Статті в журналах: "Diversification of food supplies"

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Choudhury, Samira, and Derek Headey. "What drives diversification of national food supplies? A cross-country analysis." Global Food Security 15 (December 2017): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.05.005.

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Rampersad, Giselle C., Ann-Louise Hordacre, and John Spoehr. "Driving innovation in supply chains: an examination of advanced manufacturing and food industries." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 35, no. 5 (October 23, 2019): 835–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-03-2019-0101.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate how supply chains can become more resilient through innovation initiatives. It examines the expansion and deepening of relationships between buyers and suppliers and the facilitatory role of the government in this process. Design/methodology/approach This study compares supply chains in the advanced manufacturing and food industries. It is based on qualitative research involving case studies and in-depth interviews with buyers, suppliers and facilitators from government. Findings The study reveals that innovation is critical in building more resilient supply chains. It uncovers the importance of power distribution, coordination, communication, trust and commitment for innovation within these relationships. Practical implications It provides implications about how best to develop effective buyer–supplier relationships through innovation and diversification, for marketing and purchasing managers, CEOs of manufacturing companies and suppliers and government players with responsibility for industry development and innovation. Originality/value It advances the industrial buyer–supplier literature by extending the predominantly business-to-business supply chain perspective to include the role of government in supply chains and their innovation.

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3

Orriss, Gregory D. "Food Fortification: Safety and Legislation." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 19, no. 2 (January 1998): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659801900204.

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The Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) International Conference on Nutrition (ICN), held in Rome in December 1992, recognized the widespread occurrence of micronutrient deficiencies, particularly in developing countries. The conference recognized food-based approaches as the most effective way to address existing micronutrient deficiencies. These approaches must include appropriate strategies to assure dietary diversification, improved food availability, food preservation, nutrition education, and food fortification. The final report of the conference included strategies and actions for preventing and controlling specific micronutrient deficiencies. It was proposed to ensure and legislate the fortification of foods or water with necessary micronutrients, where possible, when existing supplies fail to provide adequate levels in the diet. Food fortification has been successfully used in both developed and developing countries as one strategy to address micronutrient deficiencies. The primary purposes of food legislation are to protect the health of the consumer, protect the consumer from fraud, and facilitate trade. In the case of fortified foods, the target population must be protected from receiving either toxic or nutritionally ineffective levels of micronutrients. Legislation may be necessary to require adequate control over this fortification process by the food processors to ensure that levels of micronutrients are consistently within acceptable limits. Legislation may also be required to prohibit the addition of nutrients to commodities where it is nutritionally unnecessary or unsafe or where fortification may create an erroneous impression as to the nutritional value of the food. Any legislation regarding food fortification should incorporate the standards, recommendations, and guidelines of the Codex Alimentarius. The World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the SPS Agreement) and the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (the TBT Agreement) have placed new importance on Codex standards, guidelines, codes, and recommendations.

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Zyukin, Danil Alekseevich, Dmitriy Ivanovich Zhilyakov, Yulia Ivanovna Bolokhontseva, and Olga Vyacheslavovna Petrushina. "Export of Russian grain: prospects and the role of the state in its development." Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, no. 28 (April 21, 2020): 320–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.28.04.36.

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The article discusses the problems and issues of further development of Russian grain exports. The main export grain crop for Russia is wheat; the volume of wheat supplies to the world market exceeds 35 million tons. The study provides a list of the main geographical areas importing Russian wheat and analyzes the dynamics of changes in its supply. However, the export orientation for wheat leads to imbalances in the structure of production and regional distribution of grain crops in Russia. Grain is of fundamentally high importance for solving the problem of import substitution for the production of meat and dairy products and ensuring food security for the population of Russia; therefore, the study emphasizes the need for state management of the grain balance. In the long term, the regulation of grain exports should be reduced mainly to a system of economic measures, but at the moment, government participation is necessary as a driver in the development of production and logistics infrastructure. The complex of economic and political factors determines the diversification of wheat supplies from Russia due to the Far Eastern direction.

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Gaillard, Cédric, Eric O. Verger, Sandrine Dury, Marie Claude Dop, and Jalila El Ati. "Farm production diversity and women’s dietary diversity: Evidence from central Tunisia." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 7, 2022): e0263276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263276.

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In the context of studies on the effects of agricultural production diversity, there are debates in the scientific community as to the level of diversification appropriate for improving dietary diversity. In Tunisia, agriculture is a strategic sector for the economy and a critical pillar of its food sovereignty. Using instrumental variable methods to account for endogeneity, we have estimated the association between agricultural production diversity and women’s dietary diversity among smallholder farming households in the Sidi Bouzid governorate (central Tunisia). Although we found a low level of agricultural production diversity and a fairly diversified diet among women, we observed a systematic weak positive association between five different indicators of agricultural production diversity and women’s dietary diversity. We observed a stronger positive association between women’s dietary diversity and women being more educated and households being wealthier. Neither diversity of food supplies in food markets nor market distance were associated with women’s dietary diversity, whereas we observed a higher level of consumption of some products (dairy) when they were produced on the farm.

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Bulakh, T. М., O. А. Ivashchenko, and О. М. Motuzka. "Ukraine’s Foreign Trade Relations with the Republic of Azerbaijan: State, Risks, Strategic and Innovative Areas of Strengthening." Statistics of Ukraine 96, no. 1 (July 12, 2022): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.1(96)2022.01.04.

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The article contains an analysis of the state, features and effectiveness of foreign trade relations of Ukraine with the Republic of Azerbaijan. It is revealed that the top priority of Ukraine in its approach to the expansion of cooperation with the Republic of Azerbaijan is the policy of diversification of energy sources. Also, Azerbaijan is to a large extent lucrative for Ukrainian businesses as a market for metal and agricultural products and a customer of Ukrainian advanced technologies and developments and engineering works. The industrial and agricultural sectors of the Azeri economy demand products and materials for oil and gas, extracting, defense, chemical, food and manufacturing industries. So, the Republic of Azerbaijan is interested in supplies of Ukrainian goods and exploitation of its science & technology capacities. The main risks and threats limiting the expansion of trade between the two countries are highlighted: prioritization by Azerbaijan of the stability in exports of energy sources to the main partners and attraction of investment to the domestic economy. It means that the Azeri party is unlikely to prioritize the supplies of hydrocarbons to Ukraine, hence, the issue of supplies will be discussed only in a declarative manner, with no visible prospects for its solution in the interests of Ukraine. The procedure of relations between Ukraine and Azerbaijan is regulated by an agreement. It may involve the risk of unilateral violation of this agreement by Baku with respect to the implementation of free trade zone. Its signal is the imposition by Baku of unjustified unofficial limitations on the volume of imported products made in Ukraine. Also, in certain case Ukrainian goods may be subject to additional shadow duties. Strategic and innovative areas of strengthening the commercial relations of Ukraine with the Republic of Azerbaijan in transport and transit, agriculture and food industry, information technologies, food safety and tourism are proposed. The organization of trading houses as an effective scheme for intensifying foreign trade cooperation between Ukraine and the Republic of Azerbaijan is highlighted.

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Pérez Mesa, Juan Carlos, and Emilio Galdeano-Gómez. "Collaborative firms managing perishable products in a complex supply network: an empirical analysis of performance." Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 20, no. 2 (March 9, 2015): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/scm-06-2014-0185.

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Purpose – This purpose of this study is to provide empirical evidence of how cooperation is related to suppliers’ performance, a relationship that is thought to be affected by the type of customer and the extent to which the market is diversified. It analyzes horticultural exporting firms in southeastern Spain, which are the main suppliers of European markets. Together with their primary customers (large-scale retail companies such as Carrefour, Tesco and Aldi), these firms constitute a complex supply network composed of a variety of agents and sales channels. This network will be studied from the perspective of the supplier–supplier relationship that is critical to their survival. Design/methodology/approach – Starting with a detailed description of Europe’s vegetable supply chain, a hierarchical regression is used with an index of cooperation intensity, moderated by retail sales and market concentration. The authors test the hypotheses using panel data on a set of 118 horticultural marketing firms in southeast Spain for the period 2009-2011. Findings – Cooperation strategies are shown to have positive effects on performance (market creation, promotion, quality, training, joint supply purchases and research ventures). Moreover, the retail channel and market diversification are observed to have a positive effect on the relationship between cooperation and the supplier’s performance. They demonstrate that active cooperation strategies have a greater bearing on performance in those firms whose primary customers are retailers. This circumstance provides evidence of the synergies and benefits that may arise when the supplier integrates the retailer in the supply chain, but which do not arise with other types of customers. Research limitations/implications – Although this study refers to a specific sector (fruits and vegetables) and the statistical results are limited, they provide insights that may assist in understanding how other perishable produce-related industries work: such industries share many common features. Practical implications – A more stable relationship between suppliers and retailers in the perishable produce market will render the supply firm more cooperative, competitive and profitable. Increased performance does not arise from the better conditions and improved sales power offered by the customer but instead from the adaptability of the supplier. Likewise, market diversification drives the supply firm toward a cooperative strategy, making it more profitable and competitive. As a practical norm, market diversification alone will not have positive results on performance unless the firm proves capable of enhancing its capacity for cooperation. Social implications – Proper management of the agricultural produce supply chain has repercussions on all of the members of that chain, although special emphasis should be placed on producers and consumers. The availability of food, its quality and its safety depend on management during the production phase. Along these lines, and more specifically for the consumer, this work is relevant because the sector analyzed accounts for 40 per cent of the vegetables consumed in Europe. Originality/value – This article defends the supplier–supplier relationship as the starting point for the analysis of a supply network. In certain sectors, the suppliers’ ability both to solve their clients’ problems and to be profitable is conditioned on maintaining the network and, therefore, the basic focus must center on analyzing their relationships, always including the customer, who has a direct or indirect influence on those relationships. Previous research has not comprehensively addressed this issue, let alone that of a sector with agile and perishable products in which, due to its nature, decision-making about market destinations and sales channels is the order of the day.

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Muyot, Norma B. "LIVELIHOOD VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF THE INFORMAL FOOD SECTOR IN OCCIDENTAL MINDORO." Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 2, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47760/cognizance.2022.v02i06.003.

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The informal food sector is a vital part of rural, peri-urban and urban communities sitting alongside formal economic activities and trading procedures for centuries. It largely contributes to the local economy. However, since they source their supplies from agricultural produce in the local markets, they become vulnerable to the uncertainties which could possibly result to livelihood vulnerability. This descriptive study aimed to assess and describe the livelihood vulnerability level of the informal food sector, determine the issues, challenges and opportunities and identify policy implications that could improve the livelihood resiliency of the informal food sector in Occidental Mindoro. The Livelihood Vulnerability framework of Hahn (2009) where seven indicators were used in determining the vulnerability: socio-demographic profile, livelihood strategies, social network, health security, food security, access to utilities, and disaster experience. A random sampling of 200 informal food enterprises was employed to three market areas San Jose, Magsaysay and Rizal in Occidental Mindoro. The livelihood vulnerability index was used to describe the vulnerability level. The study revealed a low to moderate vulnerability level of the informal food enterprises. The issues, challenges and opportunities of the informal food sector include their limited access to formal credits, high dependency ratio, poor educational background, low marketing skills all contribute to their livelihood vulnerability. However their high adaptive capacity specifically in livelihood diversification and their ability to supply the essential needs of the market enhance their resilience They bank on two business strengths: affordability and availability which have become their investment to develop their regular buyers.

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Sumartono, Eko, Gita Mulyasari, and Ketut Sukiyono. "Assessment Model Impact of Climate Change on Potential Production for Food and Energy Needs for the Coastal Areas of Bengkulu, Indonesia." Agro Bali : Agricultural Journal 4, no. 2 (July 10, 2021): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37637/ab.v4i2.714.

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Bengkulu is said to be the center of the world's climate because of the influence of water conditions and the topography of the area where the rain cloud formation starts. The waters in Bengkulu Province become a meeting place for four ocean currents which eventually become an area where the evaporation process of forming rain clouds becomes the rainy or dry season and affects the world climate. Method to analyze descriptively, shows oldeman Classification and satellite rainfall estimation data is added. In relation to the Analysis of Potential Food Availability for the Coastal Areas of Bengkulu Province uses a quantifiable descriptive analysis method based. The results show that most are included in the Oldeman A1 climate zone, which means it is suitable for continuous rice but less production due to generally low radiation intensity throughout the year. In an effort to reduce or eliminate the impact of climate change on food crop production, it is necessary to suggest crop diversification, crop rotation, and the application of production enhancement technologies. Strategies in building food availability as a result of climate change are: First, develop food supplies originating from regional production and food reserves on a provincial scale. Second, Empowering small-scale food businesses which are the dominant characteristics of the agricultural economy, especially lowland rice and horticultural crops. Third, Increase technology dissemination and increase the capacity of farmers in adopting appropriate technology to increase crop productivity and business efficiency. Four, Promote the reduction of food loss through the use of food handling, processing and distribution technologies.

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Petrikov, A. V. "Priorities and Mechanisms of Agricultural Development in Russia and Its Regions in The New Reality." Federalism 27, no. 2 (July 6, 2022): 122–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2073-1051-2022-2-122-142.

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In the new geopolitical reality, the problem of ensuring food security has become more acute both in the whole world and in Russia. The Government of the Russian Federation has taken a number of short-term measures to stimulate agriculture and stabilize the food market. However, there are a number of risks and threats to the agrarian economy in the medium and long term (insufficient level of development of the I sphere of the agroindustrial complex, which supplies agriculture with means of production and material and technical resources; dependence on imported technologies; unbalanced institutional structure of agriculture; weak diversification of the rural economy and lagging social sphere of the village). The article analyzes these risks and threats on the basis of international and domestic statistics, including the specifics of their manifestation in the context of the subjects of the Russian Federation. The directions of agrarian policy are considered in order to mitigate the mentioned threats, including measures for the development of agricultural science and commercialization of its results, stimulation of small business in the agro-industrial complex and agricultural cooperation, sustainable development of rural areas.

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Prinzo, Z. Weise, and B. de Benoist. "Meeting the challenges of micronutrient deficiencies in emergency-affected populations." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 61, no. 2 (May 2002): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2002151.

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Micronutrient deficiencies occur frequently in refugee and displaced populations. These deficiency diseases include, in addition to the most common Fe and vitamin A deficiencies, scurvy (vitamin C deficiency), pellagra (niacin and/or tryptophan deficiency) and beriberi (thiamin deficiency), which are not seen frequently in non-emergency-affected populations. The main causes of the outbreaks have been inadequate food rations given to populations dependent on food aid. There is no universal solution to the problem of micronutrient deficiencies, and not all interventions to prevent the deficiency diseases are feasible in every emergency setting. The preferred way of preventing these micronutrient deficiencies would be by securing dietary diversification through the provision of vegetables, fruit and pulses, which may not be a feasible strategy, especially in the initial phase of a relief operation. The one basic emergency strategy has been to include a fortified blended cereal in the ration of all food-aid-dependent populations (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees/World Food Programme, 1997). In situations where the emergency-affected population has access to markets, recommendations have been to increase the general ration to encourage the sale and/or barter of a portion of the ration in exchange for locally-available fruit and vegetables (World Health Organization, 1999a, b, 2000). Promotion of home gardens as well as promotion of local trading are recommended longer-term options aiming at the self-sufficiency of emergency-affected households. The provision of fortified blended foods in the general ration has successfully prevented and controlled micronutrient deficiencies in various emergency settings. However, the strategy of relying only on fortified blended foods to prevent micronutrient deficiencies should be reviewed in the light of recurring evidence that provision of adequate supplies of these foods is often problematic. Donor policies on the bartering or exchange of food aid should also be clarified. Furthermore, the establishment of micronutrient surveillance systems, including standardized micronutrient deficiency diagnostic criteria, are vital for the control of micronutrient deficiency diseases.

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GUPTA, RAJ K., and I. P. ABROL. "SALINITY BUILD-UP AND CHANGES IN THE RICE–WHEAT SYSTEM OF THE INDO-GANGETIC PLAINS." Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 2 (April 2000): 273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700002076.

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Green revolution technologies of the 1960s and 1970s have led to the emergence of rice (Oryza sativa)–wheat (Triticum aestivum) (R–W) as a major cropping system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). Expansion of irrigation through a network of canals and privately owned tube wells was one of the key factors in the success of the new technologies. Since canal water supplies are not demand-driven, farmers increasingly relied on the use of ground water by installing shallow tube wells. The strategy of ground water development and its use in conjunction with canal supplies paid rich dividends in control of waterlogging and secondary alkalization and in increasing the pace of alkali soils reclamation programmes in areas underlaid with fresh quality aquifers. Rice–wheat systems were the preferred choice of farmers. Adoption of the R–W system, however, changed the salt and water balance in north-western parts of the IGP. In the north-east of Punjab and Haryana states it led to receding water tables and waterlogging, and in south-west parts to associated problems of secondary salination. In eastern parts of the IGP in West Bengal, development of ground water aquifers to meet irrigation water requirements for the intensification and diversification of agriculture has led to serious problems of ground water contamination due to dissolution of arsenic-bearing minerals under altered soil moisture regimes, conducive to oxidation of pyritic sediments. These experiences suggest that there is an urgent need for a change in the way food is produced in the IGP for sustainability of the natural resource base. This will depend on the ability to predict long-term consequences of intensification and diversification of agriculture on the farm and regional scale. Whereas issues of favourable regional salt and water balances need attention in the north-west of the IGP, rain-water management and alleviating drainage congestion can facilitate the adoption of agricultural technologies and improve productivity of the R–W systems.

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Pugliesi, Angelita Avi, Anabelle Retondario, Lize Stangarlin-Fiori, Lilian Mitsuko Tanikawa, Maria Eliana Madalozzo Schieferdecker, Suely Teresinha Schmidt, and Sila Mary Rodrigues Ferreira. "Opinion of family farmers on organic food supply to the Brazilian National School Feeding Program - a case study." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 13 (October 5, 2021): e88101321036. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i13.21036.

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Objective: To investigate the opinion of family farmers about the supply of organic food to the National School Feeding Program (PNAE) in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Method: The convenience sample consisted of 44 family farmers from nine cooperatives and associations located in eight different mesoregions of the state of Paraná that supplied organic food to the PNAE. An online survey was conducted to evaluate the farmers' opinion on possible changes in the cooperatives' revenue and organization; diversification and production increase; difficulties in commercialization; increase in income, and improvement in food consumption after supplying to the PNAE. Results: According to the farmers’ opinion, there was better organization (100%) and an increase in the cooperatives' revenue and production (86.36%), after supplying to the PNAE. 75% of the farmers diversified their crops and 52.3% reported an increase of up to 25% in their family income. In addition, it was reported a better acceptance of the school feeding, diversification in the family's diet, improved self-esteem, closeness between producers and consumers, and the return of family members to the rural property. Conclusion: In the opinion of family farmers, PNAE has been fulfilling its role as a promoter of Food and Nutritional Security in the development of healthy habits, besides contributing to the increase in family income and promoting local sustainable development, following the World Health Organization's agenda.

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Dary, Stanley Kojo, and Harvey S. James Jr. "Trade credit supply in African agro-food manufacturing industry: determinants and motives." Agricultural Finance Review 78, no. 3 (June 4, 2018): 312–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-03-2017-0017.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants and motives for supply of trade credit among agro-food manufacturing firms in African countries. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses a subsample of food manufacturing firms from World Bank Enterprise Survey in eight African countries in 2014. Two-limit Tobit models are specified for the determinants of trade credit supply (TCS) and the motives for TCS are inferred from the determinants. An instrumental variable two-limit Tobit model is estimated to check the endogeneity of trade credit received (TCR) in relation to trade credit supplied. Findings The level of TCS is significantly related with degree of product diversification, manager experience, level of TCR and overdraft availability. From the results, financing motives (particularly liquidity and redistribution) and commercial motives (particularly marketing and quality guarantee motives) for TCS are implied. Research limitations/implications The parameter estimates may contain both demand and supply effects as the two effects cannot be separated due to absence of information on firms’ customers in the data set. The results should be interpreted in this context. Originality/value The motives for TCS by agro-food firms is less understood in the agricultural finance literature and this paper makes an important contribution in this regard. In particular, the paper shows the degree of product diversification is directly associated with TCS, a relationship which has not been explored in the trade credit literature.

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Zhang, Chao, Yanzhao Yang, Zhiming Feng, Chiwei Xiao, Tingting Lang, Wenpeng Du, and Ying Liu. "Risk of Global External Cereals Supply under the Background of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Based on the Perspective of Trade Network." Foods 10, no. 6 (May 23, 2021): 1168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10061168.

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International food trade is an integral part of the food system, and the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the fragility of external food supplies. Based on the perspective of cereals trade networks (CTN), the pandemic risk is combined with the trade intensity between countries, and an assessment model of cereals external supply risk is constructed that includes external dependence index (EDI), import concentration, and risk of COVID-19 from import countries index (RICI). The results show that: (1) the global main CTN have typical scale-free characteristics, and seven communities are detected under the influence of the core countries; (2) about 60%, 50%, and 70% of countries face risks of medium and above (high and very high) external dependence, concentration of imports, and COVID-19 in the country of origin, respectively. Under the influence of the pandemic, the risk of global external cereal supply index (RECSI) has increased by 65%, and the USA-CAN communities show the highest risk index; (3) the countries with a very high risk are mainly the Pacific island countries and the Latin American and African countries. In addition, Japan, Mexico, South Korea, and 80% of the net food-importing developing countries are at high or very high RECSI levels. Approximately 50% of countries belong to the compound risk type, and many export countries belong to the RICI risk type; (4) global external food supply is subjected to multiple potential threats such as trade interruption, “price crisis”, and “payment dilemma”. The geographical proximity of community members and the geographical proximity of the pandemic risk is superimposed, increasing the regional risk of external food supply; and (5) this study confirms that the food-exporting countries should avoid the adoption of food export restriction measures and can prevent potential external supply risks from the dimensions of maintaining global food liquidity and promoting diversification of import sources. We believe that our assessment model of cereals external supply risk comprises a useful method for investigations regarding the international CTN or global food crisis under the background of the pandemic.

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Ibyzhanova, A. D., E. A. Rustenova, and A. K. Dzhakupova. "Export of products of agricultural sector of the West Kazakhstan region: trends, targets." Problems of AgriMarket, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.46666/2021-4.2708-9991.08.

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Purpose – the resource potential and export opportunities of the agro-industrial complex of the West Kazakhstan region are explored. Methods – monographic, abstract-logical, economic-statistical, on the basis of which the tendencies and prospects for the growth of food production and the dynamics of export supplies of Kazakhstani agricultural market are assessed. The calculations used the official statistical data of the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the State Revenue Committee of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Results – based on the analysis of the level of export diversification of the republic in the context of enlarged commodity groups, the authors note that there is a steady upward trend in exported products of animal and vegetable origin. The necessity of regulating the certification of goods by creating own network of food quality control laboratories that meet the standards of exporting countries has been justified. One of the important directions for solving the problem is the creation of accredited laboratories for the examination of agricultural products based on international standards. Conclusions – food testing can be performed using various methods, each of which is highly technological to provide accurate information about their nutritional value and safety, as well as to prepare for export and conclude agreements with distribution networks. The development of competition and activation of market incentives for economic management in the branches of agricultural sector and in the commodity markets is a prerequisite for increasing their production and export reserves and entering the third countries markets with highly competitive final agricultural products.

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Gibson, Rosalind S. "Zinc: the missing link in combating micronutrient malnutrition in developing countries." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 65, no. 1 (February 2006): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2005474.

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The first cases of human Zn deficiency were described in the 1960s in the Middle East. Nevertheless, it was not until 2002 that Zn deficiency was included as a major risk factor in the global burden of disease, and only in 2004 did WHO/UNICEF include Zn supplements in the treatment of acute diarrhoea. Despite this recognition Zn is still not included in the UN micronutrient priority list, an omission that will continue to hinder efforts to reduce child and maternal mortality, combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases and achieve the UN Millennium Development Goals for improved nutrition in developing countries. Reasons for this omission include a lack of awareness of the importance of Zn in human nutrition, paucity of Zn and phytate food composition values and difficulties in identifying Zn deficiency. Major factors associated with the aetiology of Zn deficiency include dietary inadequacies, disease states inducing excessive losses or impairing utilization and physiological states increasing Zn requirements. To categorize countries according to likely risk of Zn deficiency the International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group has developed indirect indicators based on the adequacy of Zn in the national food supplies and/or prevalence of childhood growth stunting. For countries identified as at risk confirmation is required through direct measurements of dietary Zn intake and/or serum Zn in a representative sample. Finally, in at risk countries either national or targeted Zn interventions such as supplementation, fortification, dietary diversification or modification, or biofortification should be implemented, where appropriate, by incorporating them into pre-existing micronutrient intervention programmes.

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McPhee, John, Suzie Jones, Stephen Ives, Alice Melland, Jochen Eberhard, Phimmasone Sisouvanh, Inthong Somphou, Bounneuang Douang Boupha, and Phaythoune Mounsena. "Evaluation of the Effect of Lime and Irrigation on Lettuce Yield in Laos." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (April 8, 2020): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036185.

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Diversification of food sources and agricultural production systems has potential to enhance domestic supplies and provide export market opportunities for Laos. Major constraints to agricultural productivity are related to soil management and include inefficient irrigation, poor soil structural stability, low pH and nutrient availability. An experiment at the National University of Laos (NUOL) in Vientiane assessed the effect of lime and irrigation scheduling on growth and yield of lettuce. The soil was a sandy clay loam with pH 4.89 (H2O) in the top 15 cm. Lime (CaCO3) was applied at rates of 2 and 4 tonnes per hectare (t/ha). Irrigation scheduling was based on calculated evapotranspiration (ETc) with frequencies of either twice daily, once daily or alternate days. Urea, chicken manure and rice husks were added to soil in all trial plots. The experimental design was split-plot with two treatments (lime and irrigation scheduling) and four replications. The combination of 4 t/ha lime and irrigation every second day had the highest yield (mean > 2 kg/m2). The combined treatment of irrigation once a day and no added lime showed significantly higher leaf number (p = 0.01) and plant height (p < 0.001) compared to the other treatment combinations. However, increased biomass of individual plants did not translate into increased marketable yield per square metre. The application of lime raised the pH of soil but the effect on plant growth and yield was not conclusive. Separation of the two treatments into single factor trials is needed to elucidate the effects of individual treatments in future trials.

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Mi, Na, Fu Cai, Shujie Zhang, Yushu Zhang, Ruipeng Ji, Nina Chen, Yanghui Ji, and Dongni Wang. "Thermal Time Requirements for Maize Growth in Northeast China and Their Effects on Yield and Water Supply under Climate Change Conditions." Water 13, no. 19 (September 23, 2021): 2612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13192612.

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Northeast China (NEC) is a region sensitive to climate change. However, the adoption of long-season maize cultivars in NEC has caused a substantial yield increase under climate change conditions. It is important to determine whether such cultivar adoptions are effective throughout the whole NEC to sustainably increase grain yield. In this study, phenological observations and meteorological data at six sites from 1981 to 2018 were used to detect thermal time (TT) trends during the maize growing period. TT, as a parameter for measuring changes in maize cultivars, was used in the crop simulation model CERES-Maize to examine the variations in maize yield produced with different cultivar × climate combinations in different decades. In NEC, both TTs from emergence to anthesis and from anthesis to physiological maturity showed significant increasing trends from 1981 to 2018. Simulation results for humid areas revealed that adopting longer-season cultivars during 2000–2018 caused yield increases, ranging from 6.3% to 13.3%, compared with the 1980s. However, for stations in semi-humid areas, maize grain yield showed a decrease or a small increase (from −12.7% to 8.0%) when longer-season cultivars were adopted during 2000–2018. For semi-humid areas, decreasing trends in the ratios of rainfed yield to no water-stress yield (Yrainfed/Yno water-stress) and lower Yrainfed/Yno water-stress values during 2000–2018 indicated a growing sensitivity of maize production to water, which was attributed to changes in TT and precipitation. Our results indicate that, for the semi-humid area, maize yield was limited by water after introducing cultivars with higher TT requirement under climate change conditions. Therefore, securing food supplies will depend on increases in water-use efficiency levels and other adaptive strategies, such as varietal diversification, drought-resistant varieties, conservation tillage and irrigation.

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Soesilo, Nining I. "Cooperative Partnership with Milk Companies Based on Codex Alimentarius in Realizing Food Sovereignty in Indonesia." Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian 40, no. 1 (July 7, 2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jp3.v40n1.2021.p71-87.

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Government of Indonesia has allocated food sovereignty’s budget through the 2016 state budget (APBN) which places the cooperation of Ministry of Cooperatives and SME’s with Ministry of Agriculture, when developing the farmer cooperatives’ corporatization. Global food sovereignty is contested by: (1) civil society in which one of the actors is cooperatives, (2) the government which is part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UN FAO), and (3) the global private sector which is part of the World Trade Organization (WTO).This paper analyzes Karya Nugraha Jaya Multipurpose Cooperative in Kuningan (KSU KNJ)’s partnership which supplies 90% of good quality raw milk from its members to PT Ultra Jaya Milk (54%) and Diamond Milk (36%), two business actors who has implemented the WTO’s and FAO’s Codex Alimentarius for the sake of fulfilling food safety standards for worldwide food trade. These international institutions forced to revoke the word ‘mandatory’ and the article on ‘sanctions’ from Indonesia’s Ministry of Agriculture’s regulation if business actors do not enter into partnerships with farmers & cooperatives. This study shows that KSU KNJ, which is one of 9,703 Indonesian agricultural cooperatives, is an aggregator of the milk produced by its members. A strategy is needed to increase the partnership of dairy cooperatives with private companies. The possible seven strategies are: (1) Wait and see first group; (2) Driving group; (3) Chain integration group, (4) Cooperation specialist group; (5) Free specialist group; (6) Diversification cooperation group; and (7) Free cooperation group.Keywords: Food sovereignty, codex alimentarius, dairy, cooperatives, partnership AbstrakKEMITRAAN KOPERASI DENGAN PERUSAHAAN SUSU BERDASARKAN CODEX ALIMENTARIUS DALAM MEWUJUDKAN KEDAULATAN PANGAN DI INDONESIAPada tahun 2016 Pemerintah Indonesia telah mengalokasikan anggaran kedaulatan pangan melalui APBN yang memposisikan Kemenkop UKM harus bekerjasama dengan Kementerian Pertanian dalam mengembangkan korporatisasi koperasi petani. Kedaulatan pangan telah menjadi isu global karena diperebutkan oleh tiga aktor: (1) Masyarakat sipil yang mana salah satu aktornya adalah koperasi, (2) Pemerintah yang tergabung pada Organisasi Pangan dan Pertanian PBB (UN FAO), dan (3) Swasta global yang tergabung dalam Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia (WTO). Tulisan ini menelaah dan menganalisis kemitraan pada Koperasi Serba Usaha Karya Nugraha Jaya (KSU KNJ) di Kuningan yang memasok 90% susu segar berkualitas dari para anggotanya ke PT Ultra Jaya Milk (54%) dan Diamond Milk (36%), dua pelaku usaha yang sudah menerapkan Codex Alimentarius versi WTO dan FAO demi memenuhi standar keamanan pangan untuk perdagangan dunia. Institusi internasional ini menjadi salah satu acuan bagi Indonesia dalam membuat Peraturan Menteri Pertanian No 33 tahun 2018 yang mencabut kata ‘wajib’ dan pasal ‘sanksi’ jika pelaku usaha tidak melakukan kemitraan dalam dua aturan sebelumnya. Hasil telaah dan analisis menunjukan KSU KNJ yang merupakan salah satu dari 9.703 koperasi pertanian Indonesia telah berperan sebagai agregator produksi susu anggotanya. Diperlukan strategi guna meningkatkan kemitraan koperasi susu dengan perusahaan swasta. Terdapat tujuh strategi tersebut mencakup: (1) Kelompok menunggu dan lihat-lihat dahulu; (2) Kelompok penggerak; (3) Kelompok pengintegrasi rantai, (4) Kelompok spesialis kerja sama; (5) Kelompok spesialis bebas; (6) Kelompok kerja sama diversifikasi; dan (7) Kelompok kerja sama bebas.Kata kunci: Kedaulatan pangan, codex alimentarius, susu, koperasi, kemitraan

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21

Yevchenko, Natalia, Lincong Li, and Zhidong Huang. "Ensuring sustainable imports of soybeans to China: a comparative study of bilateral foreign trade with Brazil." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 08014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127308014.

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The article discusses the problem of sustainable soybean imports to China as a strategic food product. Extensive and intensive factors, determine the soybean supply to China was identified. It has been established that the China-Brazil soybean foreign trade is characterized by a constant increase in bilateral interdependence, characterized by volumes and prices. It was revealed that the prices of soybeans in the Brazilian market are formed by China’s demand and are the lowest of imported into China. It has been proven an increase in the soybean imports volatility in China: the monopoly strengthening of the key supplier (Brazil) and the rise of purchase prices, the inclusion of China's political commitments in foreign soybean trade with the United States. It has been established that the extensive factors on the soybean imports increasing are near to be exhausted. It is suggested that China will be enforced to use intensive factors of soybean imports sustainability: diversification of soybean import sources, including initiation of public-private partnership contracts, policy adjustments to deepen China-Brazil-USA-Russia soybean trade cooperation, exploring investments in neighboring countries. A plan for expanding educational and scientific cooperation with Russia is presented, aimed at expanding production and soybean foreign trade with the PRC.

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22

Rybak, Adriana, and Justyna Solarz. "UKRAINIAN POLICY OF ENERGY SUPPLIES’ DIVERSIFICATION." Teka Komisji Politologii i Stosunków Międzynarodowych 9 (March 12, 2015): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/teka.2014.0.9.75.

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23

Martirosyan, E. G. "Legal Regulation of the EU Common Agricultural Market." Journal of Law and Administration 16, no. 2 (June 26, 2020): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2020-2-55-89-97.

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Introduction. The article presents the analysis of legal regulation on the agricultural market of the European Union. The high growth of international economic integration, contributing to the intensification of interstate cooperation for the simplified movement of goods and services induces the harmonization of regulatory and legislative frameworks to develop uniform mechanisms of legal regulation. The diversification of agricultural exports should be considered as one of the highly promising, priority and sustainable trends of agricultural policy. EU law requirements must be taken into account by organizations engaged in foreign economic activities of food supplies. The article gives the updated analysis of the Eurasian Union regulatory framework in the sphere of agricultural products. Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study comprises the universal dialectic method of scientific knowledge, general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, analogy, induction, deduction, modeling, etc.), particular scientific (logical-legal method, comparative legal method of systemic analysis, etc.). Methods of content analysis of legal documentation, allowing to study key trends in the legal regulation and policies of the European Union in relation to the agricultural market were also used.The results of the study. The conducted analysis revealed that there is a confusing situation in the European Union legislation about the agricultural market. The exceptional attitude to agriculture in the European Union legislation was widely under-mined, which led to serious consequences not only for the interpretation of agricultural provisions in EU law, but also for the legal provisions about the agricultural market in other countries. The article also analyzes the changes in legislation that pave the way for a deeper understanding of agricultural law in the European Union after the reforms introduced by the Lisbon Treaty.Discussion and conclusion. Since 1974, the European Union has developed a wide range of legislative provisions related to agriculture. Pursuant to EU treaties, animals are recognized as living creatures, and therefore the EU and Member States must take due care of animal welfare requirements preparing and implementing policies in agriculture or on the domestic market. Currently, EU legislation on the welfare of farm animals contains specific provisions for the cultivation of poultry, calves and pigs, as well as to all types of agricultural machinery and livestock slaughter. Nevertheless, there are contradictions between the EU Member States stemming from the legal regulation of the common agricultural market in the European Union.The author concludes that the EU food law is comprehensive and aimed to provide consumers with safe and high-quality products, subject to timely and comprehensive information about possible risks. Taking into account the experience of the European Union in the development and correction the relevant legislative system will significantly increase the effectiveness of the measures to increase the export potential of domestic products.

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24

Saenz, Fernando, and Ruerd Ruben. "Export contracts for non-traditional products: Chayote from Costa Rica." Journal on Chain and Network Science 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2004): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2004.x048.

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This paper focuses on the determinants of market and contract choice for non-traditional crops and the possibilities for involving local producers in global agro-food chains through delivery relationships with packers and brokers. Main attention is given to the importance of quality for entering the export market and the impact of contractual arrangements on loyal behaviour. Core stipulations in the contract regarding the frequency of delivery and the provision of technical assistance are mediating factors between quality and loyalty. The study among traditional and recently established producers of chayote in Costa Rica confirms the importance of production scale and experience for engagement in exports. The export share is positively related to quality performance but inversely related to delivery frequency and sales at the local market. Apparently, traditional producers rely on market diversification to maintain a certain bargaining power vis-à-vis traders and processors. Verbal contractual arrangements are mainly offered to newly established but less-experienced farmers living in settlements that try to reduce risk and demonstrate a high commitment. These farmers cultivate on better soils and have more family labour available. Further quality improvement requires technical assistance and a high frequency of delivery. Supplier arrangements that guarantee timely collection, input support and flexible credit services are therefore of critical importance. Additional support from packers and exporters could enable farmers to improve product quality and is likely to be rewarded. with a high degree of loyalty.

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25

Bidzinashvili, David. "THE IMPACT OF THE RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR ON GEORGIA'S ECONOMIC ACTIVITY." Economic Profile 17, no. 1(23) (August 4, 2022): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.52244/ep.2022.23.14.

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A global threat to food supplies has emerged in the wake of the Russia-Ukraine war. A number of developing countries are already pointing to shortages of basic consumer goods such as wheat, corn, buckwheat, sunflower. Food supply risks are significantly linked to and exacerbate global inflation, which began in the second half of 2021 amid a pandemic and is already approaching double-digit levels even in developed economies. Annual growth in consumer price indices last month was 8% in the US, the Eurozone, the UK and other developed economies, and as output price indices range in the 10-20% range, inflation is not expected to slow in the near future. This phenomenon is known as supply-side inflation and poses an additional challenge not only to economic policy makers, but also primarily to producers and consumers. The developments due to the Russia-Ukraine war and the sanctioning of Russia have significantly increased the demand for the Georgian corridor, which is both an opportunity and a challenge. Amid rising inflation risks, monetary policy is in a tightened phase as a result of the gradual increase in the monetary policy rate over the past year. The National Bank of Georgia is expected to tighten monetary policy until the risks to rising inflation expectations are sufficiently mitigated. The double-digit economic growth achieved by Georgia recently is significant. In the first quarter of this year, Georgia's economic growth amounted to 14.4%. Our country has dealt with the challenges with dignity, has maintained the stability and development of the economy in the light of current events in the world. It is noteworthy that according to the International Monetary Fund, the Ukrainian economy is expected to shrink by 44% and the Russian economy by 13%. In our neighboring countries, the economic growth rate is a single digit. The data against the background of those hostilities unequivocally confirm, on the one hand, the resilience of the Georgian economy to the increased negative exogenous political and economic factors, on the other hand, the growing diversification of the national economy and the more active involvement of Georgian business in the global economy. Russia's aggression against Ukraine and the start of hostilities in the region have a significant impact on the Georgian economy. Increased inflation and inflationary risks remain a recent global challenge. While 2022 was considered a period of global inflation, Russia's war against Ukraine posed new risks, in particular sanctions against Russia over hostilities and restrictions on supplies, which significantly increased the prices of certain categories of goods on world markets. Consequently, in both developed and emerging economies, inflation has risen significantly. After the battles that have developed in neighboring countries, there is a possibility of attracting 16-20 million tons of cargo, and if Georgia is able to absorb at least 60%, the country will transit 10-12 million tons of cargo. An example of this is Kazakhstan, which has developed alternative routes according to which it is possible to load the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline with maximum capacity. In order to further popularize Georgia's transport corridor, it is necessary to have a more coordinated work of the public as well as the private sector. The situation in the region allows us to predict a significant increase in cargo turnover. Therefore, the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development together with the Maritime Transport Agency, the Department of Roads, JSC "Georgian Railway" need to take care of further popularization of the Georgian corridor and development of infrastructure to ensure timely and safe transportation of cargo; Inflation is rising around the world, even before the Russia-Ukraine war. Supply - mismatch of demand, rising prices of goods (fuel and food) stimulate growth in inflation since the beginning of 2021. That is why the Central Bank of Georgia should be more vigilant now, because long-standing high inflation can have quite high costs and therefore the monetary authority may have to react more strongly; It is necessary for the country to accelerate its integration with the European Union and take effective steps to improve the investment environment in response to socio-economic challenges. It is important to establish strict monitoring of the free movement of capital in relation to the aggressor country and appropriate restrictions in response to existing threats. The National Bank of Georgia should continuously monitor the current economic processes and financial markets and use all the tools at its disposal to ensure price stability; Despite the Russia-Ukraine war, Georgia's financial sector must remain resilient and respond adequately to this challenge.

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Miller, W. "Advances in deepsea paleoecology: introduction to the symposium." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200007747.

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This symposium will cover new developments in the ecology and paleoecology of deepsea organisms, based largely on advances in the study of protists, metazoan associations, and biogenic sedimentary structures. Bringing together ecologists and paleoecologists will establish a bridge between workers who have devoted their attention exclusively to the modern biota and those who have only considered fossil evidence from pelagic, turbidite, and related deep basinal rock sequences. Contributors will emphasize patterns and processes from historical or developmental perspectives as well as from experimental or actualistic perspectives, and will attempt to identify the promising directions for future research.Specifically, attention will be focused on benthic organisms and associations, and on biogenic structures, because these entities make up ecologic patterns that are most accessible to study by both biologists and paleontologists. On the biologic side, contributors will review the significance of new discoveries and theories, present summaries of path breaking work on foraminiferids and xenophyophores, and characterize modern organism-sediment interactions and trace associations. Paleontologists will emphasize processes requiring large areas of seafloor and long time spans in their review of the origins of deepsea communities and ichnofacies, large-scale dispersal patterns, long-term ecosystem dynamics, and taphonomy and time-averaging of deepsea fossil deposits. This is the first attempt to bring ecologic and paleoecologic efforts into closer coordination in order to identify the most significant themes in the historical biology of deepwater marine organisms.Some examples of research issues amenable to this kind of coordinated approach include: 1) origination of deepsea inhabitants from shallow marine sources vs. elaboration and diversification of taxa already established in deepwater; 2) importance of small-scale, frequent disturbance vs. large-scale, rare events (turbidity currents, anoxia episodes) in shaping the deepsea biota; 3) taxonomic replacements and invasions at varied spatiotemporal scales; 4) biotic interactions vs. environmental pacing as mechanisms producing community structure; 5) evolutionary importance of allochthonous vs. autochthonous food supplies; 6) relationships between trace fossil assemblages and the development of deepsea ecosystems; 7) the nature and history of linkages between deepsea ecologic systems, and terrestrial and shallow marine systems; and 8) preservation potential of the dominant benthic organisms, and their symbionts or traces, and its implications in paleoecologic reconstructions. In general, combining biologic and paleontologic information should result in more realistic and useful interpretations of ancient biotas (rather than simply the description of more unique fossil finds), as well as an increased awareness of the long-term development of the modern biota (rather than attention directed exclusively to living organisms, short-term processes, and small-scale patterns).

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Thayer, Charles W. "Escalating energy budgets and oligotrophic refugia: winners and drop-outs in the Red Queen's race." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200008509.

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Preliminary evidence supports a series of predictions and speculations that derive from the hypothesis of evolutionary escalation (Red Queen). If biotic interactions have intensified over geologic time, then:(1) Energy budgets of individuals have increased. This involves both sides of the equation Consumption = Growth + Reproduction + Respiration (includes locomotion & feeding) + Feces + Excreta. Thus living representatives of formerly successful taxa have lower energy budgets than ecologically similar taxa that were successful later, e.g., reptiles vs. mammals, Sphenodon vs. other reptiles, brachiopods vs. bivalves, Nautilus vs. coeleoids, gymnosperms vs. angiosperms.(2) The price of success (cals. per reproducing offspring) has increased. Thus Red Queen evolution leads to energetic inefficiency.(3) Energetic escalation is fueled by increasing plant biomass and turnover, especially on land (angiosperms, including N-fixers such as legumes). The enlarged trophic base pemits diversification without reduction of niche size. Evolution of marine benthos (our primary record of evolution) may be fueled directly by fixed C or indirectly by fixed N (shelf waters are normally N-limited), both increasingly supplied from land as a result of steady state mortality (deciduousness, self-thinning, short life-cycles) or disturbance mortality (fire, wind) of bigger standing crops. The Mesozoic origin of new phytoplankton such as diatoms may be a consequence of terrestrial angiosperms. In turn, diatoms produce lipid, a more energy-dense food than the carbohydrate produced by other phytoplankton. Increased skeletonization of Mesozoic phytoplankton may have diluted the food of Paleozoic-style suspension-feeders, especially brachiopods. Brachiopods have blind guts, which they readily stuff with non-nutritive particles and tight (efficient) energy budgets that might not sustain increased feeding costs.4) Archaic organisms survive in oligotrophic refugia that exclude more recent, high-energy enemies. Marine animals move to deeper water (explaining offshore migration over the Phanerozoic, e.g., Latimeria, Nautilus, Zoophycos.). Other refugia are high latitudes, caves, or dark fiords. Living articulate brachiopods flourish in all of these except the fluvial-influenced Arctic Ocean. Refugia for archaic flora restrict light, water, or N (high latitudes and elevations, forest floor, poor soil).5) Survival in oligotrophic refugia selects for lower energy budgets, including reduction of respiring tissue, so Cope's Rule is reversed (thecideid brachiopods, lycopods, sphenopsids).

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Boryczko, Krzysztof, and Janusz Rak. "Method for Assessment of Water Supply Diversification." Resources 9, no. 7 (July 16, 2020): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources9070087.

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The approaching prospect of obligatory implementation and pursuit of Water Safety Plans forces water companies to reflect on supplies in crisis situations that, for example, relate to the closure of a basic intake, or scarcity of water due to climates changes (droughts). Where supplies are diversified, there can be greater certainty as to the continuity of good quality supply, even in an emergency. As one of each country’s systems of critical infrastructure, the collective water supply system (CWSS) should be protected, with the diversification of supply treated as a basic tool to raise levels of security among consumers. This article, therefore, presents a method from the authors’ by which diversification may be assessed, including by reference to basic and key elements of the CWSS capable of affecting the continuity of water supply. Sample calculations using the proposed method are also presented here for selected Polish cities. In the event, as only one Polish CWSS can be assigned to the category representing excellent diversification, the suggestion is clearly that Poland’s systems must still progress with the diversification of water supply, in order to further reduce the risk of water shortages.

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Shanidze, Goderdzi. "USE OF ANTI-CRISIS MANAGEMENT IN THE COUNTRY'S FOOD SUPPLY." Economic Profile 17, no. 1(23) (August 4, 2022): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.52244/ep.2022.23.10.

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Due to the current geopolitical and economic threats (meaning the Russia-Ukraine war), the analysis of the issue of food supply to the population of Georgia is quite actual. The most important thing is to fully utilize the production potential of the existing agri-food products, use them efficiently and calculate the country's supply channels correctly. It is noteworthy that the diversification of pre-existing import and export markets is necessary and feasible, and also, anti-crisis management issues are definitely applicable when addressing the country's food supply issues. Defined and known to our country by the Statistics Service of Georgia, the main food products of strategic importance, which are necessary for the human body, are: wheat, corn, potatoes, vegetables, meat, milk and dairy products, eggs. Analysis of data on these high nutritional value products reveals that the state has a lot to do to meet the needs of the population in the face of existing challenges. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), food security can be measured by self-supply index, which can measure the extent to which a country can meet its local requirements for a given product. The share of food in the consumer basket of Georgia is the highest 30.23%, that is why it is interesting how much the country can provide the population with food products with basic nutritional value. According to the data of 2020-2021, for example, the wheat self-supply ratio of our country did not exceed 15%. Russia is the main importer of wheat in Georgia. Negative impacts as a result of the Russia-Ukraine war, the created deficit, the sanctions imposed on Russia can create problems for the cargo imported from Russia, taking into account all mentioned facts, the need to find new trading partners is on the agenda, from which the possible shortfall will be filled. According to 2021 data, 94% of wheat and 79% of corn were imported from Russia. The same is true for vegetables, whose self-supply rate is 63%. It seems that we can meet the needs of the country with vegetables, but we have to fill 1/3 with imported products. Georgia mainly imports dairy products (milk powder), according to 2021 data, 37% of the total products were imported from Ukraine and Belarus. Ukraine is the third largest importer of eggs and poultry and the second largest importer of meat. When a country is at war, it is natural that the supply chain of products will not be reliable, it is also possible that prices will increase, that is why we need to look for alternative ways of supplying products and alternative suppliers. The impact of hostilities will also be visible on the export of products from our country. Grape products, including wine, have a high rate of local exports. About 60% of these products are exported to Russia, up to 10% to Ukraine and up to 8% to China, while vegetables are also exported to Russia (64%). When such a level of crisis is created in the country, it is necessary for the government to intervene, develop anti-crisis measures and solve the problems in a timely manner. The state should act in 3 main directions: 1. To promote the development of small and medium-sized businesses, to improve the environment, to promote their cooperation, etc., all of which are necessary to reduce the negative consequences of the crisis; 2. Attracting investment to the country, which softens the background of the crisis and allows the country to breathe; 3. Maximum export promotion, the government should be the link between the business and the outside world, which should create all the conditions for the growth of exports. Business has no less role in crisis situations, its main obligation is to bring the country out of crisis. The main tasks of the business are: 1. To become more efficient, to refine the business strategy, the management system and to bring it in line with the decisions. The most important thing for a business is the proper work of each of its links and the perception of what benefits it creates for the society. 2. Improving the quality of the produced product and service, taking into account the needs of the priority customer. In times of crisis, all companies must take care to improve quality, otherwise businesses will not be able to increase exports. 3. To expand foreign contacts, there should be used both private and public opportunities. Taking into consideration all mentioned above, we can conclude that: 1. First of all, it is necessary to use the resources available in the country to improve the country's food supply ratio. 2. Prioritize projects to improve the country's food supply ratio when implementing state business support programs. 3. Search and timely detection of ways to diversify both import and export markets. 4. In the process of managing the state and companies, take into account the issues of anti-crisis management and risk management when making decisions.

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Lyubimov, Ivan. "Russia’s diversification prospects." Russian Journal of Economics 5, no. 2 (July 31, 2019): 177–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.5.34753.

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The Russian economy heavily relies on exports of its natural resources. However, the resource-based status quo does not seem to be the route towards Russia’s long-run prosperity. To improve its position in the global income ranking, Russia needs to diversify its exports and make them more complex. Using highly detailed data on trade flows and applying network theory apparatus, we evaluate the level of export complexity in Russia from 1995 to 2016 and compare it with that of its BRICS fellow members. We find that Russia is stagnant with respects to its relative level of export complexity. This sluggishness embraced the entire period between 1995 and 2016, much longer than the stage of anemic growth that started there a decade ago. We also conclude that the current stock of know-how in Russia is relatively low and fragmented, thus not letting Russia diversify into a broad range of more complex products. Russia might also need to export a wider variety of products to richer economies. Today, on a par with Brazil and South Africa, it supplies a broader range of goods to its slowly growing next-door neighbors.

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31

Sinaga, Roeskani, Manuntun Parulian Hutagaol, Sri Hartoyo, and Nunung Nuryartono. "Food Diversification in Java." International Journal of Science and Society 3, no. 3 (October 28, 2021): 382–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v3i3.383.

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Differences in economic structure, differences in income levels, food price levels cause differences in household consumption patterns. This paper analyzes food diversification in Java. Households are grouped by income group to assess the level of food diversification of each group. Households whose income groups Q3 and Q4 have lower food diversification compared to households in groups Q1 and Q2. The study results show that the value of BI is greater than the value of MBI in both urban and rural areas. This indicates that the source of calories does not come from only one type of commodity. The increase in per capita expenditure does not increase food diversification (the dependent variable is BI) for households in groups Q1 and Q2, while it is positive for households in groups Q3 and Q4. Food prices generally affect diversification. An increase in the number of household members will reduce the level of diversification for Q1 households. In contrast, increasing the number of household members will increase food diversification for Q2, Q3 and Q4 households. The level of household diversification in urban areas is higher than in rural areas.

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32

Golem, Devon L., and Carol Byrd-Bredbenner. "Emergency Food Supplies in Food Secure Households." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 30, no. 4 (July 1, 2015): 359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x15004884.

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AbstractIntroductionLimited food supply paired with reduced access to food during emergency disasters can lead to malnutrition. To date, research evaluating the adequacy of household emergency food supplies relies on self-reported data from surveys and has not been measured objectively in households in the United States. The main objective of this study was to describe household calorie availability and nutrient density in a normal situation and to project changes that could occur when emergencies (eg, natural disasters) restrict replenishment of food supplies and disrupt water and/or energy needed for food preparation and storage.HypothesisThe calorie availability of the food supply within households in New Jersey (USA) is anticipated to be well above the recommended 3-day period. However, it is anticipated that the nutritional density of the food supply within these households will be negative. Additionally, the disaster-related factors that diminish the ability to consume stored food (eg, lack of water, power for cooking, and/or proper storage) will further reduce the caloric and nutritional adequacy of the household food supply.MethodsThe household food supplies of 100 food secure families in New Jersey were inventoried at a non-emergency point in time. The number of days that the inventoried food supply would provide all household members 100% of the daily value (DV) for calories and other nutrients was determined. Additionally, the effects of water and power shortages on nutritional availability of household food supply were estimated.ResultsThe households had an average of 33.16 days (SD=21.97; range=8.14-125.17 days) of calories at 100% DV for all household members. Lack of water, energy for cooking, or both would render a decrease in the total household calories by 28%, 35%, or 38%, respectively. Loss of power for greater than five days would reduce availability of household calories by 27%. A positive nutrient density was observed with and without the food-related resources of water and power.ConclusionThe mean food supply within the sampled households exceeds the current emergency preparedness recommendations, even when considering specific nutrients and emergency-related factors that affect ability to consume the food supply. Cross-sectional observation of the household food supply of food secure families in New Jersey reveals adequate dietary-based emergency preparedness and low vulnerability to emergency-induced food insecurity.GolemDL,Byrd-BredbennerC.Emergency food supplies in food secure households.Prehosp Disaster Med.2015;30(4):1–6.

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33

Bartlett, A. A. "World Population and Food Supplies." Science 277, no. 5333 (September 19, 1997): 1745c—1749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5333.1745c.

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Volhonsky, M. "“Hydrocarbon strategy” of Azerbaijan’s foreign policy: 2008 – 2015." Journal of International Analytics, no. 3 (September 28, 2016): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2016-0-3-15-26.

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This article examines the role of energy factor in Azerbaijan’s foreign policy in the period from 2008 to 2015. Detailed analysis of the impact of EU policy on diversification of energy supplies to European countries for the development of «hydrocarbon strategy» of Azerbaijan’s foreign policy exposes the differences between the Baku and Brussels on ways of resolving the problem of diversification of gas supplies to Europe. The article also examines the specific goals pursued by the Azerbaijani authorities, initiating the creation of new gas pipelines TANAP and TAP, and helps to understand the position of Baku regarding the project of creating a «TRANS-Caspian pipeline.» In general, the foreign policy of Azerbaijan in the energy sphere is admitted in the article as quite successful. This policy allowed Baku to go through the implementation of various infrastructure projects to a wider gas security as a part of the European market.

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Al-Yasiri, Ahmed Jassim. "Global Energy Demand For Different Energy Sources: Current Status and Future Prospects." Akkad Journal Of Contemporary Economic Studies 1, no. 4 (July 13, 2022): 186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.55202/ajces.v1i4.96.

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Future expectations indicate a significant increase in the rates of fossil energy use over the coming decades in light of many factors (population growth and high rates of global economic growth). However, despite a shift at the worldwide level of the diversification of energy supplies, this diversification still constitutes a small percentage of energy production globally. In light of this, three long-term scenarios have been proposed that analyze this sector's potential and future possibilities within the outlook of the global energy landscape

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Di Bene, Claudia, Rosa Francaviglia, Roberta Farina, Jorge Álvaro-Fuentes, and Raúl Zornoza. "Agricultural Diversification." Agriculture 12, no. 3 (March 5, 2022): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030369.

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Agricultural intensification is a highly specialized agri-food system that has contributed to raising food production worldwide due to progress in agricultural machinery and technologies, the use of improved cultivars, and external inputs such as fertilizers, irrigation, and pesticides [...]

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Abbade, Eduardo Botti. "FOOD PRICE, LOSSES AND LOGISTICS AFFECTING DIET DIVERSIFICATION AND FOOD SECURITY." Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 14, no. 3 (September 28, 2020): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v14i3.2456.

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This study aimed to investigate the impact of logistics performance, domestic food price, and food loss on diet diversification and depth of food deficit, as well as the impact of diet diversification and depth of food deficit on the prevalence of undernourishment worldwide. This investigation adopts a quantitative approach based on available data obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the Global Food Security Index, and the World Bank Group. This study uses correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis as the analytical procedures. In a global perspective, evidence suggests that weak logistics performance tends to increase food loss, and domestic food price has a significant impact on diet diversification, as well as the domestic food price implies a significant increase in depth of food deficit in the world’s populations. Food price is the factor that most impacts the prevalence of undernourishment, severely affecting diet diversification and depth of food deficit worldwide. Reducing food prices has the potential to promote greater diet diversification for populations worldwide, contributing to promote global food security. This study highlights the necessity to develop an improved and efficient global food system, capable of reducing food prices, promote a cleaner food production and deliver improved nutrition and health for world populations. This investigation sustains that food price severely impacts the prevalence of undernourishment, affecting diet diversification and depth of food deficit worldwide.

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Hansen, L. G. "Persistent organic pollutants in food supplies." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 56, no. 11 (November 1, 2002): 820–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.56.11.820.

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Hayes, G. "Contamination of food-process water supplies." Desalination 82, no. 1-3 (August 1991): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(91)85200-e.

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Stonis, Danylo. "DIVERSIFICATION OF GAS SUPPLIES AS A CORNERSTONE OF GAS SECURITY IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE THREE SEAS INITIATIVE." Three Seas Economic Journal 2, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5150/2021-2-1.

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The article overviews approaches to the diversification of gas supplies in the framework of the Three Seas Initiative. The modern geopolitical situation in Eastern and Central Europe is characterized by transformation processes in the energy sector. Due to the implementation of decarbonization policy in the European Union and subsequent shift from coal as a main energy source, a need in alternative fuel sources, such as natural gas, emerges. Therefore, a significant increase in natural gas consumption is expected, which raises a number of issues, such as dependence on a single gas supplier and orientation of the EU’s gas transmission system in East-West direction only. This issue is crucial for Eastern and Central European states, due to the underdeveloped gas infrastructure in the region and heavy dependence on a single gas supplier, such as Russia or Turkey. Hence, the Three Seas Initiative is considered as a powerful tool, designed to develop energy, transport and digital infrastructure of the region in the North-South direction, where one of the most potentially promising projects within the framework of the Three Seas Initiative is represented by the development of gas infrastructure, aimed at solving the diversification of supplies in the gas market in Eastern and Central Europe. The implementation of developed gas infrastructure and diversification of gas supplies consists of several regional projects that are relevant for those countries in the region in which they are implemented in particular and for all member states of the Three Seas Initiative in general. The main purpose of the implementation of these projects is the creation of a unified natural gas transportation infrastructure in Eastern Europe along the North-South axis. The result of such a grand reorganization in the field of gas supplies to Europe will be an increase in the number of independent suppliers in the European gas market and a decrease in the dependence of the EU countries on gas supplies from Russia. In the article, the author traced in detail the tendency of the formation of energy infrastructure along the North-South axis with focus on the projects that are being implemented by each of the participating countries within the framework of the Three Seas Initiative. This approach allows to assess the scale and integrity of the gas transportation infrastructure, that is being created in the Eastern Europe region and its contribution to the common European energy security policy.

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Avilova, V. V., A. V. Safina, and E. V. Demidova. "Diversification of Russian energy exports to Asia-Pacific countries: opportunities and risks." E3S Web of Conferences 124 (2019): 04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912404008.

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We have analyzed the dynamics of Russian energy exports with an outlook up to 2040. This paper justifies the need to diversify Russian energy supplies to the Asia-Pacific countries and defines the areas of mutually beneficial relations. It also considers the positive effects of mutual cooperation projects, possible risks, and the conditions for their mitigation.

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Belov, Andrey V. "Energy Situation in Japan, Sanctions, and Sakhalin Projects: Cross-Cutting Issues." Problemy dalnego vostoka, no. 6 (2022): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013128120023469-6.

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In the first half of 2022, Japan joined the G7 countries with tough anti-Russian sanctions. Japan, at the same time, took a unique position concerning the Sakhalin-1 and Sakhalin-2 oil and gas projects, even though the international companies ExxonMobil and Shell decided to withdraw. After Russia’s retaliatory steps, the Japanese side accepted new conditions considering the balance between the logic of the confrontation and the requirements of economic security. This article discusses some of the economic and energy aspects of Japan’s challenge, such as the diversification of energy supplies, importance of liquefied natural gas (LNG), specifics of Sakhalin projects, and competition of Northeast Asian countries in the global energy markets. Despite particular successes in the diversification of energy imports, the overall situation in the Japanese energy and LNG sector remains unstable. Sakhalin supplies account for 7-8 % of Japan’s LNG; however, the proximity of the location and other terms give them much greater importance. The simulation results for replacing Sakhalin LNG with American gas suggest a deterioration in diversification indicators for Japan. Moreover, the redirection of Sakhalin LNG to China will strengthen its competitive position. Consequently, internal and external factors support Japan’s continued involvement in the Sakhalin shelf. Unfortunately, outside the two Sakhalin and one Arctic LNG projects, there are currently no realistic prospects for further energy cooperation between Japan and Russia.

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Zagoruyko, M. G., M. Ye Chaplygin, and S. A. Davydova. "Diversification of lentil production." E3S Web of Conferences 193 (2020): 01022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019301022.

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Production and processing of lentil as a valuable leguminous crop with a high content of beneficial nutrients (fiber, protein, minerals and vitamins), a low glycemic index, and a low-calorie content (295 kcal per 100 grams of raw lentils) has great potential for domestic economy. The world market of lentil is analyzed, prospects for increasing the level of its use in domestic markets are identified. An evaluation of the crop processing by an extrusion method is given. The statistical data of the Federal State Statistics Service, the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, information materials of Russian and foreign research organizations and companies are studied. The methods of complex structural-dynamic analysis and the expert-analytical method of data processing are used. It is found that lentils contain the largest amount of protein among the rest of the plants, which is a source of essential amino acids (isoleucine and lysine), and that the use of this crop in feed production along with soya bin is promising and appropriate. Based on the analysis of gross yields of lentil in federal districts of Russia in 2010-2019 and export supplies of the crop revealed that the domestic lentil export market expanded 6.1 times, but the country’s lentil consumption decreased 1.18 times. Thus, in the current economic conditions, the issue of finding the use of lentils as a raw export product and expanding the potential for using lentils in the domestic market is relevant. It is proposed to expand the possibilities of using lentils by extruding it, which will allow to have high quality products with good biological value and consumer properties on the domestic market.

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Drozdz, Jolanta, and Artiom Volkov. "FOOD MARKET DIVERSIFICATION APPROACH – LITHUANIAN CASE." Problems of Agricultural Economics 343, no. 2 (May 25, 2015): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/00441600.1152133.

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Hertel, Thomas, Ismahane Elouafi, Morakot Tanticharoen, and Frank Ewert. "Diversification for enhanced food systems resilience." Nature Food 2, no. 11 (November 2021): 832–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00403-9.

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Imelda, Imelda, Novira Kusrini, and Rakhmad Hidayat. "Development Strategy 0f Local Food Diversification." JEJAK 10, no. 1 (March 10, 2017): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v10i1.9127.

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The purpose of this research is to develop strategies that can be applied in the development of local food diversification in West Kalimantan. The data used are primary data and secondary data. Variables examined included internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external factors (opportunities and threats) in the development of local food diversification in West Kalimantan. Data analysis were conducted in qualitative descriptive to describe the pattern of food consumption in West Kalimantan and continued with a SWOT analysis to carry out the development strategy of the local food diversification in West Kalimantan. The analysis result showed that the strategy for the development of local food diversification in West Kalimantan is SO strategy (Strengths - Opportunities) those are: 1) the increase in synergy between the government and the micro, small and medium enterprises for the development of local food products, 2) the utilization of communications and market information system in improving the marketing of local food products on micro, small and medium enterprises, and 3) the utilization of unutilized agricultural land to improve the quality and quantity of local food products.

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Bułkowska, Małgorzata. "Diversification of Polish agri-food trade." International Journal of Business & Technology 6, no. 1 (November 1, 2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33107/ijbte.2017.6.1.11.

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The embargo introduced in August 2014 by Russia on the food products imported from the European Union caused a strong decline in sales of food from Poland in this country. The aim of the article is to analyse the current trends and prospects of development of Polish agrifood trade with the EU and non-EU countries in 2013-2016. A special attention was paid on changes in geographical structure and the level of diversification of Polish food exports as a result of the export restriction. The analysis shows that the situation on the Russian market influenced the growth of the food exports from Poland both to the EU and non-UE markets. In the recent years, the role of third countries in Polish exports of agri-food products has steadily increased, however the trade with these countries is still relatively low and concentrated on selected products.

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Smirnova, V. "The COVID-19 pandemic and international factors of post-Soviet Central Asian states’ vaccine policies." Pathways to Peace and Security, no. 2 (2021): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/2307-1494-2021-2-153-173.

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The article examines the politics of international supplies of anti-COVID-19 vaccines to the post-Soviet countries of Central Asia. These countries have focused on the diversification of vaccine supplies, in line with their multi-vector foreign policies. Initially, the richest countries in the region, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, had an advantage in access to vaccines. However, eventually vaccine supplies from China and then from Western countries (facilitated by such international organizations and programs as UNICEF, Asian Development Bank, and COVAX) started to arrive in the Spring and Summer of 2021. Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan have established their own production of the Russian vaccine, while Uzbekistan also produces a vaccine developed in China. The main conclusion is that the supply of vaccines to the region is determined, first and foremost, by commercial and humanitarian considerations, while geopolitical rivalries among the supplying countries have not played a significant role so far.

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Cohen, Gail, Frederick Joutz, and Prakash Loungani. "Measuring energy security: Trends in the diversification of oil and natural gas supplies." Energy Policy 39, no. 9 (September 2011): 4860–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.06.034.

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Loungani, Prakash, Frederick L. Joutz, and Gail Cohen. "Measuring Energy Security: Trends in the Diversification of Oil and Natural Gas Supplies." IMF Working Papers 11, no. 39 (2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781455217878.001.

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