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Статті в журналах з теми "Distributed fibre optic sensor"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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1

DeMerchant, Michael, Anthony Brown, Jeff Smith, Xiaoyi Bao, and Theodore Bremner. "Distributed strain sensing for structural monitoring applications." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 27, no. 5 (October 1, 2000): 873–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l00-006.

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Strain sensors are a valuable tool for assessing the health of structures. The University of New Brunswick, in conjunction with ISIS Canada, is developing a distributed fibre optic strain sensor based on Brillouin scattering. This sensor can provide a virtually unlimited number of measurement points using a single optical fibre. A description of the operating principles of the system is given, along with a summary of laboratory test results. Strain measurement accuracy as high as approximately ±11 µε has been demonstrated at 1 m spatial resolution. Spatial resolutions as short as 100 mm can be used, although with decreased strain measurement accuracy. Future development of the technology will include an enhancement allowing both strain and temperature to be measured simultaneously.Key words: strain sensor, fibre optics, distributed sensing, structural monitoring, Brillouin scattering.

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2

Kuznetsov, A. G., D. S. Kharenko, S. A. Babin, I. B. Tsydenzhapov, and I. S. Shelemba. "Ultralong fibre-optic distributed Raman temperature sensor." Quantum Electronics 47, no. 10 (October 31, 2017): 967–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qel16436.

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3

Kersey, A. D., and A. Dandridge. "Distributed and multiplexed fibre-optic sensor systems." Journal of the Institution of Electronic and Radio Engineers 58, no. 5S (1988): S99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/jiere.1988.0041.

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4

Tennyson, R. C., T. Coroy, G. Duck, G. Manuelpillai, P. Mulvihill, David JF Cooper, PW E. Smith, A. A. Mufti, and S. J. Jalali. "Fibre optic sensors in civil engineering structures." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 27, no. 5 (October 1, 2000): 880–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l00-010.

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This paper presents an overview of the development and application of ISIS fibre optic sensor (FOS) technology by the University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. The primary focus of this technology has involved the use of fibre Bragg gratings (FBGs) to measure strain and temperature in concrete structures and fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) overwraps applied to concrete structures. A brief review of existing fibre optic sensor configurations and the advantages of using FOS compared to other strain sensors is first presented. Subsequently, the development of new sensor concepts such as a long gauge of arbitrary length, a distributed gauge for measuring local strain gradients, and multiple FBGs on a single fibre optic cable are discussed, with examples of their application to civil engineering structures. In addition, the specialized instruments under development that are essential for obtaining strain information from these sensors are also described. Finally, the issue of wireless remote monitoring of FOS systems is addressed.Key words: fibre optic sensors, Bragg gratings, civil engineering structures, instrumentation.

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5

MacLean, A., C. Moran, W. Johnstone, B. Culshaw, D. Marsh, and P. Parker. "Detection of solvents using distributed fibre optic sensor." Electronics Letters 39, no. 17 (2003): 1237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20030838.

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6

Fenta, Mulugeta C., David K. Potter, and János Szanyi. "Fibre Optic Methods of Prospecting: A Comprehensive and Modern Branch of Geophysics." Surveys in Geophysics 42, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): 551–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10712-021-09634-8.

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AbstractOver the past decades, the development of fibre optic cables, which pass light waves carrying data guided by total internal reflection, has led to advances in high-speed and long-distance communication, large data transmission, optical imaging, and sensing applications. Thus far, fibre optic sensors (FOSs) have primarily been employed in engineering, biomedicine, and basic sciences, with few reports of their usage in geophysics as point and distributed sensors. This work aimed at reviewing the studies on the use of FOSs in geophysical applications with their fundamental principles and technological improvements. FOSs based on Rayleigh, Brillouin, and Raman scatterings and fibre Bragg grating sensors are reviewed based on their sensing performance comprising sensing range, spatial resolution, and measurement parameters. The recent progress in applying distributed FOSs to detect acoustic, temperature, pressure, and strain changes, as either single or multiple parameters simultaneously on surface and borehole survey environments with their cable deployment techniques, has been systematically reviewed. Despite the development of fibre optic sensor technology and corresponding experimental reports of applications in geophysics, there have not been attempts to summarise and synthesise fibre optic methods for prospecting as a comprehensive and modern branch of geophysics. Therefore, this paper outlines the fibre optic prospecting methods, with an emphasis on their advantages, as a guide for the geophysical community. The potential of the new outlined fibre optic prospecting methods to revolutionise conventional geophysical approaches is discussed. Finally, the future challenges and limitations of the new prospecting methods for geophysical applications are elucidated.

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7

Zur, A., and A. Katzir. "Fiber optic distributed thermal sensor." Applied Physics Letters 53, no. 25 (December 19, 1988): 2474–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.100217.

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8

Xu, Cheng, and Zahra Sharif Khodaei. "Shape Sensing with Rayleigh Backscattering Fibre Optic Sensor." Sensors 20, no. 14 (July 21, 2020): 4040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20144040.

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In this paper, Rayleigh backscattering sensors (RBS) are used to realize shape sensing of beam-like structures. Compared to conventional shape sensing systems based on fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, RBS are capable of continuous lateral sensing. Compared to other types of distributed fibre optic sensors (FOS), RBS have a higher spatial resolution. First, the RBS’s strain sensing accuracy is validated by an experiment comparing it with strain gauge response. After that, two shape sensing algorithms (the coordinate transformation method (CTM) and the strain-deflection equation method (SDEM)) based on the distributed FOS’ input strain data are derived. The algorithms are then optimized according to the distributed FOS’ features, to make it applicable to complex and/or combine loading situations while maintaining high reliability in case of sensing part malfunction. Numerical simulations are carried out to validate the algorithms’ accuracy and compare their accuracy. The simulation shows that compared to the FBG-based system, the RBS system has a better performance in configuring the shape when the structure is under complex loading. Finally, a validation experiment is conducted in which the RBS-based shape sensing system is used to configure the shape of a composite cantilever-beam-like specimen under concentrated loading. The result is then compared with the optical camera-measured shape. The experimental results show that both shape sensing algorithms predict the shape with high accuracy comparable with the optical camera result.

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9

Thomas, Peter J., and Jon O. Hellevang. "A fully distributed fibre optic sensor for relative humidity measurements." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 247 (August 2017): 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.02.027.

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10

Bai, Hedan, Shuo Li, Jose Barreiros, Yaqi Tu, Clifford R. Pollock, and Robert F. Shepherd. "Stretchable distributed fiber-optic sensors." Science 370, no. 6518 (November 12, 2020): 848–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aba5504.

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Silica-based distributed fiber-optic sensor (DFOS) systems have been a powerful tool for sensing strain, pressure, vibration, acceleration, temperature, and humidity in inextensible structures. DFOS systems, however, are incompatible with the large strains associated with soft robotics and stretchable electronics. We develop a sensor composed of parallel assemblies of elastomeric lightguides that incorporate continuum or discrete chromatic patterns. By exploiting a combination of frustrated total internal reflection and absorption, stretchable DFOSs can distinguish and measure the locations, magnitudes, and modes (stretch, bend, or press) of mechanical deformation. We further demonstrate multilocation decoupling and multimodal deformation decoupling through a stretchable DFOS–integrated wireless glove that can reconfigure all types of finger joint movements and external presses simultaneously, with only a single sensor in real time.

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11

Rajeev, Pathmanathan, Jayantha Kodikara, Wing Kong Chiu, and Thomas Kuen. "Distributed Optical Fibre Sensors and their Applications in Pipeline Monitoring." Key Engineering Materials 558 (June 2013): 424–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.558.424.

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Health monitoring of civil infrastructure systems has recently emerged as a powerful tool for condition assessment of infrastructure performance. With the widespread use of modern telecommunication technologies, structures could be monitored periodically from a central station located several kilometres away from the field. This remote capability allows immediate damage detection, so that necessary actions are taken to reduce the risk. Optical fiber sensors offer a relatively new technology for monitoring the performance of spatially distributed structures such as pipelines. In this regards, several commercially available strain and temperature sensing equipment such as discrete FBGs (Fibre Bragg Gratings) and fully distributed sensing techniques such as Raman DTS (distributed temperature sensor) and Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (BOTDR) typically offer sensing lengths of the order of 100 km's. Distributed fiber optic sensing offers the ability to measure temperatures and/or strains at thousands of points along a single fiber. In this paper, the authors will give a brief overview of these optical fiber technologies, outline potential applications of these technologies for geotechnical engineering applications and experience in utilising BOTDR in water pipeline monitoring application.

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12

Wylie, Michael T. V., Bruce G. Colpitts, and Anthony W. Brown. "Fiber Optic Distributed Differential Displacement Sensor." Journal of Lightwave Technology 29, no. 18 (September 2011): 2847–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2011.2165527.

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13

Juarez, J. C., E. W. Maier, Kyoo Nam Choi, and H. F. Taylor. "Distributed fiber-optic intrusion sensor system." Journal of Lightwave Technology 23, no. 6 (June 2005): 2081–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2005.849924.

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14

Bashan, Gil, Yosef London, H. Hagai Diamandi, and Avi Zadok. "Distributed cladding mode fiber-optic sensor." Optica 7, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optica.377610.

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15

Caron, Serge, Claude Paré, Patrick Paradis, Jean-Marie Trudeau, and André Fougères. "Distributed fibre optics polarimetric chemical sensor." Measurement Science and Technology 17, no. 5 (April 7, 2006): 1075–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/17/5/s23.

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16

Tanimola, Femi, and David Hill. "Distributed fibre optic sensors for pipeline protection." Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 1, no. 4-5 (November 2009): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2009.08.002.

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17

Sherman, Christopher, Robert Mellors, Joseph Morris, and Frederick Ryerson. "Geomechanical modeling of distributed fiber-optic sensor measurements." Interpretation 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): SA21—SA27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2018-0063.1.

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Fiber-optic-based distributed acoustic sensors (DAS) are a new technology that can be deployed in a well and are continuously interrogated during operations. These sensors measure the strain (or strain rate) at all points along the fiber and have been used extensively to monitor hydraulic stimulations. The data from these sensors indicate that they are sensitive to high-frequency signals associated with microseismicity and low-frequency signals associated with fracture growth. We have developed a set of idealized models to simulate these signals and to identify interpretation methods that may be used to estimate fracture location, geometry, and extent. We use a multiphysics code that includes rock physics, fluid flow, and elastic-wave propagation to generate synthetic DAS measurements from a set of simple models that mimic hydraulic fracturing. We then relate the signals observed in the synthetic DAS to specific features in the model such as fracture height, width, and aperture. Our results demonstrate that the synthetic DAS measurements may be used to interpret field DAS measurements and to optimize the design of future sensor deployments for sensitivity to fracture attributes.

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18

Liehr, Sascha, and Katerina Krebber. "A novel quasi-distributed fibre optic displacement sensor for dynamic measurement." Measurement Science and Technology 21, no. 7 (June 15, 2010): 075205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/7/075205.

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19

Stoddart, P. R., P. J. Cadusch, J. B. Pearce, D. Vukovic, C. R. Nagarajah, and D. J. Booth. "Fibre optic distributed temperature sensor with an integrated background correction function." Measurement Science and Technology 16, no. 6 (May 4, 2005): 1299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/16/6/009.

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20

MacLean, Alistair, Chris Moran, Walter Johnstone, Brian Culshaw, Dan Marsh, and Paul Parker. "Detection of hydrocarbon fuel spills using a distributed fibre optic sensor." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 109, no. 1-2 (December 2003): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2003.09.007.

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21

Bernini, R., M. Fraldi, A. Minardo, V. Minutolo, F. Carannante, L. Nunziante, and L. Zeni. "Damage detection in bending beams through Brillouin distributed optic-fibre sensor." Bridge Structures 1, no. 3 (September 2005): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15732480500256992.

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22

Nishiyama, M., H. Sasaki, S. Nose, K. Takami, and K. Watanabe. "Distributed Pressure Sensing as Smart Mat Applications with Hetero-Core Fiber Optic Nerve Sensors." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.391.

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Distributed pressure sensing schemes for human positioning and plantar mapping is desired to be unconstrained for human activity in their daily life in the form of a floor and mat. On the other hand, an optical fiber has several advantages such as lightweight, minimal material, and resistance to corrosion and electromagnetic interference. Additionally, a novel hetero-core optic fiber nerve sensor is only sensitive to be bending action of the sensor portion and the fiber transmission line is unaffected to external disturbance as pressure and temperature fluctuation because of its single-mode stable propagation scheme. Therefore, the hetero-core fiber optic sensor could be suitable for the distributed pressure sensing in human natural activity and be placed in various sites. In this paper, we proposed several smart mat applications in the form of a thin mat in the floor for human positioning and sole pressure mapping mat using the hetero-core optic fiber sensors. We successfully demonstrated the distributed pressure sensing mat using hetero-core sensors to detect human positioning with their circumstance and sole pressure mapping.

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23

Kwon, Il Bum, Chi Yeop Kim, and Dae Cheol Seo. "Application of Fiber Optic BOTDA Sensor for Fire Detection in a Building." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.212.

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Smart structures are to be possessed many functions to sense the external effects, such as seismic loads, temperature, and impact by some explosion, influenced on the safety of structures. This work was focused on the development of a sensing function of smart structures to get the temperature distribution on structures to detect fire occurrences. A fiber optic BOTDA (Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis) sensor system was developed to detect the fire occurrence by measuring the temperature distribution of a building’s exterior surfaces. This fiber optic sensor system was constructed with a laser diode and two electro-optic modulators, which made this system faster than systems using only one electro-optic modulator. The temperature distributed on an optical fiber can be measured by this fiber optic BOTDA sensor. An optical fiber, 1400 m in length, was installed on the surface of a building. Using real-time processing of the sensor system, we were able to monitor temperature distribution on the building’s surfaces, and changes in temperature distribution were also measured accurately with this fiber optic sensor.

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24

Sun, Ruoqi, Liang Zhang, Heming Wei, Yunzhe Gu, Fufei Pang, Huanhuan Liu, and Tingyun Wang. "Quasi-Distributed Magnetic Field Fiber Sensors Integrated with Magnetostrictive Rod in OFDR System." Electronics 11, no. 7 (March 24, 2022): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11071013.

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We have proposed and designed a fiber-optic magnetic field sensors based on magnetostriction, of which the magnetostrictive induced strain of magnetostrictive rod attached to an optical fiber can be measured by optical frequency-domain reflectometry (OFDR). By analyzing the stress transfer process at the interface between the magnetostrictive rod and the sensing optical fiber, we find that the sensor sensitivity is mainly related to the magnetostrictive material and bond width. The experimental results show the sensor performance under different magnetostrictive rods and radiuses. The sensitivity of the Fe-Ga-based sensor is up to 5.05 με/mT, while the sensitivity of the Tb-Dy-Fe-based sensor is up to 3.42 με/mT. The proposed sensor can easily construct a sensor network for quasi-distributed fiber-optic magnetic field sensing, which can be used to monitor magnetic fields at more than one point.

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25

Sieńko, Rafał, Mariusz Zych, Łukasz Bednarski, and Tomasz Howiacki. "Strain and crack analysis within concrete members using distributed fibre optic sensors." Structural Health Monitoring 18, no. 5-6 (October 8, 2018): 1510–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921718804466.

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This article presents laboratory tests, with the purpose being to verify the suitability of standard optical fibres in a tight jacket for advanced strain analysis within concrete members. An optical reflectometer was used to enable the optical signal to be processed on the basis of the Rayleigh scattering phenomenon, so that strains and/or temperature changes were determined along the length of the measuring fibre. The measurements were carried out continuously in a geometrical sense (distributed measurements), with a spatial resolution starting from as fine as 5 mm. The arrangement of optical fibres inside the heterogeneous concrete medium and on its surface allowed for the identification and detailed analysis of local phenomena such as cracks. Remote and early location of structural damage with an estimation of its scale provides new opportunities for the monitoring of the structural health of reinforced concrete structures, facilitating the interpretation of its behaviour as well as failure risk management based on comprehensive and reliable measurement data. If traditional spot techniques are used, this approach is not possible. The aim of the initial studies was to analyse the strain distributions over compressed and tensioned measurement sections located on the surface of a cylindrical specimen of concrete. In the tests which followed, the reinforced concrete rod was eccentrically tensioned with fibre optics installed inside. Qualitative and quantitative verification of crack widths was made, with a narrow range up to 0.05 mm and a wider one to 0.30 mm. The results of the studies show very good accuracy of optical fibre sensor technology as a reference technique during the analysis of microcracks and narrow cracks, and moderate accuracy in the case of wider cracks. Despite using optical fibres in a tight jacket which mediates in strain transfer, the results obtained can be very suitable for the assessment of the structural condition of the member under consideration. It is also worth noting that the tests conducted indicate the effectiveness of distributed optical fibre technology for the analysis of concrete homogeneity and its structural behaviour within compressed areas, as it is possible to calculate strains over measuring bases that start from lengths as short as 5 mm.

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26

Sirat, Qurratu Aini, Dayangku Salma Awang Ismail, Azman Kassim, and Ahmad Safuan A. Rashid. "Application of distributed optical fibre for shallow foundation." MATEC Web of Conferences 250 (2018): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825001019.

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Soil deformation is one of the major interests with regard to the stability analysis of the foundations. The deformations are signified for both vertical and lateral soil deformation; which the former plays vital role in designing a good foundation. As the stability of the foundation affect the stability of the entire structure, instrumentation and monitoring play an important roles in order to monitor the performances of the geotechnical structures. Until now the design of a foundation soil system is relied on the quantification of soil bearing capacity and foundation structural capacity and then followed by conventional monitoring system to observe the settlement so that within the allowable values. Therefore, this study focuses on the newly usage of distributed optical fibre sensing application to monitor strain distribution within a soil mass due to surcharge loading. It is expected to observe the strain distribution goes proportionally to vertical stress distribution concept; where higher strain measurement right below the loading position and decreases with depth. The advantage of distributed optical fibre sensing rather than conventional strain gauge is the sensor able to collect so-called average strain along the optical fibre compare to discrete measurement of strain gauge. This paper describes the experimental work conducted with the use of a distributed sensing technology named Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Analysis (BOTDA). A small scale of 1G model of a shallow foundation which represented by a load plate under incremental surcharge loading was stimulated to assess the soil mass deformation. The optical fibre were embedded in soil mass by layering in a horizontal direction which laid perpendicular to load direction. A comparison of numerical modeling using PLAXIS 2D and experimental works as part of this study. As a results, fibre optic is a good approach for instrumentations and monitoring for geotechnical structures as fibre optics is sensitive to the movement of the soil and fibre optic with anchorage system gave better strain measurement reading compare to without anchorage system.

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27

Polyakov, A. V., and M. A. Ksenofontov. "Quasi-distributed recirculation fiber-optic temperature sensor." Optical Memory and Neural Networks 18, no. 4 (December 2009): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1060992x09040043.

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28

Sumida, Shintaro, Shinji Okazaki, Shukuji Asakura, Hidemoto Nakagawa, Hideaki Murayama, and Takuya Hasegawa. "Distributed hydrogen determination with fiber-optic sensor." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 108, no. 1-2 (July 2005): 508–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2004.11.068.

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29

Garcia, M. J., J. A. Ortega, J. A. Chavez, J. Salazar, and A. Turo. "A novel distributed fiber-optic strain sensor." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 51, no. 4 (August 2002): 685–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2002.803090.

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30

Potyrailo, Radislav A., and Gary M. Hieftje. "Distributed Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensor with Chemically Modified Plastic Cladding." Applied Spectroscopy 52, no. 8 (August 1998): 1092–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702981944805.

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A novel method for modification of the polymer cladding of an optical fiber has been developed for use in distributed chemical sensing. The usefulness of the new technique is illustrated by means of a distributed sensor for ammonium ions based on a 9 m long plastic-clad silica fiber modified with phenol red. The stability of the immobilized indicator made it possible, for the first time, to use a chemically modified fiber for the reversible detection of ammonium ions in highly alkaline solution (pH 11–14). The new sensor offers a broader dynamic range (four orders of magnitude) and shorter response time (30 s) than point sensors for ammonium ions reported in the past.

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31

Nagulapally, Prashanth, Md Shamsuddoha, Ginu Rajan, Luke Djukic, and Gangadhara B. Prusty. "Distributed Fibre Optic Sensor-Based Continuous Strain Measurement along Semicircular Paths Using Strain Transformation Approach." Sensors 21, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030782.

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Анотація:

Distributed fibre optic sensors (DFOS) are popular for structural health monitoring applications in large engineering infrastructure because of their ability to provide spatial strain measurements continuously along their lengths. Curved paths, particularly semicircular paths, are quite common for optical fibre placement in large structures in addition to straight paths. Optical fibre sensors embedded in a curved path configuration typically measure a component of strain, which often cannot be validated using traditional approaches. Thus, for most applications, strain measured along curved paths is ignored as there is no proper validation tool to ensure the accuracy of the measured strains. To overcome this, an analytical strain transformation equation has been developed and is presented here. This equation transforms the horizontal and vertical strain components obtained along a curved semicircular path into a strain component, which acts tangentially as it travels along the curved fibre path. This approach is validated numerically and experimentally for a DFOS installed on a steel specimen with straight and curved paths. Under tensile and flexural loading scenarios, the horizontal and vertical strain components were obtained numerically using finite element analysis and experimentally using strain rosettes and then, substituted into the proposed strain transformation equation for deriving the transformed strain values. Subsequently, the derived strain values obtained from the proposed transformation equation were validated by comparing them with the experimentally measured DFOS strains in the curved region. Additionally, this study has also shown that a localised damage to the DFOS coating will not impact the functionality of the sensor at the remaining locations along its length. In summary, this paper presents a valid strain transformation equation, which can be used for transforming the numerical simulation results into the DFOS measurements along a semicircular path. This would allow for a larger scope of spatial strains measurements, which would otherwise be ignored in practice.

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32

Alwis, Lourdes S. M., Kort Bremer, and Bernhard Roth. "Fiber Optic Sensors Embedded in Textile-Reinforced Concrete for Smart Structural Health Monitoring: A Review." Sensors 21, no. 15 (July 21, 2021): 4948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21154948.

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Анотація:

The last decade has seen rapid developments in the areas of carbon fiber technology, additive manufacturing technology, sensor engineering, i.e., wearables, and new structural reinforcement techniques. These developments, although from different areas, have collectively paved way for concrete structures with non-corrosive reinforcement and in-built sensors. Therefore, the purpose of this effort is to bridge the gap between civil engineering and sensor engineering communities through an overview on the up-to-date technological advances in both sectors, with a special focus on textile reinforced concrete embedded with fiber optic sensors. The introduction section highlights the importance of reducing the carbon footprint resulting from the building industry and how this could be effectively achieved by the use of state-of-the-art reinforcement techniques. Added to these benefits would be the implementations on infrastructure monitoring for the safe operation of structures through their entire lifespan by utilizing sensors, specifically, fiber optic sensors. The paper presents an extensive description on fiber optic sensor engineering that enables the incorporation of sensors into the reinforcement mechanism of a structure at its manufacturing stage, enabling effective monitoring and a wider range of capabilities when compared to conventional means of structural health monitoring. In future, these developments, when combined with artificial intelligence concepts, will lead to distributed sensor networks for smart monitoring applications, particularly enabling such distributed networks to be implemented/embedded at their manufacturing stage.

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33

Fan, Xinyu, Bin Wang, Guangyao Yang, and Zuyuan He. "Slope-Assisted Brillouin-Based Distributed Fiber-Optic Sensing Techniques." Advanced Devices & Instrumentation 2021 (July 14, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9756875.

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Анотація:

Brillouin-based fiber-optic sensing has been regarded as a powerful distributed measurement tool for monitoring the conditions of modern large civil and geotechnical structures, since it provides continuous environmental information (e.g., temperature and strain) along the whole fiber used for sensing applications. In the past few decades, great research efforts were devoted to improve its performance in terms of measurement range, spatial resolution, measurement speed, sensitivity, and cost-effectiveness, of which the slope-assisted measurement scheme, achieved by exploiting the linear slope of the Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS), have paved the way for dynamic distributed fiber-optic sensing. In this article, slope-assisted Brillouin-based distributed fiber-optic sensing techniques demonstrated in the past few years will be reviewed, including the slope-assisted Brillouin optical time-domain analysis/reflectometry (SA-BOTDA/SA-BOTDR), the slope-assisted Brillouin dynamic grating (BDG) sensor, and the slope-assisted Brillouin optical correlation domain analysis/reflectometry (SA-BOCDA/SA-BOCDR). Avenues for future research and development of slope-assisted Brillouin-based fiber-optic sensors are also prospected.

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34

Novotný, Vít, Petr Sysel, Aleš Prokeš, Pavel Hanák, Karel Slavíček, and Jiří Přinosil. "Fiber Optic Based Distributed Mechanical Vibration Sensing." Sensors 21, no. 14 (July 13, 2021): 4779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144779.

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Анотація:

The distributed long-range sensing system, using the standard telecommunication single-mode optical fiber for the distributed sensing of mechanical vibrations, is described. Various events generating vibrations, such as a walking or running person, moving car, train, and many other vibration sources, can be detected, localized, and classified. The sensor is based on phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (ϕ-OTDR). Related sensing system components were designed and constructed, and the system was tested both in the laboratory and in the real deployment, with an 88 km telecom optical link, and the results are presented in this paper. A two-fiber sensor unit, with a double-sensing range was also designed, and its scheme is described. The unit was constructed and the initial measurement results are presented.

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35

Zhao, Yang, and Farhad Ansari. "Quasi-distributed white light fiber optic strain sensor." Optics Communications 196, no. 1-6 (September 2001): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0030-4018(01)01391-8.

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36

Huang Shanglian, Luo Fei, and Pan Yingjun. "A Fiber Optic Sensor for Measuring Distributed Forces." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 5, no. 3 (May 1994): 427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x9400500317.

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37

Chaube, Prabodh, Bruce G. Colpitts, Deepak Jagannathan, and Anthony W. Brown. "Distributed Fiber-Optic Sensor for Dynamic Strain Measurement." IEEE Sensors Journal 8, no. 7 (July 2008): 1067–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2008.926107.

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38

Linec, Matjaž, and Denis Đonlagić. "Quasi-distributed long-gauge fiber optic sensor system." Optics Express 17, no. 14 (June 24, 2009): 11515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.17.011515.

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39

Gong, Yandong. "Optimized fiber in a distributed Brillouin fiber-optic sensor." Optical Engineering 47, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 024401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.2844752.

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40

Jin, Yuan Qiang, and Liang You. "The Research on Measurement Accuracy of RIM-FOS." Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (June 2014): 2005–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.2005.

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Анотація:

There are many factors that can effect on accuracy of reflective intensity-modulated fiber optic sensor (RIM-FOS). Operational object is a major element among them to fiber optic sensor, which is used in measurement of dynamic and static clearance of steam turbine, studied in this topic. For this reason, this letter researches on scattering characteristic of light on surface of medium and distributed function of outline of medium’s surface, and computes and analyzes on their effect on measuring. All of above are benefit to improve accuracy of this kind of sensors.

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41

Xu, Zhigang, Xin Feng, Sheng Zhong, and Wenjing Wu. "Surface Crack Detection in Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipes Using BOTDA Strain Sensors." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9259062.

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Анотація:

Structural deterioration after a period of service can induce the failure of prestressed concrete cylinder pipes (PCCPs), with microcracks in the coating leading to the corrosion of the prestressed wires. In this paper, we propose the use of Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) strain sensors for detecting the onset of microcracking in PCCP coating: the BOTDA strain sensors are mounted on the surface of the PCCP, and distributed strain measurements are employed to assess the cracks in the mortar coating and the structural state of the pipe. To validate the feasibility of the proposed approach, experimental investigations were conducted on a prototype PCCP segment, wherein the inner pressure was gradually increased to 1.6 MPa. Two types of BOTDA strain sensors—the steel wire packaged fiber optic sensor and the polyelastic packaged fiber optic sensor—were employed in the experiments. The experimental distributed measurements agreed well with the finite element computations, evidencing that the investigated strain sensors are sensitive to localized deterioration behaviors such as PCCP microcracking.

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42

Bernini, Romeo, Aldo Minardo, Stefano Ciaramella, Vincenzo Minutolo, and Luigi Zeni. "Distributed Strain Measurement along a Concrete Beam via Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Optical Fibers." International Journal of Geophysics 2011 (2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/710941.

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Анотація:

The structural strain measurement of tension and compression in a 4 m long concrete beam was demonstrated with a distributed fiber-optic sensor portable system based on Brillouin scattering. Strain measurements provided by the fiber-optic sensor permitted to detect the formation of a crack in the beam resulting from the external applied load. The sensor system is valuable for structural monitoring applications, enabling the long-term performance and health of structures to be efficiently monitored.

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43

Muliati, Tanti, Paulus Pramono Rahardjo, Bondan Widi Anggoro, and Ricky Setiawan. "The analysis of pile-pile cap behavior under static loading test using distributed fiber optic sensor." Indonesian Geotechnical Journal 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.56144/igj.v1i1.7.

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Анотація:

Pile-Pile cap behavior was investigated in this study through the utilization of fiber optic sensors to continuously transmit information along the bored pile at a reading interval of 40 mm during each cycle of the static loading test. It is important to note that the fiber optic cables were installed on the two sides of the bored pile connected up to the pile cap to monitor the stress distribution beneath the pile cap while fiber optic sensors were installed under the pile cap. The ultimate axial bearing capacity expected to be achieved using the pile-pile cap configuration was 190 tons x 250% but failure occurred when the load used was increased to 190% of the design load. Therefore, the strain measurement obtained from the Distributed Fiber Optic Sensor Technology was analyzed to obtain information on the load transfer, pile shortening, mobilized unit skin friction, and mobilized end bearing at the pile-pile cap. The load portion carried out by pile cap was approximated at 6% to 23% from the actual top load applied. It was also discovered that the fiber optic sensors initially installed were able to record the strain caused to the soil by the load on the pile cap. The strain measurements on the soil made the zone of influence due to the loading of the foundation to reach two times the length of the pile while the biggest zone of influence lies at the end of the foundation. From recorded strain, show higher strain from one side compared to the other, this may indicate eccentricity of the load.

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44

Yager, Jacob S., Neil A. Hoult, Evan C. Bentz, and Joshua E. Woods. "Measurement of Restrained and Unrestrained Shrinkage of Reinforced Concrete Using Distributed Fibre Optic Sensors." Sensors 22, no. 23 (December 2, 2022): 9397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22239397.

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Анотація:

Shrinkage is an important component of the behaviour of reinforced concrete (RC) structures, however, the number of variables that affect shrinkage make it a complex time-dependent phenomenon. Additionally, as new concrete materials with lower embodied carbon gain popularity, there is a need for an in-depth understanding into their shrinkage behaviour before they can be widely adopted by industry. Currently, the shrinkage behaviour of concrete is studied using discrete measurements on small-scale unrestrained prisms. Distributed fibre optic sensing (DFOS) potentially provides a method of measuring both restrained (with reinforcement) and unrestrained (without reinforcement) shrinkage in both small-scale specimens and structural elements. In the current study, methods of measuring distributed unrestrained shrinkage strains were developed and evaluated, and the restrained shrinkage strains in different types of structural members were studied. Unrestrained shrinkage strains were measured using fibres optic cables embedded in small concrete prisms, while restrained shrinkage strains were measured with fibres bonded to the longitudinal reinforcement. Unrestrained shrinkage strains were found to be highly variable (as large as 3800 microstrain range) depending on location, but further research needs to be undertaken to account for end effects, early-stage shrinkage, and bond between the fibre optic cable and the concrete. Restrained shrinkage strains from structural members revealed non-uniform shrinkage strain distributions along member length due to functional grading as well as high supplementary cementitious material concretes, suggesting that shrinkage models will need to account for this variability.

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45

Abesser, Corinna, Francesco Ciocca, John Findlay, David Hannah, Philip Blaen, Athena Chalari, Michael Mondanos, and Stefan Krause. "A distributed heat pulse sensor network for thermo-hydraulic monitoring of the soil subsurface." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 53, no. 3 (March 17, 2020): 352–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/qjegh2018-147.

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Анотація:

Fibre optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS) is used increasingly for environmental monitoring and subsurface characterization. Combined with heating of metal elements embedded within the fibre optic cable, the temperature response of the soil provides valuable information from which soil parameters such as thermal conductivity and soil moisture can be derived at high spatial and temporal resolution, and over long distances.We present a novel active distributed temperature sensing (A-DTS) system and its application to characterize spatial and temporal dynamics in soil thermal conductivity along a recently forested hillslope in Central England, UK. Compared with conventional techniques (needle probe surveys), A-DTS provided values with a similar spread although lower on average. The larger number of measurement points that A-DTS provides at higher spatial and temporal resolutions and the ability to repeat surveys under different meteorological or hydrological conditions allow for a more detailed examination of the spatial and temporal variability of thermal conductivities at the study site. Although system deployment time and costs are higher than with needle probes, A-DTS can be extremely appealing for applications requiring long-term monitoring, at high temporal repeatability, over long (kilometres) distances and with minimum soil disturbance, compared with one-off spatial surveys.Thematic collection: This article is part of the Measurement and monitoring collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/measurement-and-monitoring

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46

Awodu Onuora, Ukagwu Kelechi, Okuonghae Timothy, Azi S.O. "Vehicular Classification Based on Vibration Caused by Uncontrolled Traffic Using Fibre Optic Sensor." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 8, no. 8 (August 31, 2020): 09–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v8i8.5437.

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Анотація:

Fibre optic vibration sensor (FOVS) converts vibration signal to light signal. Due to its prominent features, distributed fibre optic vibration sensor is preferred to conventional methods. Interest in FOVS has greatly increased over the years in structural health monitoring and vehicular traffic, hence the need to embark on this study. Distributed FOS is employed to measure the frequency of vibration caused by uncontrolled vehicular movement at Oluku By-Pass Bridge. Φ-OTDR is used to obtain millisecond snapshots of the stochastic signal arising thereof. A video shot was also recorded to match the exact timing of each excitation. Traces obtained show several frequency peaks at various corresponding backscatter level for high and low vehicular traffic. Sampled data analyzed with Fiberizer Cloud software indicates high attenuation contribute to low total loss and low attenuation lead to high total loss. Spectral analyses of the data at low and high traffic for the stochastic signal. The corresponding frequency peaks were calculated and the results used to classify vehicles at low and high speed. The FWHM obtained with double Gaussian model for differential trace shows that high traffic gives sharp peaks with standard deviation less than 0.6 and above 0.6 for low traffic. The analyses identified peaks above 4.0x10-3 for traces with trucks and cars at high speed, while peaks less than 4.0x10-3 were obtained for traces with cars.

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47

Zhirnov, Andrey A., Tatyana V. Choban, Konstantin V. Stepanov, Kirill I. Koshelev, Anton O. Chernutsky, Alexey B. Pnev, and Valeriy E. Karasik. "Distributed Acoustic Sensor Using a Double Sagnac Interferometer Based on Wavelength Division Multiplexing." Sensors 22, no. 7 (April 4, 2022): 2772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22072772.

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Анотація:

We demonstrated a fiber optic distributed acoustic sensor based on a double Sagnac interferometer, using two wavelengths separated by CWDM modules. A mathematical model of signal formation principle, based on a shift in two signals analysis, was described and substantiated mathematically. The dependence of the sensor sensitivity on a disturbance coordinate and frequency was found and simulated, and helped determine a low sensitivity zone length and provided sensor scheme optimization. A data processing algorithm without filtering, appropriate even in case of a high system noise level, was described. An experimental study of the distributed fiber optic sensor based on a Sagnac interferometer with two wavelengths divided countering loops was carried out. An accuracy of 24 m was achieved for 25.4 km SMF sensing fiber without phase unwrapping.

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48

Roman, Muhammad, Damilola Balogun, Yiyang Zhuang, Rex E. Gerald, Laura Bartlett, Ronald J. O’Malley, and Jie Huang. "A Spatially Distributed Fiber-Optic Temperature Sensor for Applications in the Steel Industry." Sensors 20, no. 14 (July 13, 2020): 3900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20143900.

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Анотація:

This paper presents a spatially distributed fiber-optic sensor system designed for demanding applications, like temperature measurements in the steel industry. The sensor system employed optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) to interrogate Rayleigh backscattering signals in single-mode optical fibers. Temperature measurements employing the OFDR system were compared with conventional thermocouple measurements, accentuating the spatially distributed sensing capability of the fiber-optic system. Experiments were designed and conducted to test the spatial thermal mapping capability of the fiber-optic temperature measurement system. Experimental simulations provided evidence that the optical fiber system could resolve closely spaced temperature features, due to the high spatial resolution and fast measurement rates of the OFDR system. The ability of the fiber-optic system to perform temperature measurements in a metal casting was tested by monitoring aluminum solidification in a sand mold. The optical fiber, encased in a stainless steel tube, survived both mechanically and optically at temperatures exceeding 700 °C. The ability to distinguish between closely spaced temperature features that generate information-rich thermal maps opens up many applications in the steel industry.

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49

Pan’kov, A. A. "Diagnostics of impregnation defects of reinforcing filaments of polymer composite with built-in fibre-optic sensor with distributed Bragg grating." PNRPU Mechanics Bulletin, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/perm.mech/2020.3.07.

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Анотація:

Mathematical model of unidirectional fibrous polymer composite material with optical fiber sensor built into reinforcing fiber (filament of elementary fibers) with distributed Bragg grating is developed in order to diagnoste defects of filament impregnation - finding probability of impregnation defect as relative length of local sections of filament without impregnation, i.e. without filling binder of space between its elementary fibers. The technique of digital processing of reflection spectrum according to the solution of the integral Fredholm equation of the 1st kind is used in order to find the desired informative function of density of distribution of axial strains along the length of the sensitive section of the fibre-optic sensor. The approach assumes that the optical fiber sensor is embedded in the composite material at the stage of its manufacture, wherein the low-reflective nature of the sensitive portion of the optical fiber allows linear summation of reflection coefficients from its various local portions regardless of their mutual positions. Algorithm of numerical processing of strain distribution density function is developed for finding of sought probability of presence of impregnation defects along filament length. It has been revealed that the distribution density function has pronounced informative pulses, from the location and value of which the sought-after values of probability of presence of impregnation defects along the length of the filament can be found. The results of diagnostics of different values of the sought probability of the filament impregnation defect are presented based on the results of numerical simulation of the measured reflection spectra and the sought function of strain distribution density along the length of the sensitive section of the optical fiber sensor at different values of the volume fraction of the filaments, combinations of transverse and longitudinal loads of the representative domain of the unidirectional fibrous composite material in comparison with graphs for the case without load.

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50

Haldorsen, Jakob B. U., Caleb Christensen, D. Rick Metzbower, Audrius Berzanskis, Jorge Machnizh, Guillaume Bergery, Vladislav Lesnikov, Michel Verliac, Harold Merry, and Ali A. Dawood. "A three-component optical sensor for borehole seismic applications." Leading Edge 40, no. 6 (June 2021): 447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle40060447.1.

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Анотація:

We describe a new optical three-component accelerometer for borehole applications. Field data acquired in early 2020 in a fiber-optic-instrumented well in Houston, Texas, show that the new optical accelerometer is a viable borehole seismic sensor, measuring signals at frequencies from subhertz to hundreds of hertz. It is argued that an array of these sensors could be used to complement distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) technology to compensate for the inability of DAS sensors to measure wavefield polarization. This hybrid fiber-optic receiver array would be a fully optical wide-bandwidth sensor array without any electronics in the well. With a maximum operational temperature expected to exceed 200°C, this array would not be affected significantly by possible high temperatures in the near-reservoir section of the well.

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