Книги з теми "Displacement process"

The replacement of the Roman Empire in the West with emerging kingdoms like Visigothic Spain and Merovingian Gaul resulted in new societies, but without major population displacement. Societies changed because identities shifted and new points of cohesion formed under different leaders and leadership structures. This volume examines two kingdoms in the post-Roman west to understand how this process took shape. Though exhibiting striking continuities with the Roman past, Gaul and Spain emerged as distinctive, but not isolated, political entities that forged different strategies and drew upon different resources to strengthen their unity, shape social ties, and consolidate their political status.

The monograph presents the results of the development and research of new mathematical models of the processes of vibrations of solids, liquids and gases, taking into account local disequilibrium. To derive differential equations, the Navier—Stokes equations, Newton's second law and modified formulas of the classical empirical laws of Fourier, Hooke, Newton are used, which take into account the velocities and accelerations of the driving forces (gradients of the corresponding quantities) and their consequences (heat flow, normal and tangential stresses). The conditions for the occurrence of shock waves of stresses and displacements in dynamic thermoelasticity problems formulated taking into account relaxation phenomena in thermal and thermoelastic problems are investigated, new results are obtained in the study of longitudinal and transverse vibrations of rods, strings, liquids and gases, and the conditions for the excitation of gas self-oscillations arising from a time-constant heat source are determined. It is intended for scientific and technical workers specializing in mathematics, thermophysics, thermoelasticity, as well as teachers and students of technical universities.

Kafka’s Der Proceß exposes the irrationality generated in and through the (bureaucratic) rationalization of the law. But the text operates as a modernist spectacle, inscribing the reader into the process it describes, by which the self-creation of the social converges with the negation of the subject. It thus presents the seductive possibility of absolutizing K.’s experience—as existentialist paradigm, as apophatic revelation, and as allegory for modernity. But such modes of reading elide the distinctions between judge and victim, witness and bystander, and thereby reify and reinforce the very operations of the law that Kafka dissects. In the author’s own terms, they “belong to the court.” Walter Benjamin’s unfinished encounter with Kafka suggests a strategy of reading that better resists the insidious temptation of submission to the modernist spectacle, which construes a process at once absolute and arbitrary as the modern (subject’s) fate.

Syria as we knew it does not exist anymore. However, all conflicts change countries and their societies. Such an obvious statement needs to be unpacked in specific relation to Syria. What has happened, what does it mean, and what comes next? In order to consider the future of Syria, it is crucial to assess not only what has been destroyed, but also how it was destroyed. It is equally vital to address the structural and possibly enduring results of large-scale destruction and displacement. These dynamics are not only at play in Syrian society, but are tearing at the economic fabric and very territorial integrity of the country. If war is a powerful process of human and material destruction, it is equally a powerful process of spatial, social and economic reconfiguration. Nor does it stop at national borders--the unravelling of Syria, and of the idea of Syria, has affected and will continue to affect the entire Middle East. War-Torn explores these transformations and the processes that fuel them. It is an indispensable account throwing light on neglected aspects of the Syrian war, and a much-needed contribution to our understanding of conflicts in the twenty-first century.

Chapter 3 addresses the 1970s, a decade when managerial capitalism continued to prevail in large American public companies but the scene was being set for its displacement. Confidence in large corporations and the executives running them suffered due to American businesses losing ground to foreign challengers, setbacks affecting prominent conglomerates, and revelations of illicit payments by numerous well-known corporations. The difficulties afflicting 1970s public companies helped to set in motion a corporate governance reform process oriented around improving managerial accountability which continues to this day. Regulation of business increased considerably during the opening half of the decade but erosion of faith in government ultimately undermined continued momentum in this direction.

Mechanical Properties: Key Topics in Materials Science and Engineering provides a practical overview of tensile testing and what it reveals about the strength of materials and the load-carrying capabilities of structural components. The book is organized in two sections roughly equal in length. The first section is a tutorial on mechanical properties and behaviors expressed in the form of load-displacement and stress-strain curves. The section that follows furthers the learning process by guiding readers through a series of real-world problems and their respective solutions. The information in this book is particularly well suited for early-career engineers, especially those involved in product design.

Chiari malformations are structural defects in the base of the skull and cerebellum. These conditions are characterized by the abnormal displacement of part of the cerebellum and brainstem through the foramen magnum into the upper spinal canal causing autonomic dysfunction, neurologic deficits, and hydrocephalus. Chiari malformations are classified into several types based on their severity and the parts of the brain affected by the herniation. In neonates, Chiari malformations are commonly associated with spina bifida and myelomeningocele. Anesthesia for surgical correction of Chiari malformations presents a unique set of challenges and demands that requires knowledge of both the neurophysiology of the condition and the surgical process.

Machiavelli wrote The Prince and the Discourses in exile, after three weeks being imprisoned and tortured because he was falsely suspected of being involved in an assassination attempt against the Medici. Reading those works, and particularly the former, through the light cast by torture, casts a new light on Machiavelli’s argument about new regimes and on the use of torture in the US foreign policy in the twenty-first century. Drawing on Elaine Scarry’s The Body in Pain and Hannah Arendt’s Origins of Totalitarianism, the chapter argues that torture is designed as an ideological process, a way to disrupt potential political communities and to replace them with audiences for the “fiction of power” and authority that new regimes create through physical torture and the displacement of populations.

Analysis of “The Poems of Our Climate,” Wallace Stevens’s ars poetica, reveals the value of substituting the process of recursion for the reflexivity that we often consider to be part and parcel of lyric form. The relationship between the two notions is one of three couplings the chapter investigates, the other two being remediation and representation, and—drawing on Foucault—similitude and resemblance. In each case the first term in the pairing ends up the favored one. The resulting displacement generates for the poem both a formal distinctiveness in which resistance has no share, and—through etymological investigation—a new set of intertexts in poems by Keats not usually brought to bear in such contexts. In short, rather than resist its material conditions of representation, the poem thinks through them.

This chapter considers the status in the U.S. legal system of “executive agreements”—that is, international agreements concluded by the United States outside of the senatorial advice and consent process specified in Article II of the Constitution. After describing the substantial growth during the twentieth century in the number of executive agreements, the chapter focuses in particular on congressional-executive agreements and sole executive agreements. It also considers the extent to which executive agreements are interchangeable with Article II treaties for purposes of domestic law, with respect to the preemption of state law, displacement of federal statutes, and federalism limitations. The chapter further discusses the President’s long-standing use of executive agreements for the settlement of international claims. It concludes with a discussion of the growing phenomenon of non-binding “political” or “soft law” agreements.

Completed in 1966, Liz White’s Othello is the first and only Shakespeare film directed by a black woman, as well as the first cinematic adaptation of a Shakespeare play to feature an all-black cast and crew. When production began in 1962, White was intent on using her landmark adaptation to assert a place for women within the male-dominated black nationalist movements of the 1960s. By focusing on the (mis)treatment of women in Othello, White links their struggle—or lack thereof—to the double displacement of black women within the burgeoning civil rights movement. Particularly in this context, it seems counter-intuitive that White would draw upon conventions from one of the most conservative cinematic genres—the American film musical—to generate an alternative set of signifying practices for articulating civil rights claims and for chronicling the historical process whereby women become the vanishing mediators of social ‘progress’…

There is a growing body of evidence pointing towards rising levels of public dissatisfaction with the formal political process. Depoliticization refers to a more discrete range of contemporary strategies politicians employ that tend to remove or displace the potential for choice, collective agency, and deliberation. This book examines the relationship between these trends of dissatisfaction and displacement, as understood within the broader shift towards governance. It brings together a number of contributions from scholars who have a varied range of concerns but who nevertheless share a common interest in developing the concept of depoliticization through their engagement with a set of theoretical, conceptual, methodological, and empirical questions. The contributions in this volume explore these questions from a variety of different perspectives by using a number of different empirical examples and case studies from both within the nation state and from other regional, global, and multilevel arenas. In this context, this volume examines the limits and potential of depoliticization as a concept and its contribution to the larger and more established literatures on governance and anti-politics.

Early June begins the Southern Hemisphere hurricane season. Stretching into November, it can often be a time of weary waiting and cautious optimism for coastal residents. Clear skies and calm seas can quickly give way to disaster. On August 27, 2017, a Category 4 hurricane (Harvey), targeting the Texas Gulf Coast and packing winds of over 130 miles per hour, wreaked havoc and created a path of destruction with bands of rain that seemingly went on forever. Lives were lost, neighborhoods devastated, resiliency cracked; yet people continued helping each other, and the recovery process began. Fitzpatrick and Spialek tell a complicated story of heartache, destruction, resiliency, recovery, and hope. Through over 300 interviews from Hurricane Harvey survivors living along the Texas Gulf Coast, their stories tell an all-too-familiar tale. Interviewing survivors with diverse displacement experiences, the authors create a narrative around who, what, where, and why residents sought refuge in shelters, hotels, and other alternative locations. Some residents have since moved back. Others have been rebuilding for months and even years. And there are some residents who will never return home. Their stories, circumstances, and insight into the recovery processes are all very different, yet intimately tied together through an understanding of how race and place come to define their experiences. This book tells survivors’ stories while emphasizing that who those survivors were and where they lived had a major impact on these tales of destruction, resiliency, and recovery.

This chapter explores the relationship between migration, displacement, and the Underground Railroad movement. More specifically, it considers the processes of community building and the causes of migration that led Blacks to live where they did and to flee when they had to. It shows how migration became a means of escape from slavery, first by discussing maroon settlements that functioned as the African diaspora's first communities for free Blacks and began the progression to the Underground Railroad. It then explains how Black community formation and the Underground Railroad shifted between constant migration and displacement that began with the Middle Passage, and how emigration and colonization schemes of the pre-Civil War abolitionist era influenced displacement and migration patterns. This analysis looks at African American migration from a new perspective by sifting through the range of ways in which people of color entered into and interacted with their surroundings. It suggests that migration, both voluntary and forced, courses through the Black experience.

In situations of displacement, disruption, and difference, humans adapt by actively creating, re-creating, and adjusting their identities using the material world. This book employs the discipline of historical archaeology to study this process as it occurs in new and challenging environments. The case studies furnish varied instances of people wresting control from others who wish to define them and of adaptive transformation by people who find themselves in new and strange worlds. The authors consider multiple aspects of identity, such as race, class, gender, and ethnicity, and look for ways to understand its fluid and intersecting nature. The book seeks to make the study of the past relevant to our globalized, postcolonized, and capitalized world. Questions of identity formation are critical in understanding the world today, in which boundaries are simultaneously breaking down and being built up, and humans are constantly adapting to the ever-changing milieu. This book tackles these questions not only in multiple dimensions of earthly space but also in a panorama of historical time. Moving from the ancient past to the unknowable future and through numerous temporal stops in between, the reader travels from New York to the Great Lakes, Britain to North Africa, and the North Atlantic to the West Indies.

Extrusion, Second Edition provides a complete and thorough overview of the processes, equipment, and tooling used to extrude metals into desired shapes and forms. It covers all types of processes, including direct, indirect, and hydrostatic extrusion, cable sheathing, continuous extrusion, and the extrusion of powder metals. It describes each process in detail, explaining how the associated forces, stresses, displacements, and heat cause metals to deform and flow and how it affects the microstructure and properties of the resulting products. It discusses the design, setup, and control of extrusion equipment, the use of lubricants and shells, the effect of tooling materials and geometries, and the practical implications of material flow, friction, discard length, and exit temperature. It describes the deformation and extrusion behaviors of many materials, the product forms into which they can be made, and related processing requirements. The book also provides detailed application examples, an introduction to quality management, a review of the basics of metallurgy, and experimentally measured extrusion data. For information on the print version, ISBN 978-0-87170-837-3, follow this link.

The church of Jerusalem, the ‘mother of the churches of God’, influenced all Christendom before it underwent multiple captivities between the eighth and thirteenth centuries: first, political subjugation to Arab Islamic forces, then displacement of Greek-praying Christians by crusaders, and, finally, ritual assimilation to fellow Orthodox Byzantines in Constantinople. All three contributed to the phenomenon of the Byzantinization of Jerusalem’s liturgy, but only the last explains how the latter was completely lost and replaced by the liturgy of the imperial capital, Constantinople. The basis of this study is the rediscovered manuscripts of Jerusalem’s liturgical calendar and lectionary. When examined in context, they reveal that the devastating events of the Arab conquest in 638 and the destruction of the Holy Sepulchre in 1009 did not have as detrimental an effect on liturgy as previously held. They confirm that the process of Byzantinization was gradual and locally implemented rather than an imposed element of Byzantine imperial policy or ideology from the church of Constantinople. Originally the city’s worship consisted of reading Scripture and singing hymns at places connected with the life of Christ, so that the link between holy sites and liturgy became a hallmark of Jerusalem’s worship; but the changing sacred topography caused changes in the local liturgical tradition. This book is the first monograph dedicated to the question of the Byzantinization of Jerusalem’s liturgy; it provides for the first time English translations of many liturgical texts and hymns and offers a glimpse of Jerusalem’s lost liturgical and theological tradition.

During the nineteenth century, Americans sought the cultural transformation and the physical displacement of American Indian nations. Native people resisted these efforts. Though this process is often understood as a clash of rival economic systems or racial ideologies, it was also a profound spiritual struggle. The conflict over Indian Country sparked crises for both Natives and Americans. In the end, the experience of intercultural encounter and conflict over land produced religious transformations on both sides. This book focuses on Kiowa Indians during Americans’ hundred-year effort to acquire, explore, and seize their homeland between 1803 and 1903. Kiowas had known struggle and dislocation before. But the forces bearing down on them in the form of soldiers, missionaries, and government representatives were unrelenting. Under increasing pressure, Kiowas adapted their rituals in the hopes of using sacred power more effectively. They drew on a wide range of sources and shifted significantly as circumstances demanded. With Indian Country under assault, Kiowas exercised creative improvisation to sustain their lands and people. Against Kiowas stood Protestants and Catholics who hoped to remake Indian Country. These activists asserted the primacy of white Christian civilization and the need to transform the lives of Native peoples. They also saw themselves as the Indian’s friend, teacher, and protector. But as Kiowas resisted their plans, these Christian representatives supported policies that broke treaties and appropriated Native lands. They argued that the benefits of Christianity and civilization outweighed the costs. In order to secure Indian Country and control indigenous populations, they sanctified the economic and racial hierarchies of their day.

The status of the refugee in international law, and of everyone entitled to protection, has always been precarious, not least in times of heightened and heated debate. People have always moved in search of safety, and they always will. This completely revised and updated edition casts new light on the refugee definition, the meaning of persecution, the role of gender and sexual orientation, the types of harm, and the protection due to refugees. The book reviews the fundamental principle of non-refoulement as a restraint on the conduct of States, even as States themselves seek new ways to prevent refugees and asylum seekers arriving. The book analyses related principles of protection—non-discrimination, due process, rescue at sea, and solutions—in light of what States, UNHCR, and treaty-monitoring bodies actually do, rather than merely deductively. It closely examines relevant treaty standards, and the role of UNHCR in providing protection, contributing to the development of international refugee law, and promoting solutions. New chapters bring into focus evolving protection demands in relation to nationality, statelessness, and displacement in the context of disasters and climate change. The book factors in the challenges posed by the movement of people across land and sea in search of refuge, and their interception, reception, and later treatment. The overall aim remains the same as in previous editions: to provide a sound basis for protection in international law, taking full account of State and community interests and recognizing the need to bridge gaps in the regime which now has 100 years of law and practice behind it.

This book provides a theoretically informed, empirically rich account of the development, causes and consequences of public housing (council/local authority/social) estate regeneration within the context of London’s housing crisis and widening social inequality. It focuses on regeneration schemes involving comprehensive redevelopment – the demolition of council estates and their rebuilding as mixed-tenure neighbourhoods with large numbers of market properties which fuels socio-spatial inequalities via state-led gentrification. The book deploys an interdisciplinary perspective drawn from sociology, geography, urban policy and housing studies. By foregrounding estate residents’ lived experiences – mainly working-class tenants but also working- and middle-class homeowners – it highlights their multiple discontents with the seemingly never-ending regeneration process. As such, the book critiques the imbalances and silences within the official policy discourse in which there are only regeneration winners while the losers are airbrushed out of history. The book contains many illustrations and is based on over a decade of research undertaken at several London council-built estates. The book is divided into three parts. Part One (Chapters 2-4) examines housing policy and urban policy in relation to the expansion and contraction of public housing in London, and the development of estate regeneration. Part Two (Chapters 5-7) analyses residents’ experiences of living at London estates before regeneration begins. It argues that residents positively valued their homes and neighbourhoods, even though such valuation was neither unqualified nor universal. Part Three (Chapters 8-12) examines residents’ experiences of living through regeneration, and argues that comprehensive redevelopment results in degeneration, displacement, and fragmented rather than mixed communities.

Communities under Fire rewrites the history of the Western Front from the perspective of its civilian inhabitants. Between 1914 and 1918, the fighting passed through some of Europe’s most populated and industrialised regions. Large French towns including Nancy, Reims, Arras, and Lens lay at the heart of the battlefield. Their civilian inhabitants endured artillery bombardment, military occupation, and considerable material hardships. Many fled for the safety of the French interior, but others lived under fire for much of the war, ensuring the Western Front remained a joint civil-military space. Communities under Fire explores the wartime experiences of civilians on both sides of the Western Front, and uncovers how urban communities responded to the dramatic impact of industrialized war. It discusses how war shaped civilians’ personal and collective identities, and explores how the experiences of military violence, occupation, and forced displacement structured the attitudes of civilians at the front towards the nation. It argues that that the direct experiences of war shaped both personal and collective identities, placing civilians at the Western Front at the forefront of a broader process of wartime militarization. This development had wide-ranging social impacts, as civilians in towns at the Western Front felt their experiences marked them out as members of ‘communities under fire’ inhabiting distinct positions within wartime French society, and entitled them to privileged treatment. This book explains the multiple ways by which urban residents responded to, were changed by, succumbed to, or survived the enormous pressures of life in a warzone.

Building on the comprehensive, fundamental mechanisms and mathematical computations detailed in the First Edition, the new Second Edition of Enhanced Oil Recovery presents the latest insights into the applications of EOR processes, including-Field-scale thermal-recovery such as steam-assisted gravity drainage and cyclic steam stimulation-Field-scale polymer flooding including horizontal wells-Field-scale miscible-displacement processes such as CO2 miscible flooding-Laboratory-scale chemical flooding in the development and testing of surfactant formulations An invaluable tool for petroleum engineering students, Enhanced Oil Recovery also serves as an important resource for those practicing oil recovery in the field or engaged in the design and operation of commercial projects involving enhanced-or improved-oil-recovery processes. A prior understanding of basic petrophysics, fluid properties, and material balance is recommended.

Situating Keiller, Sebald, and Sinclair as the three leading voices in ‘English psychogeography’, this book examines what, apart from a shared interest in English landscape and townscape, connects their work; it discovers this in the cultivation of a certain ‘affective’ mode or sensibility especially attuned to the cultural anxieties of the twentieth century’s closing decades. As it goes on, the book explores motifs including ‘essayism’, the reconciliation of creativity with ‘market forces’, and the foregrounding of an often agonised or melancholic subjectivity. It wonders whether the work it looks at can, collectively, be seen to constitute a ‘critical theory of contemporary space’. In the process, it suggests that Keiller, Sebald, and Sinclair represent a highly significant moment in English culture’s engagement with landscape, environment, and itself. There are six chapters in all, with two devoted to each subject: one to their early years and less well-known work; and another to their more famous later contributions, including important works such as Patrick Keiller’s London (1994), W.G. Sebald’s The Rings of Saturn (1995), and Iain Sinclair’s Lights Out for the Territory (1997). The book’s analyses are fuelled by archival and topographical research carried out in London and Germany and are responsive to various interdisciplinary contexts, including the tradition of the ‘English Journey’, the set of ideas associated with the ‘spatial turn’, critical theory, the so-called ‘heritage debate’ in Britain, and more recent theorization of the ‘anthropocene’. In all, the book suggests the various ways that a dialectical relationship between dwelling and displacement has been exploited as a means to attempt subjective reorientation within the axiomatically disorientating conditions of contemporary modernity.

We review the biomechanics, functional morphology, and physiology of motile traps. The movements of snap traps in Aldrovanda and Dionaea, motile adhesive traps in Drosera and Pinguicula, and suction traps in Utricularia are driven by active water displacement processes leading to reversible turgor changes of motor cells, irreversible growth, or mechanical pre-stressing of tissues. In some cases, the motion is amplified by the release of elastic energy stored in these tissues. The only known case of a passive motile trapping movement is the ‘springboard’ trapping mechanism of Nepenthes gracilis, in which a rapid vibration of the pitcher lid is actuated by the impact force of raindrops. Open research questions are summarized and future studies are suggested.

The processes of territorial displacement during the dictatorships opened the gates for recognizing the existence of transnational connections and of a permanent diaspora, including a diaspora of knowledge that would be engrossed by new waves of migration due to economic downturns or the increased connections of these countries to the global arena. This chapter reviews such shifts in the frontiers of citizenship, moving analysis to transnational connections and permanent diasporas, including the diasporas of knowledge that increasingly changed the very meaning of being national and transnational, while connecting the countries to the global arena. It analyzes several novel initiatives aimed at the home countries in reconnecting with conationals whose life circumstances, experiences, and choices led them to remain in the countries of relocation.

This chapter considers how offenders and victims make use of space and how variations in their patterns of movement influence the occurrence of crime. It examines examples of individual offender decision-making, such as how past experience informs future decisions (both legitimate and illegal), and how individual activity patterns can influence the broader social processes that take place within the environment. It begins with an exploration of the fundamental theoretical frameworks upon which environmental criminology is based. It then discusses how these frameworks inform various aspects of our endeavor to understand crime, the particular benefits of each theoretical approach, and how they complement and contrast with one another. Particular emphasis is placed on how potential offenders, victims, and others use space, and how this impacts upon crime patterns. This is followed by discussions of specific areas related to offender mobility, namely the journey to crime and displacement.

This chapter examines the politics of space of Kriolu presence in Lisbon by focusing on the demolition and relocation campaigns engineered by city urbanization agencies. Space is an irreducible dimension of presence. Kriolu presence refers to the various manifestations of Cape Verde and Cape Verdeans in the metropole. Ths formation is one signifcant influence in the sentiment and management of what it means to be Portuguese and, by extension, European. Cape Verdean presence is historical and linguistic in nature, and forms part of a grounded politics, a struggle for recognition and enfranchisement based in the everyday realities of improvised infrastructure, state campaigns of relocation, and dynamic views on belonging. This chapter argues that there is a “Creole citizenship” emerging in Lisbon and that Kriolu plays an important role in elucidating the differences between autoconstructed neighborhoods and social or state-sponsored project housing. It emphasizes the significance of migration and housing by focusing on the processes of displacement and “emplacement.”

This chapter explores some of the connections (causal and other) between the decline in active citizenship, the displacement of citizenship by consumer identities and interests, and the shift to a transactional mode of democratic politics and how and in what ways these are connected with “actually existing unsustainability.” It proposes an account of “green republican citizenship” as an appropriate theory and practice of establishing a link between the practices of democracy and the processes of democratization in the transition from unsustainability. The chapter begins from the (not uncontroversial) position that debt-based consumer capitalism (and especially its more recent neoliberal incarnation) is incompatible with a version of democratic politics and associated norms and practices of green citizenship required for a transition from unsustainable development. It outlines an explicitly “green republican” conception of citizenship as an appropriate way to integrate democratic citizenship and creation of a more sustainable political and socio-ecological order.

Research concerns the problem of landslide movement, which is one of the most important geomorphological processes in the Carpathians. The aim of the studies is to determine the temporal and spatial complexity of landslide activity and to demonstrate the suitability of using different species of conifers in the dendrogeomorphological method. The Sawicki landslide located in Beskid Niski Mts., which is one of the largest landslides in the Polish Flysch Carpathians, was selected for dendrogeomorphological analysis. The dendrogeomorphological method and geomorphological mapping were used in the research. 1078 samples from conifers (fir, spruce, larch and pine) growing on the Sawicki landslide and its immediate surroundings were taken using an increment borer in 2013- 2018. The cores were taken from the upslope and downslope side of the tree stump. The width of annual tree rings were measured for each extracted core sample. The landslide activity was assessed on the basis of the eccentricity, the eccentricity index and its yearly variation. Geological and topographic maps, published data on landslides activity in the research area, precipitation data from the Research Station in Szymbark (Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Science) for 1968-2017 and from the meteorological station in Krynica (Institute of Meteorology and Water Management) for 1881-2010 were also used for dendrogeomorphological research of Sawicki landslide. The research shows that the Sawicki landslide is characterized by varied temporal and spatial complexity of landslide activity. The dynamics of displacements within the research sites and research sub-sites, including various fragments of landslides, and movements of colluvial packages is spatially mosaic and chaotic in time. Mass movements covering almost the entire surface of the landslide occurred in the years 1913-1914 and 1974-1975, while in the years 1888, 1906-1907, 1916, 1918, 1929, 1965, 1973, 1980, 1983-1985, 1997 landslide activity was recorded only in its particular parts. The largest variation in the dynamics of landslide movements is characteristic for the period 1970-1985. It was also found that in the initial stage of formation of the landslide tongue, the colluviums movement is disordered. During further downhill movement, the direction of displacement is arranged. Periods of Sawicki landslide activity refers to extremely humid years (62%) and wet years (48%) and they are consistent with the years of landslides activity in Szymbark, listed in the current literature of the subject. The most predisposed conifer species to dendrogeomorphological analysis were spruce, larch and fir. Despite its limitations, the dendrogeomorphological method is a useful tool in landslide activity research.

Abstract Archaeologies of Cultural Contact undertakes an exploration of cultural contact and cultural transfer, with a particular focus on the combination and modification of material and behavioural attributes under conditions of contact. From globalization and displacement to cultural legitimization and identity politics, the modern world is characterized by and articulated through dynamics of contact and transfer. The book recognizes that creolization, ethnogenesis, hybridity, and syncretism are analytical concepts and social processes not only of relevance to the postcolonial contexts of the twentieth century but to wide-ranging instances where contact is made between cultural groups. Indeed, in representing the re-working of pre-existing cultural elements, they were crucial and ever-present features of the human past. Characterized as passive, agentless, and unidirectional, this volume exposes and overcomes various limitations of competing models of cultural change. Ranging in their analytical frame, scale, and geographical and temporal location, the thirteen chapters in this volume demonstrate the diverse understandings that can be gained from explorations into the material remains of past contact. The volume permits insights not only into cultural change and difference but also the processes of appropriation, resistance, redefinition, and incorporation. Together, the contributions articulate the perspectives that concern practices in relations to people, places, and things and note how power dynamics mediate social interactions and sustain and constrain forms of cultural contact. This book will be of interest to researchers and students in archaeology and also those from cognate disciplines, particularly anthropology and history.

Colombia has the highest number of people displaced by violence in the world. According to the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHRC), in 2017, 7.7 million people were registered as being internally displaced. Forced migration as a result of displacement caused by armed conflict, in a context of weak protection of the rights of the victim population and low-income generation, represents a challenge for social development, which is limited by high levels of poverty and income concentration. In particular, the territorialisation of the peace agreements is currently still under construction with serious difficulties in the security systems of social leaders and in improving economic opportunities in both legal and formal ways to counteract the damaging effects of criminal economies that are associated with illegal mining and drug trafficking. The research, conducted from the forced migration approach, contributes to building strategies from different areas, mainly from the institutional and labour market, to reduce the obstacles to the reintegration of victims into civil society through a public policy built based on citizen participation. In this sense, governance processes with citizen participation are situated in security concepts that encompass the State’s obligation to offer better income opportunities in legal economies, of protection of human and democratic rights, and consolidation of transitional justice mechanisms, which are a priority in the advance toward sustainable peace.

The novel as a great socio-literary institution, which projects the ideals of bourgeois class, becomes the maximum expression of modernity from the 18th century on. The genre, characterized by its malleability and ambivalence, reflects an individualistic and innovative orientation. In this sense, the novels of characters originate subtypes, as the Bildungsroman, whose paradigmatic model would be Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship (1795), by the German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Since the novel is a genre in constant becoming, the concept of Bildungsroman undergoes problematizations and revisions and, today, it is possible to consider a novel of formation which includes ethnic, racial and sexual minorities. Some important steps in male Bildungsroman, such as fulfillment in love from several experiences and the discovery of a professional vocation and a philosophy of life, are still problematic in female novels of formation along the 20th century, due to the small space dedicated to woman in society, making her formative experiences more subjective, and culminating, in most cases, in the failed end of characters who cannot escape the webs of social oppresion. In this book I try to show that there is a process of subjectification of the female characters, in which the formative experiences occur through spatial and identity displacements, characteristic of modern times. Thus in the novels of formation from the 21th century – such as Pérolas Absolutas (2003), by Heloísa Seixas, Algum Lugar (2009), by Paloma Vidal, and Azul-corvo (2010), by Adriana Lisboa, – amid globalization and the dismantling of great utopias and truths, they experience other conflicts and problems resulting from the fluidity of human relations in modern times.

Bones are multifunctional passive organs of movement that supports soft tissue and directly attached muscles. They also protect internal organs and are a reserve of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Each bone is covered with periosteum, and the adjacent bone surfaces are covered by articular cartilage. Histologically, the bone is an organ composed of many different tissues. The main component is bone tissue (cortical and spongy) composed of a set of bone cells and intercellular substance (mineral and organic), it also contains fat, hematopoietic (bone marrow) and cartilaginous tissue. Bones are a tissue that even in adult life retains the ability to change shape and structure depending on changes in their mechanical and hormonal environment, as well as self-renewal and repair capabilities. This process is called bone turnover. The basic processes of bone turnover are: • bone modeling (incessantly changes in bone shape during individual growth) following resorption and tissue formation at various locations (e.g. bone marrow formation) to increase mass and skeletal morphology. This process occurs in the bones of growing individuals and stops after reaching puberty • bone remodeling (processes involve in maintaining bone tissue by resorbing and replacing old bone tissue with new tissue in the same place, e.g. repairing micro fractures). It is a process involving the removal and internal remodeling of existing bone and is responsible for maintaining tissue mass and architecture of mature bones. Bone turnover is regulated by two types of transformation: • osteoclastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone resorption • osteoblastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone formation (bone matrix synthesis and mineralization) Bone maturity can be defined as the completion of basic structural development and mineralization leading to maximum mass and optimal mechanical strength. The highest rate of increase in pig bone mass is observed in the first twelve weeks after birth. This period of growth is considered crucial for optimizing the growth of the skeleton of pigs, because the degree of bone mineralization in later life stages (adulthood) depends largely on the amount of bone minerals accumulated in the early stages of their growth. The development of the technique allows to determine the condition of the skeletal system (or individual bones) in living animals by methods used in human medicine, or after their slaughter. For in vivo determination of bone properties, Abstract 10 double energy X-ray absorptiometry or computed tomography scanning techniques are used. Both methods allow the quantification of mineral content and bone mineral density. The most important property from a practical point of view is the bone’s bending strength, which is directly determined by the maximum bending force. The most important factors affecting bone strength are: • age (growth period), • gender and the associated hormonal balance, • genotype and modification of genes responsible for bone growth • chemical composition of the body (protein and fat content, and the proportion between these components), • physical activity and related bone load, • nutritional factors: – protein intake influencing synthesis of organic matrix of bone, – content of minerals in the feed (CA, P, Zn, Ca/P, Mg, Mn, Na, Cl, K, Cu ratio) influencing synthesis of the inorganic matrix of bone, – mineral/protein ratio in the diet (Ca/protein, P/protein, Zn/protein) – feed energy concentration, – energy source (content of saturated fatty acids - SFA, content of polyun saturated fatty acids - PUFA, in particular ALA, EPA, DPA, DHA), – feed additives, in particular: enzymes (e.g. phytase releasing of minerals bounded in phytin complexes), probiotics and prebiotics (e.g. inulin improving the function of the digestive tract by increasing absorption of nutrients), – vitamin content that regulate metabolism and biochemical changes occurring in bone tissue (e.g. vitamin D3, B6, C and K). This study was based on the results of research experiments from available literature, and studies on growing pigs carried out at the Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences. The tests were performed in total on 300 pigs of Duroc, Pietrain, Puławska breeds, line 990 and hybrids (Great White × Duroc, Great White × Landrace), PIC pigs, slaughtered at different body weight during the growth period from 15 to 130 kg. Bones for biomechanical tests were collected after slaughter from each pig. Their length, mass and volume were determined. Based on these measurements, the specific weight (density, g/cm3) was calculated. Then each bone was cut in the middle of the shaft and the outer and inner diameters were measured both horizontally and vertically. Based on these measurements, the following indicators were calculated: • cortical thickness, • cortical surface, • cortical index. Abstract 11 Bone strength was tested by a three-point bending test. The obtained data enabled the determination of: • bending force (the magnitude of the maximum force at which disintegration and disruption of bone structure occurs), • strength (the amount of maximum force needed to break/crack of bone), • stiffness (quotient of the force acting on the bone and the amount of displacement occurring under the influence of this force). Investigation of changes in physical and biomechanical features of bones during growth was performed on pigs of the synthetic 990 line growing from 15 to 130 kg body weight. The animals were slaughtered successively at a body weight of 15, 30, 40, 50, 70, 90, 110 and 130 kg. After slaughter, the following bones were separated from the right half-carcass: humerus, 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone, femur, tibia and fibula as well as 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone. The features of bones were determined using methods described in the methodology. Describing bone growth with the Gompertz equation, it was found that the earliest slowdown of bone growth curve was observed for metacarpal and metatarsal bones. This means that these bones matured the most quickly. The established data also indicate that the rib is the slowest maturing bone. The femur, humerus, tibia and fibula were between the values of these features for the metatarsal, metacarpal and rib bones. The rate of increase in bone mass and length differed significantly between the examined bones, but in all cases it was lower (coefficient b <1) than the growth rate of the whole body of the animal. The fastest growth rate was estimated for the rib mass (coefficient b = 0.93). Among the long bones, the humerus (coefficient b = 0.81) was characterized by the fastest rate of weight gain, however femur the smallest (coefficient b = 0.71). The lowest rate of bone mass increase was observed in the foot bones, with the metacarpal bones having a slightly higher value of coefficient b than the metatarsal bones (0.67 vs 0.62). The third bone had a lower growth rate than the fourth bone, regardless of whether they were metatarsal or metacarpal. The value of the bending force increased as the animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. The rate of change in the value of this indicator increased at a similar rate as the body weight changes of the animals in the case of the fibula and the fourth metacarpal bone (b value = 0.98), and more slowly in the case of the metatarsal bone, the third metacarpal bone, and the tibia bone (values of the b ratio 0.81–0.85), and the slowest femur, humerus and rib (value of b = 0.60–0.66). Bone stiffness increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. Abstract 12 The rate of change in the value of this indicator changed at a faster rate than the increase in weight of pigs in the case of metacarpal and metatarsal bones (coefficient b = 1.01–1.22), slightly slower in the case of fibula (coefficient b = 0.92), definitely slower in the case of the tibia (b = 0.73), ribs (b = 0.66), femur (b = 0.59) and humerus (b = 0.50). Bone strength increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, bone strength was as follows femur > tibia > humerus > 4 metacarpal> 3 metacarpal> 3 metatarsal > 4 metatarsal > rib> fibula. The rate of increase in strength of all examined bones was greater than the rate of weight gain of pigs (value of the coefficient b = 2.04–3.26). As the animals grew, the bone density increased. However, the growth rate of this indicator for the majority of bones was slower than the rate of weight gain (the value of the coefficient b ranged from 0.37 – humerus to 0.84 – fibula). The exception was the rib, whose density increased at a similar pace increasing the body weight of animals (value of the coefficient b = 0.97). The study on the influence of the breed and the feeding intensity on bone characteristics (physical and biomechanical) was performed on pigs of the breeds Duroc, Pietrain, and synthetic 990 during a growth period of 15 to 70 kg body weight. Animals were fed ad libitum or dosed system. After slaughter at a body weight of 70 kg, three bones were taken from the right half-carcass: femur, three metatarsal, and three metacarpal and subjected to the determinations described in the methodology. The weight of bones of animals fed aa libitum was significantly lower than in pigs fed restrictively All bones of Duroc breed were significantly heavier and longer than Pietrain and 990 pig bones. The average values of bending force for the examined bones took the following order: III metatarsal bone (63.5 kg) <III metacarpal bone (77.9 kg) <femur (271.5 kg). The feeding system and breed of pigs had no significant effect on the value of this indicator. The average values of the bones strength took the following order: III metatarsal bone (92.6 kg) <III metacarpal (107.2 kg) <femur (353.1 kg). Feeding intensity and breed of animals had no significant effect on the value of this feature of the bones tested. The average bone density took the following order: femur (1.23 g/cm3) <III metatarsal bone (1.26 g/cm3) <III metacarpal bone (1.34 g / cm3). The density of bones of animals fed aa libitum was higher (P<0.01) than in animals fed with a dosing system. The density of examined bones within the breeds took the following order: Pietrain race> line 990> Duroc race. The differences between the “extreme” breeds were: 7.2% (III metatarsal bone), 8.3% (III metacarpal bone), 8.4% (femur). Abstract 13 The average bone stiffness took the following order: III metatarsal bone (35.1 kg/mm) <III metacarpus (41.5 kg/mm) <femur (60.5 kg/mm). This indicator did not differ between the groups of pigs fed at different intensity, except for the metacarpal bone, which was more stiffer in pigs fed aa libitum (P<0.05). The femur of animals fed ad libitum showed a tendency (P<0.09) to be more stiffer and a force of 4.5 kg required for its displacement by 1 mm. Breed differences in stiffness were found for the femur (P <0.05) and III metacarpal bone (P <0.05). For femur, the highest value of this indicator was found in Pietrain pigs (64.5 kg/mm), lower in pigs of 990 line (61.6 kg/mm) and the lowest in Duroc pigs (55.3 kg/mm). In turn, the 3rd metacarpal bone of Duroc and Pietrain pigs had similar stiffness (39.0 and 40.0 kg/mm respectively) and was smaller than that of line 990 pigs (45.4 kg/mm). The thickness of the cortical bone layer took the following order: III metatarsal bone (2.25 mm) <III metacarpal bone (2.41 mm) <femur (5.12 mm). The feeding system did not affect this indicator. Breed differences (P <0.05) for this trait were found only for the femur bone: Duroc (5.42 mm)> line 990 (5.13 mm)> Pietrain (4.81 mm). The cross sectional area of the examined bones was arranged in the following order: III metatarsal bone (84 mm2) <III metacarpal bone (90 mm2) <femur (286 mm2). The feeding system had no effect on the value of this bone trait, with the exception of the femur, which in animals fed the dosing system was 4.7% higher (P<0.05) than in pigs fed ad libitum. Breed differences (P<0.01) in the coross sectional area were found only in femur and III metatarsal bone. The value of this indicator was the highest in Duroc pigs, lower in 990 animals and the lowest in Pietrain pigs. The cortical index of individual bones was in the following order: III metatarsal bone (31.86) <III metacarpal bone (33.86) <femur (44.75). However, its value did not significantly depend on the intensity of feeding or the breed of pigs.

The study is funded by Doha International Family Institute (DIFI), a member of Qatar Foundation, and is a collaboration between the Muslim Resource Centre for Social Support and Integration of London, Ontario; University of Guelph, Ontario; and University of Calgary, Alberta, all located in Canada; and the Doha International Family Institute, Qatar. The study received research ethics approval from the University of Guelph and the University of Calgary. This study aims to assess the impact of pre- and post-migration on marital relationships and family dynamics for Arab refugee families resettled in Canada. The study also examines the role of professional service providers in supporting these Arab refugee families. The unique experiences of Arab families displaced from their countries due to war and political conflict, and the various hardships experienced during their stay in transit countries, impact their family relations and interactions within the nuclear family context and their interconnectedness with their extended families. Furthermore, these families encounter various challenges within their resettlement process that interrupt their integration. Understanding the impact of traumatic experiences within the pre-migration journey as well as the impact of post-migration stressors on recently settled Arab refugee families in Canada provides insight into the shift in spousal and family relationships. Refugee research studies that focus on the impact of pre-migration trauma and displacement, the migration journey, and post-migration settlement on family relationships are scarce. Since the majority of global refugees in recent years come from Arab regions, mainly Syria, as a result of armed conflicts, this study is focused on the unique experiences of Arab refugee families fleeing conflict zones. The Canadian role in recently resettling a large influx of Arab refugees and assisting them to successfully integrate has not been without challenges. Traumatic pre-migration experiences as a result of being subjected to and/or witnessing violence, separation from and loss of family members, and loss of property and social status coupled with experiences of hardships in transit countries have a profound impact on families and their integration. Refugees are subjected to individual and collective traumatic experiences associated with cultural or ethnic disconnection, mental health struggles, and discrimination and racism. These experiences have been shown to impact family interactions. Arab refugee families have different definitions of “family” and “home” from Eurocentric conceptualizations which are grounded in individualistic worldviews. The discrepancy between collectivism and individualism is mainly recognized by collectivist newcomers as challenges in the areas of gender norms, expectations regarding parenting and the physical discipline of children, and diverse aspects of the family’s daily life. For this study, we interviewed 30 adults, all Arab refugees (14 Syrian and 16 Iraqi – 17 males, 13 females) residing in London, Ontario, Canada for a period of time ranging from six months to seven years. The study participants were married couples with and without children. During the semi-structured interviews, the participants were asked to reflect on their family life during pre-migration – in the country of origin before and during the war and in the transit country – and post-migration in Canada. The inter - views were conducted in Arabic, audio-recorded, and transcribed. We also conducted one focus group with seven service providers from diverse sectors in London, Ontario who work with Arab refugee families. The study used the underlying principles of constructivist grounded theory methodology to guide interviewing and a thematic analysis was performed. MAXQDA software was used to facilitate coding and the identification of key themes within the transcribed interviews. We also conducted a thematic analysis of the focus group transcription. The thematic analysis of the individual interviews identified four key themes: • Gender role changes influence spousal relationships; • Traumatic experiences bring suffering and resilience to family well-being; • Levels of marital conflict are higher following post-migration settlement; • Post-migration experiences challenge family values. The outcome of the thematic analysis of the service provider focus group identified three key themes: • The complex needs of newly arrived Arab refugee families; • Gaps in the services available to Arab refugee families; • Key aspects of training for cultural competencies. The key themes from the individual interviews demonstrate: (i) the dramatic sociocul - tural changes associated with migration that particularly emphasize different gender norms; (ii) the impact of trauma and the refugee experience itself on family relation - ships and personal well-being; (iii) the unique and complex aspects of the family journey; and (iv) how valued aspects of cultural and religious values and traditions are linked in complex ways for these Arab refugee families. These outcomes are consist - ent with previous studies. The study finds that women were strongly involved in supporting their spouses in every aspect of family life and tried to maintain their spouses’ tolerance towards stressors. The struggles of husbands to fulfill their roles as the providers and protec - tors throughout the migratory journey were evident. Some parents experienced role shifts that they understood to be due to the unstable conditions in which they were living but these changes were considered to be temporary. Despite the diversity of refugee family experiences, they shared some commonalities in how they experi - enced changes that were frightening for families, as well as some that enhanced safety and stability. These latter changes related to safety were welcomed by these fami - lies. Some of these families reported that they sought professional help, while others dealt with changes by becoming more distant in their marital relationship. The risk of violence increased as the result of trauma, integration stressors, and escalation in marital issues. These outcomes illustrate the importance of taking into consideration the complexity of the integration process in light of post-trauma and post-migration changes and the timespan each family needs to adjust and integrate. Moreover, these families expressed hope for a better future for their children and stated that they were willing to accept change for the sake of their children as well. At the same time, these parents voiced the significance of preserving their cultural and religious values and beliefs. The service providers identified gaps in service provision to refugee families in some key areas. These included the unpreparedness of professionals and insufficiency of the resources available for newcomer families from all levels of government. This was particularly relevant in the context of meeting the needs of the large influx of Syrian refugees who were resettled in Canada within the period of November 2015 to January 2017. Furthermore, language skills and addressing trauma needs were found to require more than one year to address. The service providers identified that a longer time span of government assistance for these families was necessary. In terms of training, the service providers pinpointed the value of learning more about culturally appropriate interventions and receiving professional development to enhance their work with refugee families. In light of these findings, we recommend an increased use of culturally integrative interventions and programs to provide both formal and informal support for families within their communities. Furthermore, future research that examines the impact of culturally-based training, cultural brokers, and various culturally integrative practices will contribute to understanding best practices. These findings with regard to refugee family relationships and experiences are exploratory in their nature and support future research that extends understanding in the area of spousal relationships, inter - generational stressors during adolescence, and parenting/gender role changes.