Дисертації з теми "Diversité chimique"
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Remy, Simon. "Diversité chimique et potentialités antivirales d'Euphorbiacées tropicales." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS374/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn order to identify new inhibitors of chikungunya (CHIKV), dengue fever (DENV) and zika (ZIKV), systematic study with 339 extracts from tropical Euphorbiaceae species was performed in a virus-cell-based assay for CHIKV and DENV and ZIKA NS5 inhibition assaysThe French Guianese species Sandwithia guyanensis and Sagotia racemosa, from which bark extracts exhibited significant anti-CHIKV activities, were first investigated. Following a classical bioguided isolation workflow, more than 20 new diterpenes were characterized but none of them showed significant antiviral activity. To adress this issue, molecular networks (MN) were built from the LC-MS/MS data acquired from the chromatographic fractions of both extracts. The annotation of the MNs led to the identification of phorbol analogues, known to be potent CHIKV inhibitors. Present at trace levels, these compounds provide a plausible explanation for the anti-CHIKV activity of both extracts.In a second study, a strategy to prioritize plant extracts based on the fusion of taxonomic data and bioassays within a MN led to the isolation and targeted characterization of several dual inhibitors from Codiaeum peltatum. Both studies illustrate how MN and recent advances in LC-MS/MS data annotation can be implemented in phytochemical studies to improve the bioactive compounds discovery process
Barthélémy, Morgane. "Etude de la diversité chimique et biologique d’endophytes de palmiers." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS563.
Повний текст джерелаThe palm Astrocaryum sciophilum is the host plant model chosen in this work. Indeed, due to the longevity of its leaves, we expected to highlight a competitive community of endophytes within the oldest leaves. Thus, 197 endophytes have been isolated and identified from different leaves of six palm specimens. In order to evaluate whether the compounds produced by these microorganisms could be used for the treatment of human disease, the ethyl acetate extracts of each endophyte were tested against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as well as for a quorum quenching (QQ) activity. Simultaneously, co-culture were carried with the fungi Fusarium oxysporum in order to highlight endophytes providing plant protection against phytopathogens. We selected extracts in order to isolate and identify the bioactive metabolites. Various analytical tools have been used to improve the isolation process (LC-MS/MS, molecular networking or MS imaging).The study of the endophytic community isolated from older leaves did not show a more competitive chemical arsenal. However, two Luteibacter strains exhibited an ethyl acetate extract active against MRSA and several bacteria provide quorum quenching extracts. The metabolome of Colletotrichum genus was studied using molecular networking and a fungus from the Xylariaceae family was studied for its capacity to inhibit F. oxysporum’s growth. In our study, seven endophyte strains were chemically investigated leading to the isolation and identification of 42 molecules whose ten are new
Fahed, Layal. "Diversité chimique et potentiel antimicrobien d’huiles essentielles de plantes libanaises." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MNHN0005/document.
Повний текст джерелаAntimicrobial resistance is a major global problem and a growing concern. The development of new conventional antimicrobial agents replacing inefficient ones is certainly one of the most promising strategies aiming to reduce its extent. But this solution remains unfortunately momentary. In fact, any antimicrobial agent will eventually be defeated by the spread of resistant strains favored by the selection pressure phenomenon exerted by the agent itself. It is therefore necessary to consider all possible alternatives to conventional approaches in order to diversify the antimicrobial arsenal.Essential oils used by plants in their defense against pathogens are naturally composed of a mixture of components making them able to act on several targets of the organism. Thus, even the most resistant pathogens will not be able to escape their actions and the development of resistance will be therefore limited.In this thesis, Lebanese aromatic plants selected based mainly on ethnopharmacological indications were collected from various Lebanese regions. They were subsequently hydrodistillated producing twenty essential oils analyzed by GC / MS and eventually by NMR, and assessed against a range of pathogens that cause skin infections in humans. The analysis of the chemical composition of the EOs was marked by the isolation and characterization for the first time of santolinoïdol, a bisabolene type sesquiterpene that was found in the essential oil of Achillea santolinoides subsp. wilhelmsii. Almost half of the EOs have been active on at least one pathogen. The origin of the activity of the most active oils, the effect of their associations with commercial antimicrobials and their cytotoxicities were also investigated
Despinasse, Yolande. "Diversité chimique et caractérisation de l'impact du stress hydrique chez les lavandes." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STET4012/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe PhD was focused on lavenders and precisely on lavenders present in France: the fine lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Miller), the spike lavender (Lavandula latifolia Medik) and their hybrid the lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia). Skilled to synthetize huge organic volatils coumpounds (COV) amount and in particular volatils terpene such mono- and sesquiterpenes, lavenders are used by human from antiquity for medicinal and aromatic properties of these volatils terpenes, lavender essential oil is composed of. Due to economical and ecological volatils terpenes importance, several study aspects is considered in the PhD. In a first hand, on all the fine lavender’s repartition area, relationship between chemical, geographical and genetical diversities was assessed. Results showed chemical and genetical significant different populations, at the border of fine lavender repartition area. In a second hand, hydric stress impact over time on volatiles terpenes content was assessed on the spike lavender, lavandin and six fine lavender populations. Results put in evidence differential tolerances by species and populations; thus lavandin is more quickly affected by hydric stress than the fine lavender. Terpenes contents were slightly impacted by hydric stress and with different states amoung species and populations. Despite huge answer diversities amoung compounds, hydric stress intensity and plants; camphre pathway terpenes (borneol, comphene and camphre) are those which have the more important variations among stressed and controlled plants. Therefore study camphre biosynthesis pathway emerged. In this context, we have identified and characterized the bornyl diphosphate synthase able to produce the borneol from the bornyl diphosphate. These works allow a better understanding of relationships between volatils terpenes production and environment as well as give genetical tools to proceed to further investigations
Brun, Nathalie. "Les tannins de la féverole (Vicia faba L. , Leguminosae) : diversité chimique et variétale." Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO10158.
Повний текст джерелаSemmar, Nabil. "Analyse de la diversité chimique (flavonoïdes et saponines) de l'espèce Astragalus caprinus (fabaceae)." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO10244.
Повний текст джерелаYang, Yin. "Qualification des miels de Corse par une approche multifactorielle : diversité pollinique & variabilité chimique." Thesis, Corte, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CORT0009/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis was focused on the Corsican honeys under the AOC and AOP appellation “Miel de Corse-Mele di Corsica”. The Corsican honey was classified in six varietal categories: “spring”, “spring maquis”, “honeydew”, “summer maquis”, “chestnut grove” and “automne maquis”. The aim of this work was to characterize the volatile composition of Corsica honey and to develop an interdisciplinary approach to complete the characterization of Corsican honey and the qualification of the botanical and/or geographical origin. In the first part, 195 nectar honeys were characterized by melissopalynological, physico-chemical and volatile analyses. Pollen analysis allowed the certification of Corsican origin and highlights the main nectariferous species and/or characteristic plant associations of each varietal range. Thus, the volatile analysis by SPME, GC and GC/MS allowed the identification of some chemical markers of honey, namely 2-aminoacetophenone (“chestnut grove”); p-anisaldehyde and 4-n-propylanisole (“spring maquis”); isophorone and 3,4,5-trimethylphenol (“automne maquis”); isomers of lilac aldehydes and p-menth-1-en-9-al (“spring clementine”).For each honey range, an interdisciplinary study was carried out by using statistical analysis of multifactorial data (melissopalynological, physico-chemical and volatile data). These results allowed us to identify the “monofloral” honey samples; to propose some hypotheses about the nectar and/or honeydew contribution in honeys with dominant over-represented (“chestnut grove”) and normal taxon (“spring maquis”); and to determine the role of different nectariferous and/or polleniferous species in honeys with underrepresented taxon (“spring” and “autumn maquis”) and those with complex botanical origin (“summer maquis”).In the second part of our work, the volatile fraction of 74 Corsican honeydews and blend honeys has also been investigated. Statistical analysis of the volatile composition has distinguished Metcalfa honeydew by a high abundance of 3-furaldehyde. Otherwise, the other honey samples were characterized by a high abundance of 2-aminoacetopheneone (marker of “chestnut grove” honey) and/or p-anisaldehyde and 4-n-propylanisol (characteristic compounds of “spring maquis" honey). These observations could be explained by the nectar contribution of Castanea sativa and/or Erica arborea in the honeydew samples. Finally, this work has allowed us to develop an innovative approach based on multifactorial approach (pollen analysis, physic-chemical parameters, volatile composition) to obtain discriminant information for the determination of the floral origin from Corsican honeys
U Mele di Corsica hè un pruduttu sputicu di l’isula. E prime vistighe di l’apicultura inCorsica si ritrovanu in l’Antichità più anziana ma l’arte di a bugna è di u mele vene tralasciatadopu a Sigonda guerra mundiale. Cù a mossa idintitaria di l’anni sittanta (XXu seculu),s’urganizeghjanu i prufiziunali ed ottenenu una Appillazione d’Origine Cuntrullata (AOC) inlu 1998 po una Appillazione d’Origine Prutetta (AOP) in lu 2000. Fatta fine chì a pruduzzioneoghjinca (300 à 350 tunnillate/annu), cummircializata cù a sugillata « Miel de Corse-Mele diCorsica » si spachja sigondu sei catigurie variitesche : « veranu », « machja viraninca », «milata di u machjetu », « machja d’istate », « castagnetu » è « machja auturnale ».In lu quatru di e norme naziunale (AOC) ed eurupee (AOP), u metudu cunvinziunaleda cirtificà l’origine geugrafica è butanica s’arremba à e caratteristiche pulliniche, fiscuchimicheè urganulettiche di i meli. U fine principale di sta tesi dutturale hè di caratterizà avariabbilità chimica di ste pruduzzione di modu à prupone criterii novi di qualifichera.U studiu di a frazzione vulatile di 269 campioni di meli (inclusuci e sei catigurievariitesche), hà permessu d’invinturià, pè a prima volta, a custituzione in cumposti vulatili di imeli di Corsica. I nostri travagli sò sbuccati dinò nantu à l’idintificazione di i marcadorichimichi in leia diretta cù e spicificità di i rughjoni di pruduzzione. Per quessa, un accostuinterdisciplinariu – appaghjendusi i dati di i metudi cunvinziunali cun quelli di a tippulugiavulatile- hè statu prupostu da pudè diterminà l’origine fiurale.Cusì sò stati idintificati i marcadori chimichi di parechje variità di mele, vene à dì u 2-aminoacetofenune (« castagnetu ») ; u p-anisaldeide è u 4-n-prupilanisole (« machja viraninca») ; l’isoforunu è u 3,4,5- trimetilfenule (« machja auturnale ») ; l’isomeri di lilace aldeide è diu p-menten-9-al (« veranu tippu clementinu »).Sta prima caratterizazione multifatturiale di i meli di Corsica hè propiu d’opu pèl’apicultori in lu quatru di l’evuluzione spaziu-tempurale di e pruduzzione isulane in funzionedi e cundizione di u mezu (variazione bioclimatiche, mudifica di u prucessu di e milate, rigiruapaghju)
Coq, Sylvain. "La diversité chimique des litières et son rôle dans le fonctionnement des écosystèmes forestiers." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20168.
Повний текст джерелаLitter decomposition and nutrient recycling are key processes for ecosystem functioning. The objectives of this thesis were to improve our understanding of the determinants of decomposition in a tropical rainforest in French Guiana, with a particular focus on the role of litter chemical diversity and live plant – litter interactions. With a detailed characterization of condensed tannins in leaf litter of 16 common tropical tree species, I showed that inter-specific variation in litter tannins are the main driver of decomposition in the studied nutrient-poor Amazonian rainforest. Experimental evidence suggests that the most important mechanism of tannin control is selective feeding on tannin-poor litter by soil macrofauna. The mixing of leaf litter of a subset of the 16 tree species in a green house experiment including seedlings of the different tree species showed litter diversity effects on decomposition and nutrient release. These non-additive effects were predominantly negative, resulting in decreased decomposition rates compared to expected rates based on individual litter species decomposition. The identity of litter species contributed strongly to these negative effects, and the presence of tree seedlings modified the observed litter diversity effects. Decomposing litter mixtures showed also a feedback effect on tree seedling growth, biomass allocation and leaf traits, which again was mainly related to the identity of a few litter species within mixtures. My results suggests that the diversity of chemically contrasted litter plays a major role in the functioning of tropical forets. The decomposition of these mixtures results in functional feedbacks between the aboveground and belowground compartments of these ecosystems
Bauvais, Cléa. "Diversité chimique et bactéries associées à Spongia officinalis, une éponge marine accumulatrice de métaux." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066087/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe accumulation of toxic metals in the environment is a strong environmental and health threat. Marine sponges are sessile invertebrates that actively filter the surrounding seawater.They can concentrate toxic compounds such as heavy metals (Perez et al. 2005) and are used as bioindicators of metal pollution (Patel et al. 1985). They host an important bacterial biomass (Webster and Taylor 2011), whose role in the sequestration of environmental pollutants is still unclear.Our study focused on bacteria tolerant to heavy metals (Cu2+, Pb2+, Ni2+, Zn2+) associated with the Mediterranean sponge Spongia officinalis (class: Demospongia, order Dictyoceratida,family: Spongiidae) known for its accumulation of toxic metals (Perez et al. 2005). We first developed a study of bacterial community associated with the sponge S. officinalis harvested in a metal polluted environment by the combination of cultural and molecular approaches(DGGE, CARD-FISH). The mechanisms of accumulation and/or resistance to copper of a sponge isolated strain, Pseudovibrio sp. was investigated by combined approaches of proteogenomics (two-dimensional electrophoresis, sequencing of the genome) and microscopy (scanning electron microscopy coupled with elemental analysis EDX). A final approach was developed to characterize the chemical diversity associated with this sponge and spatial and temporal variability by coupling chromatographic analysis and mass spectrometry (LC-MS, LC-MS/MS)
Le, Falher Laetitia. "Préparation et dérivatisation de 4H-pyrido[e][1,3]oxazinones : une contribution à la diversité chimique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066344.
Повний текст джерелаThis work focused on the synthesis and applications of a novel series of heteroaromaticcompounds: the 4H-pyrido[e][1,3]oxazin-4-ones. The first part of this thesis presents thepreparation of these pyrido-oxazinones via an intramolecular O-arylation reaction. The secondpart of this work relies on the reactivity of these chemical entities and their use as buildingblocks. The functionalization of the 4H-pyrido[e][1,3]oxazin-4-ones has been studied viacross-coupling reactions to obtain more elaborated structures. The pyrido-oxazinones werealso converted, in one step, into other diverse small molecules of interest: 1,3,5-triazines,1,2,4-triazoles and 1,2,4-oxadiazoles. The last part of this thesis was devoted to the use of theobtained heterocycles as potential fluorescent probes for the detection of carbonylatedproteins
Shahnavaz, Bahar. "Communautés bactériennes de sols alpins et filtres environnementaux." Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10331.
Повний текст джерелаBacteria play a key role in biogeochemical cycles. While the effect of winter snow cover in function and composition of soil bacterial communities has been reported, the effect of spatiotemporal variation of snow cover remains to be studied. In this study, we characterised the spatio-temporal dynamics of bacterial communities from two sites at the extremes of a snow cover gradient. We used molecular (SSCP and cloning/sequencing) and traditional (bacterial isolation by culture) approaches. The presented results show that the overall bacterial diversity, composition and phylogenetic structure are strongly related to snow cover duration. Moreover, these effects are also detectable during the plant productive season. The biotic and abiotic factors (i. E. Plant senescence and soil pH) play an essential role leading to the clustering of certain bacterial clades (Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, α- and β-Proteobacteria). During the plant productive season, the bacterial clades are overdispersed. The preset study shows that, at a fine taxonomic level, the temporal variation is more important than the change over space. At higher taxonomic levels (i. E. Sub-phylum), the space are more important than temporal variations. Only a minor fraction of the total bacterial diversity is cultivable, and may bacterial groups be overrepresented in culture plates. This study provides new insights in role of snow cover in bacterial communities’ distribution and role of winter. This study may be useful in predicting of bacterial behaviour in nutrient cycle in a context of global warming
Rondeau, Anne. "Compréhension du fonctionnement biologique et physico-chimique d'un biofiltre végétalisé pour le traitement de polluants atmosphériques urbains gazeux." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10012/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn town, underground car parks are confined spaces in witch large and complex pollution are accumulated. They are also a source of contamination of the external environment since the treatment of the air pumped out by ventilation system sis not regulated. In the framework of air treatment, using planted biofilter, combining bacteria and plants, is an innovative solution contributing to the improvement of urban air quality by reducing the dispersion of gaseous pollutants in the atmosphere. In a « research and development » context, the objective is to understand the biological and physico-chemical operation for improving operational control. This innovative study focuses on the treatment of high volumes of air containing a low concentrations of pollutants, such as NOx, VOCs (about 100 à 200 µg.m-3) through a thin planted biofilter. The use of a pilot-scale unit of biofiltration allowed to evaluate the influence of the plant, as well as the necessity of a fertilization, on the removal efficiency of such a system. In order to maximize the volumes of treated air while limiting the footprint of the planted biofilters, the superficial gas velocity has been increased and the thickness of the packing material decreased. The indigenous bacteria have been characterized by a functional study of the bacterial communities involved in the degradation of NOx and TEX on one part, and by a quantitative and qualitative study of the total bacterial community on the other part, by using molecular biology approaches, such a real-time PCR amplification, and pyrosequencing from metagenomic DNA. Results on pilot-scale unit have shown a removal efficiency greater than 97%, in all environmental conditions tested. Consequently, it seems possible to treat high volumes of air containing low concentrations of TEX through a thin planted biofilter. The presence of plants does not seem to have short-term impacts on the removal efficiency when a fertilizer promotes the nitrogen availability in the packing material. The evaluation of the global microbiological functioning showed the potential of microbial communities in the biodegradation of NOx and TEX in planted biofilters. The indigenous bacterial communities of the packing material and the mound of soil are rapidly able to adapt to the functioning conditions of such a system
Migraine, Philippe. "Caractérisation chimique et diversité antigénique de polysaccharides de surface chez des souches virulentes de S. Aureus d'origine animale." Lyon 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LYO10230.
Повний текст джерелаSewsurn, Steffi. "Bio-ingénierie de la voie métabolique des pyrrocidines pour la génération d’une diversité chimique dans cette famille de composés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS506.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThe filamentous fungus Sarocladium zeae, an endophyte of maize, produces complex polycyclic metabolites known as pyrrocidines. These compounds have attractive biological activities, such as antimicrobial, apoptotic and mycotoxin biosynthesis regulation in certain plant pathogens. These molecules belong to a growing family of fungal compounds sharing a decahydrofluorene core connected to a highly strain paracyclophane with ten stereogenic centers. A study carried out by the team, combining gene inactivation in the biosynthetic cluster and metabolic analysis, led to the characterization of a wide diversity of metabolites and established a biosynthetic pathway for pyrrocidines. The formation of the carbon backbone of these compounds is governed by a hybrid mega-enzyme, a polyketide synthase - non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (PKS-NRPS) composed of ten domains. The polycyclic system is then built up by auxiliary enzymes. A study of these key enzymes carried out as part of this thesis proposed a molecular mechanism for the formation and stereochemical control of the paracyclophane-decahydrofluorene motif. In order to generate chemodiversity in the pyrrocidine family to access molecules with potential biological activities, two complementary bioengineering approaches were considered. One involves replacing key auxiliary enzymes in the formation of paracyclophane-decahydrofluoren core with others from various similar gene clusters. The other approach involves reprogramming the catalytic sequence of PKS-NRPS to generate diverse carbon skeletons by reassembling the catalytic domains of various megasynthases identified in fungal genomes. A first proof-of-concept was provided by deconstructing the native PKS-NRPS gene according to these domains in silico, then reassembling it in vitro by modular cloning
Roué, Mélanie. "Contribution de la flore bactérienne associée au métabolisme secondaire de l'éponge calcaire méditérranéenne Clathrina clathrus." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066107.
Повний текст джерелаMoerman, Romain. "Influence de la composition chimique et de la diversité des ressources en pollen sur le développement des colonies de Bombus sp. (Hymenoptera, Apidae)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/265897.
Повний текст джерелаDoctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Champagne, Antoine. "Diversité chimique et biofortification des plantes à racines et tubercules tropicales cultivées : caractérisation des parents et élaboration de protocoles permettant l'optimisation de la sélection." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010STET4017.
Повний текст джерелаAgronomic selection generates and maintains agrobiodiversity which can be regarded as an essential resource. To describe phenotypic diversity, genotypes as well as their chemical expression, chemotypes, have been widely used. Tropical root and tuber crops are vegetatively propagated and their genetic bases are often narrow. Therefore, unveiling the impressive phenotypic diversity is still rather difficult through genotyping alone, whereas chemotype studies are very informative. Tropical root crops are staples and represent a good source of compounds related to health benefits and used in food and pharmaceutical industries. Those crops have key-roles to play in food security for developing countries and so plant breeding cannot be neglected. Biofortification is effective and does not imply change of dietary behaviours. Analysing, computing and compiling data bases for chemical data on diversity of neglected crops are still needed. Biofortification involving mass selection and profiling of numerous accessions is, however, time-consuming. Thus, efficient protocols and tools facilitating this process are required. Chemotypic variability within Vanuatu germplasm was characterised through core samples from different species and relationships between primary compounds, secondary metetabolites and local preferences have been studied. Useful correlations were shown, thus clarifying traditional selection process. This process has permitted the definition of ideotypes that will be interesting for the management of breeding programmes. At least for the two most important species in Vanuatu - taro Colocasia esculenta and the greater yam - Dioscorea alata -our work is the first broad screening of germplasm. The study of carotenoid and anthocyanin content indicates that some cultivars show potential for commercial exploitation. With the aim of improving staple foods by plant breeding, we identified accessions to be selected as parents for future crosses
Fox, ramos Alexander. "Exploration de la diversité chimique des Apocynaceae par la technique des réseaux moléculaires : de la création d’une base de données vers l’annotation in silico." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS543/document.
Повний текст джерелаMonoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) constitute a class of natural products that has been extensively studied due to its important pharmacological and therapeutic potentials, and to its large structural diversity. Dereplication techniques based on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry have recently evolved, with the implementation of molecular networking-based approaches.In this context, we have created a spectral database that encompasses the averaged tandem mass spectra of 172 reference MIAs, in collaboration with several pharmacognosy research teams around the world. This database, named MIADB (standing for Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids DataBase), was made publicly available and can be used as a reference in the application of molecular networking as a dereplication strategy. Thereafter, we used the MIADB to carry out the phytochemical investigation of two Apocynaceae species: Geissospermum laeve (Vell.) Miers and Alstonia balansae Guillaumin. As a first application, the MIADB-based annotation of an alkaloid extract of the barks of G. laeve led to the isolation and the structural elucidation of three new MIAs, two having a butyrolactone moiety. Afterwards, this approach was improved by the application of a new tool for in silico annotation called MetWork, which is based on metabolic prediction and on the generation of predicted tandem mass spectra. Following this approach, the exploration of the chemical space of an alkaloid extract of the leaves of A. balansae allowed the anticipation and further isolation of five novel MIAs of the N-oxide-sarpagine type. The stereochemistry of all the new molecules could be determined on the basis of experimental and predicted electronic circular dichroism spectra.In the introduction of this manuscript the multiple uses of molecular networking for the identification of small natural molecules are described, as well as the biosynthetic interconnections in the MIAs group. The creation and evolution of the MIADB are then presented, followed by its utilization in efficient dereplication workflows for the targeting of new natural products within complex mixtures from Apocynaceae species
Parrot, Delphine. "Etude de quatre lichens marins, maritime ou terrestre et des bactéries associées : Evaluation de la diversité bactérienne et recherche de métabolites d’intérêt." Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAR0018/document.
Повний текст джерелаEfficiency of currently used antibiotics is worldwide decreasing at a worrying rate, while we are faced with new and emerging pathogens. The majority of active natural products are isolated from the Ascomycetes or from the Actinobacteria. Among the 10000 known antibiotics, more than half are produced by bacteria of one single genus, Streptomyces. It is therefore most interesting to search for novel active molecules in yet under explored niches, such as mutualistic microbial symbioses. Lichens are complex organisms harboring bacterial communities on the surface and, more rarely, inside their thalli and present a model to discover new biomolecules. Optimization of extraction conditions of lichens has been developed. Chemical profiling by LC / MS of nine lichens (2 green algae Roccella fuciformis and R. phycopsis and 7 cyanolichens: Lichina confinis, L. pygmaea, Leptogium lichenoides, Synalissa symphorea, Collema auriforme, C. cristatum and C. fuscovirens) were made and compared with a "Molecular network" approach. This has allowed to identify the chemical similarity between all cyanolichens and between two lichen species containing green algae. On the other hand, further chemical study on R. fuciformis and R. phycopsis was conducted and ten different compounds were isolated. Nine of them have been isolated and identified by NMR and mass fragmentation pathways have been highlighted for five of them. In situ localization of their major respective metabolites (erythrin and roccellic acid for R. phycopsis and erythrin, lepraric acid and acetylportentol for R. fuciformis) was performed and showed a specific location in the lichen thallus. We focused also on the cultivable bacterial communities associated to three lichens from Brittany coast (France) (Roccella fuciformis, Lichina confinis, L. pygmaea) and one inland lichen from Austria (Collema auriforme) to find new secondary metabolites of interest. The abundance and the diversity of the bacterial communities associated to these lichens were showed: 247 strains were isolated and identified by 16S rRNA gene analysis. More than 30% of all strains express potential bioactive compounds and 12% represent probably new species. The secondary metabolites patterns of their cultivable associated bacteria were studied (MOLA1488, Streptomyces sp. and MOLA1416, Hoeflea sp.) and some active secondary metabolites were isolated (e.g. dicetopiperazines, pyrrole alkaloïds, phenoxazine derivatives …) showing biological properties. Finally, to highlight potential interactions between lichens and their associated bacteria, an approach of culture (lichen extracts and bacteria) was performed from 4 most abundant bacterial strains associated with Roccella fuciformis to (1) assess the impact of major metabolites (compounds 4) of this lichen on the growth of these four strains by a an optimized method of viability using MTT; and also to evaluate (2) the ability to bioconversion of these four strains of lepraric acid and erythrin. These bacteria have shown the ability to metabolize erythrin in orsellinic acid, but none of the four tested metabolites has affected their growth
Triastuti, Asih. "Exploration de la diversité chimique dans les endophytes fongiques : influence de l'addition des modificateurs épigénétiques et des co-cultures fongiques sur le métabolome de Botryosphaeria mamane." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30228.
Повний текст джерелаThis study focused on the strain of a poorly studied fungal endophyte Botryosphaeria mamane E224, isolated from Bixa orellana leaves. Our previous screening involving 409 fungal strains isolated from medicinal plants from South America revealed that among all these strains, B. mamane was shown to be the most bioactive on in vitro model against Leishmania infantum. The objectives of this work consisted in the introduction of new metabolite production by B. mamane by optimizing the fungal culture conditions, and by using co-cultivation methods and addition of epigenetic modifiers. This work was followed by an analysis of the different metabolomes via a metabolomics approach using UHPLC-HRMS and integration of informatics and statistical tools for metabolomics. Two major compound classes were detected in B. mamane. First, the cyclopeptide family including the thiodiketopiperazines (TDKPs) alkaloids with three new compounds proposed as botryosulfuranols A-C; and the isocoumarin family, with the mellein derivatives, trans-4-hydroxymellein, 4-hydroxymellein, and 5-hydroxymellein. Regarding the exploration of B. mamane metabolome cultured in the presence of epigenetic modifier, the effects of two different histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis), suberoylanilidehydroxamic acid (SAHA) and valproate sodium added in two different stages of fungal growth, were investigated. As expected, HDACis addition in the culture of B. mamane led to significant changes in the secondary metabolite production. Addition of modifier not only induced metabolites production but also reduced and may inactivate metabolite production in fungi, depending on the nature of the epigenetic modifier added. This study illustrates the importance in the choice of HDACis to fungal culture in order to induce specific metabolite productions. In the study of B. mamane and C. albicans co-cultivation in different culture conditions, we showed the influence of the conditions (static versus agitation) on the metabolome of the fungi. However, the co-culture with yeast did not induce any modification in the fungal metabolome. The investigation of fungal interactions between B. mamane, Fusarium solani, and Colletotrichum linicola in 6-multi well plates in time-series based analysis has been carried out. [...]
Rakotomalala, Jean-Jacques. "Diversité biochimique des caféiers : analyse des acides hydroxycinnamiques, bases puriques et diterpènes glycosidiques : particularité des caféiers sauvages de la région malgache (Mascarocoffea Chev.)." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20192.
Повний текст джерелаBeauvière, Sophie. "Méthodologie et synthèse d'une chimiothèque de molécules macrocycliques." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066537.
Повний текст джерелаChemical genetic is an emerging domain that tries to identify small organic molecules able to modulate protein expression. To identify these molecules, chemical genetic uses libraries presenting the biggest structural diversity to be able to screen the largest number proteins. This thesis describes the preparation of a new family of macrocycles. Macrocycles are three-dimensional molecules having several stable conformations and thus allowing the introduction of structural diversity. To synthesize these macrocycles, we conceived a strategy based on the combined use of thiazolidines like synthons with a Huisgen’s cycloaddition followed by a reductive amination that allows the ring closure. This synthetic strategy allows the preparation of macrocycles of more than 18 atoms in few steps with good yields. Evaluation of the biological properties of these molecules using small molecules microarrays shows a strong affinity of these macrocycles to streptavidin
Ivanisevic, Julijana. "Metabolisme secondaire des éponges Homoscleromorpha : diversité et fluctuation de son expression en fonction des facteurs biotiques et abiotiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22034.
Повний текст джерелаSecondary metabolism plays a major ecological role in the interactions between the organisms and their environment. An integral study of the organisms’ biology and ecology and the variations of their metabolism is essential for understanding the role of secondary metabolites in the ecosystems. This kind of approach is rare in the marine environment. Small sponge clade Homoscleromorpha constitutes a real potential for the discovery of new species and potentially bioactive molecules. In addition, its dominance in some Mediterranean benthic communities makes it a good model in marine chemical ecology research. This work has started with a description of new species of Oscarella genus, O. balibaloi. This new species forms sometimes, with two other commun Oscarella species, O. tuberculata and O. lobularis, special facies within the coralligenous and semi-dark cave communities. All three Oscarella species are caraterized by a seasonal reproductive cycle with differences in the period of gametogenesis and larval emission as well as the variation in sensitivity facing the changes in thermal regime. Two major lysophospholipid compounds were isolated and caracterized for the first time in O. tuberculata and confirmed in O. lobularis. Their potential role as signal molecules in the reproduction process (embryogenesis and development) was proposed and should be confirmed by experimental studies. One new familly of glycosilated seterterpens (named balibalosides) was found in O. balibaloi. A pluriannual study of species metabolism was performed using three complementary approaches and enabled to test the models of resource allocation to secondary metabolite production. Variation patterns in the expression level of target metabolites, in the metabolic fingerprints and the bioactivities of sponge extracts reflected the significant influence of the reproductive cycle to the secondary metabolite production. Holisitic approaches (métabolomics and bioactivity) pointed out the important modification in the secondary metabolism variation pattern followed by the decrease in bioactivity during the costly period of reproduction (asexual reproduction, embryogenesis and larval development). These results highlight the trade-off in resource allocation between the primary (reproduction) and secondary metabolism and therefore support the Optimal Defense Theory. Metabolomic approach applied to the study of interspecific relations turned out as a good indicator of chemical diversity which allowed the classification of Mediterranean Homoscleromorpha sepcies. The obtained classification was congruent with recent molecular phylogeny results proposing the restauration of two ancient clades within Homoscleromorpha, the Plakinidae, a group of species possesing skeleton and the Oscarellidae, a group of species lacking skeleton. Approaches developed during my thesis opened a numerous perspectives in chemosystematics and marine chemical ecology. The use of metabolic fingerprints can be transposed to other questions in systematics, particularly to demonstrate the existance of cryptic species and to support phylogenetic hypothesis within other problematic clades. [...]
Huynh, Thi My Dung. "Impact des métaux lourds sur les interactions plante/ ver de terre/ microflore tellurique." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00486649.
Повний текст джерелаBernardin, Claire. "Effet d’un bassin de rétention des eaux pluviales en milieu urbain sur la diversité et la dangerosité de bactéries pathogènes opportunistes." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1029.
Повний текст джерелаWater management has been associated during a long time with health concerns to prevent the spread of waterborne disease. Over time, the health aspect was replaced by environmental concerns. Nowadays, questions about the potential health risks due to water management structures are recurrent. In this work, we studied the behavior of a dry retention basin at the eastern part of Lyon, in particular the links between the presence of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria, the hydraulic behaviour and the trapping capacity of pollutants in the basin. For that purpose, we carried out 6 sampling campaigns during a year and a half. The samples were characterized at a physicochemical and microbiological level (A. caviae, P. aeruginosa, Nocardia, E. coli, coliforms, enterococci). The physicochemical characteristics found are comparable to those obtained in similar basins. The entire basin is regularly contaminated by bacteria followed (0 to 1.92E +07 CFU/g dm). Higher concentrations in summer and during rain periods were observed. Pearson correlation analysis revealed some rare links between the presence of bacteria and chemical pollutants, such as between P. aeruginosa and PAHs. A correlation between Nocardia and sedimentary characteristics (volatile organic content and mass density) was also observed. For the first time in France, further study on the genus Nocardia has permitted: to isolate N. cyriacigeorgica in the environment, to develop a qPCR (specific of this species) used in complex environments and to develop a quick test on nematode in order to identify the virulence of bacterial isolates in the NSC
Brémaud, Iris. "Diversité des bois utilisés ou utilisables en facture d'instruments de musique : étude expérimentale des propriétés vibratoires en direction axiale de types de bois contrastés en majorité tropicaux : relations à des déterminants de microstructure et de composition chimique secondaire." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00548934.
Повний текст джерелаWild, Bastien. "Changements microstructuraux et diversité microbienne associés à l'altération des silicates : influence sur les cinétiques de dissolution du laboratoire au terrain." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAH004/document.
Повний текст джерелаChemical weathering of silicate minerals is central to numerous environmental and societal challenges. This study addresses the long-standing question of the inconsistency between field and laboratory estimates of dissolution kinetics, by revisiting current approaches of mineral reactivity. It is demonstrated that evolution of feldspar reaction rates are inaccurately describedby current kinetics rate laws, due to textural and structural changes occurring at the fluid-mineral interface over the course of the dissolution process. A novel method is developed to enable probing biogeochemical weathering rates in the field. Bacterial and fungal metagenomic data reveal that subtle reciprocal relationships are established between microorganisms and mineral substrates within the mineralosphere. This thesis emphasizes the impact of passivation phenomena on dissolution rates, under field-relevant reacting conditions and the incapacity of microorganisms to overcome the passivation barrier
Abbas, Najwa. "La diversité des toxines de scorpions et leur intérêt dans la recherche biologique et pharmacologique : (purification et caractérisation chimique, pharmacologique et immunologique des toxines de scorpion présentant des problèmes de santé publique au Moyen Orient et leurs implications pharmacologiques)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20705.
Повний текст джерелаThe North African scorpion Androctonus australis in Algeria and Tunisia, or Androctonusmauretanicus in Morocco, are responsible of about 100.000 stings each year in Maghreb,followed by 1% of death. Small toxins modulating voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav),named “alpha”, are responsible of 80 to 90% of the total lethal activity from the Androctonusaustralis and mauretanicus venoms. However, smaller molecules are also able to block thefunctioning of another type of ionic channels, in particular, the voltage-gated potassiumchannels (Kv).During this thesis, we have isolated and characterized the compounds of the venom fromAndroctonus amoreuxi, a scorpion widely found in North Africa and Middle East, but neverseriously studied so far. We have identified the constituents implicated in the toxicity anddefined their immunological and pharmacological properties, as well as theirelectrophysiological effects on cloned Nav and Kv channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes.We also have looked for recently characterized new molecules, the Birtoxins-like, and tried toexplain their large biological polymorphism by 3D structural models. At last, we haveevaluated the antinociceptifs effects of scorpion toxins in mice. We have proposed that theantalgic effects observed after administration of scorpion toxins are partly due to a counterirritation phenomenon, which implicates the activation of an endogenous opioid system. The“analgesic” toxins have been further tested in electrophysiology on DRG neurons
Andriamanantena, Mahery. "Valorisation de la biodiversité et études ethnobotanique, phyto-chimique et toxicologique des plantes tinctoriales de Madagascar : applications dans le domaine des colorants naturels." Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0015.
Повний текст джерелаConsumers trends are now moving towards healthier and more environmentally friendly products. It is pushing manufacturers to find natural alternatives to substitute the artificial products. The synthetic dyes industry, one of the most polluting industries in the world, is directly affected. Madagascar’s biodiversity, linked to a tradition of using plant species to dye natural fibers, represents an adequate source of renewable source of pigments, remains weakly exploited. Substances extracted from these plants could result in natural dyes that can be used in industries subject to overcome the main scientific challenges related to the lack of knowledge about these plants. Three complementary approaches were carried out during this study. A first ethnobotanical approach consisted in the screening of the dye plant biodiversity of Madagascar. 128 plant species, including 34 endemic species, have been identified and described. A second phytochemical approach has allowed the extraction of pigments by an eco-responsible process with green non-harmful solvent. The results in terms of coloring properties, stability (pH, temperature), antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of pigments (anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, etc) extracted from a few species, including Acridocarpus excelsus and Woodfordia fruticosa highlight their potential as natural bioactive colorants. HPLC-DAD-CAD-MS chromatography analysis of the roots extracts of Paracarphalea kirondron display for the first time the secondary metabolites responsible of the dyeing and biological properties in this plant species. Finally, a third toxicological approach conducted on zebrafish and albino mice model permitted to characterize the activity / toxicity profiles of these plant extracts. These early results lead to great opportunities across the industrials valorization of these natural ressources and traditionnal malagasy knowledge. However, appropriate measures should be taken to ensure the sustainable exploitation of this biodiversity
Hedouin, Jonathan. "Etude de cascades réactionnelles pallado-catalysées de fermeture d’allènamides et d’allylation directe de liaisons C-H et C-CO2H d’azoles, d’énamides et d’acides propioliques pour la diversité structurelle." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMIR21/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe design of efficient and eco-friendly atom and step-economical synthetic plans of molecules using highly available starting materials is one of major objectives of organic chemist. Transition metal catalysis has allowed a bold step to build and functionalize consecutively, through a one-pot reaction, major nitrogen-containing heterocycles which are broadly present into numerous natural products, pharmaceutics and agrochemicals. The catalysis is based upon tandem inner-sphere elemental chemical transformations and one of major current challenge is to implement catalytic metallation of C-CO2H and C-H bonds. Involved in this young field of research initiated since the past decade from sevaral groups including pioneering and high active Jieping Zhu team of the Polytechnic School of Lausanne, the present study has been directed towards the design of innovative palladium-catalyzed domino Grigg nitrogen-containing heterocycles building through ortho-halogeno allenamides intramolecular carbopalladation process followed by direct C-H allylation of heterocycles and enamides or direct decarboxylative allylation of propiolic acids. After demonstrating the reactivity of nitrogen-conjugated pi-allypalladium complex in direct C-H allylation of acidic heterocycles, first palladium-catalyzed tandem build and heteroarylation of 1(2H)-isoquinoleinone and indole from ortho-halogeno allenamides was first envisaged. Efforts were next directed to the setting up of a one-pot protocol including in situ generation of allenamide followed by palladium-catalyzed domino building and functionalization of heterocycles. It was then hugely evaluated to the preparation of indole, 1(2H)-isoquinoleinones, isoquinolins as well as high-membred ring heterocycles such as benzo-(2H)-azepine and benzo-(2H)-azocine embedding with oxadiazoles and oxa(thia)zoles. An first extended synthetic concept towards the palladium-catalyzed tandem build and propargylation of nitrogen-containing heterocycles using sevral propiolic acids as coupling partners
Duverger, Véronique. "Accés à la diversité des glycosaminoglycanes par synthèse combinatoire en phase supportée." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112277.
Повний текст джерелаProteoglycans are a class of glycosylated proteins which have covalently linked sulfated chains called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Glycosaminoglycans endow proteoglycans with unique functions (regulation of cytotoxic events: regulation of cell growth and differentiation, inflammation, immune system ; interactions with growth factor, key-proteins). Glycosaminoglycans are sulfated polysaccharides made of repeating disaccharides, which consist of uronic acid (or galactose) and hexosamines. The diversity in pattern sulfatations allows a great variety of fonctions. In order to generate several units, we burned to combinatorial synthesis on solid support. Firstly, we studied a method of fixation and cleavage on the Merrifield resin. Then, we synthetised two uronic synthons D-Glc, L-Ido ; two precursors are obtained equimolary by addition of vinyl magnesium chloride on aldehyde 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-O-benzyl-xylodialdose. .
Tixador, Philippe. "Etude de la diversité et du déterminisme des souches de prion : approches physico-chimiques et analyse comparée." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009VERS0002.
Повний текст джерелаPrion diseases are a group of neurodegenerative disorders affecting both humans and animals. Prion, the etiologic agent of these diseases is thought to be essentially composed of multimers of an abnormal conformer (PrPSc) of the cellular, monomeric prion protein. Prion propagation is believed to stem from the ability of PrPSc to convert the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into an infectious conformer PrPSc. Biologically distinct prion strain can propagate in the same host, presumably through the self-perpetuation of different, specific PrPSc conformers. However much remains to be known about the physical relationship between the infectious agent and PrPSc conformations, in particular the aggregation state, and to which extent it varies according to the strain. The aim of the thesis was to study the strain-dependant physical diversity of PrPSc molecules, to describe their multimerisation state in relation with infectivity, in order to provide information about the determinism of the disease phenotype. We applied a methodology based on sedimentation velocity and physico-chemicals techniques to a panel of natural, biologically cloned prion strains. The main results suggest that prion infectious particles are subjected to marked strain-dependent variations in aggregation state, which in turn could influence the strain biological phenotype, in particular the replication kinetics
Adam, de Beaumais Ségolène. "Apport de la chimie click à la diversité des applications de cyclodextrines fonctionnalisées." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066562.
Повний текст джерелаCyclodextrins are natural cyclic oligosaccharides with a characteristic truncated cone shape. The concave macrocyles present a hydrophobic cavity that allows the formation of inclusion complexes with various organic molecules in water. The preparation of selectively functionnalized cyclodextrins is necessary to improve molecular recognition processes or to obtain more sophisticated structures, such as artificial enzymes. The de-O-benzylation of perbenzylated cyclodextrins, developped in our laboratory, with diisobutylaluminium hydride became a powerful tool for the functionnalization of cyclodextrins. This method allowed us to efficiently synthesize azido and propargyl cyclodextrins. These precursors were used in CuAAC click chemistry reactions, well-known method to be fast and efficient, allowing an access to monomeric cyclodextrins able to self-assemble and to singly-linked or doubly-linked dimeric cyclodextrins. The monomeric cyclodextrins were designed to self-assemble to give daisy-chains with hierarchical morphologies. Singly-linked dimers were used as artificial receptors able to solubilize natural lipophilic molecules whose aggregates are involved in Alzheimer disease or in macular degeneration. Finally, the doubly-linked dimer encapsulates eight guests to form a polycapsular supramolecular polymer
Caillot, Gilles. "Furfural : une source renouvelable de diversité moléculaire." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2343/.
Повний текст джерелаFurfural is an organic compound obtained through acidic treatment of vegetal wastes such as corncobs or sugarcane bagasse ; it is therefore a green and renewable resource. Nowadays, most of the transformations carried out on furfural at the industrial scale leave the original heterocycle intact. Collaborating with the society PennAkem, one of the world leading producers of furfural, we aimed to add value to this molecule by engaging it in more complex transformations, in order to access new structures of interest. Thus, a multicomponent reaction/cycloaddition/aromatization sequence was developed and optimized to give fast access to polysubstituted isoindolinones from furfural. Intermolecular cycloadditions with benzyne were also carried out and afforded naphthalene precursors. An extensive study of opening and rearrangement reactions of furanic derivatives led us to define furfural as an interesting starting material for the synthesis of several carbocycles and heterocycles diversely substituted. Functionalization of the furan ring, especially through the decarboxylative Claisen rearrangement, proved to be a way to exponentially increase the number of available structures
Oliveira, Cynthia. "Diversité des intégrons dans des sédiments estuariens anthropisés." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR093.
Повний текст джерелаIntegrons are bacterial genetic platforms allowing acquisition and expression of genes. Clinical integrons play a major role in the strong increase of antibiotic multi-resistant bacteria recently observed. However, in the environment, they represent only a tiny fraction of the large integron diversity. Therefore, the aims of this thesis were (i) estimating the extent of the integron diversity in the environment, (ii) understanding phenomena responsible for integron pool structure in anthropized estuarine sediments and (iii) looking for integrons potentially proxy of chemical pollution level. The research of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons and the analysis of E. coli populations in sediments from the Risle drainage basin impacted by well-characterized fecal contamination sources show that E. coli strains with human origins were spread on short distances during low water level periods. However, class 1 integrons are spread on slightly longer distances and remain present in the 12 first centimeters of sediments at least. A methodology was developed allowing, for the first time, the analysis of integron diversity by high-throughput sequencing. In this way, the analysis of a 4.8 meter core sediment from the fluvial Seine estuary highlighted several thousands integron classes including many new integrases absent from data bases. Integron diversity decreases along with depth. Class 1 integrons are the majority integrons in surface sediments but their abundance strongly decreases in deep sediments. Class 1 integron abundance rather responds positively to chemical pollutions accentuating the idea that class 1 integrons could be used as proxy of recent anthropogenic pollutions. In the sediment core, three integron classes outshine the whole dataset: they represent 38% of all the sequences from the sediment core. However, abundances of these three majority integron classes rather respond negatively to chemical pollution levels. Integron pool structure is highly correlated to bacterial community diversity but seems to be partially independent to bacterial community diversity within two deep fractions from the sediment core: in these two sediment fractions, a new integron class outshines the rest of integron classes and seems to be specific to these two sediment fractions. Furthermore, this new integron class seems to be selected by PAH
Alcover, Charlotte. "Réseaux moléculaires et Chimie des Substances Naturelles : de l’isolement de composés inédits à de toutes nouvelles applications en synthèse biomimétique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS569.
Повний текст джерелаThe discovery of new natural products is a very long and expensive process ; it is therefore important to detect previously known compounds in the studied matrices, to avoid an useless second isolation. This is the aim of annotation (partial but quick identification of compounds) and of dereplication (application of annotation to avoid reisolation).Thanks to its unequaled sensibility and to the "big data" era, the high performance liquid chromatography hyphenated to tandem mass spectrometry has become a reference technique in this field. Indeed, its use is generally implemented by informatic tools, as "molecular networking", because of the large amount of generated data.This thesis is divided into two parts : the first one deals with extraction of new compounds from a very well-known Apocynaceae plant, Picralima nitida. The second one is about the application of "molecular networking" to biomimetic chemistry in mixtures, especially about "3-alkylpiperidines" alkaloids
Jarrin, Cyrille. "Approches métagénomiques pour l'analyse des diversités génétique et chimique de métabolites secondaires : étude des PKS de type 1 d'origine bactérienne." Lyon 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO10225.
Повний текст джерелаBerdoulay, Maïté. "Analyses physico-chimiques et microbiologiques de façades en pierre exposées aux embruns marins du golfe de Gascogne." Pau, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PAUUA001.
Повний текст джерелаDuring this thesis, we developed a DNA-based molecular method adapted to the genotyping of microorganisms living on building stone. Once calibrated, the method was tested by characterizing microbial biofilms from two stony types of construction frequently encountered on the coast of the golfe de Gascogne. This analysis showed that the method is effective to reveal the microbial biodiversity of biofilms. It was also used to better understand the evolution of the microbial biodiversity during stone colonization, on a period of 2 years. This analysis allowed us to identify pioneer microorganisms, some of them being unexpected, as well as secondary colonizers
Dulac, Amélie. "Marqueurs phénotypiques de la diversité des ressources génétiques du genre Hydrangea." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00971779.
Повний текст джерелаTaraviras, Stavros. "Évaluation de la diversité moléculaire des bases de données de molécules à intérêt pharmaceutique, en utilisant la théorie des graphes chimiques." Nice, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NICE5472.
Повний текст джерелаHeinrich-Salmeron, Audrey. "Diversité des mécanismes d’oxydo-réduction de l’arsenic chez les bactéries : des souches cultivables aux communautés." Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6199.
Повний текст джерелаMicroorganisms are found in several environments from the friendliest to the most extreme such as arsenical environment as french mining sites of Carnoules, Salsigne or Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines. Some of them are involved in arsenic biochemical cycle and play a crucial role in its mobilization/immobilization and thus in its biodisponibility. These bacteria contain arsenite oxidase (coded by aox genes) catalyzing the oxidation of As III in As V. This oxidation constitutes the first arsenical environment detoxification stage. The aim of this work is the study of the diversity of bacterial arsenic oxido-reduction mechanisms. This study focuses on the diversity of aoxB genes from isolated strains or complex communities. Physiological characterizations of three strains have been first realized on Pseudomonas S11, Leptothrix S1. 1 and Thiomonas 3As. A genetic approach supplements the physiological data of Thiomonas 3As. Particular arsenite oxidases demonstrating a high or a constitutive arsenite oxidase activity have been highlighted. In a second time AoxB sequences analyses from cultivable bacteria or bacterial communities have underlined a sequence variability and allowed to consider aoxB gene as molecular marker for aerobic arsenite oxidizing strains. Lastly an environmental genomic approach on bacterial community from Carnoulès mining site allowed to decipher the bacterial trophic interactions and the key role of the arsenite oxidizing strain Thiomonas sp. In this study site
Quellier, Pauline. "Synthèse d’inhibiteurs d’endosulfatases humaines : vers de nouveaux outils thérapeutiques contre le cancer et les maladies inflammatoires." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASF008.
Повний текст джерелаEndosulfatases 1 and 2 belong to the sulfatase family and are enzymes that catalyse the 6-O-desulfation of Heparan Sulfate (HS), a polysaccharide highly sulfated belonging to the glycosaminoglycan family. HS chains interact with numerous signalling proteins including chimiokines, cytokines, growth factors ... through their sulfation pattern. By desulfating the HS chains, the endosulfatases play a key role in the signalling regulation and in the organism’s biological process. The human endosulfatase 2 (HSulf2) is over expressed in many cancers (breast, ovarian, pancreas, lungs ...) and represents thus an interesting therapeutic target. To obtain specific HSulf2 inhibitors, four oligosaccharides with different lengths, mimicking the HS chains with a sulfamoyl function were synthesised. To do so, a key step was optimised, the N, O-sulfonation. Then, the four molecules were tested to assess their capacity to inhibit HSulf2.To broaden the choice of potential HSulf2 inhibitors, monosaccharides with hydroxylamine and hydrazine function were synthesised
Renouf, Vincent. "Description et caractérisation de la diversité microbienne durant l'élaboration du vin : interactions et équilibres, relations avec la qualité du vin." Toulouse, INPT, 2006. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000340/.
Повний текст джерелаOn the grape, a large variety of micro-organisms coexist in an organized system including the principal species useful for winemaking. After pressing, interactions ensure alcoholic fermentation and fermentations. After sulphiting, the evolution of residual species suggests that interactions persist. Their understanding is necessary and needs a global view of the microbial diversity. Each technological operation and fermentative process influences this diversity. The system is gradually simplified because the wine becomes more and more deprived and toxic. Among the most resistant species, there are O. Oeni and B. Bruxellensis. Strains collections have been constituted for these species. The instraspecific diversity is shown by phenotypic and genetics studies in the first one. The variability in volatile phenols production, which spoils wine, is shown in the second
Royer, Colin. "Impact of environmental drivers and phytoplankton diversity on the dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) cell quotas: laboratory experiments and natural variability." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/319678.
Повний текст джерелаDoctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
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Thallaj, Nasser K. "Ligands tris(2-pyridylméthyle)anime α-substitués et complexes dichloroferreux : Une diversité préfigurant une possible utilisation du dioxygène en conditions douces". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007STR13074.
Повний текст джерелаIn order to get insight into the mechanisms by which dioxygen is activated at the active site of some non heminic iron proteins, we have synthesized several series of aminomethylpyridine-containg ligands, and studied the reactivity of the corresponding FeCl2 complexes with dioxygen. We postulate the following hypothesis that activation of dioxygen does not occur by outer sphere mechanism, but through coordination to the iron, which is governed by the Lewis acidity at the metal center. An oxygen-active species is thus formed. The exact nature of this species still remains unknown, but some investigation pathways are discussed. The particular case of complexes with the cyano ligands is examined in detail, since it is observed under certain conditions (in the presence of water) that the cyano function is converted to amide
Beauvineau, Claire. "Conception et synthese de nouvelles sondes ciblees pour l'imagerie moleculaire." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00644998.
Повний текст джерелаAbella, Justine Marie. "Implication des intégrons dans l’adaptation des communautés bactériennes." Thesis, Pau, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PAUU3051/document.
Повний текст джерелаIntegrons are bacterial genetic elements. Recently discovered in the clinical context, they are present in the genome of a number of bacteria from a variety of environments. They are composed of a gene encoding an integrase and a succession of gene cassettes. The activity of integrase allows the acquisition, loss or rearrangement of cassettes. Furthermore, a promoter allows expression reading frames contained in the gene cassettes. Thus, integrons are both reservoirs of genes and these gene expression systems. In the clinical context, they are known to be involved in the adaptation of pathogenic bacteria. They are able to acquire and disseminate genes conferring a selective advantage over the pressure exerted by the use of antibiotics and biocides, and also being mobilized to be transferred horizontally. Some studies have focused on integrons outside of clinical environments. They have characterized many gene cassettes, without however reaching the diversity, from bacteria or bacterial communities coming from environments with different levels of contamination. However, the diversity of integrase has been little studied, because the majority of studies are limited to clinical integron sequences. Thus, environmental integrons are still poorly characterized and their diversity are little understood. The objectives of my thesis were to characterize the diversity of environmental integrate with a particular focus on integrase, from environments with varying chemical contamination, to evaluate the possible role of integrating in adapting bacteria face environmental disturbances. In this work, approximately 800 different integrase sequences, mostly unknown, were obtained from various freshwater and coastal water sediments. Field studies and microcosms of freshwater or coastal environments, with different types and levels of pollutants allowed to demonstrate an impact of environmental contaminations on the integron diversity, whether on the integrase or the gene cassettes, independently to the bacterial community structure. Finally, in this thesis the characterization of a potentially adaptive integron facing an oil pollution were performed. This integron carrying the intIOPS sequence highlighted and named by Lionel Huang during his thesis. Finally, the results obtained in this thesis provide further elements which support our main hypothesis that environmental integrons would be involved in the adaptation of bacterial communities in response to the presence of contaminants in non- clinical settings
Schneider, Jérémy. "Synthèse d'une diversité de glycoclusters : effet multivalent sur l'inhibition des glycosidases." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAF005.
Повний текст джерелаThe first multivalent iminosugars were published in 1999. From this date, it’s more than a hundred of clusters that were synthesized and presented in about forty publications. In 2010, the first strong multivalent effect in glycosidase inhibition was obtained and prompted further studies of its mechanism and its limits. To reach these goals, this PhD work has developed different strategies. The first was to synthesize "clickable" dendrons which can lead to a multiplication of the initial valency of our scaffolds by three or by nine. The second approach was a study to obtain rigid linkers. The third one was the preparation of modular scaffolds, neo-cyclodextrins, in order to finely tune the topology of the resulting clusters. The combination of our "clickable" dendrons with cyclopeptoid scaffolds gave an unprecedented multivalent effect on glycosidase inhibition. The 36-valent DNJ-based cluster is indeed a 170 000-fold more potent inhibitor than the corresponding monovalent control for Jack Bean alpha-mannosidase
Monge, Aurélien. "Création et utilisation de chimiothèques optimisées pour la recherche in silico de nouveaux composés bioactifs." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00122995.
Повний текст джерелаIdéalement la préparation des composés destinés au criblage devrait se faire grâce à un logiciel dédié à cette problématique. Il n'existe cependant aucun logiciel qui soit complètement adapté. Nous avons donc entrepris le développement d'un logiciel de ce type : ScreeningAssistant.
Ce logiciel s'appuie sur un système de gestion de bases de données et permet de créer et de maintenir à jour des chimiothèques de plusieurs millions de molécules uniques provenant de fournisseurs différents. Il permet également de filtrer les structures, en éliminant les molécules potentiellement problématiques ou avec des probabilités d'activités faibles, et de sélectionner un ensemble de composés divers.
Ce logiciel a été utilisé pour l'analyse d'une base de 5 millions de références provenant de 38 fournisseurs de produits chimiques. La proportion de composés uniques, originaux, « drug-like », « lead-like », et divers ont été comparés. La diversité a été étudiée en utilisant des notions différentes, et un score de diversité globale, prenant en compte la diversité suivant les différents critères, a été proposé.
Différentes applications de sélection de composés pour le criblage sont présentées. Ces applications utilisent le programme ScreeningAssistant et d'autres algorithmes développés pour résoudre certains problèmes particuliers.
Blaha, Georges. "Données sur la diversité physiologique des populations de Phytophthora megakarya et de P. Palmivora responsables de la pourriture brune des cabosses du cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L. )." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT008A.
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