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Книги з теми "DnaG primase"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 березня 2024

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1

Schultz-Biegert Symposium (2nd 1991 Kartause Ittingen). Paternity in primates: Genetic tests and theories : implications of human DNA fingerprinting : 2nd Schultz-Biegert Symposium, Kartause Ittingen, Switzerland, September 16-20, 1991. Edited by Martin R. D. 1942-, Dixson A. F, and Wickings E. J. Basel: Karger, 1992.

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2

Marx, Christy. Watson And Crick And Dna (Primary Sources of Revolutionary Scientific Discoveries and Theories). Rosen Publishing Group, 2005.

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3

Taberlet, Pierre, Aurélie Bonin, Lucie Zinger, and Eric Coissac. DNA metabarcoding data analysis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767220.003.0008.

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DNA metabarcoding generates huge amounts of data containing noise introduced by molecular methods. Chapter 8 “DNA metabarcoding data analysis” discusses the analytic steps and available software to curate and evaluate DNA metabarcoding data prior to final ecological analyses. It provides command lines to perform primary analyses of Illumina sequencing data with the OBITools, ranging from read assignment to samples to the formation of molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) and their assignment to a taxon through comparison against reference databases. Chapter 8 also develops several methods to further curate sequencing data from contaminants or dysfunctional PCRs by using DNA extraction, PCR, and sequencing blank controls as well as PCR/biological replicates. It also presents several classical analyses to ensure that the diversity of the sample or the study site is appropriately covered. Finally, this chapter considers what conclusions on biodiversity and ecological processes can be really drawn from metabarcoding data.

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4

Martin, R. D., and Alan F. Dixson. Paternity in Primates: Genetic Tests and Theories : Implications of Human DNA Fingerprinting. S Karger Pub, 1992.

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5

Harley, Ross. The detection of in vitro DNA damage in primary rat hepatocytes using the alkaline comet assay. 1995.

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6

Lucchesi, John C. Epigenetics, Nuclear Organization & Gene Function. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831204.001.0001.

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Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene function that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence. Epigenetic changes, consisting principally of DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs, maintain and modulate the initial impact of regulatory factors that recognize and associate with particular genomic sequences. This book’s primary goal is to establish a framework that can be used to understand the basis of epigenetic regulation and to appreciate both its derivation from genetics and its interdependence with genetic mechanisms. A further aim is to highlight the role played by the three-dimensional organization of the genetic material itself (the complex of DNA, histones and non-histone proteins referred to as chromatin) and its distribution within a functionally compartmentalized nucleus. Dysfunctions at any level of genetic regulation have the potential to result in an increased susceptibility to disease or actually give rise to overt pathologies. As illustrated in this book, research is continuously uncovering the role of epigenetics in a variety of human disorders, providing new avenues for therapeutic interventions and advances in regenerative medicine.

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7

Fidelity of primate cell repair of a double-strand break in a (CTG)·(CAG) tract: Effect of slipped DNA structures. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2003.

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8

(Editor), Bryan D. Ness, and Christina J. Moose (Editor), eds. Magills Encyclopedia of Science Plant Life: DNA Replication-Metabolites : Primary Vs. Secondary (Magills Encyclopedia of Science, Vol. 2). Salem Press, 2003.

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9

Lachmann, Robin H., and Nigel Manning. Trimethylaminuria. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0064.

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Trimethylaminuria (TMAU) or “Fish Odor Syndrome” is a disorder caused by increased concentrations of the volatile amine trimethylamine (TMA) in body fluids resulting in an unpleasant odor. The excess TMA may occur either due to deficient hepatic oxidation (primary) or increased bacterial generation (secondary). Testing urine for TMA concentration is the first line of investigation, preferably following a dietary load of a TMA precursor such as choline. Measurement of TMA and TMA-oxide are used as a guide to determine a primary or secondary cause, which can be confirmed by DNA analysis. FMO3 deficiency may have further clinical consequences due to the wide range of substrates oxidized by the enzyme including many drugs. Treatment of both primary and secondary TMAU relies on restriction of dietary precursors of TMA, antibiotic-based reduction of gut flora, and odor chelators. Riboflavin may also benefit some patients.

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10

Gapstur, Susan M., and Philip John Brooks. Alcohol and Cancer Risk. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0012.

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In 2010, alcoholic beverage consumption caused an estimated 3.3 million deaths worldwide, and contributed to injuries, violence, liver cirrhosis, social disruption and at least seven different types of cancer. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies exposure to both ethanol in alcoholic beverages and acetaldehyde, the primary metabolite of ethanol, as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) based on “sufficient” evidence that alcoholic beverage consumption is causally related to cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver, colorectum and female breast. The biologic mechanisms by which alcohol and its primary metabolite acetaldehyde affect cancer risk appear to vary across anatomic sites. Broadly, these mechanisms involve DNA and protein damage from acetaldehyde and oxidative stress, nutritional malabsorption and metabolic effects, and for breast cancer, increased estrogen levels. The World Health Organization has increased global surveillance of alcohol consumption and encourages national efforts to apply evidence-based policies to reduce consumption.

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11

Slack, Jonathan. 6. Genes in evolution. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199676507.003.0006.

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‘Genes in evolution’ illustrates that a great deal of change in the primary sequence of DNA was not adaptive at all. It was not natural selection, but ‘neutral evolution’, consisting of an accumulation of mutations of no selective consequence that spread through the population by the effects of random sampling of variants from one generation to the next. In natural selection, generally what is good for the organism is good for the propagation of the gene variants it carries. But sometimes, as for sex and altruism, maximizing inheritance of gene variants that bring them about seems at first sight to be of advantage to the group, but of disadvantage for the individual.

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12

Money, Nicholas P. 1. Microbial diversity. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199681686.003.0001.

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‘Microbial diversity’ considers the vast array of microorganisms—the smallest forms of life—which exist everywhere. The three primary groups of microorganisms are bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes with their genetic material held in a single chromosome. In eukaryotes, most of the genome is held in multiple chromosomes. Over 11,000 species of bacteria have been identified using microscopic identification of cell shape and metabolic activity, Gram-staining techniques, and genetic identification of RNA and DNA sequences. There are 500 named species of archaea, divided into two phyla: the euryarchaeota and the crenarchaeota. There are eight supergroupings of eukaryotes, all of them include single-celled organisms, and five are entirely microbial.

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13

Money, Nicholas P. 3. Microbial genetics and molecular microbiology. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199681686.003.0003.

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Cell structures and metabolic processes are specified by genes. The genomes of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotic microorganisms are encoded in double-stranded helices of DNA. ‘Genetics and molecular microbiology’ explains that advances in sequencing techniques and the development of automated sequencing methods have allowed scientists to sequence the genomes of 4,000 bacterial genomes, 200 archaea, and 200 eukaryotes. Genome sizes vary a great deal within each category of microorganism and the largest prokaryote genomes overlap the smallest eukaryote genomes. Natural mutations in microorganisms play a primary role in evolution. Reproduction in prokaryotes is always asexual, whereas mechanisms of sexual reproduction have been studied in eukaryotic microorganisms belonging to all of the supergroups.

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14

Lucas, Sebastian B. Histopathology of fungal disease. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0040.

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Histopathology has a critical role in the diagnosis of fungal infections. Often it is the first or only sample of a lesion. A rapid, confident diagnosis can significantly affect patient management. However, the morphologies of yeast and hyphae are not necessarily diagnostic at the genus or species level, and the experience of histopathologists is variable. A primary decision is whether the lesion is fungal or another infection or not infectious at all, and the next is whether the fungus is a yeast or a hyphal (mould) infection. Further histopathological genus and species discrimination can be made in many cases, but not all. Increasingly, molecular diagnostic DNA technology works effectively on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsy/autopsy material, and such information can be added to the multidisciplinary input for an optimal diagnosis.

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15

Weller, Michael, Michael Brada, Tai-Tong Wong, and Michael A. Vogelbaum. Astrocytic tumours: diffuse astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma, and gliomatosis cerebri. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199651870.003.0003.

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Astrocytic gliomas are primary brain tumours thought to originate from neural stem or progenitor cells. They are assigned grades II, III, or IV by the World Health Organization according to degree of malignancy as defined by histology. The following molecular markers are increasingly used for diagnostic subclassification or clinical decision-making: 1p/19q co-deletion status, O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation status, and isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 mutation status. Extent of resection is a favourable prognostic factor, but surgery is never curative. Radiotherapy prolongs progression-free survival across all astrocytic glioma entities. Alkylating agent chemotherapy is an active treatment in particular for patients with MGMT promoter-methylated tumours. Anti-angiogenic therapies have failed to improve survival, and the current focus of major clinical trials is on novel targeted agents or on immunotherapy.

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16

Dean, Michael, and Karobi Moitra. Biology of Neoplasia. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0002.

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The term “cancer” encompasses a large heterogeneous group of diseases that involve uncontrolled cell growth, division, and survival, culminating in local invasion and/or distant metastases. Cancer is fundamentally a genetic disease at the cellular level. Tumors occur because clones of abnormal cells acquire multiple lesions in DNA, nearly always involving mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, and extensive alteration of the epigenome. Up to 10% of cancers also involve inherited germline mutations that are moderately to highly penetrant. Cancers begin as localized growths or premalignant lesions that may regress or disappear spontaneously, or progress to a malignant primary tumor. The somatic changes that drive abnormal growth involve activating mutations of specific oncogenes, inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, and/or disruption of epigenetic controls. The latter can result from methylation or the modification of histones and other proteins that affect the remodeling of chromosomes. Numerous non-inherited factors can cause cancer by accelerating these events.

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17

Andrzej, Wojcik, and Colin J. Martin. Biological effects of ionizing radiation. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199655212.003.0003.

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Biological effects of radiation have been interpreted based on the assumption that DNA is the primary target, but recent research has shown that non-targeted mechanisms may affect cells that are not directly exposed. The most important effect in humans from low doses of radiation is the induction of cancer, but risks of other effects such as cataract and cardiac or circulatory disease are becoming apparent. Epidemiological studies of Japanese survivors of atomic bombs demonstrate a clear linear relationship between solid cancer incidence and organ dose. This is supported by other epidemiological data. This has become the gold standard for prediction of malignancy based on a linear no-threshold ‘LNT’ extrapolation, which links risk directly to radiation dose. However, the risk calculations involve many assumptions and approximations. They are designed to provide guidance on which a workable protection framework can be based. It is important that practitioners are aware of their limitations.

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18

Mills, M. G. L., and M. E. J. Mills. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712145.003.0001.

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Most cheetah studies have been confined to mesic savannahs, yet much of its distribution range covers arid systems. The prime objective in this study was to examine the species’ adaptations to an arid region, to compare the results with those from other cheetah studies, especially from the Serengeti, and to analyse the data within the framework of carnivore population and behavioural ecology. The study was conducted in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park South Africa/Botswana, an area receiving 180–250 mm rainfall per year. Tracking spoor with the help of Bushmen trackers and continuous follows of 21 VHF radio-collared cheetahs were the main study methods used. These were supported by photographic records for individual identification, DNA studies for genetic aspects including paternity, and the use of doubly labelled water and the fitting of miniature data loggers for energetic studies. The statistical tests used to analyse the data are described.

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19

Paintal, Harman S., and Rajinder K. Chitkara. Zoonotic infections with filarial nematodes. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0067.

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Filarial nematodes have been known to cause human disease for many centuries. Lymphatic filariasis is a common disease in the developing part of the world and much has been written about diagnosis and treatment of this scourge. Wuchereria , Brugia and Onchocerca (especially O. volvulus) have a wide pattern of distribution with severe morbidity. Given the years of scientific work in this field, many drugs that work against these parasites are available today and are attempting to control these infections. In this chapter, the focus is on those filarial nematodes that do not have humans as their primary host. Instead, the filarial organisms that usually parasitize other animals and cause human infection due to a variety of factors are discussed. These factors include: 1. Proximity of humans to the primary host, 2. Proximity of humans to the vector, 3. Changing ecology with introduction of different animals (both host and vector) into new environments, 4. Increasing human mobility, 5. Special scenarios concerning humans, including altered immune function (immunosuppressed due to drugs, auto-immune illness, immunosuppressive diseases), There has been a recent interest in this field because newer diagnostic techniques, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, DNA primers and electron microscopy have become widespread in use. This will eventually enhance our understanding of the pathophysiology of infections with these seemingly rare filarial organisms.Much of the early work in this field was done in a few specialized centers. As information about these parasites (through the worldwide web) and diagnostic techniques are now widely available, it is our hope that more work regarding these nematodes will be carried out in the developing countries where these infections are common. In this chapter, we focus on Dirofi laria, Meningonema, Loaina, Dipetalonema and certain species of Onchocerca and Brugia.

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20

Munshi, Sunil K., and Rowan Harwood, eds. Stroke in the Older Person. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198747499.001.0001.

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Stroke in the Older Person will inform the readers about every aspect of stroke disease and traverses the entire stroke pathway. It explores all aspects of stroke and in particular those singular features of stroke that afflict older people. Nearly three-quarters of all strokes occur in people over the age of sixty-five. Each chapter is a synthesis of up-to-date work and practical approaches, relevant to stroke physicians, geriatricians, neurologists, researchers, doctors of all grades, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech and language therapists, advanced nurse practitioners, and neuropsychologists. The important themes addressed are the patient’s perspective, epidemiology, aetiopathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnostic work-up including imaging, primary and secondary prevention, thrombolysis, mechanical thrombectomy, and all aspects of rehabilitation. It addresses transient ischaemic attack (TIA), atrial fibrillation, intracerebral haemorrhage, carotid revascularization, nutrition, and stroke mimics, dysphagia, the burden of cerebrovascular disease in the community, cognitive impairment, ethical and moral dilemmas including do not attempt resuscitation (DNAR), advanced directives, and end-of-life care. Stroke predominantly affects older people but there is a great shortage of literature in this age group. The editors have put together an excellent collection of chapters written by frontline clinicians or well-known academicians in their field. Special attention has been paid to make the book very readable, with plenty of practical tips. Only through a greater awareness of every aspect of stroke in older people can we make progress and treat our older people with the excellent care and dignity that they deserve.

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