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Статті в журналах з теми "Distractor filtering"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 березня 2023

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1

Vissers, Marlies E., Joram van Driel, and Heleen A. Slagter. "Proactive, but Not Reactive, Distractor Filtering Relies on Local Modulation of Alpha Oscillatory Activity." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 28, no. 12 (December 2016): 1964–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01017.

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Filter mechanisms that prevent irrelevant information from consuming the limited storage capacity of visual STM are critical for goal-directed behavior. Alpha oscillatory activity has been related to proactive filtering of anticipated distraction. Yet, distraction in everyday life is not always anticipated, necessitating rapid, reactive filtering mechanisms. Currently, the oscillatory mechanisms underlying reactive distractor filtering remain unclear. In the current EEG study, we investigated whether reactive filtering of distractors also relies on alpha-band oscillatory mechanisms and explored possible contributions by oscillations in other frequency bands. To this end, participants performed a lateralized change detection task in which a varying and unpredicted number of distractors were presented both in the relevant hemifield, among targets, and in the irrelevant hemifield. Results showed that, whereas proactive distractor filtering was accompanied by lateralization of alpha-band activity over posterior scalp regions, reactive distractor filtering was not associated with modulations of oscillatory power in any frequency band. Yet, behavioral and post hoc ERP analyses clearly showed that participants selectively encoded relevant information. On the basis of these results, we conclude that reactive distractor filtering may not be realized through local modulation of alpha-band oscillatory activity.

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2

McNab, Fiona, Peter Zeidman, Robb B. Rutledge, Peter Smittenaar, Harriet R. Brown, Rick A. Adams, and Raymond J. Dolan. "Age-related changes in working memory and the ability to ignore distraction." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 20 (May 4, 2015): 6515–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1504162112.

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A weakened ability to effectively resist distraction is a potential basis for reduced working memory capacity (WMC) associated with healthy aging. Exploiting data from 29,631 users of a smartphone game, we show that, as age increases, working memory (WM) performance is compromised more by distractors presented during WM maintenance than distractors presented during encoding. However, with increasing age, the ability to exclude distraction at encoding is a better predictor of WMC in the absence of distraction. A significantly greater contribution of distractor filtering at encoding represents a potential compensation for reduced WMC in older age.

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3

Parks, Nathan A., Matthew R. Hilimire, and Paul M. Corballis. "Steady-state Signatures of Visual Perceptual Load, Multimodal Distractor Filtering, and Neural Competition." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 5 (May 2011): 1113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21460.

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The perceptual load theory of attention posits that attentional selection occurs early in processing when a task is perceptually demanding but occurs late in processing otherwise. We used a frequency-tagged steady-state evoked potential paradigm to investigate the modality specificity of perceptual load-induced distractor filtering and the nature of neural-competitive interactions between task and distractor stimuli. EEG data were recorded while participants monitored a stream of stimuli occurring in rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) for the appearance of previously assigned targets. Perceptual load was manipulated by assigning targets that were identifiable by color alone (low load) or by the conjunction of color and orientation (high load). The RSVP task was performed alone and in the presence of task-irrelevant visual and auditory distractors. The RSVP stimuli, visual distractors, and auditory distractors were “tagged” by modulating each at a unique frequency (2.5, 8.5, and 40.0 Hz, respectively), which allowed each to be analyzed separately in the frequency domain. We report three important findings regarding the neural mechanisms of perceptual load. First, we replicated previous findings of within-modality distractor filtering and demonstrated a reduction in visual distractor signals with high perceptual load. Second, auditory steady-state distractor signals were unaffected by manipulations of visual perceptual load, consistent with the idea that perceptual load-induced distractor filtering is modality specific. Third, analysis of task-related signals revealed that visual distractors competed with task stimuli for representation and that increased perceptual load appeared to resolve this competition in favor of the task stimulus.

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4

Gaspar, John M., and John J. McDonald. "High Level of Trait Anxiety Leads to Salience-Driven Distraction and Compensation." Psychological Science 29, no. 12 (November 2, 2018): 2020–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797618807166.

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Individuals with high levels of anxiety are hypothesized to have impaired executive control functions that would otherwise enable efficient filtering of irrelevant information. Pinpointing specific deficits is difficult, however, because anxious individuals may compensate for deficient control functions by allocating greater effort. Here, we used event-related-potential indices of attentional selection (the N2pc) and suppression (the PD) to determine whether high trait anxiety is associated with a deficit in preventing the misallocation of attention to salient, but irrelevant, visual search distractors. Like their low-anxiety counterparts ( n = 19), highly anxious individuals ( n = 19) were able to suppress the distractor, as evidenced by the presence of a PD. Critically, however, the distractor was found to trigger an earlier N2pc in the high-anxiety group but not in the low-anxiety group. These findings indicate that, whereas individuals with low anxiety can prevent distraction in a proactive fashion, anxious individuals deal with distractors only after they have diverted attention.

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5

POET, RON, and KAREN RENAUD. "A MECHANISM FOR FILTERING DISTRACTORS FOR DOODLE PASSWORDS." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 23, no. 05 (August 2009): 1005–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001409007430.

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Graphical authentication holds some potential as an alternative to the ubiquitous password. Graphical authentication mechanisms typically present users with one or more challenge sets composed of a number of images: one target image surrounded by distractor images. Unfortunately, this means it tends to be more time-consuming than password entry and to alleviate this, we need to streamline the process as much as possible to maximize efficiency. The distractors must be chosen with care so as to ensure that users do not become confused by similarities with the target image. It is especially challenging to achieve this filtering with minimalist image types, such as hand-drawn doodles. This paper explores the issues related to filtering the distractor images used in graphical authentication mechanisms using minimalist images. We present an algorithm for automatically classifying minimalist images in terms of visual similarity. The principles outlined here can also be used to assess the similarity of other minimalist image types such as signatures and handwritten numerals.

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6

Cain, Matthew S., and Stephen R. Mitroff. "Distractor Filtering in Media Multitaskers." Perception 40, no. 10 (January 2011): 1183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p7017.

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7

Cain, M. S., and S. R. Mitroff. "Distractor filtering in media multitaskers." Journal of Vision 10, no. 7 (August 3, 2010): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/10.7.260.

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8

Maniglia, Mariana R., and Alessandra S. Souza. "Age Differences in the Efficiency of Filtering and Ignoring Distraction in Visual Working Memory." Brain Sciences 10, no. 8 (August 14, 2020): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10080556.

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Анотація:

Healthy aging is associated with decline in the ability to maintain visual information in working memory (WM). We examined whether this decline can be explained by decreases in the ability to filter distraction during encoding or to ignore distraction during memory maintenance. Distraction consisted of irrelevant objects (Exp. 1) or irrelevant features of an object (Exp. 2). In Experiment 1, participants completed a spatial WM task requiring remembering locations on a grid. During encoding or during maintenance, irrelevant distractor positions were presented. In Experiment 2, participants encoded either single-feature (colors or orientations) or multifeature objects (colored triangles) and later reproduced one of these features using a continuous scale. In multifeature blocks, a precue appeared before encoding or a retrocue appeared during memory maintenance indicating with 100% certainty to the to-be-tested feature, thereby enabling filtering and ignoring of the irrelevant (not-cued) feature, respectively. There were no age-related deficits in the efficiency of filtering and ignoring distractor objects (Exp. 1) and of filtering irrelevant features (Exp. 2). Both younger and older adults could not ignore irrelevant features when cued with a retrocue. Overall, our results provide no evidence for an aging deficit in using attention to manage visual WM.

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9

Micucci, Antonia, Vera Ferrari, Andrea De Cesarei, and Maurizio Codispoti. "Contextual Modulation of Emotional Distraction: Attentional Capture and Motivational Significance." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 4 (April 2020): 621–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01505.

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Emotional stimuli engage corticolimbic circuits and capture attention even when they are task-irrelevant distractors. Whether top–down or contextual factors can modulate the filtering of emotional distractors is a matter of debate. Recent studies have indicated that behavioral interference by emotional distractors habituates rapidly when the same stimuli are repeated across trials. However, little is known as to whether we can attenuate the impact of novel (never repeated) emotional distractors when they occur frequently. In two experiments, we investigated the effects of distractor frequency on the processing of task-irrelevant novel pictures, as reflected in both behavioral interference and neural activity, while participants were engaged in an orientation discrimination task. Experiment 1 showed that, compared with a rare distractor condition (20%), frequent distractors (80%) reduced the interference of emotional stimuli. Moreover, Experiment 2 provided evidence that emotional interference was reduced by distractor frequency even when rare, and unexpected, emotional distractors appeared among frequent neutral distractors. On the other hand, in both experiments, the late positive potential amplitude was enhanced for emotional, compared with neutral, pictures, and this emotional modulation was not reduced when distractors were frequently presented. Altogether, these findings suggest that the high occurrence of task-irrelevant stimuli does not proactively prevent the processing of emotional distractors. Even when attention allocation to novel emotional stimuli is reduced, evaluative processes and the engagement of motivational systems are needed to support the monitoring of the environment for significant events.

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10

Won, Bo-Yeong. "Passive distractor filtering in visual search." Visual Cognition 29, no. 9 (September 28, 2021): 563–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2021.1912237.

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11

Geng, Joy J., Bo-Yeong Won, and Nancy B. Carlisle. "Distractor Ignoring: Strategies, Learning, and Passive Filtering." Current Directions in Psychological Science 28, no. 6 (September 16, 2019): 600–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721419867099.

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Our sensory environments contain more information than we can process, and successful behaviors require the ability to separate task-relevant information from task-irrelevant information. Much research on attention has focused on the mechanisms that result in selection of desired information, but much less is known about how distracting information is ignored. Here, we describe evidence that strategic, learned, and passive information can all contribute to better distractor ignoring. The evidence suggests that there are multiple ways in which distractor ignoring is supported, and these ways may be different from those of target selection. Future work will need to identify the mechanisms by which each source of information adjusts attentional priority such that irrelevant information is better ignored.

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12

Valsecchi, Matteo, and Massimo Turatto. "Distractor filtering is affected by local and global distractor probability, emerges very rapidly but is resistant to extinction." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 83, no. 6 (May 4, 2021): 2458–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-021-02303-3.

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AbstractEffects of statistical learning (SL) of distractor location have been shown to persist when the probabilities of distractor occurrence are equalized across different locations in a so-called extinction phase. Here, we asked whether lingering effects of SL are still observed when a true extinction phase, during which the distractor is completely omitted, is implemented. The results showed that, once established, the effects of SL of distractor location do survive the true extinction phase, indicating that the pattern of suppression in the saliency map is encoded in a form of long-lasting memory. Quite unexpectedly, we also found that the amount of filtering implemented at a given location is not only dictated by the specific rate of distractor occurrence at that location, as previously found, but also by the global distractor probability. We therefore suggest that the visual attention system could be more or less (implicitly) prone to suppression as a function of how often the distractor is encountered overall, and that this suppressive bias affects the degree of suppression at the specific distractor-probability location. Finally, our results showed that the effects of SL of distractor location can appear much more rapidly than has been previously documented, requiring a few trials to become manifest. Hence, SL of distractor location appears to have an asymmetrical rate of learning during acquisition and extinction, while the amount of suppression exerted at a specific distractor location is modulated by distractor contextual probabilistic information.

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13

Porporino, Mafalda, Grace Iarocci, David I. Shore, and Jacob A. Burack. "A developmental change in selective attention and global form perception." International Journal of Behavioral Development 28, no. 4 (July 2004): 358–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250444000063.

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The primary purpose of the present study was to examine the processing of local and global perception in relation to selective attention during development from childhood to early adulthood. Filtering was the specific component of selective attention that was examined. The influence of varying distractor congruency and compatibility on relative local-global processing was also examined. Distractor congruency and compatibility did not differentially affect local and global processing. With the presence of neutral distractors, however, 6- and 8-year-old participants demonstrated a greater increase in RTs for global targets relative to local targets whereas older children and adults showed the same pattern of RTs for both local and global targets. The results are suggestive of separate developmental trajectories for global and local level processes, with global processing undergoing developmental change at least until 8 years of age.

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14

Becske, M., C. Marosi, H. Molnár, Z. Fodor, L. Tombor, and G. Csukly. "Working Memory Deficit and Attentional Distractibility in Schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.538.

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Introduction Meta-analyses suggest that patients with schizophrenia show deficit in working memory – both verbal and visual – and are more distractible. Working memory disturbances are even regarded as the central deficit in schizophrenia by some researchers. Theta synchronization (especially over fronto-central areas) is related to cognitive control and executive functioning during working memory encoding and retention. Objectives The main goal of the study was to gain more understanding of the nature of working memory deficit and attentional distractibility in schizophrenia. Methods 35 patients with schizophrenia and 39 matched controls were enrolled in our study. Participants performed a modified Sternberg working memory task that contained salient and non-salient distractor items in the retention period. A high-density 128 channel EEG was recorded during the task. Event-related theta (4-7 Hz) synchronization was analyzed during working memory encoding (learning) and retention (distractor filtering) in a later time window (350-550 ms). Results Patients with schizophrenia showed weaker working memory performance and increased attentional distractibility compared to the control group: patients had significantly lower hit rates (p < 0.0001) and higher distractor-related commission error rates (p < 0.0001). Theta synchronization was modulated by condition (learning < distractor) in both groups but it was modulated by salience only in controls (salient distractor > non-salient distractor, p[patients] = 0.95, p[controls] < 0.001). Conclusions Our results suggest that patients with schizophrenia show diminished cognitive control compared to controls in response to salient distractors. Difficulties in cognitive control allocation may contribute to the behavioral results observed in this study. Disclosure No significant relationships.

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15

Danziger, Shai, Robert Ward, Vanessa Owen, and Robert Rafal. "The Effects of Unilateral Pulvinar Damage in Humans on Reflexive Orienting and Filtering of Irrelevant Information." Behavioural Neurology 13, no. 3-4 (2002): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2002/917570.

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The effects of damage to the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus in humans on reflexive orienting and selective attention were investigated. In a spatial orienting task three patients with unilateral pulvinar damage determined the location of a visual target that followed a cue that was not informative as to the targets location. Contralesional targets were responded to more slowly than ipsilesional targets. Also, at long cue target intervals patients responses to contralesional targets that appeared at previously cued locations were slower than to non-cued locations indicating that pulvinar damage does not affect inhibition of return. In the selective attention task two of the patients identified a target that appeared at one level of a global-local hierarchical stimulus while ignoring a distractor present at the other level. The distractor indicated either the same response as the target or a different response. Response times to targets in both visual fields were similar as were interference effects from the ignored distractors. These data indicate that engaging attention contralesionally is not impaired in discrimination tasks and that filtering of irrelevant information was not impaired contralesionally.

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16

Becske, Melinda, Csilla Marosi, Hajnalka Molnár, Zsuzsanna Fodor, László Tombor, and Gábor Csukly. "Distractor filtering and its electrophysiological correlates in schizophrenia." Clinical Neurophysiology 133 (January 2022): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2021.10.009.

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17

McNab, Fiona, and Raymond J. Dolan. "Dissociating distractor-filtering at encoding and during maintenance." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 40, no. 3 (June 2014): 960–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0036013.

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18

Astrand, Elaine, Claire Wardak, and Suliann Ben Hamed. "Neuronal population correlates of target selection and distractor filtering." NeuroImage 209 (April 2020): 116517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116517.

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19

Allon, Ayala S., and Roy Luria. "Compensation mechanisms that improve distractor filtering are short-lived." Cognition 164 (July 2017): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.03.020.

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20

Tsiora, Stamatina, Douglas D. Potter, John S. Kyle, and Adele M. Maxwell. "The Effect of Withdrawal and Intake of Nicotine on Smokers' Ability to Ignore Distractors in a Number Parity Decision Task." Psychiatry Journal 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/823158.

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Nicotine's attention enhancing effects are often attributed to enhancement of stimulus filtering by the attention networks. We investigated distractibility in 20 abstinent cigarette smokers (9 hours overnight; phase 1) and tested them again after smoking one cigarette (phase 2). Their performance was compared to 20 nonsmokers (no nicotine intake). In an auditory number parity decision task, participants had to make a forced choice “odd” or “even” decision about centrally presented numbers between 2 and 9, while ignoring laterally presented preceding or simultaneous novel distractors. In phase 1, distractors that preceded goal stimuli slowed reaction times (RTs) more than simultaneously presented distractors in both groups. In phase 2, nicotine intake speeded RTs in smokers in all conditions and reduced RT variability for simple number decisions and simultaneous distractors. Overall, there was a nonsignificant trend for smokers to be less accurate than nonsmokers. Accuracy in the simultaneous distractor condition decreased in both groups in phase 2. We argue that the observed nicotine-induced improvements on behavioral performance primarily reflect enhancement of top-down control of attention.

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21

Akyürek, Elkan G., and Anna Schubö. "Electrophysiological correlates of early attentional feature selection and distractor filtering." Biological Psychology 93, no. 2 (May 2013): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.02.009.

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22

Di Caro, Valeria, and Chiara Della Libera. "Distractor filtering via Suppression History: transient, short or long-term plasticity?" Journal of Vision 19, no. 10 (September 6, 2019): 102d. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/19.10.102d.

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23

Mevorach, Carmel, Mayra Muller Spaniol, and Lilach Shalev. "Enhanced pro-active distractor filtering in adults with high autistic traits." Journal of Vision 15, no. 12 (September 1, 2015): 1338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/15.12.1338.

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Krauzlis, R. J., A. Z. Zivotofsky, and F. A. Miles. "Target Selection for Pursuit and Saccadic Eye Movements in Humans." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 11, no. 6 (November 1999): 641–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892999563706.

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Eye movements were recorded from three subjects as they initiated tracking of a small circle (“target”) moving leftward or rightward, above or below the horizontal meridian, either alone or in the presence of a small square (“distractor”) moving leftward or rightward on the other side of the horizontal meridian. At the start of each trial, subjects were provided with either a “form” cue (always centrally positioned and having the circular shape and color of the upcoming moving target) or a “location” cue (a small white square positioned where the upcoming target would appear). The latency of pursuit increased in the presence of an oppositely moving distractor when subjects were provided the form cues but not when they were provided the location cues. The latency of saccades showed similar, but smaller, increases when subjects were given the form cues. On many trials with the form cues, pursuit started in the direction of the distractor and then reversed to follow the target. On these trials, the initial saccade often, but not always, also followed the distractor. These results indicate that the mechanisms of target selection for pursuit and saccades are tightly coordinated but not strictly yoked. The shared effects of the distractor on the latencies of pursuit and saccades probably reflect the common role of visual attention in filtering the inputs that guide these two types of eye movements. The differences in the details of the effects on pursuit and saccades suggest that the neural mechanisms that trigger these two movements can be independently regulated.

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Eštočinová, Jana, Emanuele Lo Gerfo, Chiara Della Libera, Leonardo Chelazzi, and Elisa Santandrea. "Augmenting distractor filtering via transcranial magnetic stimulation of the lateral occipital cortex." Cortex 84 (November 2016): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2016.08.012.

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Ferrante, Oscar, Alessia Patacca, Valeria Di Caro, Chiara Della Libera, Elisa Santandrea, and Leonardo Chelazzi. "Altering spatial priority maps via statistical learning of target selection and distractor filtering." Cortex 102 (May 2018): 67–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2017.09.027.

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Frighetto, Giovanni, Mauro A. Zordan, Umberto Castiello, and Aram Megighian. "Action-based attention in Drosophila melanogaster." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 6 (June 1, 2019): 2428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00164.2019.

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The mechanism of action selection is a widely shared fundamental process required by animals to interact with the environment and adapt to it. A key step in this process is the filtering of the “distracting” sensory inputs that may disturb action selection. Because it has been suggested that, in principle, action selection may also be processed by shared circuits in vertebrate and invertebrates, we wondered whether invertebrates show the ability to filter out “distracting” stimuli during a goal-directed action, as seen in vertebrates. In this experiment, action selection was studied in wild-type Drosophila melanogaster by investigating their reaction to the abrupt appearance of a visual distractor during an ongoing locomotor action directed to a visual target. We found that when the distractor was present, flies tended to shift the original trajectory toward it, thus acknowledging its presence, but they did not fully commit to it, suggesting that an inhibition process took place to continue the unfolding of the planned goal-directed action. To some extent flies appeared to take into account and represent motorically the distractor, but they did not engage in a complete change of their initial motor program in favor of the distractor. These results provide interesting insights into the selection-for-action mechanism, in a context requiring action-centered attention, that might have appeared rather early in the course of evolution. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Action selection and maintenance of a goal-directed action require animals to ignore irrelevant “distracting” stimuli that might elicit alternative motor programs. In this study we observed, in Drosophila melanogaster, a top-down mechanism inhibiting the response toward salient stimuli, to accomplish a goal-directed action. These data highlight, for the first time in an invertebrate organism, that the action-based attention shown by higher organisms, such as humans and nonhuman primates, might have an ancestral origin.

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Pastuszak, Aleksandra, Kimron Shapiro, and Simon Hanslmayr. "The role of pre-stimulus alpha oscillation in distractor filtering during a Visual Search task." Journal of Vision 18, no. 10 (September 1, 2018): 979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/18.10.979.

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Wykowska, Agnieszka, and Anna Schubö. "Irrelevant Singletons in Visual Search Do Not Capture Attention but Can Produce Nonspatial Filtering Costs." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 3 (March 2011): 645–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21390.

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It is not clear how salient distractors affect visual processing. The debate concerning the issue of whether irrelevant salient items capture spatial attention [e.g., Theeuwes, J., Atchley, P., & Kramer, A. F. On the time course of top–down and bottom–up control of visual attention. In S. Monsell & J. Driver (Eds.), Attention and performance XVIII: Control of cognitive performance (pp. 105–124). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000] or produce only nonspatial interference in the form of, for example, filtering costs [Folk, Ch. L., & Remington, R. Top–down modulation of preattentive processing: Testing the recovery account of contingent capture. Visual Cognition, 14, 445–465, 2006] has not yet been settled. The present ERP study examined deployment of attention in visual search displays that contained an additional irrelevant singleton. Display-locked N2pc showed that attention was allocated to the target and not to the irrelevant singleton. However, the onset of the N2pc to the target was delayed when the irrelevant singleton was presented in the opposite hemifield relative to the same hemifield. Thus, although attention was successfully focused on the target, the irrelevant singleton produced some interference resulting in a delayed allocation of attention to the target. A subsequent probe discrimination task allowed for locking ERPs to probe onsets and investigating the dynamics of sensory gain control for probes appearing at relevant (target) or irrelevant (singleton distractor) positions. Probe-locked P1 showed sensory gain for probes positioned at the target location but no such effect for irrelevant singletons in the additional singleton condition. Taken together, the present data support the claim that irrelevant singletons do not capture attention. If they produce any interference, it is rather due to nonspatial filtering costs.

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Talbot, Daniel, Evelyn Smith, and John Cass. "Male body dissatisfaction, eating disorder symptoms, body composition, and attentional bias to body stimuli evaluated using visual search." Journal of Experimental Psychopathology 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 204380871984829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2043808719848292.

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This study investigated the relationship between body dissatisfaction, eating disorder symptoms, and attentional bias to images of male bodies using a compound visual search task. Sixty-three male participants searched for a horizontal or vertical target line among tilted lines. A separate male body image was presented within proximity to each line. Overall, search times were faster when the target line was paired with a muscular or obese body and distractor lines were paired with bodies of average muscularity and body fat ( congruent trials) than on neutral trials, in which only average muscularity and body fat images were shown. Attentional bias for muscular bodies was correlated with muscle dissatisfaction, eating restraint, and shape concern, and attentional bias for obese bodies was correlated with eating restraint. For incongruent trials, in which a single muscular or obese body was paired with a distractor line, search times were indistinguishable from neutral trials. Unexpectedly, we found a negative association between search times and both body fat dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptoms in conditions where obese bodies were paired with distracting stimuli. This result implicates a potential role for attentional filtering and/or avoidance of obese bodies in predicting body fat dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptomology.

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31

Lega, Carlotta, Oscar Ferrante, Francesco Marini, Elisa Santandrea, Luigi Cattaneo, and Leonardo Chelazzi. "Probing the Neural Mechanisms for Distractor Filtering and Their History-Contingent Modulation by Means of TMS." Journal of Neuroscience 39, no. 38 (August 6, 2019): 7591–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2740-18.2019.

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32

Berggren, Nick. "Anxiety and apprehension in visual working memory performance: no change to capacity, but poorer distractor filtering." Anxiety, Stress, & Coping 33, no. 3 (March 4, 2020): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2020.1736899.

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33

Zacharopoulos, George, Torkel Klingberg, and Roi Cohen Kadosh. "Structural variation within the left globus pallidus is associated with task-switching, not stimulus updating or distractor filtering." Cognitive Neuroscience 11, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2020.1813699.

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34

Wang, Sisi, and Yixuan Ku. "Proceedings #36: Electrical Stimulation over Posterior Parietal Cortex Enhances Distractor Filtering and Target Maintenance in Visual Working Memory." Brain Stimulation 12, no. 2 (March 2019): e105-e107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2018.12.205.

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35

Neufeld, Janina, Christopher Sinke, Daniel Wiswede, Hinderk M. Emrich, Stefan Bleich, and Gregor R. Szycik. "Multisensory processes in the synaesthetic brain — An event-related potential study in multisensory competition situations." Seeing and Perceiving 25 (2012): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847612x647333.

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In synaesthesia certain external stimuli (e.g., music) trigger automatically internally generated sensations (e.g., colour). Results of behavioural investigations indicate that multisensory processing works differently in synaesthetes. However, the reasons for these differences and the underlying neural correlates remain unclear. The aim of the current study was to investigate if synaesthetes show differences in electrophysiological components of multimodal processing. Further we wanted to test synaesthetes for an enhanced distractor filtering ability in multimodal situations. Therefore, line drawings of animals and objects were presented to participants, either with congruent (typical sound for presented picture, e.g., picture of bird together with chirp), incongruent (picture of bird together with gun shot) or without simultaneous auditory stimulation. 14 synaesthetes (auditory–visual and grapheme-colour synaesthetes) and 13 controls participated in the study. We found differences in the event-related potentials between synaesthetes and controls, indicating an altered multisensory processing of bimodal stimuli in synaesthetes in competition situations. These differences were especially found over frontal brain sites. An interaction effect between group (synaesthetes vs. controls) and stimulation (unimodal visual vs. congruent multimodal) could not be detected. Therefore we conclude that multisensory processing works in general similar in synaesthetes and controls and that only specifically integration processes in multisensory competition situations are altered in synaesthetes.

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36

Churan, Jan, Daniel Guitton, and Christopher C. Pack. "Spatiotemporal structure of visual receptive fields in macaque superior colliculus." Journal of Neurophysiology 108, no. 10 (November 15, 2012): 2653–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00389.2012.

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Saccades are useful for directing the high-acuity fovea to visual targets that are of behavioral relevance. The selection of visual targets for eye movements involves the superior colliculus (SC), where many neurons respond to visual stimuli. Many of these neurons are also activated before and during saccades of specific directions and amplitudes. Although the role of the SC in controlling eye movements has been thoroughly examined, far less is known about the nature of the visual responses in this area. We have, therefore, recorded from neurons in the intermediate layers of the macaque SC, while using a sparse-noise mapping procedure to obtain a detailed characterization of the spatiotemporal structure of visual receptive fields. We find that SC responses to flashed visual stimuli start roughly 50 ms after the onset of the stimulus and last for on average ∼70 ms. About 50% of these neurons are strongly suppressed by visual stimuli flashed at certain locations flanking the excitatory center, and the spatiotemporal pattern of suppression exerts a predictable influence on the timing of saccades. This suppression may, therefore, contribute to the filtering of distractor stimuli during target selection. We also find that saccades affect the processing of visual stimuli by SC neurons in a manner that is quite similar to the saccadic suppression and postsaccadic enhancement that has been observed in the cortex and in perception. However, in contrast to what has been observed in the cortex, decreased visual sensitivity was generally associated with increased firing rates, while increased sensitivity was associated with decreased firing rates. Overall, these results suggest that the processing of visual stimuli by SC receptive fields can influence oculomotor behavior and that oculomotor signals originating in the SC can shape perisaccadic visual perception.

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37

Pinsk, Mark A., Glen M. Doniger, and Sabine Kastner. "Push-Pull Mechanism of Selective Attention in Human Extrastriate Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 92, no. 1 (July 2004): 622–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00974.2003.

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Selective attention operates in visual cortex by facilitating processing of selected stimuli and by filtering out unwanted information from nearby distracters over circumscribed regions of visual space. The neural representation of unattended stimuli outside this focus of attention is less well understood. We studied the neural fate of unattended stimuli using functional magnetic resonance imaging by dissociating the activity evoked by attended (target) stimuli presented to the periphery of a visual hemifield and unattended (distracter) stimuli presented simultaneously to a corresponding location of the contralateral hemifield. Subjects covertly directed attention to a series of target stimuli and performed either a low or a high attentional-load search task on a stream of otherwise identical stimuli. With this task, target-search-related activity increased with increasing attentional load, whereas distracter-related activity decreased with increasing load in areas V4 and TEO but not in early areas V1 and V2. This finding presents evidence for a load-dependent push-pull mechanism of selective attention that operates over large portions of the visual field at intermediate processing stages. This mechanism appeared to be controlled by a distributed frontoparietal network of brain areas that reflected processes related to target selection during spatially directed attention.

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38

Ly, R., Y. Saalmann, and S. Kastner. "Distracter filtering across the visual thalamocortical network." Journal of Vision 13, no. 9 (July 25, 2013): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/13.9.237.

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39

Friedman-Hill, S. R., L. C. Robertson, R. Desimone, and L. G. Ungerleider. "Posterior parietal cortex and the filtering of distractors." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100, no. 7 (March 19, 2003): 4263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0730772100.

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40

Braithwaite, Jason J., and Glyn W. Humphreys. "Filtering items of mass distraction: Top-down biases against distractors are necessary for the feature-based carry-over to occur." Vision Research 47, no. 12 (June 2007): 1570–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2007.02.019.

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41

Gaspar, John M., Gregory J. Christie, David J. Prime, Pierre Jolicœur, and John J. McDonald. "Inability to suppress salient distractors predicts low visual working memory capacity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 13 (February 22, 2016): 3693–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1523471113.

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According to contemporary accounts of visual working memory (vWM), the ability to efficiently filter relevant from irrelevant information contributes to an individual’s overall vWM capacity. Although there is mounting evidence for this hypothesis, very little is known about the precise filtering mechanism responsible for controlling access to vWM and for differentiating low- and high-capacity individuals. Theoretically, the inefficient filtering observed in low-capacity individuals might be specifically linked to problems enhancing relevant items, suppressing irrelevant items, or both. To find out, we recorded neurophysiological activity associated with attentional selection and active suppression during a competitive visual search task. We show that high-capacity individuals actively suppress salient distractors, whereas low-capacity individuals are unable to suppress salient distractors in time to prevent those items from capturing attention. These results demonstrate that individual differences in vWM capacity are associated with the timing of a specific attentional control operation that suppresses processing of salient but irrelevant visual objects and restricts their access to higher stages of visual processing.

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42

Randolph, Beth, and Jacob A. Burack. "Visual filtering and covert orienting in persons with Down syndrome." International Journal of Behavioral Development 24, no. 2 (June 2000): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502500383287.

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A forced-choice reaction time (RT) task was used to examine the efficiency of visual filtering (the inhibition of processing of irrelevant stimuli) and covert orienting (shifts of visual attention independent of eye movement) components of attention in persons with Down syndrome ( n = 20) and children of average intelligence ( n = 20) matched for mental age (MA) (average MA = approximately 5.4 years). Conditions varied with regard to presence or absence of distractors, and the validity (valid, invalid, or neutral) of location cues. Contrary to expectations, persons with Down syndrome and MA-matched children of average intelligence at approximately age 5 showed similar patterns of performance on a task that required filtering distracting stimuli and searching for relevant information in the visual field. Both groups responded more efficiently to a target preceded by a valid cue as compared to a target preceded by an invalid or neutral cue. In addition, performance was more efficient with a target that was presented without irrelevant information as compared to one that was flanked on either side by extraneous, nontarget information and therefore necessitated filtering for efficient performance. These two findings indicate that: (1) disengaging from the location of an incorrect cue, and then searching for, locating, and responding to a target requires more time and attention than simply locating and responding to a target that has been validly cued; and (2) processing and responding to a target flanked by extraneous information entails filtering, and therefore requires more time and resources than simply responding to a target without distractors. In general, the development of visual reflexive, covert orienting, and filtering are intact in persons with Down syndrome relative to their level of functioning at an MA level of approximately 5 years, a period that is critical in the development of attentional processes.

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43

Knott, Verner, Adam Heenan, Dhrasti Shah, Kiley Bolton, Derek Fisher, and Crystal Villeneuve. "Electrophysiological evidence of nicotine’s distracter-filtering properties in non-smokers." Journal of Psychopharmacology 25, no. 2 (November 25, 2009): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881109348158.

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44

Nobre, A. "Filtering of Distractors during Visual Search Studied by Positron Emission Tomography." NeuroImage 16, no. 4 (August 2002): 968–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/nimg.2002.1137.

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45

Marini, Francesco, Leonardo Chelazzi, and Angelo Maravita. "The costly filtering of potential distraction: Evidence for a supramodal mechanism." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 142, no. 3 (2013): 906–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029905.

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46

Mas-Casadesús, Anna, and Elena Gherri. "Ignoring Irrelevant Information: Enhanced Intermodal Attention in Synaesthetes." Multisensory Research 30, no. 3-5 (2017): 253–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-00002566.

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Despite the fact that synaesthetes experience additional percepts during their inducer-concurrent associations that are often unrelated or irrelevant to their daily activities, they appear to be relatively unaffected by this potentially distracting information. This might suggest that synaesthetes are particularly good at ignoring irrelevant perceptual information coming from different sensory modalities. To investigate this hypothesis, the performance of a group of synaesthetes was compared to that of a matched non-synaesthete group in two different conflict tasks aimed at assessing participants’ abilities to ignore irrelevant information. In order to match the sensory modality of the task-irrelevant distractors (vision) with participants’ synaesthetic attentional filtering experience, we tested only synaesthetes experiencing at least one synaesthesia subtype triggering visual concurrents (e.g., grapheme–colour synaesthesia or sequence–space synaesthesia). Synaesthetes and controls performed a classic flanker task (FT) and a visuo-tactile cross-modal congruency task (CCT) in which they had to attend to tactile targets while ignoring visual distractors. While no differences were observed between synaesthetes and controls in the FT, synaesthetes showed reduced interference by the irrelevant distractors of the CCT. These findings provide the first direct evidence that synaesthetes might be more efficient than non-synaesthetes at dissociating conflicting information from different sensory modalities when the irrelevant modality correlates with their synaesthetic concurrent modality (here vision).

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47

Dishak, Souriyo, and Adam S. Greenberg. "Political party affiliation alters implicit color processing as measured by attentional filtering of distractors." Journal of Vision 21, no. 9 (September 27, 2021): 2830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.21.9.2830.

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48

Matsuyoshi, D., T. Ikeda, N. Sawamoto, R. Kakigi, H. Fukuyama, and N. Osaka. "P1-25 Insufficient filtering of distractors in visual short-term memory and inattentional blindness." Clinical Neurophysiology 121 (October 2010): S106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1388-2457(10)60438-5.

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49

Koch, A. Isabel, Hermann J. Müller, and Michael Zehetleitner. "Distractors less salient than targets capture attention rather than producing non-spatial filtering costs." Acta Psychologica 144, no. 1 (September 2013): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.04.023.

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50

Mallani, Hareeta. "Acoustic Echo Cancellation with Adaptive Filtering Using Texas Instrument DSK6713." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 7 (July 31, 2022): 1906–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.45574.

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Abstract: Acoustic echo cancellation is common in modern telecommunications systems. It occurs when the audio source and receiver are in full-duplex mode. Echo signal interference can distract users and degrade connection quality. This paper investigates and implements the signal processing algorithms least mean square LMS, Recursive least squares RLS and normalized least mean square NLMS and has found the best method for suppressing sound echo. The algorithm was first developed in MATLAB and then implemented in C using Code Composer Studio IDE on the DSK6713 DSP card from Texas Instruments. The paper aims to suppress the acoustic Echo generated by a system that includes an adjacent speaker and a speaker that transmits the flow signal.

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