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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "DNA EVIDENCE EVALUATION"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 березня 2023

Оновлено: 11 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "DNA EVIDENCE EVALUATION"

Steele, Christopher D., and David J. Balding. "Statistical Evaluation of Forensic DNA Profile Evidence." Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application 1, no. 1 (January 3, 2014): 361–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-statistics-022513-115602.

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Redmayne, Mike. "Review: The Evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence." International Journal of Evidence & Proof 2, no. 2 (March 1998): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/136571279800200205.

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Taroni, Franco, and Colin G. G. Aitken. "DNA evidence, probabilistic evaluation and collaborative tests." Forensic Science International 108, no. 2 (February 2000): 121–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-0738(99)00197-8.

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Bickel, P. J. "Discussion of "The Evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence"." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94, no. 11 (May 27, 1997): 5497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.11.5497.

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Wolańska-Nowak, Paulina. "Application of subpopulation theory to evaluation of DNA evidence." Forensic Science International 113, no. 1-3 (September 2000): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-0738(00)00265-6.

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Corradi, Fabio, Giampietro Lago, and Federico M. Stefanini. "The evaluation of DNA evidence in pedigrees requiring population inference." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) 166, no. 3 (October 2003): 425–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-985x.00285.

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Taroni, F., J. A. Lambert, L. Fereday, and D. J. Werrett. "Evaluation and presentation of forensic DNA evidence in European laboratories." Science & Justice 42, no. 1 (January 2002): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1355-0306(02)71793-0.

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Slooten, K., and A. Caliebe. "Contributors are a nuisance (parameter) for DNA mixture evidence evaluation." Forensic Science International: Genetics 37 (November 2018): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.05.004.

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Ingram, C. F., A. N. Davidoff, E. Marais, G. G. Sherman, and B. V. Mendelow. "Evaluation of DNA analysis for evidence of apoptosis in megaloblastic anaemia." British Journal of Haematology 96, no. 3 (March 1997): 576–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2141.1997.d01-2075.x.

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Andersen, Mikkel M., and David J. Balding. "Assessing the Forensic Value of DNA Evidence from Y Chromosomes and Mitogenomes." Genes 12, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): 1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12081209.

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Анотація:

Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA profiles have been used as evidence in courts for decades, yet the problem of evaluating the weight of evidence has not been adequately resolved. Both are lineage markers (inherited from just one parent), which presents different interpretation challenges compared with standard autosomal DNA profiles (inherited from both parents). We review approaches to the evaluation of lineage marker profiles for forensic identification, focussing on the key roles of profile mutation rate and relatedness (extending beyond known relatives). Higher mutation rates imply fewer individuals matching the profile of an alleged contributor, but they will be more closely related. This makes it challenging to evaluate the possibility that one of these matching individuals could be the true source, because relatives may be plausible alternative contributors, and may not be well mixed in the population. These issues reduce the usefulness of profile databases drawn from a broad population: larger populations can have a lower profile relative frequency because of lower relatedness with the alleged contributor. Many evaluation methods do not adequately take account of distant relatedness, but its effects have become more pronounced with the latest generation of high-mutation-rate Y profiles.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "DNA EVIDENCE EVALUATION"

Walton-Williams, Laura. "An evaluation of the transfer and persistence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) evidence." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 2016. http://eprints.staffs.ac.uk/2786/.

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Анотація:

DNA analysis is now a sufficiently sensitive technique to enable identification of an individual from an extremely small amount of biological material. Exhibits are routinely submitted to forensic laboratories for recovery and analysis of ‘touch DNA’, in order to link an offender to the crime scene. One such exhibit type is spent cartridge cases, where DNA transferred from the handler to the exterior surface of the casing may be the only evidence available for identification of the handler. Alternatively the firearm itself may be recovered, which could also have potential for uncovering the identity of the shooter by means of ‘touch DNA’ profiling. However, the analysis of minute amounts of DNA introduces additional interpretational challenges. The ability to identify the source of a low level DNA sample and the relevance of a recovered DNA profile to the crime scene are not comprehensively understood. The variations in DNA deposition, recovery, transfer and persistence were examined, through a series of controlled laboratory experiments. Volunteers were asked to take part in DNA deposition studies that involved handling items for set periods of time, to determine the variability in the quality of DNA deposited. They were also asked to take part in handshaking studies, where the persistence of DNA, as well as the primary and secondary transfer of DNA, was studied. Additional variables were considered in relation to DNA recovered from spent cartridge cases, including the effect of firing and gunshot residue on DNA quality. DNA was extracted using QIAamp® DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen) and Chelex® (Bio-Rad) protocols and amplified with the AmpFlSTR® SGM Plus® Kit and the AmpFlSTR® Identifiler® Kit (both Applied Biosystems). DNA profiles were analysed on the ABI PRISM™ 310 Genetic Analyser and the ABI PRISM™ 3500 Genetic Analyser (both Applied Biosystems). It was possible to recover a usable DNA profile from a handled item and the quality of DNA deposited after repeated contacts was comparable. The quality of DNA recovered from ‘touch DNA’ samples from different individuals varied, and specific methods for recovery based on surface type were found to increase the likelihood of generating a successful DNA profile. Where an item was handled by more than one individual, the major contributor to the profile was not always that of the final handler. Furthermore, secondary transfer of DNA was observed to some degree in every test sample. This research also highlighted the challenges of interpreting mixed profiles, especially with low levels of DNA present. Identification of the handler of a spent cartridge case was not possible using DNA profiling techniques, due to the increased DNA degradation as a result of conditions experienced during the firing process. However, where a higher yield of DNA was present prior to firing, there was the possibility of recovering an interpretable DNA profile from this type of evidence. The findings of this research should be considered when submitting items for DNA analysis, when considering best practice for recovery of ‘touch DNA’ samples and when attempting to interpret ‘touch DNA’ evidence profiles.

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Chung, Yuk-ka, and 鍾玉嘉. "On the evaluation and statistical analysis of forensic evidence in DNAmixtures." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45983586.

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Haned, Hinda. "Évaluation de méthodes statistiques pour l'interprétation des mélanges d'ADN en science forensique." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00817181.

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Анотація:

L'analyse et l'interprétation d''echantillons constitu'es de mélanges d'ADN de plusieurs individus est un défi majeur en science forensique. Lorsqu'un expert de la police scientifique a affaire à un mélange d'ADN il doit répondre à deux questions: d'abord, "combien de contributeurs y a-t-il dans ce mélange ?"et puis, "quels sont les génotypes des individus impliqués ?" Le typage seul de cet ADN ne permet pas toujours de r'epondre 'a ces questions. En effet leproblème est posé d'es lors que plus de deux allèles sont observées à un locus donné, plusieurscombinaisons génotypiques sont alors 'a envisager et il est impossible de déterminer avec certitudele nombre d'individus qui ont contribué au m'elange. De plus, la présence d'anomalies liées àl'analyse de marqueurs g'en'etiques, comme la contamination ou la perte d'all'eles ("drop-out"),peut davantage compliquer l'analyse.Les nombreux d'eveloppements statistiques d'edi'es 'a ces probl'ematiques n'ont pas eu le succ'esescompt'e dans la communaut'e forensique, essentiellement, parce que ces m'ethodes n'ont pas 'et'evalid'ees. Or sans cette validation, les experts de la police scientifique ne peuvent exploiter cesm'ethodes sur des m'elanges issus d'affaires en cours d'investigation.Avant d'ˆetre valid'ees, ces m'ethodes doivent passer par une rigoureuse 'etape d''evaluation.Cette derni'ere soul'eve deux questions: d'abord, la question de la m'ethodologie 'a adopter, puis,celle des outils 'a d'eployer. Dans cette th'ese, nous tentons de r'epondre aux deux questions.D'abord, nous menons des 'etudes d''evaluation sur des m'ethodes d'edi'ees 'a deux questions cl'es: i)l'estimation du nombre de contributeurs 'a un m'elange d'ADN et ii) l'estimation des probabilit'esde "drop-out". En second lieu, nous proposons un logiciel "open-source" qui offre un certainnombre de fonctionnalit'es permettant de faciliter l''evaluation de m'ethodes statistiques d'edi'eesaux m'elanges d'ADN.Cette thèse a pour but d'apporter une r'eponse concr'ete aux experts de la police scientifiqueen leur fournissant 'a la fois une d'emarche m'ethodologique pour l''evaluation de m'ethodes, et lapossibilit'e d'analyser la sensibilit'e de leurs r'esultats au travers d'un outil informatique en libreacc'es.

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Makasa, Innocent. "Evaluating the role of DNA evidence in sexual offence cases in Zambia between 2007 and 2014." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/24477.

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Анотація:

Zambia has reported high incidences of sexual abuse against women and children in recent years. Zambian law categorises sexual offences into; rape, defilement, incest and others, with defilement constituting the majority of the cases (>89%). Between 2010 and 2012, only <39% of defilement cases were taken to court, and convictions were achieved in only 13% of the cases reported to the police. Literature was reviewed to determine factors which contributed towards the resolution of criminal cases, and it was found that DNA evidence was prominent in resolving crimes, specifically as an identification tool in sexual offences. Currently there is no empirical evidence describing how DNA evidence has been used in resolving sexual crimes in Zambia. The causes of low prosecution and conviction rates have also not been investigated. A retrospective study was therefore conducted to evaluate the role of DNA evidence in sexual offence cases in Zambia, reported to eight major police stations in Lusaka between 2007 to 2014 (n=1154). Sexual offence cases comprised rape (n=74, 6.4%), defilement of a child under the age of sixteen years (n=1028; 89.1%), incest (n=7; 0.6%) and others (n=45; 3.9%). Only 14 (0.1%) of the cases had forensic samples collected in the form of a vaginal swab for the sole purpose of determining the presence of semen. In all cases where a suspect was identified (60%), identification was based on the witness/victim testimonies, and in no case was forensic DNA evidence used to assist in identification or corroborate the testimonies. Overall, 28.1% cases were taken to court and the conviction rate was 12.4%. If no injuries were observed on a victim aged between 0 - 5 years, the case was not taken to court. It was also observed that the younger the victim, the more likely the accused was not identified (p < 0.001), victims did not know the date of occurrence (p < 0.001), and the case was closed due to insufficient evidence. These findings support the use of employing forensic DNA evidence in sexual offence cases to aid the identification of suspects, either in the absence of witness/victim testimonies or alongside as corroborative evidence, which is hypothesised to increase the number of cases prosecuted in Zambia. At the time of this study there was no standardised protocol for the forensic investigations of sexual offences in Zambia, which to some extent, led to numerous missing data. Development and use of the national protocol and use of a validated sexual assault evidence collection kit may help mitigate the deficiencies and inconsistencies witnessed during this study.

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Cereda, G. "Current challenges in statistical DNA evidence evaluation." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1272989.

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DNA profiling has become one of the most widely used techniques for human identification in forensic science since its introduction in 1984 by Alec Jeffreys. Despite the common belief that DNA evidence is a "damning evidence" which leaves no space for uncertainty, it actually needs strong statistical models in order to be used as a support for particular conjectures. The process which allows forensic experts to evaluate the statistical meaning of DNA evidence is one of the most interesting domains of forensic science of the last decades. This thesis started with the aim of building a statistical interpretative framework for a new genotyping methodology, the DIP-STR marker system, conceived to deal with the problem of extremely unbalanced mixtures. While working on this project, we were confronted with the so-called `rare type match problem', a very interesting open problem of forensic DNA statistics. The term refers to the situation in which there is a correspondence between the DNA profile of a suspect and that of a recovered stain, but this profile was never observed in a previously collected reference database. The evaluation of such a correspondence is very challenging. This problem is very common when using Y-STR markers or new genotyping techniques, such as DIP-STR markers, since the coverage of the available databases is limited. Therefore, we started investigating several statistical methods to deal with the rare type match problem. This led to the in-depth study of other delicate methodological issues, such as uncertainty assessment, data reduction, hybrid solutions. As a closing loop to this Phd project, one of the discussed methods is proposed as a solution to the DIP-STR rare type match problem.

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Dywaba, Zukiswa Morencia. "An evaluation of the management of deoxyrinucleic acid (DNA) evidence." Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/25210.

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DNA is identified as a powerful tool in the solving of rape cases, but it is often destroyed either by members of the public or the police officials who attend to the scene. The aim of the study was to evaluate the management of DNA evidence in rape cases in the Bishop Lavis Policing Area. To address the research topic under investigation, research questions, a legal framework and policies were used. The outcome of the study indicated poor performance in securing the crime scene and ensuring that physical evidence is preserved and not tampered with. On this basis, it was recommended that developmental workshops and intensive training on the management of DNA evidence be conducted to all members of the South African Police Service attend to rape crime scenes. This should be done to equip them with knowledge and an understanding of the management of DNA evidence.
Police Practice
M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

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Faurie, Annari. "The admissibility and evaluation of scientific evidence in court." Diss., 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/16774.

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Increasing use is being made of various types of scientific evidence in court. The general requirement for the admissibility of such evidence is relevance. Although expert evidence is considered to be opinion evidence, it is admissible if it can assist the court to decide a fact in issue; provided that it is also reliable. In South Africa, the initial wide judicial discretion to either admit or exclude unconstitutionally obtained evidence, has developed into a more narrowly defined discretion under the final Constitution. Examples of scientific evidence, namely, DNA evidence, fingerprints, psychiatric evidence, bite-mark evidence and polygraph evidence are considered and problems inherent in the presentation of such evidence in courts in various jurisdictions are highlighted. An investigation of the presentation and evaluation of evidence in both the accusatorial and inquisitorial systems seems to indicate that the adversarial procedure has a marked influence on the evaluation of evidence
Criminal & Procedural Law
LL.M. (Law)

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Martins, Cátia Liane Teixeira. "Evaluation and validation of retrotransposons-based kits for DNA analysis of degraded biological evidence and rootless hair." Master's thesis, 2016. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/101339.

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Martins, Cátia Liane Teixeira. "Evaluation and validation of retrotransposons-based kits for DNA analysis of degraded biological evidence and rootless hair." Dissertação, 2016. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/101339.

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Baptista, Sara Reis Gomes. "Evaluation of the efficiency of innovation: evidence for European Union regions (NUT-II)." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/24520.

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At a time when Innovation is seen as one of the main drivers of regional economic growth, this study aims to assess the efficiency of innovation of 104 regions (NUT-II) of the European Union from 2006 to 2012. In this way, the study creates a ranking of the most efficient regions based on innovation indicators and seeks to understand what factors are at the origin of these ranking results. On the other hand, the global financial crisis of 2008 has also shaken all prospects of sustained growth for Europe, so the impact of the crisis on Innovation and efficiency of the regions is taken into account. For this purpose, the DEA methodology was used in a first phase to determine the levels of efficiency found and scoring of the regions, and in a second approach the use of the PCSE and GMM methodologies to analyse the factors that influence the efficiency of the innovation measured by the proposed indicator. The results show large disparities between regions, namely due to the crisis, with the most efficient regions being Romania, Belgium and Bulgaria. The results also point to human resources as being the most significant factor for the positive evolution of Innovation Efficiency.
Numa altura em que a Inovação é vista como um dos motores principais para o crescimento económico regional, este trabalho visa avaliar a eficiência da inovação de 104 regiões (NUT-II) da União Europeia de 2006 a 2012. Desta forma, o estudo cria um ranking das regiões mais eficientes baseado em indicadores de inovação e procura perceber quais os fatores que estão na origem desses resultados do ranking. Por outro lado, também a crise financeira global de 2008 veio abalar todas as perspetivas de crescimento sustentado para a Europa pelo que o impacto da mesma na Inovação e eficiência das regiões é tido em conta. Para isso foi utilizada a metodologia DEA, numa primeira fase para determinar os níveis de eficiência encontrados e scoring das regiões, e numa segunda abordagem a utilização das metodologias PCSE e GMM, para analisar os fatores que influenciam a eficiência da inovação medida pelo indicador proposto. Os resultados obtidos revelam grandes disparidades entre regiões, nomeadamente devido à crise, sendo que as regiões mais eficientes pertencem à Roménia, Bélgica e Bulgária. Os resultados apontam ainda para os recursos humanos como sendo o fator mais significativo para a evolução positiva da eficiência de Inovação.
Mestrado em Economia

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Книги з теми "DNA EVIDENCE EVALUATION"

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on DNA Forensic Science: an Update. and National Research Council (U.S.). Commission on DNA Forensic Science: an Update., eds. The evaluation of forensic DNA evidence. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1996.

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United, States Congress Senate Committee on Commerce Science and Transportation. The science and standards of forensics: Hearing before the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, second session, March 28, 2012. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2013.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Strengthening forensic science in the United States: Hearing before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session, September 9, 2009. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2010.

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Innovation, United States Congress House Committee on Science and Technology (2007) Subcommittee on Technology and. Strengthening forensic science in the United States: The role of the National Institute of Standards and Technology : hearing before the Subcommittee on Technology and Innovation, Committee on Science and Technology, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session, March 10, 2009. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2009.

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Strengthening forensic science in the United States: The role of the National Institute of Standards and Technology : hearing before the Subcommittee on Technology and Innovation, Committee on Science and Technology, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session, March 10, 2009. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2009.

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(US), National Research Council. Evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence: Update on Evaluating DNA Evidence. 2nd ed. National Academy Press, 1996.

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Committee on DNA Forensic Science: An Update, Commission on Life Sciences, Division on Earth and Life Studies, and National Research Council. Evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence. National Academies Press, 1996.

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Staff, National Research Council, Life Sciences Commission, Division on Earth and Life Studies Staff, and DNA Forensic Science Committee. Evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence. National Academies Press, 1996.

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Частини книг з теми "DNA EVIDENCE EVALUATION"

Stockmarr, Anders. "The Choice of Hypotheses in the Evaluation of DNA Profile Evidence." In Statistical Science in the Courtroom, 143–59. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1216-4_8.

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Morris, J. W., and C. H. Brenner. "Biostatistical Evaluation of Evidence from Single Locus Hypervariable DNA Probes: Tests of Independence of Loci." In DNA — Technology and Its Forensic Application, 199–202. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76632-9_29.

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D’Orio, E., P. Montagna, M. Mangione, and G. Francione. "Forensic DNA: From New Approaches for the Bio-stain Identification to the Evaluation of the Genetics Evidence in Courtroom." In Handbook of DNA Profiling, 1–33. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9364-2_58-1.

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D’Orio, E., P. Montagna, M. Mangione, and G. Francione. "Forensic DNA: From New Approaches for the Bio-stain Identification to the Evaluation of the Genetics Evidence in Courtroom." In Handbook of DNA Profiling, 85–117. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4318-7_58.

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Sakai, Hiroki. "Evaluating the Institutional Reforms and Private Participation in Japanese Container Ports—Evidence from Multi-stage DEA Analysis." In Current Issues in Public Utilities and Public Policy, 267–98. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7489-2_14.

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"The Evaluation of DNA Profile Evidence." In Forensic Evidence in Court, 127–50. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119054443.ch10.

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"Statistical Modeling and DNA Mixture Evaluation." In Probability and Forensic Evidence, 207–53. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108596176.009.

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Taupin, Jane Moira. "Statistical Evaluation of Complex DNA Evidence." In Interpreting Complex Forensic DNA Evidence, 41–70. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351023788-3.

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"DNA Profiling." In Statistics and the Evaluation of Evidence for Forensic Scientists, 399–427. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470011238.ch13.

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Fraser, Jim. "5. DNA profiling and databases." In Forensic Science: A Very Short Introduction, 46–64. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198834410.003.0005.

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‘DNA profiling and databases’ looks at the biological basis of DNA profiling and how DNA is analysed and interpreted in different case types. It first explains the structure of DNA and the process of extraction and purification of the DNA. The analysis, interpretation, and evaluation of DNA evidence are then discussed along with the use of DNA databases in the investigation of crime. The impact of DNA profiling has been immense because it can eliminate or identify an individual from minute traces with great confidence. However, the ultimate meaning of any DNA evidence depends not only on the experts, but those who are called to adjudicate the evidence of a case as a whole.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "DNA EVIDENCE EVALUATION"

Zhao, Zhongwei, Tingting Zhou, and Huan Wang. "Quantitative Evaluation Model of Network Security Situation Based on D-S Evidence Theory." In 2019 6th International Conference on Dependable Systems and Their Applications (DSA). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dsa.2019.00057.

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Jensen, Melanie, Lalitha Venkataramanan, Li Chen, Sandip Bose, Peter Tilke, and Oliver C. Mullins. "AUTOMATED WORKFLOW TO INDICATE RESERVOIR CONNECTIVITY THROUGH ASPHALTENE EQUILIBRIUM." In 2021 SPWLA 62nd Annual Logging Symposium Online. Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/spwla-2021-0113.

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The evaluation of downhole fluid analysis (DFA) measurements of asphaltene gradients provides the ability to determine the extent of asphaltene equilibrium and the operative reservoir fluid geodynamics (RFG) processes. Typically, equilibrium of reservoir fluids indicates reservoir connectivity, a primary concern in field development planning. Currently, the modeling of asphaltene gradients is done through the manual evaluation of the DFA optical density gradients. The optical density measurements are fit to an equation of state (EOS), such as the Flory-Huggins-Zuo EOS, and evidence for asphaltene equilibrium is concluded if the inferred asphaltene diameter corresponds to that of the Yen-Mullins model for asphaltene composition. In this work, we present an automated Bayesian algorithm that proposes multiple hypotheses for the state of asphaltene equilibrium. The proposed hypotheses honor DFA measurements; physical models for asphaltenes in equilibrium, such as the Yen-Mullins model; and prior domain knowledge of the reservoir, such as geological layers, faults, and flow units. The leading hypotheses are reported, and evidence for or against asphaltene equilibrium is concluded from inferred quantities. Our proposed method provides a faster way for domain experts to explore different reservoir realizations that honor the theory of asphaltenes gradients and previous knowledge about the reservoir. We verify our novel method on three case studies that are undergoing different RFG processes through comparison of the interpretation done by domain experts. While there are many reservoir complexities associated with each case study, we focus on whether the underlying RFG process corresponds to the asphaltenes in equilibrium. The first case study is a light oil reservoir in the Norwegian North Sea that is mostly in fluid equilibrium with exceptions at the flanks. The second case study is a black oil reservoir that has undergone a fault block migration after the reservoir fluids had a chance to achieve equilibrium. The last case study is a black oil reservoir in quasi-equilibrium due to biodegradation in the lower portion of the well.

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Yazawa, Toru, Albert M. Hutapea, Tomoo Katsuyama, and Yukio Shimoda. "Detrended Fluctuation Analysis of Arrhythmia: Scaling Exponent as an Index of Heart Wellness." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62184.

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Well-established technologies to analyze biological signals including rhythmic heartbeat are available and accessible to scholars. However, stronger empirical evidence is required to justify the use of these technologies as practical tools in the field of biomedicine. Here we conducted analyses of heartbeat interval time series using an analytical technology developed across three decades—detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA)—to verify the power-law/scaling characteristics of signals that fluctuate in a regular, irregular, or erratic manner. We believe that DFA is a useful tool because it can quantify the heart condition by a scaling exponent, with a value of one (1) set as the default for a healthy state. This baseline value can be compared to a clinical thermometer, where the baseline is 37 °C for a physiologically healthy condition. Our study aimed to ascertain and confirm the utility of DFA in evaluating heart wellness, specifically in the context of studying arrhythmic heartbeat. We present case studies to confirm that DFA is a beneficial tool that quantifies the scaling exponent of a heart’s condition as “nonstationarily” beating and dynamically controlled. From an engineering perspective, we show that the heart condition can be classified into two typical categories: a healthy rhythm with a scaling exponent of one (1.0), and arrhythmia with a lower scaling exponent (0.7 or less).

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Matovu, Jacob, and Ahmet Alçiçek. "Investigations and Concerns about the Fate of Transgenic DNA and Protein in Livestock." In International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2021.011.

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The fate of transgenic DNA (tDNA) and protein from feed derived from Genetically Modified organisms (GMOs) in animals has been a major issue since their commercialization in 1996. Several studies have investigated the risks of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of tDNA and protein to bacteria or animal cells/tissues, but some of the reported data are controversial. Previous reports showed that tDNA fragments or proteins derived from GM plants could not be detected in tissues, fluids, or edible products from livestock. Other researchers have shown that there is a possibility of small fragments entering animal tissues, fluids and organs. This motivated us to update our knowledge about these concerns. Therefore, this review aimed to evaluate the probable transfer and accumulation of tDNA/proteins from transgenic feeds in animal samples (ruminant and non-ruminant) by evaluating the available experimental studies published scientifically. This study found that the tDNA/protein is not completely degraded during feed processing and digestion in Gastro-Intestinal Tract (GIT). In large ruminants (cattle), tDNA fragments/proteins were detected in GIT digesta, rumen fluid, and faeces. In small ruminants (goats), traces of tDNA/proteins were detected in GIT digesta, blood, milk, liver, kidney, heart and muscle. In pigs, they were detected in blood, spleen, liver, kidney, and GIT digesta. In poultry, traces were detected in blood, liver and GIT digesta but not in meat and eggs. Notwithstanding some studies that have shown transfer of tDNA/protein fragments in animal samples, we cannot rely on these few studies to give general evidence for transfer into tissues/fluids and organs of farm animals. However, this study clearly shows that transfer is possible. Therefore, intensive and authentic research should be conducted on GM plants before they are approved for commercial use, investigating issues such as the fate of tDNA or proteins and the effects of feeding GM feed to livestock.

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Mertz, Jhonny, and Ingrid Nunes. "Understanding and Automating Application-level Caching." In XXXI Concurso de Teses e Dissertações da SBC. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/ctd.2018.3666.

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Application-level caching has increasingly been adopted to improve the performance and scalability of web applications. It consists of an additional caching layer that is manually added to the application code in selected locations. Because it requires a manual application analysis and selection of cacheable points as well as implementation, it is a time-consuming and error prone activity. In this paper, we introduce our key contributions in the context of application-level caching: (i) a comprehensive survey and taxonomy of work on this topic; (ii) a qualitative study that captures the state-of-practice of application-level caching, complemented by proposed guidelines and patterns; (iii) an adaptive component that autonomously manages admission of cache content; (iv) a framework that implements our proposal; and finally (v) an evaluation that provides evidence of the effectiveness of our proposal.

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Ünlü, Elif Işılay, and Ahmet Çınar. "Lesion Detection on Skin Images Using Improved U-Net." In International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2021.022.

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The fate of transgenic DNA (tDNA) and protein of feeds from Genetically Modified organisms (GMOs) in animals has been an important topic since their commercialization in 1996. Several studies have investigated about risks of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of tDNA and proteins to bacteria or animal cells/tissues, however, the reported data is at times controversial. Earlier reports showed that tDNA fragments or protein derived from GM plants have not been detected in tissues, fluids, or edible products of farm animals. Other researchers have come out to demonstrate that there is the possibility of small fragments leaking out into the animal tissues, fluids and organs. This motivated us to update our knowledge about these concerns. Therefore, this review aimed at assessing the likely transfer and accumulation of tDNA/ proteins from transgenic feeds to animal (ruminants and non-ruminants) samples through evaluating the available experimental scientific published studies. This study has found out that the tDNA or protein is not completely degraded during feed processing and digestion in the Gastro-Intestinal Tract (GIT). In large ruminants (Cattle), tDNA fragments/protein have been detected in the GIT digesta, ruminal fluid and feces. In small ruminants (Goats), traces of tDNA/proteins have been detected in the GIT digesta, blood, milk, liver, kidney, heart and muscle. In pigs, they have been detected in blood, spleen, liver kidney and in the GIT digesta. In poultry, traces have been seen in blood, liver and GIT digesta but not in meat and Eggs. Regardless of some studies that have shown the transfer of tDNA/protein fragments to animal samples, we cannot base on these few studies to give a piece of general evidence about their transfer into tissues/fluids and organs of livestock animals. However, this study clearly shows possible transfer, hence intensive and authentic research on GM crops should be done before they are allowed for commercial use, studying issues like the fate of tDNA or proteins and the effect of feeding GM feeds to livestock.

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Звіти організацій з теми "DNA EVIDENCE EVALUATION"

Bercovier, Herve, and Ronald P. Hedrick. Diagnostic, eco-epidemiology and control of KHV, a new viral pathogen of koi and common carp. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7695593.bard.

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Original objectives and revisions-The proposed research included these original objectives: field validation of diagnostic tests (PCR), the development and evaluation of new sensitive tools (LC-PCR/TaqManPCR, antibody detection by ELISA) including their use to study the ecology and the epidemiology of KHV (virus distribution in the environment and native cyprinids) and the carrier status of fish exposed experimentally or naturally to KHV (sites of virus replication and potential persistence or latency). In the course of the study we completed the genome sequence of KHV and developed a DNA array to study the expression of KHV genes in different conditions. Background to the topics-Mass mortality of koi or common carp has been observed in Israel, USA, Europe and Asia. These outbreaks have reduced exports of koi from Israel and have created fear about production, import, and movements of koi and have raised concerns about potential impacts on native cyprinid populations in the U.S.A. Major conclusions-A suite of new diagnostic tools was developed that included 3 PCR assays for detection of KHV DNA in cell culture and fish tissues and an ELISA assay capable of detecting anti-KHV antibodies in the serum of koi and common carp. The TKPCR assay developed during the grant has become an internationally accepted gold standard for detection of viral DNA. Additionally, the ELISA developed for detecting serum anti-KHV antibodies is now in wide use as a major nonlethal screening tool for evaluating virus status of koi and common carp populations. Real time PCR assays have been able to detect viral DNA in the internal organs of survivors of natural and wild type vaccine exposures at 1 and 10³ genome equivalents at 7 months after exposure. In addition, vaccinated fish were able to transmit the virus to naive fish. Potential control utilizing hybrids of goldfish and common carp for production demonstrated they were considerably more resistant than pure common carp or koi to both KHV (CyHV-3). There was no evidence that goldfish or other tested endemic cyprinids species were susceptible to KHV. The complete genomic sequencing of 3 strains from Japan, the USA, and Israel revealed a 295 kbp genome containing a 22 kbp terminal direct repeat encoding clear gene homologs to other fish herpesviruses in the family Herpesviridae. The genome encodes156 unique protein-coding genes, eight of which are duplicated in the terminal repeat. Four to seven genes are fragmented and the loss of these genes may be associated with the high virulence of the virus. Viral gene expression was studies by a newly developed chip which has allowed verification of transcription of most all hypothetical genes (ORFs) as well as their kinetics. Implications, both scientific and agricultural- The results from this study have immediate application for the control and management of KHV. The proposal provides elements key to disease management with improved diagnostic tools. Studies on the ecology of the virus also provide insights into management of the virus at the farms that farmers will be able to apply immediately to reduce risks of infections. Lastly, critical issues that surround present procedures used to create “resistant fish” must be be resolved (e.g. carriers, risks, etc.). Currently stamping out may be effective in eradicating the disease. The emerging disease caused by KHV continues to spread. With the economic importance of koi and carp and the vast international movements of koi for the hobby, this disease has the potential for even further spread. The results from our studies form a critical component of a comprehensive program to curtail this emerging pathogen at the local, regional and international levels.

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Tel-Zur, Neomi, and Jeffrey J. Doyle. Role of Polyploidy in Vine Cacti Speciation and Crop Domestication. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697110.bard.

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1. Abstract: Over the past 25 years, vine cacti of the genera Hylocereus and Selenicereus have been introduced into Israel and southern California as new exotic fruit crops. The importance of these crops lies in their high water use efficiency and horticultural potential as exotic fruit crops. Our collaboration focused on the cytological, molecular and evolutionary aspects of vine cacti polyploidization to confront the agricultural challenge of genetic improvement, ultimately to improve success of vine cacti as commercial fruit crop plants. More specifically, we worked on the: 1- Identification of the putative ancestor(s) of the tetraploid H. megalanthus; 2- Determination of the number of origins of H. megalanthus (single vs. multiple origins of polyploidy); 3- Cytogenetic analysis of BC1 and F1 hybrids; 4- Determination of important agricultural traits and the selection of superior hybrids for cultivation. The plant material used in this study comprised interspecific Hylocereus F1 and first backcross (BC1) hybrids, nine Hylocereus species (58 genotypes), nine Selenicereus species (14 genotypes), and four Epiphyllum genotypes. Two BC1 hexaploids (BC-023 and BC-031) were obtained, a high ploidy level that can be explained only by a fertilization event between one unreduced female gamete from the triploid hybrid and a balanced gamete from the pollen donor, the diploid H. monacanthus. These findings are scientific evidence that support the possibility that “hybridization followed by chromosome doubling” could also occur in nature. Cytomixis, the migration of chromatin between adjacent cells through connecting cytoplasmatic channels, was observed in vine cacti hybrids and may thus imply selective DNA elimination in response to the allopolyploidization process. Evidence from plastid and nrDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) sequences support the placement of H. megalanthus within a monophyletic Hylocereus group. Furthermore, both plastid and ITS datasets are most consistent with a conclusion that this tetraploid species is an autopolyploid, despite observations that the species appears to be morphologically intermediate between Hylocereus and Selenicereus. Although the possibility of very narrow allopolyploidly (i.e., derivation from parents that are barely diverged from each other such as closely related species in the same genus) cannot be ruled out entirely based on our data (in part due to the unavailability of Hylocereus species considered to be morphologically the closest relatives of H. megalanthus), the possibility of H. megalanthus representing an intergeneric cross (i.e., Hylocereus × Selenicereus) seems extremely unlikely. Interestingly, the process of homogenization of ITS sequences (concerted evolution) is either incomplete or lacking in both Hylocereus and Selenicereus, and the inclusion of several artificial hybrids in the molecular study revealed the potential for biparental plastid inheritance in Hylocereus. The most important agricultural implication of this research project was the information collected for F1 and BC1 hybrids. Specifically, this project concluded with the selection of four superior hybrids in terms of fruit quality and potential yields under extreme high temperatures. These selected hybrids are self-compatible, avoiding the need for hand cross pollination to set fruits, thus reducing manpower costs. We recently offered these hybrids to growers in Israel for prioritized rapid evaluation and characterization.

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Altstein, Miriam, and Ronald J. Nachman. Rational Design of Insect Control Agent Prototypes Based on Pyrokinin/PBAN Neuropeptide Antagonists. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593398.bard.

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The general objective of this study was to develop rationally designed mimetic antagonists (and agonists) of the PK/PBAN Np class with enhanced bio-stability and bioavailability as prototypes for effective and environmentally friendly pest insect management agents. The PK/PBAN family is a multifunctional group of Nps that mediates key functions in insects (sex pheromone biosynthesis, cuticular melanization, myotropic activity, diapause and pupal development) and is, therefore, of high scientific and applied interest. The objectives of the current study were: (i) to identify an antagonist biophores (ii) to develop an arsenal of amphiphilic topically active PK/PBAN antagonists with an array of different time-release profiles based on the previously developed prototype analog; (iii) to develop rationally designed non-peptide SMLs based on the antagonist biophore determined in (i) and evaluate them in cloned receptor microplate binding assays and by pheromonotropic, melanotropic and pupariation in vivo assays. (iv) to clone PK/PBAN receptors (PK/PBAN-Rs) for further understanding of receptor-ligand interactions; (v) to develop microplate binding assays for screening the above SMLs. In the course of the granting period A series of amphiphilic PK/PBAN analogs based on a linear lead antagonist from the previous BARD grant was synthesized that incorporated a diverse array of hydrophobic groups (HR-Suc-A[dF]PRLa). Others were synthesized via the attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers. A hydrophobic, biostablePK/PBAN/DH analog DH-2Abf-K prevented the onset of the protective state of diapause in H. zea pupae [EC50=7 pmol/larva] following injection into the preceding larval stage. It effectively induces the crop pest to commit a form of ‘ecological suicide’. Evaluation of a set of amphiphilic PK analogs with a diverse array of hydrophobic groups of the formula HR-Suc-FTPRLa led to the identification of analog T-63 (HR=Decyl) that increased the extent of diapause termination by a factor of 70% when applied topically to newly emerged pupae. Another biostablePK analog PK-Oic-1 featured anti-feedant and aphicidal properties that matched the potency of some commercial aphicides. Native PK showed no significant activity. The aphicidal effects were blocked by a new PEGylated PK antagonist analog PK-dF-PEG4, suggesting that the activity is mediated by a PK/PBAN receptor and therefore indicative of a novel and selective mode-of-action. Using a novel transPro mimetic motif (dihydroimidazole; ‘Jones’) developed in previous BARD-sponsored work, the first antagonist for the diapause hormone (DH), DH-Jo, was developed and shown to block over 50% of H. zea pupal diapause termination activity of native DH. This novel antagonist development strategy may be applicable to other invertebrate and vertebrate hormones that feature a transPro in the active core. The research identifies a critical component of the antagonist biophore for this PK/PBAN receptor subtype, i.e. a trans-oriented Pro. Additional work led to the molecular cloning and functional characterization of the DH receptor from H. zea, allowing for the discovery of three other DH antagonist analogs: Drosophila ETH, a β-AA analog, and a dF analog. The receptor experiments identified an agonist (DH-2Abf-dA) with a maximal response greater than native DH. ‘Deconvolution’ of a rationally-designed nonpeptide heterocyclic combinatorial library with a cyclic bis-guanidino (BG) scaffold led to discovery of several members that elicited activity in a pupariation acceleration assay, and one that also showed activity in an H. zea diapause termination assay, eliciting a maximal response of 90%. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a CAP2b antidiuretic receptor from the kissing bug (R. prolixus) as well as the first CAP2b and PK receptors from a tick was also achieved. Notably, the PK/PBAN-like receptor from the cattle fever tick is unique among known PK/PBAN and CAP2b receptors in that it can interact with both ligand types, providing further evidence for an evolutionary relationship between these two NP families. In the course of the granting period we also managed to clone the PK/PBAN-R of H. peltigera, to express it and the S. littoralis-R Sf-9 cells and to evaluate their interaction with a variety of PK/PBAN ligands. In addition, three functional microplate assays in a HTS format have been developed: a cell-membrane competitive ligand binding assay; a Ca flux assay and a whole cell cAMP ELISA. The Ca flux assay has been used for receptor characterization due to its extremely high sensitivity. Computer homology studies were carried out to predict both receptor’s SAR and based on this analysis 8 mutants have been generated. The bioavailability of small linear antagonistic peptides has been evaluated and was found to be highly effective as sex pheromone biosynthesis inhibitors. The activity of 11 new amphiphilic analogs has also been evaluated. Unfortunately, due to a problem with the Heliothis moth colony we were unable to select those with pheromonotropic antagonistic activity and further check their bioavailability. Six peptides exhibited some melanotropic antagonistic activity but due to the low inhibitory effect the peptides were not further tested for bioavailability in S. littoralis larvae. Despite the fact that no new antagonistic peptides were discovered in the course of this granting period the results contribute to a better understanding of the interaction of the PK/PBAN family of Nps with their receptors, provided several HT assays for screening of libraries of various origin for presence of PK/PBAN-Ragonists and antagonists and provided important practical information for the further design of new, peptide-based insecticide prototypes aimed at the disruption of key neuroendocrine physiological functions in pest insects.

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