Дисертації з теми "Distribution system code"

Cette thèse traite du comportement des erreurs en sortie du decodeur dans une chaîne de transmission par satellite. Deux types de codage canal sont étudiés: la concaténation d'un code convolutif avec un code bloc Reed-Solomon, et la concaténation en parallèle de deux codes convolutifs avec décodage itératif (turbocode). L'algorithme utilisé pour le décodage convolutif dans le premier schéma est le maximum de vraisemblance, que l'on appelle aussi algorithme de Viterbi. On sait que les erreurs en sortie de cet algorithme apparaissent par rafales, à cause de la mémoire du code. Un groupe de bits décodés correctement entre deux rafales est appelé gap. La sortie d'un décodeur fondé sur le maximum de vraisemblance peut être modélisée par une chaîne de Markov à deux états: un premier état sans erreur (état bon) et un deuxième état où les erreurs surgissent par rafales (état mauvais). Concernant la modélisation des rafales d'erreurs, les modèles proposés jusqu'à maintenant sont capables de reproduire seulement le comportement des erreurs pour des rafales très longues et à de très faible rapport signal sur bruit. C'est pourquoi nous avons développé un nouveau modèle à partir des propriétés du code qui donne des très bons résultats pour n'importe quel longueur de rafale d'erreur. Dans le déuxième schéma de codage, on utilise des algorithmes itératifs. Ces algorithmes font appel au principe du Maximum A Posteriori (MAP). Cette thèse analyse le comportement des erreurs en sortie de ces décodeurs itératifs et propose une série de modèles pour des differents algorithmes (Log-MAP et Max-Log-MAP)
This dissertation studies the behavior of the errors at the output of the decoder on a satellite communication system. Two different types of channel coding are considered. On one hand, a classical concatenation of a Reed-Solomon with a convolutional code and interleaving. On the other hand, a code from the turbo-codes family. The algorithm used in the convolutional decoding of the first coding system is the maximum likelihood algorithm. It is known that errors at the output of this algorithm are grouped in bursts due to the memory of the code. The group of correct bits between bursts is called a gap. Thus, the output of a maximum likelihood decoder can be modeled by a Markov chain with two states: a first state where no errors take place (good state) and a second state where errors appear in bursts (bad state). Regarding the burst modeling, the previous proposed models did not fit the simulation results for low and average burst lengths. Therefore, we have developed a new model based on the properties of the code that fits the range of all possible bursts lengths. On the second coding system, instead of using a maximum likelihood decoding, iterative decoding based on the successive decoding of each constituent code is considered. These iterative decoding algorithms are based on the Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) principle. This dissertation analyses the behavior of the errors at the output of such iterative decoders and proposes a model that fits quite well with the real errors simulated via Monte Carlo simulations

Актуальність теми. Одним з шляхів розвитку електричних мереж на території України є підключення нових побутових та промислових споживачів, а саме реконструкція існуючих ліній для дотримання рівня якості електроенергії. Основними проблемами є: - непрозорість надання послуг з приєднання електричних установок до електричних мереж; (Основною проблемою приєднання є те що, вам ніколи ніхто точно не скаже зразу – скільки коштуватиме приєднання до електричної мережі з певної точки на карті і за який час це буде виконано. Це явище створює можливості для «торгів» з клієнтами для «вичавлювання» з них максимальної економічної вигоди». Саме через це багато іноземних інвесторів переносить своє виробництво до інших країн). - непрозора процедура визначення плати за приєднання до електричних мереж; (Плата за приєднання має бути недискримінаційною та прозорою, а також публікуватися у відкритому доступі. – з такими умовами кожен зможе підрахувати ціну з точністью до 90-95%, але залишається питання прозорості. Зараз замовнику можуть поставити вимоги які рівні, або й перевищують ціну звичайного приєднання) - невідповідність законодавства України законодавству ЄС; (Після підписання Президентом України закону про «Про ринок електричної енергії» стартував дворічний перехід, під час якого всю архітектуру ринку перебудують у відповідність до правил, які працюють в ЄС. В галузі повинна з’явитися конкуренція і зникнути перехресне субсидіювання) Та ще багато інших проблем, які будуть розглянуті в цій роботі, тож я вважаю що тема досить актуальна. За результатами аналізу технічного стану енергетичної галузі України встановлюємо її незадовільний технічний стан та організацію експлуатації, що впливає на подальший розвиток економіки країни та життєвий рівень населення. Відповідно до міжнародних зобов’язань Україна має забезпечити розвиток бізнесу (зокрема підняття свого рейтингу Doing Business), адже на сьогодні рівень України ще не задовольняє інтереси суспільства. Для забезпечення належного рівня України принциповим питанням є спрощення процедури та пошук оптимальності приєднання до електричних мереж. Мета та завдання досліджень. Полягає у огляді та вирішення питань стосовно підвищення ефективності функціонування мереж електропередавальних організацій в частині приєднання споживачів до електричних мереж шляхом організаційно-управлінських, технікоекономічних, нормативно-правових, екологічних та технологічних питань. Об’єкт дослідження – процеси організації приєднання споживачів до електричних мереж електропередавальної організації. Предмет дослідження – методи підвищення ефективності організації приєднання. Методи дослідження. Методологічну основу проведеного наукового дослідження склали такі методи: нечітка логіка (теорія масового обслуговування), кластерний аналіз даних трансформаторних підстанцій, математично-фізичні розрахунки. Наукова та практична цінність роботи полягає у проведенні дослідження організаційно-управлінських, техніко-економічних, нормативно-правових, екологічних та технологічних питань, формуванні пропозиції по підвищенню ефективності діяльності електропередавальної організації щодо приєднання споживачів до електричних мереж, а також у розробці пропозицій запровадження геоінформаційної системи управління розвитком та експлуатацією об’єктів енергетики в Україні.
Actuality of theme. One of the ways to develop electricity networks in Ukraine is to connect new household and industrial consumers, namely the reconstruction of existing lines to meet the level of electricity quality. The main problems are: - non-transparency of electricity connection services installations to electric networks; (The main problem with joining is that, you never have exactly anyone will tell at once - how much will cost connection to an electric network with a certain point on the map and how long it will take. This phenomenon creates opportunities to "bid" with customers to "squeeze" out of them maximum economic benefit ". That is why many foreigners investors transfers their production to other countries). - non-transparent procedure for determining the fee for connection to the electricity grid; (The accession fee should be non - discriminatory and transparent, and also be published in the public domain. - with such conditions everyone will be able to calculate the price with an accuracy of 90-95%, but remains issues of transparency. Now the customer can set requirements which equal to, or exceed the cost of a conventional connection) - inconsistency of Ukrainian legislation with EU legislation; (After the President of Ukraine signed the law on the electricity market, a two-year transition began, during which the entire market architecture will be rebuilt in accordance with the rules in force in the EU. Competition should appear in the industry and cross-subsidization should disappear) Yes, there are many other issues that will be considered in this paper, so I think that the topic is quite relevant. Based on the results of the analysis of the technical condition of the energy industry of Ukraine, we establish its unsatisfactory technical condition and organization exploitation, which affects the further development of the country's economy and living standards of the population. In accordance with Ukraine's international obligations should ensure business development (including raising its Doing rating) Business), because today the level of Ukraine does not satisfy the interests society. To ensure the proper level of Ukraine in principle the question is to simplify the procedure and find the optimal connection to electrical networks. The purpose and objectives of research. It consists in reviewing and resolving issues related to improving the efficiency of networks of electricity transmission organizations in terms of connecting consumers to electricity networks through organizational and managerial, technical and economic, regulatory, environmental and technological issues. The object of research - the processes of organization of connection of consumers to the electrical networks of the power transmission organization. The subject of research - methods to increase the efficiency of the organization of accession. Research methods. The methodological basis of the conducted research was the following methods: fuzzy logic (queuing theory), cluster analysis of transformer substation data, mathematical and physical calculations. The scientific and practical value of the work lies in the study of organizational and managerial, technical and economic, regulatory, environmental and technological issues, the formation of proposals to improve the efficiency of the transmission organization to connect consumers to electricity networks, as well as the development of proposals for geographic information management system development and operation of energy facilities in Ukraine.

Long term supporting schemes for photovoltaic (PV) system installation have led to accommodating large numbers of PV systems within load pockets in distribution grids. High penetrations of PV systems can cause new technical challenges, such as voltage rise due to reverse power flow during light load and high PV generation conditions. Therefore, new strategies are required to address the associated challenges. Moreover, due to these changes in distribution grids, a different response behavior of the distribution grid on the transmission side can be expected. Hence, a new equivalent model of distribution grids with high penetration of PV systems is needed to be addressed for future power system studies. The thesis contributions lie in three parts. The first part of the thesis copes with the PV modelling. A non-proprietary PV model of a three-phase, single stage PV system is developed in PSCAD/EMTDC and PowerFactory. Three different reactive power regulation strategies are incorporated into the models and their behavior are investigated in both simulation platforms using a distribution system with PV systems. In the second part of the thesis, the voltage rise problem is remedied by use of reactive power. On the other hand, considering large numbers of PV systems in grids, unnecessary reactive power consumption by PV systems first increases total line losses, and second it may also jeopardize the stability of the network in the case of contingencies in conventional power plants, which supply reactive power. Thus, this thesis investigates and develops the novel schemes to reduce reactive power flows while still keeping voltage within designated limits via three different approaches: decentralized voltage control to the pre-defined set-points developing a coordinated active power dependent (APD) voltage regulation Q(P)using local signals developing a multi-objective coordinated droop-based voltage (DBV) regulation Q(V) using local signals   In the third part of the thesis, furthermore, a gray-box load modeling is used to develop a new static equivalent model of a complex distribution grid with large numbers of PV systems embedded with voltage support schemes. In the proposed model, variations of voltage at the connection point simulate variations of the model’s active and reactive power. This model can simply be integrated intoload-flow programs and replace the complex distribution grid, while still keepingthe overall accuracy high. The thesis results, in conclusion, demonstrate: i) using rms-based simulations in PowerFactory can provide us with quite similar results using the time domain instantaneous values in PSCAD platform; ii) decentralized voltage control to specific set-points through the PV systems in the distribution grid is fundamentally impossible dueto the high level voltage control interaction and directionality among the PV systems; iii) the proposed APD method can regulate the voltage under the steady-state voltagelimit and consume less total reactive power in contrast to the standard characteristicCosφ(P)proposed by German Grid Codes; iv) the proposed optimized DBV method can directly address voltage and successfully regulate it to the upper steady-state voltage limit by causing minimum reactive power consumption as well as line losses; v) it is beneficial to address PV systems as a separate entity in the equivalencing of distribution grids with high density of PV systems.

The Doctoral Degrees issued upon completion of the programme are issued by Comillas Pontifical University, Delft University of Technology and KTH Royal Institute of Technology. The invested degrees are official in Spain, the Netherlands and Sweden, respectively. QC 20141028

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulates the behaviour of particles in interaction by calculating the trajectories using computational demanding numerical methods. A Molecular dynamics application often takes advantage of modern computer architecture with large multi-core systems by subdividing the simulated scenario into smaller domains. The subdivided domains are distributed over a number of instances running in parallel to gain computational performance. A problem with domain decomposition is uneven particle distribution which can cause load imbalance. This report suggest a solution based on further subdivision and distribution of domains on application level.
Referat Lastbalansering av molekylär dynamik genom nerdelning och distribution av domäner i stora multprocessorsystem Molekylär dynamik simulerar beteendet hos partiklar som interagerar genom att kalkylera partikelbanor med användande av beräkningstunga numeriska metoder. En applikation för molekylär dynamik drar ofta fördel av stora multiprocessorsystem genom att dela ner simuleringsscenariot i mindre domäner. The nerdelade domänerna fördelas på instanser som körs parallellt. Ett problem som kan uppstå vid nerdelning av domän är ojämn last på grund av partikelfördelning i simuleringsscenariot. Denna rapport föreslår ett sätt att lösa detta genom ytterligare nerdelning och distribution av tungt lastade domäner.

Introdução: A área Hospitalar vem sofrendo constantes mudanças organizacionais devido à introdução de novas tecnologias que incentivam a segurança do paciente. Aquelas aplicadas à distribuição de medicamentos podem abreviar o número de erros de distribuição, obter em tempo real um elevado nível de informação sobre todo processo e gerir melhor o tempo do profissional farmacêutico, de forma a aumentar a intervenção deste na prevenção de erros de medicações e consequentemente, os cuidados farmacêuticos ao doente internado. Objetivos: Avaliar o impacto da implantação de novas tecnologias que visam à maior segurança do paciente em um sistema de distribuição de medicamentos de um hospital universitário. A avaliação foi dividida em: 1) individualização de medicamentos por reembalagem, com o uso de código de barras na identificação dos medicamentos; 2) identificação dos pontos críticos no novo processo estabelecido para o Sistema de Distribuição de Medicamentos por Prescrição Individual; 3) identificação e análise de erros de medicação após implantação de sistema de controle por código de barras. Métodos: Foram realizados estudos de delineamento transversal. Para a avaliação do processo de individualização foi desenvolvido um instrumento de avaliação adaptado de recomendações internacionais e estudos anteriores, segundo as boas práticas de reembalagem. Aplicou-se o instrumento de avaliação na rotina escrita e, por meio da técnica de observação participante, verificou-se a adequação de sua execução, conforme o mesmo instrumento. Para a identificação dos pontos críticos do Sistema de Distribuição de Medicamentos foi analisada cada etapa e verificado onde poderia ocorrer erros de medicação. Para a avaliação do processo de Distribuição de Medicamentos por Prescrição Individualizada foi realizado um estudo transversal, no qual utilizou-se a técnica de observação participante e amostragem por conveniência. Foram avaliadas prescrições médicas vinculadas ao Sistema de Distribuição de Medicamentos por Prescrição Individualizada pela tecnologia do código de barras. Resultados: Para avaliação do processo de individualização foi observado o fracionamento de 42 formas farmacêuticas orais e injetáveis onde a rotina escrita do processo de individualização atendeu a 66% dos itens recomendados e a execução da mesma atendeu a 63%. Para a avaliação do processo de Distribuição de Medicamentos por Prescrição Individualizada foram analisadas 290 prescrições médicas vinculadas ao Sistema de Distribuição de Medicamentos por Prescrição Individualizada, destas, 25% apresentaram algum tipo de erro de medicação. O total de itens analisados foi de 2659, com 74 ocorrências de erros de medicação (2,78%). Comparados com os dados anteriores o número de erros por clínica ou em geral teve uma redução estatisticamente significativa. Conclusões: Os resultados obtidos mostram que a utilização de novas tecnologias aumenta a qualidade do serviço prestado prevenindo erros de medicação. Portanto, o sistema de leitura por códigos de barras, associado a mudanças na infra-estrutura e nos processos de trabalho, podem ser apontados como os principais fatores na diminuição nas taxas de erros de dispensação de medicamentos no hospital estudado.
Introduction: The field hospital has been undergoing constant organizational changes due to the introduction of new technologies that encourage patient safety. Those applied to the distribution of drugs can shorten the number of errors distribution, obtain real-time a high level of information about every process and better manage the time of the pharmacist in order to increase the intervention of the prevention of medication errors. A previous study found problems in the repackaging and an average of about 14% of medication errors in Distribution System for Prescription Drugs traveler at a university hospital. Objectives: To evaluate the impact of deployment of new technologies to the largest patient safety in a system of distribution of drugs in a university hospital. The evaluation was divided into: 1) individualization of medication by repackaging, using bar code identification of drugs, 2) identification of critical points in the new process established for the Distribution System for Prescription Drugs traveler, 3) identification and analysis of medication errors after implementation of control system by bar code. Methods: We performed cross-sectional studies. For the evaluation of the individualization process has been developed an assessment tool adapted from recommendations and previous studies, according to the practice of repackaging. We used the assessment tool in routine writing and, through the technique of participant observation, it was found the suitability of its execution, as the same instrument. For the identification of critical points of the Distribution System of Medicines was analyzed and verified every step which could occur from medication errors. For evaluation of the Distribution of Prescription Drugs Individualized was a transversal study, which used the technique of participant observation and convenience sampling. Were evaluated prescriptions linked to the Distribution System for Prescription Drug Individualized technology bar code. Results: To evaluate the process of individualization were observed fractionation of 42 oral dosage forms and injectables where routine writing process of individuation attended 66% of the items recommended and play the same 63% attended. For evaluation of the Distribution of Prescription Drugs Individualized analyzed 290 prescriptions linked to the Distribution System for Prescription Drug Individualized of these, 25% had some type of medication error. The total number of items analyzed was 2659, with 74 occurrences of medication errors (2.78%). Compared with earlier data the number of errors per clinic or in general had a statistically significant reduction. Conclusions: The results show that the use of new technologies increases the quality of service by preventing medication errors. Therefore, the system of reading bar codes associated with changes in the infrastructure and work processes can be described as the major factors in reducing the rates of errors in dispensing drugs in the hospital.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 26-29, 1998 / Town & Country Resort Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California
Although PCM/TDM framed data is one of the most prevalent formats handled by flight test ranges, it is often required to acquire and process other types. Examples of such non-standard data types are radar position information and meteorological data from both ground based and radiosonde systems. To facilitate the process and management of such non-standard data types, a micro-processor based system was developed to acquire and transform them into a standard PCM/TDM data frame. This obviated the expense of developing additional special software and hardware to handle such non-standard data types.

Diploma thesis focuses on introduce problematic issue of inter-core communication, implementation of Linux distribution made by project Yocto on chosen platform of NXP i.MX microcontrolers family and solution for secured inter-core communication.

To reach EU’s climate and energy target an integrated electricity market is considered to be required (Klessmann, et al., 2011; Boie, et al., 2014; Becker, et al., 2013). As a result the European Commission decided to form a set of rules, named the Network Codes, to create a single European market (ENTSO-E, 2013b). The Network Codes will affect Distribution- and Transmission System Operators, grid users and production units as well as all the other actors on the electricity market (Eurelectric, n.d.a). Concerns regarding what the Network Codes’ actual consequences are have been expressed within the line of business (Swedish Energy, 2013a). Therefore the purpose of this master’s thesis was to determine and furthermore illustrate the consequences the Network Codes will have, in current version, for a Swedish non-transmission system connected electricity company and determine what actions need to be taken. The purpose has been addressed by conducting interviews, document studies and by utilizing a change management model, the Intervention Strategy Model, introduced by Paton & McCalman (2000). The structured approach that is the nature of the model was used when determining the consequences the Network Codes enforce and what actions a non-transmission system connected electricity company has to take to cope with them. To further facilitate the determination of these actions this study was conducted on a non-transmission system connected electricity company, in this thesis named Electricity Company A. The investigation of the concerns expressed within the line of business illustrated that the concerns were diverse but a majority of them might be incorporated into either of the following groups, simulation models, demand side aggregator and information handling. Out of these groups information handling was by far the area of greatest concern with issues primarily connected to the Distribution System Operator. Consequently this thesis focused on the Distribution System Operator’s perspective. The analysis of the area of greatest concern, presented in two flow charts, clearly showed the increased amount of communication enforced by the Network Codes. This increased information handling results in numerous possible organisational consequences for the Distribution System Operator, for example might new systems be required and some existing systems be used with or without adaption. Furthermore, the extra workload could possibly be handled by the existing personnel, in some cases after complementary education, but it might also require new personnel. Finally the Network Codes open up for the possibility for the Distribution System Operator to define certain details which may be conducted individually or in cooperation with other Distribution System Operators. Which of these possible consequences that will affect a specific company is, however, dependent on its preconditions. The study on Electricity Company A reveals that the numerous actions required to handle the new communication were not as significant as the line of business might have feared. For Electricity Company A, primarily a new system is needed to handle the real-time values and some of the existing systems need to be updated. Additionally the combined extra work load might require extra personnel for Electricity Company A even though the individual work assignments are fairly small. The actions required should be fairly similar for companies of approximately equal size but might be more extensive for smaller non-transmission system connected electricity companies. All companies need, however, to conduct an individual analysis to determine which specific actions are required for them. The conclusions of this thesis aspired, and partly succeeded, to be generalizable on a European level. One example of this is the usage of the Intervention Strategy Model which proved applicable for determining which specific actions are required for all European electricity companies. Furthermore the concerns presented and the possible consequences of the increased information handling found, are generalizable but not complete for all European electricity companies. This thesis focused on one part of the complex Network Codes’ consequences and consequently further research is needed to fully understand the consequences for the electricity business in total.

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Orientador: Mauro Antônio de Arruda Nóbilo
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: Dentre diversos fatores que determinam o sucesso da osseointegração e da reabilitação protética, a biomecânica se destaca como fator fundamental. Utilizando a técnica da fotoelasticidade, o objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar as tensões geradas ao redor de implantes cone morse e hexágono externo osseointegrados após carregamento distal em diferentes técnicas de carga imediata: barra distal, fundição e solda a Laser. Três infraestruturas similares (uma para cada técnica) foram confeccionadas, sobre uma matriz metálica simulando um arco mandibular edêntulo. Cinco implantes foram dispostos de maneira a simular a distribuição clínica para protocolo inferior convencional. Análogos de mini pilares foram fixados na matriz metálica e após procedimento de transferência e obtenção de modelo em gesso especial, foram confeccionadas as infraestruturas protéticas. Estas foram utilizadas em novo procedimento de transferência e posteriormente, instaladas em modelo fotoelástico confeccionado com resina epóxi flexível (GIV, Polipox Indústria e Comércio Ltda - São Paulo - SP - Brasil). Foi realizado um carregamento pontual de 4,9N na região de primeiro molar inferior direito e, posteriormente primeiro molar inferior esquerdo. Foram avaliados cinco pontos pré-determinados ao longo do implante e as imagens foram analisadas no programa Fringes® de maneira qualitativa e quantitativa através da verificação das ordens de franjas ao redor dos implantes osseointegrados. A média dos valores foi submetida à análise de variância para dados com dois fatores de estudo, seguidos pelo teste de Tukey para comparação entre as médias. Os resultados não apresentaram diferença significativa entre as infraestruturas, porém apresentou diferença significativa entre os tipos de conexões. A partir dos resultados obtidos conclui-se que não há diferença na distribuição de tensão entre as técnicas de obtenção de infraestruturas, porém quando observados os tipos de conexão, o implante Cone Morse apresentou melhores resultados em relação à distribuição de tensão
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the stresses generated around morse taper and external hexagon osseointegrated implants after distal loading in different immediate loading techniques: distal bar, casting and laser welding. Three similar infrastructures (one for each technique) were fabricated on a metal matrix simulating an edentulous mandible arch. Five implants were arranged to simulate the clinical distribution of conventional lower protocol. Analogs of the implants were fixed in a metal matrix and a transfer procedure was made. After obtaining a special plaster model, the prosthetic infrastructures were fabricated. These were used on a new transfer procedure and subsequently installed in a photoelastic model made with flexible epoxy resin (GIV Polipox Industry and Commerce Ltd - São Paulo - SP - Brazil). A load application of 4.9N was performed at the region of lower right first molar and subsequently lower left first molar. Five predetermined points along the implant were evaluated and the images were analyzed in Fringes ® program in qualitative and quantitative way by checking the orders of the fringes around the dental implants. The mean values were statistically analyzed using a 2-Way analysis of variance and Tukey test. The results showed no significant difference between the infrastructure obtaining techniques, but significant difference was seen between the types of connection. From the results obtained it is concluded that the Morse taper implant showed better results in terms of stress distribution
Mestrado
Protese Dental
Mestra em Clínica Odontológica

Theoretical part of the diploma thesis purveys information on drinking water and quality requirements, changes of drinking water quality during distribution and accumulation caused by disinfection, chemical processes, corrosion of constructional materials, incrusting solids, biofilms, nitrification of ammonia nitrogen, sediments in pipelines, elution of harmful matter. Attention was given to drinking water quality indicators which are associated with changes in drinking water distribution systems. In experimental part are studied changes of drinking water quality during distribution on the basis of selected drinking water quality indicators. There is specifically chemical oxygen demand, concentration of iron, manganese, ammonia ions, nitrites, nitrates, chloroform and chlorine. For periodical monitoring were selected suitable locality within the framework of Brno distribution system; for illustration were taken water samples from distribution systems of drinking water treatment plants Švařec, Vír, Štítary and Mostiště. For selected methods of analytical determination of above mentioned drinking water quality indicators are presented their characteristics. Obtained information on drinking water quality is mentioned in tabular and graphical form.

The continuous evolution of the optical communication technology in the last few years has allowed the growing users demand for higher bandwidth to be satisfactorily attended. This new demand is mainly attributed to the growing popularity of bandwidth-intensive networking applications, such as Internet protocol television (IPTV), high-definition television (HDTV), e-learning, e-health, super high-definition (SHD) class digital movies, and e-culture based on 3-D full-HD video. These applications will eventually require differentiated service types and diversified data rates. As a result, capability of supporting differentiated-quality of service (QoS) and multirate transmission are becoming a challenge for future optical networks. Among many multiplexing techniques, optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) constitutes a potential candidate for next generation optical networks, particularly due to features like asynchronous operation, simplified network control, easy addition of new users, and possibility of differentiated-QoS at the physical layer. The performance of this access technique is mainly limited by multiple-access interference (MAI). Although in multirate, multiservice OCDMA systems MAI is considered to be binomially distributed, others probability distributions for the MAI analyzes and consequently the bit error rate (BER) have been used as an approximation. In this context, this dissertation proposes a new formalism to evaluate the BER performance of 1-D and 2-D multirate, multiservice OCDMA systems considering MAI as binomially distributed, resulting in a more accurate BER expression. Also, the proposed approach does not require knowledge a priori of the generated code sequences themselves, which means that the system performance analysis is achieved more easily using only the code parameters. Furthermore, a multirate OCDMA system employing 1-D optical orthogonal code (OOC) and 2-D optical fast frequency hopping (OFFH) codes is also investigated. A performance comparison in terms of BER for the OOC-based system assuming both Poisson and binomial distribution for the MAI is investigated. A further comparison of an OFFH-based multirate system assuming both gaussian and binomial distribution for the MAI is also analyzed. It is shown that BER performance in multirate scenarios can be overestimated or underestimated by many orders of magnitude depending on the assumed distribution for the MAI and on the number of simultaneous users. Moreover, it is presented for the first time a hybrid OCDM/WDM optical packet switch capable of supporting multirate and differentiated-QoS transmission. The architecture of the proposed multirate switch and its performance in terms of packet loss probability are also presented. Finally, it is shown that using a gaussian or Poisson distribution for the MAI might not be appropriate for a reliable BER estimate, since they are not acceptable approximations to assess the performance of multirate, multiservice systems with good accuracy.
A contínua evolução da tecnologia de comunicações ópticas observada nos últimos anos vem possibilitando atender a crescente demanda dos usuários por maior largura de banda. Esta nova demanda é atribuída principalmente à popularidade crescente de aplicações de banda larga, tais como TV por protocolo de Internet (IPTV), televisão de alta definição (HDTV), ensino online, e-saúde, filmes digitais de super alta definição (SHD) e e-cultura baseado em vídeo 3-D full-HD. Esta vasta gama de aplicações acabará por necessitar de tipos de serviços diferenciados e taxas de transmissão de dados diversificadas. Como resultado, capacidades de suportar diferenciamento de qualidade de serviço (QoS) e transmissão de múltiplas taxas estão se tornando um desafio para as redes ópticas futuras. Dentre muitas técnicas de multiplexação existentes, OCDMA constitui-se em um candidato potencial para as redes ópticas de próxima geração, particularmente devido a características como operação assíncrona, controle de rede simplificada, fácil adição de novos usuários, e também possibilidade de QoS diferenciado na camada física. O desempenho desta técnica de acesso múltiplo é limitado principalmente por interferência múltipla de acesso (MAI). Embora em sistemas OCDMA de múltiplas taxas e multiserviços a MAI deva ser considerada binomialmente distribuída, outras distribuições de probabilidade para a análise da MAI e, consequentemente, da BER têm sido utilizadas como uma aproximação. Neste contexto, este trabalho propõe um novo formalismo para avaliar o desempenho da BER de sistemas OCDMA 1-D e 2-D de múltiplas taxas e multisserviços considerando a MAI como binomialmente distribuída, o que resulta em uma expressão mais precisa para a BER. Além disso, o método proposto neste trabalho não requer conhecimento, a priori, das sequências de códigos geradas, o que significa que a análise do desempenho do sistema é obtida mais facilmente utilizando apenas os parâmetros do código. Um sistema OCDMA de múltiplas taxas empregando códigos 1-D OOC e 2-D OFFH será também investigado. Uma comparação do desempenho em termos de BER para o sistema baseado em OOC supondo tanto a distribuição de Poisson quanto a binomial para a MAI é investigada. De forma análoga, uma comparação para o sistema de múltiplas taxas baseado em OFFH supondo desta vez tanto a distribuição gaussiana quanto a binomial para a MAI também é analisada. É mostrado que a BER em cenários de múltiplas taxas pode ser superestimada ou subestimada em várias ordens de grandeza, dependendo da distribuição suposta para a MAI e do número de usuários simultâneos no sistema. Além disso, é apresentado pela primeira vez um switch óptico híbrido de pacotes OCDM/WDM capaz de prover transmissões de múltiplas taxas e serviços diferenciados. A arquitetura do switch proposto e seu desempenho em termos de probabilidade de perda de pacotes também são apresentados. Finalmente, é mostrado que o uso da distribuição gaussiana ou poissoniana para a MAI pode não ser apropriado para uma estimativa confiável de BER, uma vez que não são aproximações aceitáveis para avaliar o desempenho de sistemas de múltiplas taxas e multiserviços com boa precisão.

Telemetry system, Optimisation, Sensoric networks, Smart Grid, Internet of Things, Sensors, Information security, Cryptography, Cryptography algorithms, Cryptosystem, Confidentiality, Integrity, Authentication, Data freshness, Non-Repudiation.

碩士
逢甲大學
電機工程研究所
86
The thesis is to establish the general model of a CDMA system, includes all the influenced factors:fading,shadowing,near-far effect,non-uniform user distribution,sectorization,and voice active factors,etc.This model is used to drive the non-unifom user distribution and the expressions of the outage probability of a CDMA system for the reverse link.The system performance are evaluated for each influenced factor and scheme.According to simulation results,we know that(1)the capacity is serverly influenced by space factor;(2)the worse the terrain is,the fewer users will be;(3)the capacity is increased as the distance becomes longer;(4)our suggestion of the non-uniform user distibution will significantly increase the system capcaity;(5) when we consider that the user distribution model is non- uniform,not only does it influence thesystem capaciyt but also the varity of the parameters.

The management of Water Distribution Systems (WDSs) involves making decisions about various operations in the network, including the scheduling of pump operations and setting of disinfectant dosing rates. There are often conflicting objectives in making these operational decisions, such as minimising costs while maximising the quality of the water supplied. Hence, the operation of WDSs can be very difficult, and there is generally considerable scope to improve the operational efficiency of these systems by improving the associated decision making process. In order to achieve this goal, optimisation methods known as Genetic Algorithms (GAs) have been successfully adopted to assist in determining the best possible solutions to WDS optimisation problems for a number of years. Even though there has been extensive research demonstrating the potential of GAs for improving the design and operation of WDSs, the method has not been widely adopted in practice. There are a number of reasons that may contribute to this lack of uptake, including the following difficulties: (a) developing an appropriate fitness function that is a suitable description of the objective of the optimisation including all constraints, (b) making decisions that are required to select the most appropriate variant of the algorithm, (c) determining the most appropriate parameter settings for the algorithm, and (d) a reluctance of WDS operators to accept new methods and approaches. While these are all important considerations, the correct selection of GA parameter values is addressed in this thesis. Common parameters include population size, probability of crossover, and probability of mutation. Generally, the most suitable GA parameters must be found for each individual optimisation problem, and therefore it might be expected that the best parameter values would be related to the characteristics of the associated fitness function. The result from the work undertaken in this thesis is a complete GA calibration methodology, based on the characteristics of the optimisation problem. The only input required by the user is the time available before a solution is required, which is beneficial in the WDS operation optimisation application considered, as well as many others where computationally demanding model simulations are required. Two methodologies are proposed and evaluated in this thesis, one that considers the selection pressure based on the characteristics of the fitness function, and another that is derived from the time to convergence based on genetic drift, and therefore does not require any information about the fitness function characteristics. The proposed methodologies have been compared against other GA calibration methodologies that have been proposed, as well as typical parameter values to determine the most suitable method to determine the GA parameter values. A suite of test functions has been used for the comparison, including 20 complex mathematical optimisation problems with different characteristics, as well as realistic WDS applications. Two WDS applications have been considered: one that has previously been optimised in the literature, the Cherry Hills-Brushy Plains network; and a real case study located in Sydney, Australia. The optimisation problem for the latter case study is to minimise the pumping costs involved in operating the WDS, subject to constraints on the system, including minimum disinfectant concentrations. Of the GA calibration methods compared, the proposed calibration methodology that considered selection pressure determined the best solution to the problem, producing a 30% reduction in the electricity costs for the water utility operating the WDS. The comparison of the different calibration approaches demonstrates three main results: 1. that the proposed methodology produced the best results out of the different GA calibration methods compared; 2. that the proposed methodology can be applied in practice; and 3. that a correctly calibrated GA is very beneficial when solutions are required in a limited timeframe.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, 2008

碩士
和春技術學院
電機工程研究所
96
This thesis is to investigate the multiple functions switching strategy for the 22.8kV underground distribution system within the Taichung distribution automation system (DAS) in Tai-power network. It covers 3 substations, 6 main transformers, 20 feeders and 78 four-way switches. Firstly, when the distribution system in normal status or in abnormal status, by using the coordinates code to reduce the distribution system losses, minimum the feeders of the distribution system unbalanced rate and emergency load transfer to minimum the outage areas to derive the optimal solution of switching operation for the single object function, individually. Secondly, a multiple function of minimums loss and minimum load unbalanced rate of distribution system with the coordinates code method to investigate the optimal compromise solution. In this thesis, it applies the multiple objectives programming to solve the multiple function switching operation of the distribution systems. The effectiveness of the proposal method to derive the compromise switching operation strategy for distribution feeders can provide very important tool for distribution system operation to achieve loss minimization and load balanced.

In this thesis, multidimensional signal processing techniques to mitigate disturbances in synthetic aperture systems such as radio telescopes are investigated. Here, two computationally efficient three-dimensional (3D) spatio-temporal (ST) finite impulse response (FIR) cone filter bank structures are proposed. Furthermore, a strategy is proposed to design 3D ST FIR frustum filter banks, having double-frustum-shaped passbands oriented along the temporal axis, derived from appropriate 3D ST FIR cone filter banks. Both types of cone and frustum filter banks are almost alias free and provide near-perfect reconstruction. In the proposed cone and frustum filter banks, both temporal and spatial filtering operations can be carried out at a significantly lower rate compared to previously reported 3D ST FIR cone filter banks implying lower power consumption. Furthermore, the proposed cone and frustum filter banks require a significantly lower computational complexity than previously reported 3D ST FIR cone and frustum filter banks. Importantly, this is achieved without deteriorating the improvement in signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio. A theoretical analysis of brightness distribution (BD) errors caused by parameter perturbations and mismatches among the transfer functions of receivers employed in synthetic aperture systems is presented. First, the BD errors caused by perturbations in the transfer functions of low noise amplifiers (LNAs) and anti-aliasing filters (AAFs) are considered, and the characteristics of the additive BD error and its effects on synthesized BDs are thoroughly analyzed. Second, the conditions that should be satisfied by the transfer functions of digital beamformers to eliminate the BD errors caused by their phase responses are examined. The sufficient condition to eliminate the BD errors is that the transfer functions are matched, and, interestingly, the phase responses are not necessary to be linear. Furthermore, the BD errors caused by typical tolerances of passive L and C elements used to implement the AAFs and those caused by the random variations of gain from LNA to LNA are quantified through numerical simulations. The simulations indicate that substantial BD errors are observed at frequencies that are close to the passband edge of the AAFs.
Graduate

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in ful lment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Engineering (Electrical). Johannesburg, 2016
Power-line communications can be used for the transfer of data across electrical net- works in applications such as automatic meter reading in smart grid technology. As the power-line channel is harsh and plagued with non-Gaussian noise, robust forward error correction schemes are required. This research is a comparative study where a Luby transform code is concatenated with power-line communication systems provided by an up-to-date standard published by electricit e R eseau Distribution France named G3 PLC. Both decoding using Gaussian elimination and belief propagation are imple- mented to investigate and characterise their behaviour through computer simulations in MATLAB. Results show that a bit error rate performance improvement is achiev- able under non worst-case channel conditions using a Gaussian elimination decoder. An adaptive system is thus recommended which decodes using Gaussian elimination and which has the appropriate data rate. The added complexity can be well tolerated especially on the receiver side in automatic meter reading systems due to the network structure being built around a centralised agent which possesses more resources.
MT2017

Water crises are predicted to be amongst the risks of highest concern for the next ten years, due to availability, accessibility, quality and management issues. Knowledge of the microbial communities indigenous to drinking water is essential for treatment and distribution process control, risk assessment and infrastructure design. Drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) ideally should deliver to the consumer water of the same microbial quality as that leaving a treatment plant (“biologically stable” according to WHO). At the start of this Ph.D. program water microbiology comprised conventional culturedependent methods, and no studies were available on microbial communities from source to tap. A method combining 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing with flow cytometry was developed to accurately detect, characterize, and enumerate the microorganisms found in a water sample. Studies were conducted in seven fullscale Dutch DWDSs which transport low-AOC water without disinfectant residuals, produced from fresh water applying conventional treatment. Full-scale studies were also conducted at the desalination plant and DWDS of KAUST, Saudi Arabia where drinking water is produced from seawater applying RO membrane treatment and then transported with chlorine residual. Furthermore, biological stability was evaluated in a wastewater reuse application in the Netherlands. When low-AOC water was distributed without disinfectant residuals, greater bacterial richness was detected in the networks, however, temporal and spatial variations in the bacterial community were insignificant and a substantial fraction of the microbiome was still shared between the treated and transported water. This shared fraction was lower in the system transporting water with chlorine residual, where the eukaryotic community changed with residence time. The core microbiome was characterized and dominant members varied between the two systems. Biofilm and deposit-associated communities were found to drive tap water microbiology regardless of water source and treatment scheme. Network flushing was found to be a simple method to assess water microbiology. Biological stability was not associated with safety. The biological stability concept needs to be revised and quantified. Further research is needed to understand microbial functions and processes, how water communities affect the human microbiome, and what the “drinking” water microbiome is like in undeveloped countries.
The research presented in this doctoral dissertation was financially supported by and conducted in collaboration with Delft University of Technology (TU Delft) and Evides Waterbedrijf in the Netherlands.

Scientific applications that operate on large data sets require huge amount of computation power and memory. These applications are typically run on High Performance Computing (HPC) systems that consist of multiple compute nodes, connected over an network interconnect such as InfiniBand. Each compute node has its own memory and does not share the address space with other nodes. A significant amount of work has been done in past two decades on parallelizing for distributed-memory architectures. A majority of this work was done in developing compiler technologies such as high performance Fortran (HPF) and partitioned global address space (PGAS). However, several steps involved in achieving good performance remained manual. Hence, the approach currently used to obtain the best performance is to rely on highly tuned libraries such as ScaLAPACK. The objective of this work is to improve automatic compiler and runtime support for distributed-memory clusters for regular programs. Regular programs typically use arrays as their main data structure and array accesses are affine functions of outer loop indices and program parameters. A lot of scientific applications such as linear-algebra kernels, stencils, partial differential equation solvers, data-mining applications and dynamic programming codes fall in this category. In this work, we propose techniques for finding computation mapping and data allocation when compiling regular programs for distributed-memory clusters. Techniques for transformation and detection of parallelism, relying on the polyhedral framework already exist. We propose automatic techniques to determine computation placements for identified parallelism and allocation of data. We model the problem of finding good computation placement as a graph partitioning problem with the constraints to minimize both communication volume and load imbalance for entire program. We show that our approach for computation mapping is more effective than those that can be developed using vendor-supplied libraries. Our approach for data allocation is driven by tiling of data spaces along with a compiler assisted runtime scheme to allocate and deallocate tiles on-demand and reuse them. Experimental results on some sequences of BLAS calls demonstrate a mean speedup of 1.82× over versions written with ScaLAPACK. Besides enabling weak scaling for distributed memory, data tiling also improves locality for shared-memory parallelization. Experimental results on a 32-core shared-memory SMP system shows a mean speedup of 2.67× over code that is not data tiled.