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1
Sauret, Alban, Guillaume Saingier, and Pierre Jop. "Érosion et accrétion de matériaux granulaires humides." Reflets de la physique, no. 64 (January 2020): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/refdp/202064017.
Анотація:
Le comportement des matériaux granulaires humides hétérogènes, éléments incontournables de nombreux processus industriels et géophysiques, résiste encore à une modélisation complète. L’interaction des grains avec une phase liquide doit être éclaircie afin d’optimiser les procédés de mélange, notamment la dispersion des grains d’un agrégat cohésif. Modéliser ces interactions permettrait aussi de mieux décrire des éboulements granulaires dont les propriétés mécaniques évoluent avec des variations de teneur en liquide et de répartition spatiale. Des recherches actuelles se tournent vers la compréhension des échanges dans ces matériaux, pour isoler les mécanismes par lesquels des grains se mélangent à un liquide ou à une phase granulaire humide.
2
Bascoul, A., J. P. Riba, C. Alran, and J. P. Couderc. "Influence de la distribution du liquide sur le coefficient de dispersion axiale en fluidisation liquide—solide." Chemical Engineering Journal 38, no. 2 (June 1988): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9467(88)80064-9.
3
Gonzalez Ortiz, Danae, Celine Pochat-Bohatier, Julien Cambedouzou, Mikhael Bechelany, and Philippe Miele. "Exfoliation of Hexagonal Boron Nitride (h-BN) in Liquide Phase by Ion Intercalation." Nanomaterials 8, no. 9 (September 12, 2018): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8090716.
Анотація:
A green approach to prepare exfoliated hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (h-BNNS) from commercially pristine h-BN involving a two-step procedure was investigated. The first step involves the dispersion of pristine h-BN within an aqueous solution containing gelatin and potassium or zinc chloride using a sonication method. The second involves the removal of larger exfoliated h-BNNS through a centrifugation procedure. The exfoliation was caused not only by the sonication effect but also by intercalation of K+ and Zn2+ ions. Transmission electronic microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy techniques show that the obtained h-BNNS generally display a thickness of about a few (2–3) layers with an exfoliation efficiency as high as 16.3 ± 0.4%.
4
Safronova, Ekaterina Yu, Daria Yu Voropaeva, Dmitry V. Safronov, Nastasia Stretton, Anna V. Parshina, and Andrey B. Yaroslavtsev. "Correlation between Nafion Morphology in Various Dispersion Liquids and Properties of the Cast Membranes." Membranes 13, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13010013.
Анотація:
Nafion is a perfluorosulfonic acid polymer that is most commonly used in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. The processes of pretreatment and formation of such membranes strongly affect their properties. In this work, dispersions of Nafion in various ionic forms and dispersing liquids (ethylene glycol, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and isopropyl alcohol–water mixtures in different ratios) were obtained and studied. Membranes fabricated by casting of the various dispersions were also studied. The effect of the nature of the dispersing liquid and the counterion on the properties of Nafion dispersions, the morphology of the polymer in the dispersions and the characteristics of the membranes obtained from them has been shown. Based on the overall results, it can be concluded that the use of perfluorosulfonic acid dispersions in aprotic polar solvents is advisable for obtaining membranes by the casting procedure. This is because it provides optimal polymer morphology in the dispersion, which leads to the formation of films with good selectivity, mechanical and transport properties. The performed investigations show the relationship between the composition of dispersions, the morphology of the polymer and the properties of the membranes formed from them by the casting procedure.
5
Htet, Kyaw Myo, M. P. Glotova, and A. L. Galinovsky. "Innovative Research of Ultra-Jet Dispersion and Suspension Technologies for Processing and Modifying Liquids." Advanced Materials & Technologies, no. 3(19) (2020): 068–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/amt.2020.03.pp.068-075.
Анотація:
Currently used dispersion methods are not able to provide sufficient dispersion of nanomodifiers in liquids. This circumstance significantly reduces the effectiveness of the subsequent use of liquid-phase nanomodifiers which are widely used in the production of a variety of composite polymer and ceramic structures. The article discusses a new method of dispersing and suspending liquids using ultra-jet technology. The results of experimental testing confirming the effectiveness of ultra-jet technologies for producing liquid suspensions with nanomodifiers are presented. Two different types of powder were chosen as liquid modifiers: boehmite and carbon nanotubes. Moreover, special technological equipment was developed to conduct the experiment. The results of the analysis of the obtained liquid suspensions containing nanomodifiers allow us to recommend this dispersion technology for use on an industrial scale.
6
Tabassum, Shagufta, and V. P. Pawar. "Complex permittivity spectra of binary polar liquids using time domain reflectometry." Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 08, no. 03 (June 2018): 1850019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x18500194.
Анотація:
The study of complex properties in a binary mixture of polar liquids has been carried out in the frequency range of 10[Formula: see text]MHz to 30 GHz at 293[Formula: see text]K and 298[Formula: see text]K temperatures using time domain reflectometry. The complex properties of polar liquids in binary mixture give information about the frequency dispersion in the dielectric permittivity ([Formula: see text]) and dielectric loss ([Formula: see text]). The information regarding the orientation of electric dipoles in a polar liquid mixture is given by Kirkwood parameters. The Bruggeman parameters are used as the indicator of liquid1 and liquid2 interaction. Molar entropy ([Formula: see text]) and molar enthalpy ([Formula: see text]) are also discussed at the end of the paper.
7
Texter, John. "Liquid Polymerized Ionic Liquids." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 55 (October 9, 2022): 2089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02552089mtgabs.
Анотація:
Polymerized ionic liquids (PIL) are being used in many advanced materials applications. An interesting subclass of PILs is composed of liquid PIL, LPIL. Such materials exhibit classical liquid properties and offer insight into the physics and physical chemistry of liquids and particles. We present an overview of LPIL and a classification scheme to usefully compartmentalize such materials for further design, optimization, and application. Several members of this class of LPIL are described in detail along with multiple applications. One member consists of organosiloxanes condensed on themselves to produce a novel type of solvent-free nanofluid. These materials are the first to experimentally illustrate polydispersity frustration of crystallization and to show that both freezing and glass transitions are lambda transitions. Another member comprises a functional core decorated with ionic liquid salts. Such materials can be used to mitigate embrittlement accompanying using nanofillers and to incorporate such nanofluids in diverse new materials and functional coatings. Linear LPIL offer similar advantages to those provided by molecular IL and promise to overcome leaching limitations in liquid supported membranes and polyeletrolyte membranes in batteries and fuel cells. Lastly, extension of PILs to polyurethanes and polyureas (PUs) and to polyesters (PEs) has resulted in the first known self-dispersing polyurethane and polyester dispersions (PUDs and PEDs, respectively). Several of their applications in stimuli responsive coatings and graphene dispersions are illustrated.
8
Gruszczyński, Maciej, and Małgorzata Lenart. "Liquid Penetration Depth and Strength of Concretes Modified with Polymer Admixtures Under the Action of Crude-Oil Products." Materials 12, no. 23 (November 26, 2019): 3900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12233900.
Анотація:
In the present article, the research results of concretes modified with a polymer dispersion of vinyl-benzene and acrylic (PC1) and with a styrene–butadiene dispersion (PC2) are discussed. Concretes were exposed to diesel, non-ethylated fuel, and the standard mixture of light liquids for 1000 h. Concretes modified with polymer dispersions, especially with the styrene–butadiene dispersion (PC2), indicated a smaller degree of liquid penetration into the depth of samples compared to the control concrete. The compressive strength for tested concretes, determined after 1000 h of storage in crude-oil products, in comparison to the strength of samples stored in de-mineralized water was significantly decreased, with the maximum differences equal to 12% for PC2 concrete.
9
Kolikov, Kiril Hristov, Dimo Donchev Hristozov, Radka Paskova Koleva, and Georgi Aleksandrov Krustev. "Model of Close Packing for Determination of the Major Characteristics of the Liquid Dispersions Components." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/615236.
Анотація:
We introduce a close packing model of the particles from the disperse phase of a liquid dispersion. With this model, we find the sediment volumes, the emergent, and the bound dispersion medium. We formulate a new approach for determining the equivalent radii of the particles from the sediment and the emergent (different from the Stokes method). We also describe an easy manner to apply algebraic method for determining the average volumetric mass densities of the ultimate sediment and emergent, as well as the free dispersion medium (without using any pycnometers or densitometers). The masses of the different components and the density of the dispersion phase in the investigated liquid dispersion are also determined by means of the established densities. We introduce for the first time a dimensionless scale for numeric characterization and therefore an index for predicting the sedimentation stability of liquid dispersions in case of straight and/or reverse sedimentation. We also find the quantity of the pure substance (without pouring out or drying) in the dispersion phase of the liquid dispersions.
10
Levchenko, Yevhenii, Olga Sverdlikovska, Denys Chervakov, and Oleh Chervakov. "Development of coalescents for paints and varnishes based on ionic liquids – the products of diethanolamine and inorganic acids interaction." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 2, no. 6 (110) (April 12, 2021): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.228546.
Анотація:
This paper reports the synthesis of ionic liquids through the interaction between diethanolamine and orthophosphate and boric acids in order to establish the possibility of replacing volatile coalescents in a formulation for paints and varnishes with ionogenic compounds. The results from studying the influence of polymeric coalescents based on ionic liquids on the rheological properties of water-dispersion paints and varnishes of different nature are presented. It has been established that the synthesized coalescents could be used to modify the properties of paints and varnishes based on polyurethane and styrene-acrylic aqueous dispersions. It has been shown that the product of the interaction between diethanolamine and boric acid in aqueous solutions forms an ionogenic complex compound with a unipolar conductivity in terms of ОН─ ions. It was also established that when introduced to the formulation of water-dispersion paints and varnishes, the solutions of modifiers produce a diluting action. The influence of ionic liquids on the process of film formation of aqueous dispersions of polymers and pigmented paints and varnishes based on them was investigated. It was established that the synthesized ionogenic compounds are not inferior, in terms of their effectiveness, to the widespread conventional industrial coalescents of the Texanol→ type. Therefore, there is reason to assert the possibility of replacing the industrial coalescent Texanol→ in the formulation of pigmented water-dispersion paints and varnishes based on styrene-acrylic and polyurethane dispersions with fundamentally new synthesized ionogenic modifiers. Thus, the coatings with a coalescent based on ion liquid of diethanolamine borate have a higher level of conditional hardness, which exceeds by 17 % the hardness index of the paint made on the basis of the conventional Texanol→ type coalescent, without changing its decorative properties, such as color and shine
11
MELCION, J. P. "La granulométrie de l’aliment : principe, mesure et obtention." INRAE Productions Animales 13, no. 2 (April 18, 2000): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2000.13.2.3770.
Анотація:
La granulométrie est l’étude de la distribution de la taille des particules d’une farine. C’est une caractéristique fondamentale, en relation directe avec toutes les opérations unitaires de broyage, séparation, mélange et transfert mais aussi avec les phénomènes physico-mécaniques liés à l’ingestion et au transit digestif des particules alimentaires.
En raison de la forme irrégulière des particules, le résultat de la mesure est exprimé par le diamètre qu’aurait la sphère théorique se comportant de la même manière que la particule considérée pour la technique utilisée. Une telle sphère est appelée sphère équivalente. La distribution de ces sphères est ajustée ensuite sur des lois théoriques dans différentes échelles de dimension. La finesse de la farine est caractérisée alors par un paramètre de position (le diamètre médian ou le diamètre moyen), et l’hétérogénéité granulométrique par un paramètre de dispersion (l’étendue ou l’écart type).
Les principales techniques utilisées sont le tamisage, à sec ou en milieu liquide, la diffraction de la lumière laser, l’imagerie. Ces deux dernières sont rapides, non destructives et peuvent être montées en ligne.
La granulométrie est fonction de la texture et de l’humidité des matières premières à broyer. Elle peut être modulée en agissant sur les paramètres des broyeurs ou des séparateurs en fonction des applications souhaitées.
12
Lorek, Aneta, and Maciej Paczuski. "Studies on sedimentation of asphaltene deposits in distillation residues." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 1, no. 3 (September 15, 2007): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht01.03.165.
Анотація:
In this work, experimental methods used for the evaluation of stability of solids in liquids dispersions, are presented. For the characterization of dispersion components, modern analytical techniques, such as tensiometry, scanning and static turbidimetry, have been applied. The influence of selected surface active substances on the dispersion stability was demonstrated.
13
TAKEUCHI, Y., T. IDA, and K. KIMURA. "TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON GOLD NANODISPERSION IN ORGANIC LIQUIDS." Surface Review and Letters 03, no. 01 (February 1996): 1205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x96002175.
Анотація:
The temperature effect on gold nanodispersion in organic liquids was examined by optical absorption spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the color of the dispersion changed from purple just after preparation under a low-temperature condition to reddish purple or pink with the elevation of temperature up to room temperature. The optical properties of this system strongly coupled with the state of dispersions such as isolation, coagulation, and coalescence to sediment. Heating the dispersion above room temperature induced the instability of the colloidal system which also resulted in the color change of the dispersion.
14
Gupta, Harshit, and John Texter. "Ionic-Liquid-Based Polyurethane Dispersions for Stabilizing Graphene in Water." MRS Advances 4, no. 41-42 (2019): 2289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.328.
Анотація:
ABSTRACTAqueous auto-dispersing polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) have recently been reported to form nanoparticulate dispersions at up to 25% by weight. Their incorporation of an ionic-liquid (IL) monomer, 1-hydroxyundecyl-3-methyl imidazolium bromide (HOC11C1ImBr) as a chain-terminating group appears to account for their auto-dispersing ability, and these PUD nanoparticles bear similarity to IL-based nanolatexes that have provided thermodynamically stable aqueous dispersions of nanocarbons. We demonstrate that these HOC11C1ImBr-based PUDs stabilize aqueous graphene dispersions at 1% by weight graphene in ultrasonicated top-down liquid phase exfoliation. Their formation quantitatively follows an analytical model of exfoliation kinetics of layered materials and a stretched exponential kinetic model. Such dispersions are ideally formulated for making nanocomposites composed of similar or compatible PUDs and other condensation polymers.
15
Jeelani, S. A. K., and S. Hartland. "Effect of Dispersion Properties on the Separation of Batch Liquid−Liquid Dispersions." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 37, no. 2 (February 1998): 547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie970545a.
16
Liu, Ze Quan, Xue Yang, and Qiang Zhang. "TURBISCAN: History, Development, Application to Colloids and Dispersions." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 1592–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.1592.
Анотація:
Turbiscan is a new rapid and nondestructive method that has found increasing use in detecting physical destabilisation of concentrated and liquid dispersions. This review introduces the history and development of Tubiscan and focuses on applications of Turbiscan. The applications of Tubican were wildly used in dispersion stability of drug, carbon nanotubes dispersion, alumina suspension, emulsion stabilization and sedimentation behavior studying.
17
Mukanov, Ruslan Vladimirovich, Vladimir Yakovlevich Svintsov, and Evgeniya Mikhaylovna Derbasova. "STUDY OF ELECTROSTATIC DISPERSION." Vestnik MGSU, no. 5 (May 2016): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2016.5.130-139.
Анотація:
The article deals with the problems of studying the process of dispersing liquid fuel and water-fuel emulsions, in particular the characteristics of the dispersed spray in high-potential electrostatic fields. The paper deals with the development of a research method for disperse characteristics of liquid fuels, in particular, the changes in the diameter of the spray particles of liquid fuels and water-fuel emulsions based on them, depending on the intensity of high-grade electrostatic field. These studies are relevant in the creation of new devices based on new dispersion, which are not currently used for fuel atomization and combustion devices, in particular based on the electrostatic dispersion. The currently available methods for assessing dispersion are based on the evaluation of the particle diameter, which are formed by dispersing (particle breakage) of the liquid fuel. The views expressed in the course of the study suggest that the dependence of the particle diameter from the electrostatic field can be estimated not only in case of the destruction of the particles (dispersion), but also in case of the formation (growth) of drops during the expiration of the capillary. In order to confirm the provisions the authors developed the installation and technique to study the changes in the dispersion in dependence with the voltage value of high potential electrostatic field. The results of experimental studies are presented and experimental graphics are built for F5 bunker fuel and water-oil emulsions with different concentrations based on it. On the basis of the experimental data processed by correlation analysis method the authors obtained the mathematical model of diameter changes of the particles under the influence of an electrostatic field, which corresponds to the theory of electrostatic dispersion. The developed technique greatly simplifies the determination of the disperse characteristics of liquid fuel in case of electro-static dispersion.
18
LI, Ming-Jie, Hong-Yi ZHANG, Xiao-Zhe LIU, Chun-Yan CUI, and Zhi-Hong SHI. "Progress of Extraction Solvent Dispersion Strategies for Dispersive Liquid-liquid Microextraction." Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry 43, no. 8 (August 2015): 1231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1872-2040(15)60851-9.
19
Trujillo-Rodríguez, María J., Priscilla Rocío-Bautista, Verónica Pino, and Ana M. Afonso. "Ionic liquids in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 51 (November 2013): 87–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2013.06.008.
20
Hathal, Mustafa M., Basim O. Hasan, and Hasan Sh Majdi. "The Impact of Gas-Liquid Dispersed Flow on Heat Exchanger Performance with Improvement Using CuO Nanofluid." Engineering Innovations 6 (June 21, 2023): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-gdl41l.
Анотація:
Both the air-water dispersion coefficient and the air-nanofluid (CuO) dispersion coefficient were studied and measured in a double-pipe heat exchanger. Pumping air into a tank fitted with a Rushton turbulent impeller resulted in gas-liquid dispersion. In order to test the effects of varying operating conditions on the air-water and air-nanofluid dispersions, they were heated and pumped into the tube of a double-pipe heat exchanger. Reynolds numbers of Rec= 4750-13100 on the shell side and Reh=19900-64000 on the tube side were used to get the total heat transfer coefficient (Uo). The dispersion in the hot fluid tank was achieved by combining the two-phase fluids using a Rushton turbine impeller. It was discovered that the conscious phase saw a significant drop in the heat transfer coefficient when the air bubbles dissipated. Because the impeller's agitation speed affects the rate at which air bubbles are broken, the heat transfer coefficient in the case of dispersion rises as Reh and Rec rise. For all examined parameter values, CuO nanofluid showed significant heat transfer improvement. The heat transfer rate of gas-liquid dispersion increases by nanofluid by as much as 135.5% compared to gas-liquid dispersion which is considered the first attempt for heat transfer enhancement of two phase flow (gas-liquid dispersion) using Nano fluid.
21
Andreev, A. A., N. A. Belov, V. V. Makarova, G. A. Shandryuk, D. V. Bryankin, D. S. Pashkevich, and A. Yu Alentiev. "Dispersion of Polyethylene Glycol in Perfluorodecalin for Liquid Phase Fluorination." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 24, no. 3 (October 10, 2022): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj1439.
Анотація:
This work aims to obtain the dispersions based on polyethylene glycols (PEGs) of various molecular masses (MM) and perfluorodecalin (PFD) for subsequent direct fluorination. The solubility of the components was estimated using laser interferometry and differential scanning calorimetry, and it was shown that PEGs with different MM are not highly compatible with PFD. The dispersions were prepared during sonication. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis indicated that MMs almost did not change in this process. While the sonication of PEG-PFD, there is a formation of dispersion with the particle sizes distribution in a range of 0.4‒2 μm depending on the MM of PEG. The dispersion is metastable for several hours, even though its stability was significantly affected by additional bubbling with the gas flow. Moreover, the dispersions with a solid PEG phase (MM > 600 Da) were subjected to a smaller change compared to a liquid one (MM < 600 Da). The results of this research shed light on the applicability of the ultrasonic preparation of PEGs in PFD for liquid-phase fluorination with obtaining perfluorinated polyether of target MM.
22
Debbal, Mohammed, Mohammed Chamse Eddine Ouadah, Mouweffeq Bouregaa, and Hicham Chikh-Bled. "Enhancing optical fiber performance through liquid infiltration in photonic crystal fiber." Journal of Electrical Engineering 74, no. 6 (December 1, 2023): 434–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2023-0051.
Анотація:
Abstract Liquid infiltration into photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) opens new horizons in optical fiber design. This innovation allows precise control of the refractive index, dispersion, and nonlinear effects within the PCF core, expanding its adaptability for various applications. Through numerical simulations, we explore the impact of different liquids on chromatic dispersion in PCFs, emphasizing the role of filling ratios. Our findings unveil shifts in zero dispersion wavelengths, with chloroform causing significant changes. Lower filling ratios reduce dispersion sensitivity, while higher ratios enable dispersion compensation. This study advances our understanding of liquid-filled PCFs, vital for cutting-edge photonics research and practical applications.
23
Guevara, Mairis, Ronald Mercado, Katty Vega, Antonio Cardenas, and Ana Forgiarini. "Rheology and Phase Behavior of Surfactant–Oil–Water Systems and Their Relationship with O/W Nano-Emulsion’s Characteristics Obtained by Dilution." Nanomanufacturing 3, no. 1 (January 19, 2023): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nanomanufacturing3010002.
Анотація:
In order to study the relationship between the rheology of a surfactant’s concentrated dispersions and the oil and water liquid crystals from which O/W nanoemulsions (NEs) can be produced by water dilution, the phase diagram of a model SOW (surfactant–oil–water) system was constructed. The dispersion’s compositions to be characterized by rheology were chosen in the diagram’s regions that contain liquid crystal phases. For this, the dilution lines S/O = 25/75, 55/45, and 70/30 with a water content of 20 and 40 wt% (corresponding to surfactant concentrations between 15 and 55 wt%) were chosen. By adding these dispersions to a water pool, NEs were obtained, and it was shown that droplet size distribution depends on the amount of the liquid crystal phase in the initial dispersion and its rheology. The study of the oscillatory amplitude of the dispersion showed a linear viscoelastic plateau (G’ > G”) and a softening deformation region (G” > G’), indicating a viscoelastic behavior of the dispersions. The study was carried out at a constant temperature of 30 °C, and the results show that rheological characterization by itself is not enough to predict that monomodal droplet distributions are obtained. However, the presence and quantity of lamellar liquid crystal phase are important to obtain monodisperse and kinetically stable NEs.
24
LIU Zhuang, 刘壮, 王启东 WANG Qidong, 史浩东 SHI Haodong та 成丽波 CHENG Libo. "液晶相控阵器件色散特性分析". ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA 51, № 5 (2022): 0523002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/gzxb20225105.0523002.
25
Radojčin, Milivoj, Siniša Bikić, Ivan Pavkov, Maša Bukurov, Bojana Despotović, Zoran Stamenković, and Nikola Oluški. "Experimental investigation on thermophysical properties of iobiofluids." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 14, no. 1 (January 2022): 168781402210754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878140221075457.
Анотація:
The aim of this research was to investigate the density, thermal conductivity, and viscosity of dispersions of agricultural biomass particles in ionic liquid [HMIM][NTf2] used as a base fluid. This research is a continuation of the development of IoBioFluids, a new class of dispersions obtained by suspending particles produced from agricultural biomass, as a sustainable alternative to IoNanoFluids. Dispersions with different mass concentration of particles (0, 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 wt%) were studied at different temperatures (20°C, 30°C, 40°C, and 50°C). Agricultural biomass, namely sunflower stalks, was used for particle production. The dispersion was prepared by applying the commonly used two-step method. In the first step, particles were produced as dry powder from hydrothermal carbonization and heat treatment in the inert atmosphere oven. In the second step, the particles were dispersed into ionic liquid. A rheological investigation showed that dispersions exhibited Newtonian behavior for shear rates over 10 s−1. Density, thermal conductivity, and dynamic viscosity of dispersions increased with greater mass concentration of particles. Two applied merit criteria suggested a lack of any currently benefit of using the dispersions for heat transfer in the laminar flow regime due to high viscosity of dispersion. The results of criterial analysis showed that experimental data are relatively close to the limit values. Indications are suggesting the possibility of further improvement of IoBioFluid properties as a new heat transfer fluid.
26
Justen, Anna, Alina Faye Weltersbach, Gerhard Schaldach, and Markus Thommes. "Design and Characterization of a Melt Electrostatic Precipitator for Advanced Drug Formulations." Processes 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12010100.
Анотація:
Electrostatic precipitators (ESP) are especially known for the efficient separation of micron and submicron particles from aerosols. Wet electrostatic precipitators are particularly suitable for highly resistive materials. Using these, particles can be directly transferred into a liquid for further processing or safer handling, which is advantageous for either hazardous or valuable materials. In this work, a wet ESP, which enables the separation of highly resistive particles into a heated liquid, was designed and investigated. To do this, spray-dried drug particles were embedded in a molten sugar alcohol to enhance the drug dissolution rate. After cooling, the solidified product showed advantageous properties such as a high drug dissolution rate and easy handling for further processing. For the design of the wet ESP, different discharge electrode configurations were tested. A wall film served as the collection electrode, which was generated by a specially designed distributer die. A laminar flow regime was achieved with a homogeneous film serving as the collection electrode, which is particularly important for a high separation efficiency. A prototype was designed and constructed in this respect. The particle separation into hot liquids or onto hot surfaces is challenging due to thermal effects in ESPs. The influence of thermophoresis and drag force on the particle transport was investigated, and optimum operation parameters were found for the present ESP. A broad field of applications can be covered with the presented device, where particles are embedded in even hot liquids to form liquid suspensions or, as it is presented here, solid dispersions. The dissolution of the drug-containing solid dispersion was studied in vitro. A remarkably faster drug dissolution was observed from the solid dispersion, as compared to a powder mixture of the drug and xylitol.
27
Dragojlovic, Danka, Lato Pezo, Dusica Colovic, Strahinja Vidosavljevic, Milada Pezo, Radmilo Colovic, Bojana Kokic, and Olivera Djuragic. "Application of soybean oil and glycerol in animal feed production, ANN model." Acta Periodica Technologica, no. 50 (2019): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt1950051d.
Анотація:
In the past few decades the diet preparation in feed production has evolved towards more complicated technological operations, which include different liquid addition. A wide scale of different liquids is used in contemporary animal feed production, from oils and glycerol to more expensive products in a liquid form, such as enzymes, flavourings, amino acids, vitamins and others. In the presented study the liquid addition in feed production was observed, with a specific goal to investigate the spraying systems in order to better understand the effects of fluids, such as soybean oil and glycerol, on feed production. The dispersion angles of spraying nozzle for glycerol and soybean oil were determined as an indicator of the uniform application of liquids during feed production. Dispersion of the material was accomplished using the two-fluid nozzle. The performance of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was compared with experimental data in order to develop rapid and accurate method for prediction of dispersion angle. The ANN model showed high prediction accuracy (r2 = 0.945).
28
Shalaev, P. V., P. A. Monakhova, and S. A. Tereshchenko. "Study of colloidal dispersions of gold nanorods using light scattering methods." Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Materialy Elektronnoi Tekhniki = Materials of Electronics Engineering 23, no. 2 (September 15, 2020): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1609-3577-2020-2-116-126.
Анотація:
Five samples of colloidal dispersions of gold nanorods with various aspect ratio were studied using methods based on light scattering. Transmission electron microscopy was used as a reference method. The advantages and disadvantages of the dynamic light scattering and nanoparticle tracking analysis methods for determination of the geometric parameters of nanoparticles, their concentration, monodispersity, as well as for detection of large aggregates and quasispherical impurities were given. It was shown that the method of depolarized dynamic light scattering can be used for determination of the geometric parameters of liquid dispersions of colloidal gold nanorods. Moreover, it was found that the presence of large impurities or particle aggregates in the sample strongly affects the measurement results. The presence of large particles in the dispersion can be determined using dynamic light scattering or nanoparticle tracking analysis methods. The method of dynamic light scattering was also found to be more sensitive to the presence of even a small amount of large impurities or aggregates in the sample. The monodispersity of a liquid dispersion of nanorods can also be estimated by dynamic light scattering and nanoparticle tracking analysis methods, and, comparing to electron microscopy, the measurement results can be considered more statistically reliable due to the analysis of a larger number of particles. It was found that the increase of spherical particles concentration in the composite dispersion of nanospheres and nanorods leads to a decrease in the contribution of the rotational mode in the total scattering intensity. In addition, the concentration of quasispherical impurities in samples of liquid dispersions of colloidal gold nanorods was calculated based on measurements of the depolarization degree of scattered light.
29
Wang, Xuemei, Tongtong Du, Juan Wang, Haixia Kou, Xinzhen Du, and Xiaoquan Lu. "Assessment of graphene aerogel matrix solid-phase dispersion as sample preparation for the determination of chlorophenols in soil." New Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 9 (2018): 6778–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj00942b.
Анотація:
Three-dimensional graphene aerogels (GAs) were synthesized by hydrothermal reduction and introduced as dispersing materials of matrix solid-phase dispersion for the determination of six chlorophenols in soil via high performance liquid chromatography.
30
Rose, D. A., and F. Abbas. "Gravity segregation during miscible displacement—re-investigation and re-interpretation." Soil Research 45, no. 5 (2007): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr06115.
Анотація:
When the liquid residing in a horizontal bed of porous material is displaced by another liquid of different density, the resulting hydrodynamic dispersion is modified by the formation of a tongue of denser liquid undershooting the less dense liquid, a phenomenon known as gravity segregation. An earlier account of gravity segregation contained a substantial error (that of an incorrect frame of reference for flow) and several printing mistakes. In this paper we (i) correct these errors, (ii) extend the analysis to describe the course of breakthrough in beds of rectangular and circular cross-sections, (iii) re-interpret the existing experimental evidence, and (iv) present new experimental results on the vertical and horizontal transport of ionic solutions of different concentrations and densities through inert and reactive porous materials, ballotini, and sepiolite, respectively. The behaviour of immiscible liquids is predicted by the non-dimensional gravity segregation number, β, segregation becoming more extreme as β increases. With miscible liquids, however, breakthrough starts later and ends earlier then predicted for immiscible liquids, mixing by hydrodynamic dispersion moderating the effect of segregation. Breakthrough curves are well fitted by CXTFIT 2.0; apparent coefficients of hydrodynamic dispersion vary much less with pore-water velocity in horizontal than in vertical flow, but retardation factors are not influenced by orientation. Although a formal analysis of the combined effect of gravity segregation and hydrodynamic dispersion was not possible, the statistically significant inverse relation between β and column Peclet number was explained qualitatively. Gravity segregation occurs during the intrusion of saline groundwater into coastal aquifers. The simple theory for immiscible displacement overestimates the actual intrusion that occurs with miscible liquids and so provides an effective safety margin.
31
SONG, SHAOXIAN, YIMIN ZHANG, and TOMLINSON FORT. "VISCOSITY METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE THICKNESS OF SOLVATION LAYERS NEAR PARTICLES DISPERSED IN A LIQUID." Surface Review and Letters 12, no. 03 (June 2005): 457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x05007293.
Анотація:
In this paper, we present a method for determining the thickness of solvation layers near spherical particles dispersed in a liquid through measurements of the viscosity of the dispersion as a function of the volume fraction of the dry particles in the dispersion and the size distribution of the particles. It is termed viscosity method. The theoretical derivation for the method is based on Einstein's theory of viscosity of dispersions, while two assumptions are made: 1. Solvation layers contribute to increasing the viscosity of the dispersion in c times as the same volume of rigid solid spheres. 2. The thickness of solvation layers is the same near every chemically similar spherical particle in a given dispersion.
32
Yevdokimov, Y. M. "Double-stranded DNA liquid-crystalline dispersions as biosensing units." Biochemical Society Transactions 28, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0280077.
Анотація:
Three different approaches to constructing bio-sensing units based on double-stranded (ds) DNA molecules, capable of detecting various biologically active compounds, are considered. The first approach is based on the abnormal optical activity of the liquid-crystalline dispersion formed from ds DNA molecules, modified by relevant physical factors or treated with biologically active compounds. The second one is based on the abnormal optical activity of the liquid-crystalline dispersions formed first from the ds DNA and then treated with coloured biologically active compounds. The third one is based on the abnormal optical activity, specific to particles of the liquid-crystalline dispersions, where the neighbouring DNA molecules are crosslinked by artifical polymeric bridges. These approaches permit the detection of biologically relevant compounds of various origins.
33
Sowińska, Anna, Magdalena Maciejewska, Laina Guo, and Etienne Delebecq. "Thermal Analysis and SEM Microscopy Applied to Studying the Efficiency of Ionic Liquid Immobilization on Solid Supports." Materials 12, no. 10 (May 14, 2019): 1579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12101579.
Анотація:
Ionic liquids (ILs) are widely used in elastomer composites, primarily as vulcanization activators or accelerators, crosslinkers, conductive additives, or dispersing agents of fillers. The aim of this work was to study the efficiency of ionic liquid immobilization on filler surfaces using different techniques of thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ionic liquid, such as 1-decyl 3-methylimidazolium bromide (DmiBr) was grafted on the surface of silica, calcium oxide, and carbon black to improve the dispersion degree of their particles in the elastomeric matrix. Thermal analysis and SEM microscopy revealed a key role in determining the efficiency of the filler modification with ILs dissolved in acetone. Identifying the weight loss associated with thermal decomposition of DmiBr in modified fillers, allowed the calculation of the efficiency of their modification and compare the surface reactivity of studied fillers with DmiBr. Silica and carbon black exhibited high and comparable ability for interaction with ionic liquid. SEM images showed that particles of DmiBr-modified fillers were quite homogeneously dispersed in the elastomer matrix and exhibited good adhesion to the elastomer.
34
Gridina, М. S., О. V. Burmistrov, М. I. Ivantsov, М. А. Gubanov, and А. А. Pimenov. "Formation of Cobalt-Containing Dispersions in Liquid-Metal Systems." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 628, no. 6 (2021): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/0023-1169-2021-628-6-30-34.
Анотація:
Cobalt-containing dispersions were formed based on tin, bismuth, gallium, and a bismuth / tin alloy. The effect of the nature of the dispersion medium on the formation of the cobalt-containing dispersed phase has been established. The effect of the method of introducing the cobalt-containing component on the stability of the dispersion is shown. The effect of the concentration of the precursor solution on the size of cobalt oxide particles formed during the formation of a dispersed system has been studied. The fundamental possibility of the formation of catalytic systems based on gallium with a particle size of 450–540 nm is showns.
35
Makarenko, A. A. "RESEARCH OF THE APPLICATION EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTIONS OF FLOW CAVITATION MIXERS." Thermophysics and Thermal Power Engineering 41, no. 1 (October 25, 2018): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ttpe.1.2019.10.
Анотація:
The material which is accumulated for today about the application of hydrodynamic cavitation in technological processes makes it possible to determine the perspective areas of its use - in the processes of mass transfer, mixing, dissolution, dispersion and emulsification in the processing of liquid heterogeneous systems and the creation of modern energy-saving technologies.
The purpose of this article is to study the effectiveness of the use of different designs of flow cavitation mixers for the treatment of liquid heterogeneous disperse systems and to identify the main industries for their use.
Cavitational apparatus can be effectively used in performing such technological processes as mixing difficult to mix liquids, dissolving solids in liquids, obtaining stable, multicomponent high dispersion emulsions without using of stabilizers, dispersing suspensions in liquid-liquid systems, accelerating extraction and diffusion, and many others. Hydrodynamic cavitation can be used in technologies to produce lubricants, fuel materials, varnishes and paints, building materials, detergents, etc.
Different designs of cavitation devices allow to obtain different forms of cavitation, different ways of obtaining it or their combination, depending on the purpose and field of use. Apparatus whose action is based on the use of hydrodynamic cavitation represent an effective equipment that accelerates technological processes in liquid media while significantly reducing the specific energy consumption.
The structures of hydrodynamic cavitation devices provide multiple rearrangements of the velocity field and change the direction of fluid flow and mix components. The main feature of the devices is small dimensions with high performance. Distinctive features of this type of equipment are ensuring the continuity of the chemical-technological process and its high intensification, the possibility of realizing large quantities of deformations and strain of displacement, intensive hydrodynamic and cavitation effects, which results in high-quality mixing of components, intensification of diffusion processes, simplicity and reliability of hardware design. The economic efficiency of the application of hydrodynamic cavitational apparatus is determined by the low metal capacity of the equipment, low maintenance and operation costs compared with capacitive mixing equipment.
36
Pykhova, Nadezhda V., Nikolay V. Negutorov, Alexandre Yu Prutskov, and Anastasia N. Zhanakhova. "Peculiarities of ultra-sound dispersion of thermally expanded graphite." Butlerov Communications 58, no. 4 (April 30, 2019): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-58-4-102.
Анотація:
Thermally expanded graphite (TEG) is one of the best precursors for receiving of plane nano-dimensional particles. Crucible graphite of Taigin deposit was used as a basic material to receive TEG. It is established that repeated thermo-chemical, as well as additional mechanical TEG dispersion does not lead to formation of nano-dimensional graphite particles. In order to receive graphite particles with several nano-meters of thickness, TEG was treated by ultra-sound dispersion in four liquid mediums. Different influence of chosen liquid mediums on the process of ultra-sound dispersion of TEG particles is conditioned by peculiarities of liquids’ behavior in cavitation process, it is described integrally by a notion “erosion activity”. Erosion activity, in the first turn, depends on the superficial tension. The quantity of the received broken material is defined by the depth of penetration of the liquid into the body volume, which depends on liquid wettability. The used liquids: water, acetone, benzene and toluene had different polarity and superficial tension that allowed to put into reality different physical and chemical effects at TEG dispersion. Benzene has the lowest meaning of superficial tension, it moistens the graphite surface very well and penetrates easily into its micropores. Despite of the relatively low erosion capacity, non-polar organic liquids, penetrating to the big depth into the graphite particle’s volume are capable to provoke a visible breaking influence at ultra-sound dispersion on inner graphite structures and its breakage into plates. The best results of breakage are reached at use of benzene that has zero molecule polarity and the best wettability of graphite surface. At ultra-sound dispersion in all environments, plane graphite particles are received that are several dozens of nano-meters thick. However, some particles broken in ultra-sound have visible fluctuations from ideal plane form and can form complicated spatial figures of irregular structure. The received results may be a base for creation of a method for receiving of thin graphite plates with geometrical parameters that are necessary for making of composites and objects of nano-techniques.
37
Timur Aliyev, Timur Aliyev, and Andrey Kolotilin Andrey Kolotilin. "AN EVALUATION OF THE GUIDED WAVE RADAR LEVEL TRANSMITTER'S PERFORMANCE IN INTERFACE MEASUREMENTS." PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions 17, no. 06 (May 18, 2022): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/pahtei17062022-14.
Анотація:
The Guided Wave Radar (GWR) level transmitter is a reliable instrument that provides precise measurement of level and interface in various applications. Even in applications with vapour, foam, and condensation, the GWR level transmitter shows accurate performance. This study reveals aspects that affect the measurement performance of the instrument. The practical performance tests were performed to simulate different scenarios of oil and water level, oil and water interface level, in the closed vessel. These four scenarios are single phase liquids: raising the top layer, raising the bottom layer, separation of two liquids out of full dispersion with the dominant top layer, separation of two liquids out of full dispersion with the dominant bottom layer. These scenarios of vessel liquid level and liquid/liquid interface level measurement are widely spread in the process separation application. Other behavioural aspects and uncertainties have purposely been left out of this study. The results of the study will help to determine the proper use of the GWR level transmitter. Consideration of aspects affecting the performance of the instrument provided in this study improves the selection process of the instrument for level and interface measurement. Keywords: level measurement, interface measurement, guided wave radar transmitter, dispersion separation, level transmitter performance test.
38
Su, Shu-Chun. "Determination of refractive index of solids by dispersion staining method: An analytical approach." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 456–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100148113.
Анотація:
When immersion liquids are used to determine the refractive index (RI) of non-opaque solids, the dispersion staining method is a simple, effective and precise way to determine the matching wavelength, λ0, at which the RI of an immersion liquid equals that of the solid. A series of equations has been derived to calculate the RI at any given visible wavelength such as nF, nD and vie, i.e. the RI’s at Fraunhöfer spectral lines F (486 nm), D (589 nm), and C (656 nm), from λ0 data obtained by the dispersion staining method. Two methods have been established: the Single Liquid Method and the Double Liquid Method.The Single Liquid Method is applicable for solids with known dispersion coefficients, which is defined as (nF-nC). This method uses only one immersion liquid whose RI is close to the RI of the solid to be measured so that a match between the liquid and the solid occurs in the visible range.
39
Jasikova, Darina, Michal Kotek, Bohus Kysela, Radek Sulc, and Vaclav Kopecky. "Measurement of drop size distribution time rate for liquid-liquid dispersion using IPI method." EPJ Web of Conferences 213 (2019): 02032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921302032.
Анотація:
The liquid-liquid dispersion properties are studied mainly by image analysis (IA) and Interferometric Particle Imaging (IPI). Drop sizes will be investigated in dilute dispersion since in this case the break up phenomena is the dominating and is not affected by phase fraction. Characteristics of the size distribution and the evolution of two liquid-liquid phase’s disintegration were studied. The IPI method was used for subsequent detailed study of the disintegrated droplets. We compared two liquids: Rhodosil Oil 47V50, and Silicone Oil AP1000 under stirrer rate of 540 rpm, and 760 rpm. The experiment run in the scaled model of agitated tank with Rushton turbine.
40
Baker, Hussain Ali. "Investigation of Factors Influencing Dispersion of Liquid Hydrocarbons in Porous Media." Journal of Engineering 22, no. 8 (August 1, 2016): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2016.08.12.
Анотація:
An experimental work has been done to study the major factors that affect the axial dispersion of some hydrocarbons during liquid-liquid miscible displacement. Kerosene and gas oil are used as displacing phase while seven liquid hydrocarbons of high purity represent the displaced phase, three of the liquids are aromatics and the rest are of paraffinic base. In conducting the experiments, two packed beds of different porosity and permeability are used as porous media.
The results showed that the displacement process is not a piston flow, breakthrough of displacing fluids are shown before one pore volume has been injected. The processes are stable with no evidence of viscous fingering.
Dispersion model as adapted by Brigham et.al (1961) is used to determine the axial dispersion coefficient of displacing fluid. The results show an increasing in dispersion coefficient as the interstitial velocity and viscosity ratio increases.
41
Овчаренко, А. Г., and М. С. Василишин. "DIAFILTRATION OF NANODIAMOND HYDROSOLS." Южно-Сибирский научный вестник, no. 5(45) (October 31, 2022): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25699/sssb.2022.45.5.022.
Анотація:
Промышленные наноалмазы (НА), получаемые жидкофазной очисткой шихты, обладают коллоидными свойствами, поэтому наиболее целесообразно с целью сохранения высокой дисперсности таких алмазов дальнейшую очистку поверхности вести в жидкой дисперсионной среде. С увеличением дисперсности алмазов эффективность отмывки с поверхности остатков кислот снижается по нескольким причинам: рост величины удельной адсорбции, агрегация частиц повышает удерживающую способность дисперсионной среды внутри агрегатов, образование седиментационно-устойчивых дисперсий. Последнее обстоятельство оказывает решающее влияние на достижение качества в технологии промышленной очистки НА. Для отмывки устойчивых золей НА была использована технология с помощью ультрафильтрационных мембран, при которой удалялся растворитель и растворенные примеси из седиментационно-устойчивых дисперсий НА. При этом исключаются потери алмаза с промывными водами и возможно подбирать оптимальные температурные режимы при замене дисперсионной среды чистым растворителем. Industrial nanodiamonds (ND) obtained by liquid-phase purification of the charge have colloidal properties, therefore it is most advisable to conduct further surface cleaning in a liquid dispersion medium in order to maintain the high dispersion of such diamonds. With an increase in the dispersion of diamonds, the efficiency of washing acid residues from the surface decreases for several reasons: an increase in the value of specific adsorption, aggregation of particles increases the retention capacity of the dispersion medium inside the aggregates, the formation of sedimentation-stable dispersions. The latter circumstance has a decisive influence on the achievement of quality in the technology of industrial cleaning on. To wash stable sols ND, a technology using ultrafiltration membranes was used, in which solvent and dissolved impurities were removed from sedimentation-resistant dispersions ND. At the same time, diamond losses with washing waters are excluded and it is possible to select optimal temperature conditions when replacing the dispersion medium with a pure solvent.
42
Gao, Xin-Yi. "Density-fluctuation symbolic computation on the (3+1)-dimensional variable-coefficient Kudryashov–Sinelshchikov equation for a bubbly liquid with experimental support." Modern Physics Letters B 30, no. 15 (June 9, 2016): 1650217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984916502171.
Анотація:
Liquids with gas bubbles are commonly seen in medical science, natural science, daily life and engineering. Nonlinear-wave symbolic computation on the (3[Formula: see text]+[Formula: see text]1)-dimensional variable-coefficient Kudryashov–Sinelshchikov model for a bubbly liquid is hereby performed. An auto-Bäcklund transformation and some solitonic solutions are obtained. With respect to the density fluctuation of the bubble-liquid mixture, both the auto-Bäcklund transformation and solitonic solutions depend on the bubble-liquid-viscosity, transverse-perturbation, bubble-liquid-nonlinearity and bubble-liquid-dispersion coefficient functions. We note that some shock waves given by our solutions have been observed by the gas-bubble/liquid-mixture experiments. Effects on a bubbly liquid with respect to the bubble-liquid-viscosity, transverse-perturbation, bubble-liquid-nonlinearity and bubble-liquid-dispersion coefficient functions might be detected by the future gas-bubble/liquid-mixture experiments.
43
Dimitrijević, Dragana, Markus Bösenhofer, and Michael Harasek. "Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation of Two Non-Dissolving Liquids—A Mini Review." Processes 11, no. 4 (April 7, 2023): 1145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11041145.
Анотація:
The separation of immiscible liquids is critical in many industrial processes, such as water treatment, different extraction processes, the petroleum industry, food production, and medicine. This work provides an overview of present research on the separation of liquid mixtures. A brief summary of the thermodynamic basis is provided, covering phase equilibrium, phase diagrams, and thermodynamic properties of phases. Additionally, the fundamentals of dispersion, necessary for discussing liquid–liquid separation, are presented. Subsequently, different liquid–liquid separation methods are discussed, highlighting their advantages and limitations. These methods include decanters, coalescers, centrifugal separators, membranes and electro-coalescers for liquid–liquid separation. Phase properties, dispersion formation, and time and space constraints specify the most efficient separation method. Phase recycling is also briefly discussed as a method to reduce the environmental impact of liquid–liquid extraction with subsequent phase separation. In summary, liquid–liquid separation methods are compared and future perspectives of liquid–liquid separation are discussed.
44
Potensa, Bruno Santos, Carlos Henrique Peres Calixto, Silvania Lanfredi, and Marcos A. L. Nobre. "Graphite Dispersions as a Basis for Development of High Thermal Conductivity Fluids." Materials Science Forum 881 (November 2016): 459–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.881.459.
Анотація:
Both conductivity and thermal resistivity measurements of commercial graphite dispersions in non-aqueous polar fluids and non-polar fluids were carried out. Fluids exhibiting different densities as: mineral oil, ethylene glycol, glycerin bidistilled and liquid vaseline were used. Dispersions of commercial graphite containing 5, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 weight percent were prepared by sonication technique. The thermal conductivity of each fluid increases as a function of the increasing of the volumetric density of fluid and of the fraction of graphite. Values of thermal conductivity of graphite dispersion were at around ten times higher than that value of the base-fluid. Effects of processing parameters of graphite dispersions on the magnitude of its thermal conductivity are discussed.
45
Magnin, A., and J. M. Piau. "Application of freeze-fracture technique for analyzing the structure of lubricant greases." Journal of Materials Research 4, no. 4 (August 1989): 990–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1989.0990.
Анотація:
The freeze-fracture technique has been developed to study solid-liquid dispersions. In this technique, a sample of dispersion is frozen, then fractured. A replica of the fracture surface is made and observed using a scanning electron microscope. The physical form of the solid thickener in dispersion can be studied, and the structure of the thickener can be revealed as well as a combination of rupture properties of the solid and the frozen liquid. The application of this technique is on lubricant greases. Greases are two-phase dispersed systems composed of mineral oil gelled with solid particles of soap. Three lithium 12-hydroxystearate greases are examined. Two different kinds of washing of the replica are used, the first eliminating the liquid phase. The configuration of soap particles and the network formed by them are observed, and artifacts such as twisting soap fibers are avoided. The second washing eliminates the solid and liquid phase. Examination of the fracture surface of the soap provides information on crystalline arrangement. The observed structures by freeze fracture are related to the thermal treatments during grease manufacture. The results are compared with the observations obtained from an electron transmission microscope analysis after preparation by the usual dispersion technique.
46
Franklin, Cole. "Impacts of Ionization Potentials and Megasonic Dispersion." Solid State Phenomena 145-146 (January 2009): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.145-146.19.
Анотація:
It has been shown that megasonics can accelerate strip processes such as doped and plasma treated photoresist [1]. However, applied megasonic energy can also damage sensitive semiconductor devices. It was shown that adding a solvent such as IPA or lowering the temperature helps to control cavitation in semi-aqueous fluids [2]. Sonochemical reactions have been observed in various industries, however, there are no published observations in semiconductor cleaning. Ions may form in megasonic driven bubble collapse impacted by the characteristics of a gas or liquid that enters the bubble from the bulk liquid. Lower ionization potential gases or liquids may form ions earlier in the bubble collapse, so as to use up some of the total available energy through sonochemical reactions and possibly reducing the cavitations implosive energy. Here, tests are conducted to vary the liquid and gas type based on ionization potential to look into the impact this would have on cleaning and damage. It is shown that lower ionization or liquid additives lower the device damage.
47
Madeline, J. B., M. Meireles, J. Persello, C. Martin, R. Botet, R. Schweins, and B. Cabane. "From colloidal dispersions to colloidal pastes through solid-liquid separation processes." Pure and Applied Chemistry 77, no. 8 (January 1, 2005): 1369–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200577081369.
Анотація:
Solid-liquid separation is an operation that starts with a dispersion of solid particles in a liquid and removes some of the liquid from the particles, producing a concentrated solid paste and a clean liquid phase. It is similar to thermodynamic processes where pressure is applied to a system in order to reduce its volume. In dispersions, the resistance to this osmotic compression depends on interactions between the dispersed particles.The first part of this work deals with dispersions of repelling particles, which are either silica nanoparticles or synthetic clay platelets, dispersed in aqueous solutions. In these conditions, each particle is surrounded by an ionic layer, which repels other ionic layers. This results in a structure with strong short-range order. At high particle volume fractions, the overlap of ionic layers generates large osmotic pressures; these pressures may be calculated, through the cell model, as the cost of reducing the volume of each cell. The variation of osmotic pressure with volume fraction is the equation of state of the dispersion. The second part of this work deals with dispersions of aggregated particles, which are silica nanoparticles, dispersed in water and flocculated by multivalent cations. This produces large bushy aggregates, with fractal structures that are maintained through interparticle surface-surface bonds. As the paste is submitted to osmotic pressures, small relative displacements of the aggregated particles lead to structural collapse. The final structure is made of a dense skeleton immersed in a nearly homogeneous matrix of aggregated particles. The variation of osmotic resistance with volume fraction is the compression law of the paste; it may be calculated through a numerical model that takes into account the noncentral interparticle forces. According to this model, the response of aggregated pastes to applied stress may be controlled through the manipulation of interparticle adhesion.
48
Bolotov, Alexander N., Vladislav V. Novikov, and Olga O. Novikova. "ON DEPENDENCE OF COLLOIDAL STABILITY OF MAGNETIC LIQUID ON STABILIZER DIELECTRIC CAPACITIVITY AND DISPERSION MEDIUM." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 60, no. 4 (May 12, 2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.2017604.5506.
Анотація:
The purpose of this article is to research the possibility of using values of stabilizer dielectric capacitivity and dispersion medium to form a colloidal stability criterion of magnetic liquid. The authors researched colloidal stability of magnetic liquids with a low-polarity base, nonionogenous SAM-stabilizer (oligoester) and hydroximag nanoparticles. The received magnetic colloids were tested for stability in a gravity field to evaluate SAM stabilizing capacity. The authors propose Е-criterion that shows a relative difference between dielectric capacitivities of a dispersion medium and SAM-stabilizer. It was determined that such combination of dielectric capacitivity of solution component parts correlates with the values of SAM adsorption and colloid stability in the best way. The test results show that relative reduction of magnetization correlates well with a value of dispersion medium dielectric capacitivity due to irreversible sedimentative processes. In the next set of experiments, the authors did not change the magnetic colloid liquid content, but SAM-stabilizer. They research the dependence of colloidal stability of magnetic liquids based on a dioctyl sebacate of a stabilized SAM with various dielectric capacitivities. The test results prove regularity of increasing colloidal stability with decreasing E- criterion. The paper considers in details the physical and chemical mechanisms that help to develop the influence of dielectric capacitivity on magnetic liquid colloidal stability. The analysis of testing results showed that dielectric capacitivity of magnetic liquid components affects many physical-chemical phenomenons in the process of its synthesis. It is important that the behaviour of sorption processes on the surface of dispersed particles depends on dielectric capacitivity. The result of the empirical data research by magnetic liquid colloidal stability shows that with increasing dielectric capacitivity of dispersion medium in relation to stabilizer’s dielectric capacitivity the desorption processes of stabilizer’s molecules from a magnetic particles’ surface increses. As a result, the adsorption layer around particles becomes more incoherent and less competent. It reduces the value of a steric stabilization factor of a magnetic liquid colloidal structure. In practice it leads to deterioration or even loss of colloidal stability of magnetic liquid. The influence of dielectric capacitivity on colloidal stability using the effects of interparticle interaction is less important. To summarize, the article proves a dielectric E-criterion that can be used to provide rationale for the choice of SAM-stabilizer for magnetic liquids. According to this criterion, dielectric capacitivity of a dispersion medium should be slightly different from the similar property of SAM-stabilizer. Otherwise, molecule desorption processes of SAM from magnetic particles encourage quality degradation of covering adsorption layers, so colloidal stability worsens.Forcitation:Bolotov A.N., Novikov V.V., Novikova O.O. On dependence of colloidal stability of magnetic liquid on stabilizer dielectric capacitivity and dispersion medium. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 4. P. 75-81.
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Emelyanenko, Alexandre M., Alexander G. Domantovsky, Valery V. Kaminsky, Ivan S. Pytskii, Kirill A. Emelyanenko, and Ludmila B. Boinovich. "The Mechanisms of Antibacterial Activity of Magnesium Alloys with Extreme Wettability." Materials 14, no. 18 (September 21, 2021): 5454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14185454.
Анотація:
In this study, we applied the method of nanosecond laser treatment for the fabrication of superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic magnesium-based surfaces with hierarchical roughness when the surface microrelief is evenly decorated by MgO nanoparticles. The comparative to the bare sample behavior of such surfaces with extreme wettability in contact with dispersions of bacteria cells Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was studied. To characterize the bactericidal activity of magnesium samples with different wettability immersed into a bacterial dispersion, we determined the time variation of the planktonic bacterial titer in the dispersion. To explore the anti-bacterial mechanisms of the magnesium substrates, a set of experimental studies on the evolution of the magnesium ion concentration in liquid, pH of the dispersion medium, surface morphology, composition, and wettability was performed. The obtained data made it possible to reveal two mechanisms that, in combination, play a key role in the bacterial decontamination of the liquid. These are the alkalization of the dispersion medium and the collection of bacterial cells by microrods growing on the surface as a result of the interaction of magnesium with the components of the buffer solution.
50
Su, Shitian, Jixue Zhou, Shouqiu Tang, Huan Yu, Qian Su, and Suqing Zhang. "Synthesis of Nanocrystalline AZ91 Magnesium Alloy Dispersed with 15 vol.% Submicron SiC Particles by Mechanical Milling." Materials 12, no. 6 (March 18, 2019): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12060901.
Анотація:
The development of a magnesium matrix composite with a high content of dispersions using conventional liquid-phase process is a great challenge, especially for nanometer/submicron particles. In this work, mechanical milling was employed to prepare nanocrystalline AZ91 dispersed with 15 vol.% submicron SiC particles (SiCp/AZ91). AZ91 with no SiCp was applied as a comparative study with the same mechanical milling. In order to investigate the mechanism of dispersing, the morphology evolution of powders and the corresponding SiCp distribution were observed. As the scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis exhibited, the addition of SiCp accelerated the smashing of AZ91 particles, which promoted the dispersion of SiCp in AZ91. Thus, after mechanical milling, 15 vol.% SiCp, which was smashed from 800 to 255 nm, got uniformly distributed in the Mg matrix. Based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) results, part of the Mg17Al12 precipitate got dissolved, and an Al-supersaturated Mg solid solution was formed. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results showed that the ultimate Mg grain (32 nm) of milled SiCp/AZ91 was much smaller than that of milled AZ91 (64 nm), which can be attributed to a pinning effect of submicron SiCp. After mechanical milling, the hardness of SiCp/AZ91 reached 185 HV, which was 185% higher than the original AZ91 and 33% higher than milled AZ91, due to fine Mg grain and submicron dispersions.