relationship that typically exists between the parent text and its transmedia extensions (Pillai 103-4), the New Adventures range did not attempt to signal their authenticity through stylistic and narrative consistency with their source material. Virgin had already published a long series of novelisations of story serials from the original television series under its children’s imprint, Target, but from their inception the New Adventures were aimed at a more mature audience. The editor of the range, Peter Darvill-Evans, observed that by the 1990s, Doctor Who’s dedicated fan base largely consisted of adults who had grown up with the series in the 1970s and 1980s rather than the children that both the television series and the novelisations had traditionally targeted (Perryman 23). The New Adventures were initially marketed as being “too broad and deep for the small screen” (Gulyas 46), positioning them as an improvement or evolution rather than an attempt to imitate the parent media or to compensate for its absence.By comparison, most other 1990s print-based supplements to popular screen franchises tended to closely mimic the style, tone and storytelling structure of their source material. For example, the Star Wars "Expanded Universe" series of novels (which began in 1991) were subject to strict editorial oversight to ensure they remained consistent with the films and were initially marketed as "film-like events" as a way of emphasising their equivalence to the original media (Proctor and Freeman 226). The Virgin New Adventures were also distinctive due to their open submission policy (which actively encouraged submissions from fan writers who had not previously achieved conventional commercial publication) alongside work from "professional" authors (Perryman 24). This policy began because Darvill-Evans noted the ability, high motivation and deep understanding of Doctor Who possessed by fan writers (Bishop) and it proved essential in establishing the more mature approach that the series was aiming for. After three indifferently received novels from professional authors, the first work from a fan author, Paul Cornell’s Timewyrm: Revelation (1991) became highly popular, due to its more grounded, serious and complex exploration of the character of the Doctor and their human companion. Following the success of Cornell’s novel, the series began to establish its own distinctive tone, emphasising gritty urban settings, character development and interpersonal drama, and the exploration of moral ambiguities and social and political issues that would have not been permissible in the original television series (Gulyas 46-8).Works by previously unpublished fan authors came to dominate the range to such an extent that the New Adventures has been described as “licensing professionally produced fan fiction” (Perryman 23). This trajectory established the New Adventures as an unusual hybrid text, combining the sanction of an official license with the usually unofficial phenomenon of fan custodianship. The cancellation of a television series (as experienced by Doctor Who in 1989) often allows its fan community to take custodianship of it in a variety of ways (McNoughton 194). While a series is being broadcast, fans are often constructed as elite but essentially ”powerless” readers, whose interpretations and desires can easily be contradicted or ignored by the series creators (Tulloch and Jenkins 141). With cancellation and a diminishing mass audience, fans become the custodians of the series and its memory. Their interpretations can no longer be overwritten, and they become the principle market for official merchandise and transmedia extensions (McNoughton 194-6).Also, fans can explore and fulfil their desires for the narrative direction and tone of the series, through the “cottage industries” of fan-created merchandise (196) and “gift economies” of fan fiction (Flegal and Roth 258), without being impeded or overruled by official developments in the parent media. This movement towards fan custodianship and production became more visible during the 1990s, as digital technology allowed for rapid communication, connection and exchange (Coppa 53). The Virgin New Adventures range arguably operated as a meeting point between officially sanctioned commercial spin-off media and the fan-centric industries of production that work to prolong the life and memory of a cancelled television series. Indeed, the direct inclusion of fan authors and the techniques and approaches associated with fan fiction likely helped to establish the deeper, more mature interpretation of Doctor Who offered by the New Adventures.As Stein and Busse observe, a recurring feature of fan fiction has been a focus on exploring the inner lives of the characters from its source media, and adding depth and complexity to their relationships (196-8). Furthermore, the successful New Adventures fan authors tended to offer support and encouragement to each other via their informal networks, which affected the development of the series as a transmedia production (Perryman 24). Flegal and Roth note that in contrast to often solitary and individualistic forms of “professional” and “literary” writing, the composition of fan fiction emerges out of collegial, supportive and reciprocal communities (265-8). The meeting point that the Virgin New Adventures provided between professional writing practice and the attitudes and approaches common to the types of fan fiction that were becoming more prominent in the nineties (Coppa 53-5) helped to shape the evolution of Doctor Who as a franchise.Where previous Doctor Who stories (regardless of the media or medium) had been largely isolated from each other, the informal fan networks that connected the New Adventures authors allowed and encouraged them to collaborate more closely, ensuring consistency between the instalments and plotting out multi-volume story-arcs and character development. Where the Star Wars Expanded Universe series of novels ensured consistency through extensive and often intrusive top-down editorial control (Proctor and Freeman 226-7), the New Adventures developed this consistency through horizontal relationships between authors. While Doctor Who has always been a transmedia franchise, the Virgin New Adventures may be the first point where it began to fully engage with the possibilities of the coordinated and consistent transmedia storytelling discussed by Jenkins (Perryman 24-6). It is notable that this largely developed out of the collaborative and reciprocal relationships common to communities of fan-creators rather than through the singular and centralised control that Jenkins advocates.While the Virgin range of Doctor Who novels ended long before the revival of the television series in 2005, its influence on the style, tone and subject matter of the new series has been noted. As Perryman argues, the emphasis on more cohesive story-arcs and character development between episodes has been inherited from the New Adventures (24). The 2005 series also followed the Virgin novels in presenting the Doctor’s companions with detailed backgrounds and having their relationships shift and evolve, rather than remaining static like they did in the original series. The more distinctly urban focus of the new series was also likely shaped by the success of the New Adventures (Haslop 217); its well-publicised emphasis on inclusiveness and diversity was likewise prefigured by the Virgin novels, which were the first Doctor Who media to include non-Anglo and LGBQT companions (McKee "How to tell the difference" 181-2). It is highly unusual for a print-based transmedia extension to have this level of impact. Indeed, one of the most visible and profitable transmedia initiatives that began in the 1990s, the Star Wars Expanded Universe novels (which like the New Adventures was presented as an officially sanctioned continuation of the original media), was unceremoniously decanonised in 2014, and the interpretations of Star Wars characters and themes that it had developed over more than a decade of storytelling were almost entirely disregarded by the new films (Proctor and Freeman 235-7). The comparably large influence that the New Adventures had on the development of its franchise indicates the success of its fan-centric approach in developing a more relationship-driven and character-focused interpretation of its parent media.The influence of the New Adventures is also felt more directly through the continuing careers of its authors. A number of the fan writers who achieved their first commercial publication with the New Adventures (e.g. Paul Cornell, Gareth Roberts, Mark Gatiss) went on to write scripts for the new series. The first showrunner, Russell T. Davies, was the author of the later novels, Damaged Goods (1997), and the second, Steven Moffat, had been an active member of Doctor Who fan communities that discussed and promoted the Virgin books (Bishop). As the former New Adventures author Kate Orman notes, this movement from writing usually secondary franchise novels to working on and having authority over the parent media is almost unheard of (McKee “Interview with Kate Orman” 138), and speaks to the success of the combination of fan authorship and official licensing and support found in the New Adventures. As Hadas notes, the chief difference between the new series of Doctor Who and its classic version is that former and long-term fans of the series are now directly involved in its production, thus complicating Tullouch and Jenkin’s assessment of Doctor Who fans as a “powerless elite” (141). ConclusionThe continuing influence of the nineties New Adventures novels can still be detected in the contemporary series. These novels operate with regard to the themes, preoccupations and styles of storytelling that this range pioneered within the Doctor Who franchise, and which developed directly out of its innovative and unusual strategy of giving official sanction and editorial support to typically obscured and subcultural modes of fan writing. The reductive and exclusionary question of canon can be avoided when considering the above novels. These transmedia productions are important to the evolution and development of the media franchise as a whole. In this respect, the Virgin New Adventures operate as their own distinctive, legitimate and influential "period" within Doctor Who, demonstrating the creative potential of an approach to transmedia storytelling that deemphasises strict hierarchies of content and control and can readily include the contributions of fan producers.ReferencesBishop, David. “Four Writers, One Discussion: Andy Lane, Paul Cornell, Steven Moffat and David Bishop.” Time Space Visualiser 43 (March 1995). 1 Nov. 2018 <http://doctorwho.org.nz/archive/tsv43/onediscussion.html>.Booth, Paul. “Periodising Doctor Who.” Science Fiction Film and Television 7.2 (2014). 195-215.Britton, Piers D. TARDISbound: Navigating the Universes of Doctor Who. London: I.B. Tauris and Company, 2011.Coppa, Francesca. “A Brief History of Media Fandom.” Fan Fiction and Fan Communities in the Age of the Internet. Eds. Karen Hellekson and Kristina Busse. Jefferson NC: McFarland and Company, 2009. 41-59.Cornell, Paul. “Canonicity in Doctor Who”. PaulConell.com. 10 Feb. 2007. 30 Nov. 2018 <https://www.paulcornell.com/2007/02/canonicity-in-doctor-who/>.Doctor Who. British Broadcasting Corporation, 1965 to present.Flegal, Monica, and Jenny Roth. “Writing a New Text: the Role of Cyberculture in Fanfiction Writers’ Transition to ‘Legitimate’ Publishing.” Contemporary Women’s Writing 10.2 (2016): 253-270.Gulyas, Aaron. “Don’t Call It a Comeback.” Doctor Who in Time and Space: Essays on Themes, Characters, History and Fandom, 1963-2012. Ed. Donald E. Palumbo and C.W. Sullivan. Jefferson NC: McFarland and Company, 2013. 44-63.Guynes, Sean. “Publishing the New Jedi Order: Media Industries Collaboration and the Franchise Novel.” Star Wars and the History of Transmedia Storytelling. Eds. Sean Guynes and Dan Hassler-Forest. Amsterdam: Amsterdam UP, 2017. 143-154.Hadas, Leora. “Running the Asylum? Doctor Who’s Ascended Fan-Showrunners.” Deletion. 23 June 2014. 30 Nov. 2018 <http://www.deletionscifi.org/episodes/episode-5/running-asylum-doctor-whos-ascended-fan-showrunners/>.Haslop, Craig. “Bringing Doctor Who Back for the Masses: Regenerating Cult, Commodifying Class.” Science Fiction Film and Television 9.2 (2016): 209-297.Hills, Matt. “From Transmedia Storytelling to Transmedia Experience: Star Wars Celebration as a Crossover/Hierarchical Space.” Star Wars and the History of Transmedia Storytelling. Eds. Sean Guynes and Dan Hassler-Forest. Amsterdam: Amsterdam UP, 2017. 213-224.Jenkins III, Henry. Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture. New York: Routledge. 1992.———. Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. 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Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2010. 192-208.Perryman, Neil. “Doctor Who and the Convergence of Media: A Case Study in ‘Transmedia Storytelling’.” Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 14.1 (2008): 21-39.Pillai, Nicolas. “’What Am I Looking at, Mulder?’ Licensed Comics and the Freedoms of Transmedia Storytelling.” Science Fiction Film and Television 6.1 (2013): 101-117.Porter, Lynnette. The Doctor Who Franchise: American Influence, Fan Culture, and the Spinoffs. Jefferson NC: McFarland and Company, 2018.Procter, William, and Matthew Freeman. “’The First Step into a Smaller World’: The Transmedia Economy of Star Wars.” Revisiting Imaginary Worlds: A Subcreation Studies Anthology. Ed. Mark J.P. Wolf. New York: Routledge. 2016. 223-245.Stein, Louisa, and Kristina Busse. “Limit Play: Fan Authorship between Source Text, Intertext, and Context.” Popular Communication 7.4 (2009): 192-207.Tullouch, John, and Henry Jenkins III. 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In the modern world as technology develops, it is very crucial to secure, share and store the data. Especially, when it deals with medical data it is very important to secure that sensitive information. Sensitive information might be the pulse, temperature, or any disease-related symptoms. Such factors must not be shared unless or until with the users’ permission. When any services or any user overcome the given act then the victim will be addressed in the court of law for the denial of service. Such activities must not be welcomed as in the world of modern technology; it is easy to secure the data as well as to share the data. Hence, it is significant to overcome privacy issues and security attacks. The co-factors associated with transmitting and securing data involves bandwidth and energy. Bandwidth and energy play a vital role during the transmission of data. Hence in this paper, we introduce a novel system of creating a portal for the patients who can enroll with their medical details and fix appointments with the doctor and get the prescription. First, the Nth Degree Truncated Polynomial Ring Unit (NTRU) method is used to encrypt the data collected where the private chats among the patient can be secured. Those data will be transmitted to the nearby cloud-let in an energy-efficient manner. Secondly, patients can communicate with other patients about their diseases where the disease based group can be created to share the information. Thirdly, patient’s information is divided into tables and stored in the cloud for proper protection. As group chats and personal chats are involved, security is a must during communication and as an additional feature, the data are collected in a buffer format in the mobile, which paves way for reducing the bandwidth and energy consumption.

As a mode of open access public self-expression, blogs are one form of the unfolding massification of culture (Lovink). Though widely varied in content and style, they are characterised by a reverse chronological diary-like format, often produced by a single author, and often intimately expressive of that author’s thoughts and experiences. The purpose of this paper is to explore the use of blogs as a space for the detailed and on-going expression of the day to day experiences of sufferers of serious illness. We might traditionally consider the experience of illness as absolutely private, but illness, along with the process of recovery, retains a social and cultural aspect (Kleinman et al). A growing body of literature has recognised that the Internet has become a significant space for the recovery work that accompanies the diagnosis of serious illness (Orgad; Pitts; Hardey). Empowerment and agency are often emphasised in this literature, particularly in terms of the increased access to information and support groups, but also in the dynamic performances of self enabled by different forms of online communication and Web production. I am particularly interested in the ongoing shifts in the accessibility of “private” personal experience enabled by blog culture. Although there are thousands of others like them, three “illness blogs” have recently caught my attention for their candidness, completeness and complexity, expressing in vivid depth and detail individual lives transformed by serious illness. The late US journalist and television producer Leroy Sievers maintained a high profile blog, My Cancer, and weekly podcast on the National Public Radio website until his death from metastasised colon cancer in August 2008. Sievers used his public profile and the infrastructure of the NPR website to both detail his personal experience and bring together a community of people also affected by cancer or moved by his thoughts and experiences. The blogger Brainhell came to my attention through blogsphere comments and tributes when he died in February 2008. Spanning more than four years, Brainhell’s witty and charming blog attracted a significant audience and numerous comments, particularly toward the end of his life as the signs of his deteriorating motor system as a result of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS, or “Lou Gherig’s disease”) riddled his intimate posts. Another blog of interest to me here, called Humanities Researcher, incorporates academic Stephanie Trigg’s period of illness and recovery from breast cancer within a pre-existing and ongoing blog about the intersection between professional and personal life. As I had crossed paths with Trigg while at Melbourne University, I was always interested in her blog. But her diagnosis with breast cancer and subsequent accounts of tests, the pain and debilitation of treatment and recovery within her blog also offer valuable insight into the role of online technologies in affecting experiences of illness and for the process of recovery.The subject matter of illness blogs revolves around significant personal transformations as a result of serious illness or trauma: transformations of everyday life, of body and emotional states, relationships, physical appearance, and the loss or recovery of physical ability. It is not my intention in this brief analysis to overgeneralise on the basis of some relatively limited observations. However, many blogs written in response to illness stand out for what they reveal about the shifting location or locatability of self, experience and the events of ongoing illness and thus how we can conceptualise the inherent “privacy” of illness as personal experience. Self-expression here is encompassing of the possibilities through which illness can be experienced – not as representation of that experience, a performance of a disembodied self (though these notions have their merits) – but an expressive element of the substance of the illness as it is experienced over time, as it affects the bodies, thoughts, events and relationships of individuals moving toward a state of full recovery or untimely death. Locating Oneself OnlineMany authors currently examining the role of online spaces in the lives of sufferers of serious illness see online communication as providing a means for configuring experience as a meaningful and coherent story, and thus conferring, or we could say recovering, a sense of agency amidst a tumultuous and ongoing battle with serious illness (Orgad, Pitts). In her study of breast cancer discussion forums, message boards and websites, Orgad (4) notes their role in regaining “the fundamentals disturbed by cancer” (see also Bury). Well before the emergence of online spaces, the act or writing has been seen as “a crucial affirmation of living, a statement against fearfulness, invisibility and silence” (Orgad, 67; Lorde, 61). For many decades scientists have asserted that “brief structured writing sessions can significantly improve mental and physical health for some groups of people” (Singer and Singer 485). The Internet has provided an infrastructure for bringing personal experiences of illness into the public realm, enabling a new level of visibility. Much of the work on illness and the Internet focuses on the liberatory and empowering act of story telling and “disembodied” self-expression. Discussion forums and cancer websites enable the formation of patient led “discourse communities” (Wuthnow). Online spaces such as discussion forums help their participants gain a foothold within a world they share with other sufferers, building communities of practice (Wegner) around specific forms of illness. In this way, these forms of self-expression and communication enable the sufferer of serious illness to counter the modes by which they are made “subjects”, in the Foucauldian sense, of medical discourse. All illness narratives are defined and constructed socially, and are infused with relations of power (Sontag; Foucault, Birth of the Clinic). Forms of online communication have shifted productive practice from professions to patients. Blogs, like discussion forums, websites, email lists etc., have come to play a central role in this contemporary shift. When Lovink (6) describes blogs as a “technology of the self” he points to their role in “self-fashioning”. Blogs written about and in the context of personal illness are a perfect example of this inclination to speak the truth of oneself in the confessional mode of modern culture borne of the church, science and talkshow television. For Foucault (Technologies of the Self, 17), technologies of the self: Permit individuals to effect by their own means or with the help of others a certain number of operations on their own bodies and souls, thoughts, conduct and way of being, so as to transform themselves in order to attain a state of happiness, purity, wisdom, perfection, immortality. Likewise, as a central concept for understanding Internet identity, the notion of performance (eg, Turkle) highlights the creativity with which illness bloggers may present their role as cancer patient in online spaces, perhaps as an act of resistance to “subjectifying” medical discourses and practices. Many bloggers wrest semiotic power through regular discussion of the language of pathology and medical knowledge, treatment processes and drugs. In the early stages of her treatment, Trigg plays with the new vocabulary, searching for etiologies and making her own semantic connections: I’ve learnt two new words. “Spiculated” describes the characteristic shape of a carcinoma on an ultrasound or x-ray. …The other word is at the other end of the spectrum of linguistic beauty: “lumpectomy”. It took me quite a while to realise that this was not really any different from partial mastectomy; or local excision. It’s an example of the powerful semantic connotations of words to realise that these phrases name the same processes: a long cut, and then the extraction of the diseased tissue (Humanities Researcher, 14 Oct. 2006).Partly due to the rarity of his illness, Brainhell goes through weeks of waiting for a diagnosis, and posts prolifically in an attempt to test out self-diagnoses. Amidst many serious and humorous posts analysing test results and discussing possible diagnoses Brainhell reflects on his targeted use of the blog: I am a word person. I think in sentences. I often take complex technical problems at work and describe them to myself in words. A story helps me understand things better. This blog has become a tool for me to organize my own thoughts about the Mystery Condition. (Brainhell, 6 Jan. 2004)The emancipatory potential of blog writing, however, can be easily overstated. While it is valuable to note and celebrate the performative potential of online production, and its “transformative” role as a technology of the self, it is easy to fall back on an unproblematic distinction between the actual and the virtual, the experience of illness, and its representation in online spaces. Textual expression should always refer us to the extra-textual practices that encompass it without imposing an artificial hierarchy of online and offline, actual experience and representation. As with other forms of online communication and production, the blog culture that has emerged around forms of serious illness plays a significant role in transforming our concepts of the relationship between online and offline spaces. In his My Cancer blog, Sievers often refers to “Cancer World”. He notes, for example, the many “passing friends” he makes in Cancer World through the medical staff and other regular patients at the radiation clinic, and refers to the equipment that sustains his life as the accoutrements of this world. His blog posts revolved around an articulation of the intricacies of this “world” that is in some ways a means of making sense of that world, but is also expressive of it. Sievers tries to explain the notion of Cancer World as a transformation of status between insider & outsider: “once we cross over into Cancer World, we become strangers in a strange land. What to expect, what to hope for, what to fear – none of those are clear right now” (My Cancer, 30 June 2008). Part of his struggle with the illness is also with the expression of himself as encompassed by this new “world” of the effects and activities of cancer. In a similar way, in her Humanities Researcher blog Trigg describes in beautiful detail the processes, routines and relationships formed during radiation treatment. I see these accounts of the textures of cancer spaces as lying at the point of juncture between expression and experience, not as a disembodied, emancipatory realm free from the fetters of illness and the everyday “real” self, but always encompassed by, and encompassing them, and in this way shifting what might be understood to remain “private” in personal experience and self-expression. Blogs as Public Diary Axel Bruns (171), following Matthew Rothenberg, characterises blogs as an accessible technological extension of the personal home page, gaining popularity in the late 1990s because they provided more easy to use templates and web publishing tools than earlier webpage applications. Personalised self expression is a defining element. However, the temporal quality of the reverse chronological, timestamped entry is equally significant for Bruns (171). Taking a broader focus to Bruns, who is most interested in the potential democratisation of media in news related blogs, Lovink sees the experimentation with a “public diary” format as fundamental, signalling their “productive contradiction between public and private” (Lovink 6). A diary may be written for posterity but it is primarily a secretive mode of communication. While blogs may mirror the temporal form of a diary, their intimate focus on self-expression of experience, thoughts and feelings, they do so in a very different communicative context.Despite research suggesting that a majority of bloggers report that they post primarily “for themselves” (Lenhart and Fox) – meaning that they do not deliberately seek a broad audience or readership – the step of making experiences and thoughts so widely accessible cannot be overlooked in any account of blogging. The question of audience or readership, for example, concerns Trigg in her Humanities Researcher blog: The immediacy of a blog distinguishes it from a journal or diary. I wrote for myself, of course, but also for a readership I could measure and chart and hear from, sometimes within minutes of posting. Mostly I don’t know who my readers are, but the kindness and friendship that come to me through the blog gave me courage to write about the intimacies of my treatment; and to chart the emotional upheaval it produced. (Trigg)In their ability to produce a comprehensive expression of the events, experiences, thoughts and feelings of an individual, blogs differ to other forms of online communication such as discussion forums or email lists. Illness blogs are perhaps an extreme example, an open mode of self-expression often arising abruptly in reaction to a life transforming diagnosis and tracking the process of recovery or deterioration, usually ending with remission or death. Brainhell’s blog begins with MRI results, and a series of posts about medical examination and self-examination regarding his mystery condition: So the MRI shows there is something on my brain that is not supposed to be there. The doctor thinks it is not a tumor. That would be good news. …As long as you are alive and have someone to complain to, you ain’t bad off. I am alive and I am complaining about a mystery spot on my brain, and lazy limbs. (Brainhell, 24 Dec. 2003)Brainhell spent many weeks documenting his search for a diagnosis, and continued writing up to his final deterioration and death in 2008. His final posts convey his physical deterioration in truncated sentences, spelling errors and mangled words. In one post he expresses his inability to wake his caregiver and to communicate his distress and physical discomfort at having to pee: when he snorted on waking, i shrieked and he got me up. splayed uncomfortably in the wc as he put dry clothes on me, i was gifted with his words: “you choose this, not me. you want to make it hard, what can i do?” (Brainhell, 13 Jan. 2008). The temporal and continuous format of the blog traverses the visceral, corporeal transformations of body and thought over time. The diary format goes beyond a straightforward narrative form in being far more experiential and even experimental in its self-reflective expression of the events of daily life, thoughts, feelings and states of being. Its public format bears directly on its role in shaping the communicative context in which that expression takes place, and thus to an extent shapes the experience of the illness itself. Nowhere does the expressive substance of the blog so fully encompass the possibilities through which the illness could be experienced than in the author’s death. At this point the blog feels like it is more than a catalogue, dialogue or self-presentation of a struggle with illness. It may take on the form of a memorial (see for example Tom’s Road to Recovery) – a recovery of the self expressed in the daily physical demise, through data maintained in the memory of servers. Ultimately the blog stands as a complex trace of the life lived within its posts. Brainhell’s lengthy blog exemplifies this quite hauntingly. Revealing the Private in Public Blogs exemplify a further step in the transformation of notions of public and private brought about by information and screen technologies. McQuire (103) refers to contemporary screen and Internet culture as “a social setting in which personal identity is subject to new exigencies”. Reality television, such as Big Brother, has promoted “a new mode for the public viewing of private life” (McQuire 114) contributing to the normalisation of open access to personal, intimate revelations, actions and experiences. However, privacy is “an elusive concept” that relates as much to information and property as to self-expression and personal experience (McCullagh). That is, what we consider private to an individual is itself constituted by our variable categories of personal information, material or immaterial possessions, or what counts as an expression of personal experience. Some analysts of online storytelling in the context of illness recognise the unsustainability of the distinction between public and private, but nonetheless rely on the notion of a continuum upon which activities or events could be considered as experienced in a public or private space (Orgad, 129-133). One of the characteristics of a blog, unlike other forms of online communication such as chat, discussion forums and email, is its predominantly public and openly accessible form. Though many illness bloggers do not seem to seek anonymity or hold back in allowing massive access to their self-expression and personal experience, a tension always seems to be there in the background. Identification through the proper name simply implies potential broader effects of blog writing, a pairing of the personal expressions with the person who expresses them in broader daily interactions and relationships. As already “public” figures, Stephanie Trigg and Leroy Sievers choose to forego anonymity, while Brainhell adopted his alias from the beginning and guarded his anonymity carefully. Each of these bloggers, however, shows signs of grappling with the public character of their site, and the interaction between the blog and their everyday life and relationships. In his etiquette page, Brainhell seems unclear about his readership, noting that his blog is for “friends and soul-mates, and complete strangers too”, but that he has not shared it with his family or all of his friends. He goes on to say: You may not have been invited but you are still welcome here. I made it public so that anyone could read it. Total strangers are welcome. Invited friends are welcome. But of those invited friends, I ask you to ask me before you out me as the blog author, or share the blog with other people who already know me. (Brainhell, 18 Feb. 2004) After his death Ratty took steps to continue to maintain his anonymity, vetting many comments and deleting others to “honor BH’s wishes as he outline in ‘Ettiquett for This Blog”’ (Brainhell, 2 Feb. 2008). In Leroy Sievers’ blog, one post exploring the conflict raised by publicly “sharing” his experiences provoked an interesting discussion. He relays a comment sent to him by a woman named Cherie: I have stage four colorectal cancer with liver mets. This is a strange journey, one I am not entirely sure I can share with my loved ones. I am scared it might rob them of the hope I see in their eyes. The hope which I sometimes don’t believe in. (My Cancer, 26 July 2006) Sievers struggles with this question: “How do you balance the need to talk about what is happening to you with the tears of a close friend when you tell him or her the truth? There’s no simple answer.” The blog, in this sense, seems to offer a more legitimate space for the ongoing, detailed expression of these difficult and affective, and traditionally private experiences. In some posts the privacy of the body and bodily experiences is directly challenged or re-negotiated. Stephanie Trigg was concerned with the effect of the blog on her interactions with colleagues. But another interesting dilemma presents itself to her when she is describing the physical effects of cancer, surgery and radiation treatment on her breast, and forces herself to hold back from comparing with the healthy breast: “it's not a medical breast, so I can't write about it here” (Humanities Researcher, 10 Jan. 2007). One prostate cancer blogger, identified as rdavisjr, seems to have no difficulties expressing the details of a physical intrusion on his “privacy” in the far more open forum of his blog: The pull-around ceiling mounted screen was missing (laundry?), so Kelly was called into the room and told to make a screen with a bed sheet. So here I am with one woman sticking her finger up my ass, while another woman is standing in front of the door holding an outstretched bed sheet under her chin (guess she wanted a view!)The screen was necessary to ensure my privacy in the event someone accidentally came into the room, something they said was a common thing. Well, Kelly peering over that sheet was hardly one of my more private moments in life! (Prostate Cancer Journal, 23 Feb. 2001). ConclusionWhatever emancipatory benefits may be found in expressing the most intimate of experiences and events of a serious illness online, it is the creative act of the blog as self-expression here, in its visceral, comprehensive, continuous timestamped format that dismantles the sense of privacy in the name of recovery. The blog is not the public face of private personal experience, but expressive of the life encompassed by that illness, and encompassing its author’s ongoing personal transformation. The blogs discussed here are not alone in demonstrating these practices. The blog format itself may soon evolve or disappear. Nonetheless, the massification enabled by Internet technologies and applications will continue to transform the ways in which personal experience may be considered private. ReferencesBruns, Axel. 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London: Routledge, 2008. McCullagh, Karen. “Blogging: Self Presentation and Privacy.” Information and Communications Technology Law 17.1 (2008): 3-23. McQuire, Scott. “From Glass Architecture to Big Brother: Scenes from a Cultural History of Transparency.” Cultural Studies Review 9.1 (2003): 103-123.Orgad, Shani. Storytelling Online: Talking Breast Cancer on the Internet. New York: Peter Lang, 2005. Pitts, Victoria. “Illness and Internet Empowerment: Writing and Reading Breast Cancer in Cyberspace.” Health 8.1 (2004): 33-59.Rothenberg, Matthew. “Weblogs, Metadata, and the Semantic Web”, paper presented at the Association of Internet Researchers conference, Toronto, 16 Oct. 2003. ‹http://aoir.org/members/papers42/rothenberg_aoir.pdf›.Singer, Jessica, and George H.S. Singer. “Writing as Physical and Emotional Healing: Findings from Clinical Research.” Handbook of Research on Writing: History, Society, School, Individual, Text. Ed. Charles Bazerman. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2008: 485-498. Sontag, Susan. Illness as Metaphor; And, AIDS and Its Metaphors. London: Penguin, 1991. Trigg, Stephanie. “Life Lessons.” Sunday Age, 10 June 2007. Turkle, Sherry. Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995. Wenger, Etienne. Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Wuthnow, Robert. Communities of Discourse: Ideology and Social Structure in the Reformation, the Enlightenment, and European Socialism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989.BlogsBrainhell. ‹http://brainhell.blogspot.com/›. rdavisjr. Prostate Cancer Journal. ‹http://pcjournal-rrd.blogspot.com/›. Sievers, Leroy. My Cancer. ‹http://www.npr.org/blogs/mycancer/›. Tom’s Road to Recovery. ‹http://tomsrecovery.blog.com/›. Trigg, Stephanie. Humanities Researcher. ‹http://stephanietrigg.blogspot.com/›.

Dear Readers, It is a great honor for us to publish eighth volume, four issue of Global Journal of Psychology Research: New Trends and Issues (GJPR). Global Journal of Psychology Research: New Trends and Issues welcomes original empirical investigations and comprehensive literature review articles focusing on psychological issues and related disciplines. The mission of the journal is to publish articles of professional interest for members of psychology. The scope of the journal includes, but is not limited to; the following major areas of psychology science including clinical psychology, developmental psychology, social psychology, experimental psychology, industrial and organizational psychology, traffic psychology, forensic psychology, psychometric psychology, sports psychology, health psychology, educational psychology, media psychology and neuroscience psychology. Articles focusing on doctoral students’ professional identity; psychosocial antecedents of those who work in practice, personal and social predictors of risky sexual behaviours in Iranian youth, the effects of Machiavellianism and person–group dissimilarity on workplace incivility, the communication between a doctor and his patients’ parents as a factor in the availability of medical care for disabled children and adulthood transition of students with special educational needs in Portugal; preliminary results of professionals perception are included in this issue. The topics of the next issue will be different. You can make sure that we will be trying to serve you with our journal with a rich knowledge in which different kinds of topics are discussed in 2018 Volume. A total number of seventeen (17) manuscripts were submitted for this issue and each paper has been subjected to double-blind peer review process by the reviewers specialized in the related field. At the end of the review process, a total number of six (6) high quality research papers were selected and accepted for publication. Aim of this issue is to give the researchers an opportunity to share the results of their academic studies. There are different research topics discussed in the articles. We present many thanks to all the contributors who helped us to publish this issue. Best regards,